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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultigens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultigens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cultigens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultigens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formal definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_kinds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_kinds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Different kinds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Different_kinds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Different kinds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Different_kinds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seed-produced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed-produced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Seed-produced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed-produced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Genetically modified</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivar_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivar_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivar names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivar_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivar names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivar_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presenting_in_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presenting_in_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presenting in text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presenting_in_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Group names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Group names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Group_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presenting_in_text_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presenting_in_text_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Presenting in text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presenting_in_text_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_protection_of_cultivars_and_their_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_protection_of_cultivars_and_their_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal protection of cultivars and their names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_protection_of_cultivars_and_their_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal protection of cultivars and their names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_protection_of_cultivars_and_their_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_use_of_legal_protection_for_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_use_of_legal_protection_for_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Controversial use of legal protection for cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_use_of_legal_protection_for_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_designations_and_selling_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_designations_and_selling_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Trade designations and selling names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_designations_and_selling_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Cultivar_Registration_Authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Cultivar_Registration_Authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International Cultivar Registration Authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Cultivar_Registration_Authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultivar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="مستنبت نباتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستنبت نباتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="किसिम (खेती आ बागबानी) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किसिम (खेती आ बागबानी)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyltifar" title="Cyltifar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyltifar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort" title="Sort – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sort" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturvario" title="Kulturvario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturvario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultibar" title="Kultibar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultibar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="رقم (کشاورزی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقم (کشاورزی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saothr%C3%B3g" title="Saothróg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saothróg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troarag" title="Troarag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Troarag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0%ED%92%88%EC%A2%85" title="재배품종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재배품종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषिजोपजाति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृषिजोपजाति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6mi" title="Kvæmi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarietas" title="Cultivarietas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultivarietas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कृषिजोपजाति – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कृषिजोपजाति" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="കൾട്ടിവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൾട്ടിവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE" title="栽培品種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="栽培品種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav" title="Nav – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nav" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultywar" title="Kultywar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultywar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivari" title="Kultivari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultivari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kultivar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajike" title="Lajike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lajike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort" title="Sort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="பயிரிடும்வகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பயிரிடும்வகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8A_(%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Навъ (гиёҳшиносӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Навъ (гиёҳшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCltivar" title="Kültivar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültivar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Сорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cultivar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%91ng_c%C3%A2y_tr%E1%BB%93ng" title="Giống cây trồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giống cây trồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable characteristics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the taxonomic rank just below subspecies, see <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (botany)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_daisy_(Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg/250px-African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg/375px-African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg/500px-African_daisy_%28Osteospermum_sp._%27Pink_Whirls%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Osteospermum" title="Osteospermum">Osteospermum</a></i> 'Pink Whirls' <br /> A cultivar selected for its intriguing and colourful flowers</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cultivar</b> is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> plant that people have selected for desired <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">traits</a> and which retains those traits when <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagated</a>. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">tissue culture</a>, or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from deliberate human <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">manipulation</a>, but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a> (ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word <i>cultivar</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was coined as a term meaning "<b>cultivated variety</b>". </p><p>Popular <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">daffodils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">azaleas</a> are commonly cultivars produced by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">breeding and selection</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Sport_(botany)" title="Sport (botany)">sports</a>, for floral colour or size, plant form, or other desirable characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Kays2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kays2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the world's agricultural <a href="/wiki/Food_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crop">food crops</a> are almost exclusively cultivars that have been selected for characters such as improved yield, flavour, and resistance to disease, and very few wild plants are now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="When is "now"? (June 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> used as food sources. Trees used in <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> are also special selections grown for their enhanced quality and yield of <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>. </p><p>Cultivars form a major part of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a>'s broader group, the <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1923_113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1923_113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is defined as a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cultivar is not the same as a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">botanical variety</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a taxonomic rank below <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, and there are differences in the rules for creating and using the names of botanical varieties and cultivars. In recent times,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title=""recent times" (June 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the naming of cultivars has been complicated by the use of statutory <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> for plants and recognition of <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">plant breeders' rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue-Hort_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-Hort-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Protection_of_New_Varieties_of_Plants" title="International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants">International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants</a> (UPOV – <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales</i>) offers legal protection of plant cultivars to persons or organisations that introduce new cultivars to commerce. UPOV requires that a cultivar be "distinct", "uniform", and "stable". To be "distinct", it must have characters that easily distinguish it from any other known cultivar. To be "uniform" and "stable", the cultivar must retain these characters in repeated propagation. </p><p>The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of <a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">cultivated plant taxonomy</a>, and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a></i> (ICNCP, commonly denominated the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i>). A cultivar is given a cultivar name, which consists of the scientific <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> botanical name followed by a cultivar <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">epithet</a>. The cultivar epithet is usually in a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg/210px-Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg/315px-Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg/420px-Liberty_Hyde_Bailey_1858-1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> (1858–1954) coined the words <i>cultigen</i> in 1918 and <i>cultivar</i> in 1923.</div></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a></div> <p>The word <i>cultivar</i> originated from the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with characteristics that arose in cultivation, presently denominated <i>cultigens</i>. This distinction dates to the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (370–285 BC), the "Father of Botany", who was keenly aware of this difference. Botanical historian Alan Morton noted that Theophrastus in his <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Historia Plantarum</a></i> (<i>Enquiry into Plants</i>) "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a>) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" (<i>Historia Plantarum</i>, Book 3, 2, 2 and <i>Causa Plantarum</i>, Book 1, 9, 3).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> uses as its starting point for modern <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a> the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' (1707–1778) <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (tenth edition) and <i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (fifth edition). In <i>Species Plantarum</i>, Linnaeus enumerated all plants known to him, either directly or from his extensive reading. He recognised the rank of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varietas</a> (botanical "variety", a rank below that of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>) and he indicated these varieties with letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, such as α, β, and λ, before the varietal name, rather than using the abbreviation "var." as is the present convention. Most of the varieties that Linnaeus enumerated were of "garden" origin rather than being wild plants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In time the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with variations that had been cultivated increased. In the nineteenth century many "garden-derived" plants were given horticultural names, sometimes in Latin and sometimes in a vernacular language. From <i>circa</i> the 1900s, cultivated plants in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> were recognised in the Scandinavian, Germanic, and Slavic literature as <i>stamm</i> or <i>sorte</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these words could not be used internationally because, by international agreement, any new denominations had to be in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century an improved international <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> was proposed for cultivated plants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Liberty Hyde Bailey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> created the word <i>cultivar</i> in 1923 when he wrote that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The cultigen is a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication – the plant is cultigenous. I now propose another name, cultivar, for a botanical variety, or for a race subordinate to species, that has originated under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognized botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1923_113_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1923_113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In that essay, Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, but it was obvious to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species, and that realization appears to have motivated the suggestion of the new category of <i>cultivar</i>. </p><p>Bailey created the word <i>cultivar</i>. It is generally assumed to be a blend of <i><b>culti</b>vated</i> and <i><b>var</b>iety</i> but Bailey never explicitly stated the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> and it has been suggested that the word is actually a blend of <i><b>culti</b>gen</i> and <i><b>var</b>iety</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>cultivar</i> was promoted as "euphonious" and "free from ambiguity".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> of 1953 subsequently commended its use, and by 1960 it had achieved common international acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultigens">Cultigens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultigens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_aestivum,_Gewone_tarwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg/210px-Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg/315px-Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg/420px-Triticum_aestivum%2C_Gewone_tarwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bread wheat, <i><a href="/wiki/Triticum_aestivum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum aestivum">Triticum aestivum</a></i>, is considered a cultigen, and is a distinct species from other <a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">wheats</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Biological_species_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological species concept">biological species concept</a>. Many different cultivars have been created within this cultigen. Many other cultigens are not considered to be distinct species, and can be denominated otherwise.</figcaption></figure> <p>The words <i><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a></i> and <i>cultivar</i> may be confused with each other. A <i>cultigen</i> is any plant that is deliberately selected for or altered in cultivation, as opposed to an <i><a href="/wiki/Indigen" title="Indigen">indigen</a></i>; the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> states that cultigens are "maintained as recognisable entities solely by continued propagation".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultigens can have names at any of many taxonomic ranks, including those of <a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">grex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">cultivar group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forma_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forma (botany)">form</a>, and cultivar; and they may be plants that have been altered in cultivation, including by <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetic modification</a>, but have not been formally denominated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cultigen or a component of a cultigen can be accepted as a cultivar if it is recognisable and has stable characters. Therefore, all cultivars are cultigens, because they are cultivated, but not all cultigens are cultivars, because some cultigens have not been formally distinguished and named as cultivars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_definition">Formal definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formal definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a></div> <p>The <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> notes that the word cultivar is used in two different senses: first, as a "classification category" the cultivar is defined in Article 2 of the <i>International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</i> (2009, 8th edition) as follows: <i>The basic category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this Code is the cultivar.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two other classification categories for cultigens, the <a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">grex</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Code</i> then defines a <i>cultivar</i> as a "taxonomic unit within the classification category of cultivar". This is the sense of <i>cultivar</i> that is most generally understood and which is used as a general definition. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform and stable in those characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters.</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_kinds">Different kinds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Different kinds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_orchid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Airport_orchid.JPG/220px-Airport_orchid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Airport_orchid.JPG/330px-Airport_orchid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Airport_orchid.JPG/440px-Airport_orchid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A cultivar of the orchid genus <i><a href="/wiki/Oncidium" title="Oncidium">Oncidium</a></i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Which plants are chosen to be named as cultivars is simply a matter of convenience as the category was created to serve the practical needs of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of a particular cultivar are not necessarily genetically identical. The <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be regarded as the same cultivar. The production of cultivars generally entails considerable human involvement although in a few cases it may be as little as simply selecting variation from plants growing in the wild (whether by collecting growing tissue to propagate from or by gathering seed).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultivars generally occur as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a> and food crops: <i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i> '<a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a>' and <i>Malus</i> '<a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a>' are cultivars of apples propagated by cuttings or <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lactuca" title="Lactuca">Lactuca</a></i> 'Red Sails' and <i>Lactuca</i> 'Great Lakes' are lettuce cultivars propagated by seeds. Named cultivars of <i><a href="/wiki/Hosta" title="Hosta">Hosta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemerocallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemerocallis">Hemerocallis</a></i> plants are cultivars produced by <a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">micropropagation</a> or division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clones">Clones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clone_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clone (botany)">Clone (botany)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg/220px-Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg/330px-Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg/440px-Leucospermum_cultivar_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum" title="Leucospermum">Leucospermum</a></i> 'Scarlet Ribbon'<br />A cross performed in Tasmania between <i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum_glabrum" title="Leucospermum glabrum">L. glabrum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum_tottum" title="Leucospermum tottum">L. tottum</a></i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Cultivars that are produced asexually are genetically identical and known as <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clones</a>; this includes plants propagated by <a href="/wiki/Division_(horticulture)" title="Division (horticulture)">division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Layering" title="Layering">layering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">cuttings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>. The propagating material may be taken from a particular part of the plant, such as a lateral branch, or from a particular phase of the life cycle, such as a juvenile leaf, or from aberrant growth as occurs with <a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_broom" title="Witch's broom">witch's broom</a>. Plants whose distinctive characters are derived from the presence of an intracellular organism may also form a cultivar provided the characters are reproduced reliably from generation to generation. Plants of the same <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimera (plant)">chimera</a> (which have mutant tissues close to normal tissue) or graft-chimeras (which have vegetative tissue from different kinds of plants and which originate by grafting) may also constitute a cultivar.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seed-produced">Seed-produced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seed-produced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cultivars "come true from seed", retaining their distinguishing characteristics when grown from seed. Such plants are termed a "variety", "selection", or "strain" but these are ambiguous and confusing words that are best avoided. In general, asexually propagated cultivars grown from seeds produce highly variable seedling plants, and should not be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seed-raised cultivars may be produced by uncontrolled pollination when characteristics that are distinct, uniform and stable are passed from parents to progeny. Some are produced as "lines" that are produced by repeated self-fertilization or inbreeding or "multilines" that are made up of several closely related lines. Sometimes they are <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrids</a> which are the result of a deliberate repeatable single cross between two pure lines. A few F2 hybrid seed cultivars also exist, such as <i>Achillea</i> 'Summer Berries'. </p><p>Some cultivars are <a href="/wiki/Agamospermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agamospermy">agamospermous</a> plants, which retain their genetic composition and characteristics under reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally cultivars are raised from seed of a specially selected provenance – for example the seed may be taken from plants that are resistant to a particular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_modified">Genetically modified</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetically modified"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div> <p>Genetically modified plants with characteristics resulting from the deliberate implantation of genetic material from a different <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> may form a cultivar. However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a> notes, "In practice such an assemblage is often marketed from one or more lines or multilines that have been genetically modified. These lines or multilines often remain in a constant state of development which makes the naming of such an assemblage as a cultivar a futile exercise."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, retired transgenic varieties such as the <a href="/wiki/Fish_tomato" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish tomato">fish tomato</a>, which are no longer being developed, do not run into this obstacle and can be given a cultivar name. </p><p>Cultivars may be selected because of a change in the <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> level of a plant which may produce more desirable characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivar_names">Cultivar names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultivar names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27,_SC,_Vic.,_15.9.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/210px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/315px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg/420px-Viola_x_hybrida_%27Clear_Crystals_Apricot%27%2C_SC%2C_Vic.%2C_15.9.2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Viola</i> 'Clear Crystals Apricot'<br />The specific epithet may be omitted from a cultivar name.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Every unique cultivar has a unique name within its denomination class (which is almost always the genus). Names of cultivars are regulated by the <i>International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</i>, and may be registered with an <a href="/wiki/International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority" title="International Cultivar Registration Authority">International Cultivar Registration Authority</a> (ICRA). There are sometimes separate registration authorities for different plant types such as roses and camellias. In addition, cultivars may be associated with commercial marketing names referred to in the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> as "trade designations" (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presenting_in_text">Presenting in text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presenting in text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>cultivar name</i> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a> (of a genus, <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, infraspecific <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>, interspecific <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid animal">hybrid</a> or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>. The cultivar epithet is enclosed by single quotes;<sup id="cite_ref-Brickell_2009_19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brickell_2009_19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it should not be italicized if the botanical name is italicized;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and each of the words within the epithet is <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalized</a> (with some permitted exceptions such as conjunctions).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is permissible to place a cultivar epithet after a common name provided the common name is botanically unambiguous. Cultivar epithets published before 1 January 1959 were often given a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> form and can be readily confused with the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific epithets</a> in botanical names; after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in a modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the full cultivar name of the <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_potato" title="King Edward potato">King Edward potato</a> is <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> 'King Edward'. 'King Edward' is the cultivar epithet, which, according to the Rules of the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i>, is bounded by single quotation marks.<sup id="cite_ref-Brickell_2009_19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brickell_2009_19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patented or trademarked plant product lines developed from a given cultivar, the commercial product name is typically indicated by the symbols "TM" or "®", or is presented in capital letters with no quotation marks, following the cultivar name,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the following example, where "Bloomerang" is the commercial name and 'Penda' is the cultivar epithet: <i><a href="/wiki/Syringa" title="Syringa">Syringa</a></i> 'Penda' BLOOMERANG.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Examples of correct text presentation: <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomeria japonica">Cryptomeria japonica</a></i> 'Elegans'</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</a></i> 'Aureomarginata' (pre-1959 name, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in form)</dd> <dd><i>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</i> 'Golden Wonder' (post-1959 name, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_densiflora" title="Pinus densiflora">Pinus densiflora</a></i> 'Akebono' (post-1959 name, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>)</dd> <dd>Apple 'Sundown'</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Some <b>incorrect</b> text presentation examples: <dl><dd><i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> "Elegans" (double quotes are unacceptable)</dd> <dd><i>Berberis thunbergii</i> cv. 'Crimson Pygmy' (this once-common usage is now unacceptable, as it is no longer correct to use "cv." in this context; <i>Berberis thunbergii</i> 'Crimson Pygmy' is correct)</dd> <dd><i>Rosa</i> cv. 'Peace' (this is now incorrect for two reasons: firstly, the use of "cv."; secondly, "Peace" is a trade designation or "selling name" for the cultivar <i>R.</i> 'Madame A. Meilland' and should therefore be printed in a different typeface from the rest of the name, without quote marks, for example: <i>Rosa</i><code> Peace</code>)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Although "cv." has not been permitted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a> since the 1995 edition,<sup id="cite_ref-AusNatBotGard-names-1995_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AusNatBotGard-names-1995-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-names_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-names-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is still widely used<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-et-al-2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-et-al-2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recommended by other authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-TAMU-names_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAMU-names-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYBG-names_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYBG-names-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_names">Group names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Group names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Cultivar group</a></div> <p>Where several very similar cultivars exist they can be associated into a <i>Group</i> (formerly <i>Cultivar-group</i>). As Group names are used with cultivar names it is necessary to understand their way of presentation. Group names are presented in normal type and the first letter of each word capitalised as for cultivars, but they are not placed in single quotes. When used in a name, the first letter of the word "Group" is itself capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presenting_in_text_2">Presenting in text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presenting in text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Brassica oleracea</i> Capitata Group (the group of cultivars including all typical <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbages</a>)</dd> <dd><i>Brassica oleracea</i> Botrytis Group (the group of cultivars including all typical <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflowers</a>)</dd> <dd><i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> Groupe Hortensia (in French) = <i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> Hortensia Group (in English)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Where cited with a cultivar name the group should be enclosed in parentheses, as follows: <dl><dd><i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i> (Hortensia Group) 'Ayesha' <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_protection_of_cultivars_and_their_names">Legal protection of cultivars and their names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal protection of cultivars and their names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/150px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/225px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/300px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher categories:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></div> <p>Since the 1990s there has been an increasing use of legal protection for newly produced cultivars. <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeders</a> expect legal protection for the cultivars they produce. According to proponents of such protections, if other growers can immediately propagate and sell these cultivars as soon as they come on the market, the breeder's benefit is largely lost.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal protection for cultivars is obtained through the use of Plant breeders' rights and plant Patents but the specific legislation and procedures needed to take advantage of this protection vary from country to country.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_use_of_legal_protection_for_cultivars">Controversial use of legal protection for cultivars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversial use of legal protection for cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of legal protection for cultivars can be controversial, particularly for food crops that are staples in developing countries,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for plants selected from the wild and propagated for sale without any additional breeding work; some people consider this practice <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">unethical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_designations_and_selling_names">Trade designations and selling names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade designations and selling names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Trade_designations"></span> The formal scientific name of a cultivar, like <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> 'King Edward', is a way of uniquely designating a particular kind of plant. This scientific name is in the public domain and cannot be legally protected. Plant retailers wish to maximize their share of the market and one way of doing this is to replace the Latin scientific names on plant labels in retail outlets with appealing marketing names that are easy to use, pronounce, and remember. Marketing names lie outside the scope of the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i> which refers to them as "trade designations". If a retailer or wholesaler has the sole legal rights to a marketing name then that may offer a sales advantage. Plants protected by <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">plant breeders' rights</a> (PBR) may have a "true" cultivar name – the recognized scientific name in the public domain – and a "commercial synonym" – an additional marketing name that is legally protected. An example would be <i>Rosa</i> <span class="trade_designation" style="font-family:'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','DejaVu Sans Mono','Andale Mono',Monaco,'Lucida Sans Typewriter',Consolas,'Lucida Console','Ubuntu Mono','Courier New',Courier New,FreeMono,monospace; word-spacing: -0.15em; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin-left: 0.05em;">Fascination</span> = 'Poulmax', in which <i>Rosa</i> is the genus, <span class="trade_designation" style="font-family:'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','DejaVu Sans Mono','Andale Mono',Monaco,'Lucida Sans Typewriter',Consolas,'Lucida Console','Ubuntu Mono','Courier New',Courier New,FreeMono,monospace; word-spacing: -0.15em; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin-left: 0.05em;">Fascination</span> is the trade designation, and 'Poulmax' is scientific cultivar name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country, a plant may be given different <b>selling names</b> from country to country. Quoting the original cultivar name allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main body coordinating plant breeders' rights is the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Protection_of_New_Varieties_of_Plants" title="International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants">International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales</i></span>, UPOV) and this organization maintains a database of new cultivars protected by PBR in all countries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Cultivar_Registration_Authorities">International Cultivar Registration Authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International Cultivar Registration Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Cultivar_Registration_Authority" title="International Cultivar Registration Authority">International Cultivar Registration Authority</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg/220px-Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg/330px-Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg/440px-Dahlia_-_%22Akita%22_cultivar.pjg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dahlia" title="Dahlia">Dahlia</a></i> 'Akita' <br /> A cultivar selected for flower form and colour</div></figcaption></figure> <p>An <i>International Cultivar Registration Authority</i> (ICRA) is a voluntary, non-statutory organization appointed by the <i>Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration</i> of the International Society of Horticultural Science. ICRAs are generally formed by societies and institutions specializing in particular plant genera such as <i>Dahlia</i> or <i>Rhododendron</i> and are currently located in Europe, North America, China, India, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each ICRA produces an annual report and its reappointment is considered every four years. The main task is to maintain a register of the names within the group of interest and where possible this is published and placed in the public domain. One major aim is to prevent the duplication of cultivar and Group epithets within a genus, as well as ensuring that names are in accord with the latest edition of the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i>. In this way, over the last 50 years or so, ICRAs have contributed to the stability of cultivated plant nomenclature. In recent times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title=""recent times" (June 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> many ICRAs have also recorded trade designations and trademarks used in labelling plant material, to avoid confusion with established names.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New names and other relevant data are collected by and submitted to the ICRA and in most cases there is no cost. The ICRA then checks each new epithet to ensure that it has not been used before and that it conforms with the <i>Cultivated Plant Code</i>. Each ICRA also ensures that new names are formally established (i.e. published in hard copy, with a description in a dated publication). They record details about the plant, such as parentage, the names of those concerned with its development and introduction, and a basic description highlighting its distinctive characters. ICRAs are not responsible for assessing the distinctiveness of the plant in question.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ICRAs can be contacted electronically and many maintain web sites for an up-to-date listing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_variety_(law)" title="Plant variety (law)">Plant variety (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace#Plants" title="Landrace">Plant Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fruit" title="Hybrid fruit">Hybrid fruit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cultivar</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span>) has two meanings, as explained in <i><a href="#Formal_definition">Formal definition</a></i>: it is a classification category and a taxonomic unit within the category. When referring to a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all plants that share the unique characteristics that define the cultivar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This ignored its prior use as a transitive verb in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> denoting "to farm, to cultivate, to grow, or to practice" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/cultivar">Online Spanish dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111061248/http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/cultivar">Archived</a> 2010-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), and in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> denoting <i>to cultivate, to husband, to farm, to plant, to polish, to reclaim, to improve</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ectaco.co.uk/main.jsp%3bjsessionid=bc304a778686293e1e2f?do=e-services-dictionaries-word_translate1&direction=2&status=translate&lang1=23&lang2=pt">Ectaco online Portuguese dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407014149/http://online.ectaco.co.uk/main.jsp;jsessionid=bc304a778686293e1e2f?do=e-services-dictionaries-word_translate1&direction=2&status=translate&lang1=23&lang2=pt">Archived</a> 2023-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kays2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kays2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStanley_J._Kays2011" class="citation book cs1">Stanley J. Kays (3 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pBMcf6wyj0C&pg=PA15"><i>Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon</i></a>. Springer. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-720-2"><bdi>978-90-8686-720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultivated+vegetables+of+the+world%3A+a+multilingual+onomasticon&rft.pages=15-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.isbn=978-90-8686-720-2&rft.au=Stanley+J.+Kays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pBMcf6wyj0C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_1923_113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1923_113_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1923_113_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1923">Bailey 1923</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencerCross2007">Spencer & Cross 2007</a>, p. 938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1953">Lawrence 1953</a>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue-Hort-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purdue-Hort_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113122949/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/courses/HORT217/Nomenclature/description.htm">"HORT217 - Woody Landscape Plants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Horticulture_and_Landscape_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture">Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture</a> - Purdue University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/courses/HORT217/Nomenclature/description.htm">the original</a> on 2012-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Horticulture+and+Landscape+Architecture+-+Purdue+University&rft.atitle=HORT217+-+Woody+Landscape+Plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fhort%2Fcourses%2FHORT217%2FNomenclature%2Fdescription.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802200032/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/courses/HORT217/Nomenclature/description.htm">Archived</a> 2 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1981">Morton 1981</a>, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1955">Lawrence 1955</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1955">Lawrence 1955</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1955">Lawrence 1955</a>, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1955">Lawrence 1955</a>, pp. 179–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrehane2004">Trehane 2004</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence1960">Lawrence 1960</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Art. 2.3 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencerCrossLumley2007">Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 2.1 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 4 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 3 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 2.2 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code. Preamble & Principles <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code, Article 2.20 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.5–2.11 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp">Courses / RHS Gardening</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226124519/http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp">Archived</a> 2005-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.17–2.18 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.12–2.16 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.19 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brickell_2009_19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brickell_2009_19_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brickell_2009_19_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Article 14.1 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Recommendation 8A.1 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Article 21.3 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Art. 14 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirrWarren2019" class="citation book cs1">Dirr, Michael; Warren, Keith (2019). <i>The Tree Book: Superior Selections for Landscapes, Streetscapes, and Gardens</i>. Timber Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-714-8"><bdi>978-1-60469-714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tree+Book%3A+Superior+Selections+for+Landscapes%2C+Streetscapes%2C+and+Gardens&rft.pub=Timber+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-60469-714-8&rft.aulast=Dirr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Warren%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=269258&isprofile=0&letter=s">"<i>Syringa</i> 'Penda' BLOOMERANG"</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130010908/https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=269258&isprofile=0&letter=S">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syringa+%27Penda%27+BLOOMERANG&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden+Plant+Finder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2FPlantFinder%2FPlantFinderDetails.aspx%3Ftaxonid%3D269258%26isprofile%3D0%26letter%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AusNatBotGard-names-1995-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AusNatBotGard-names-1995_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/naming-a-cultivar.html">"Naming a Cultivar ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Botanic_Gardens" title="Australian National Botanic Gardens">Australian National Botanic Gardens</a> - Botanical Web Portal</i>. 2000-07-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312140053/http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/naming-a-cultivar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Botanic+Gardens+-+Botanical+Web+Portal&rft.atitle=Naming+a+Cultivar+%3F&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Facra%2Fnaming-a-cultivar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-names-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAO-names_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201226190600/http://www.fao.org/forestry/45000-0e85e2d9c3cddc8e7fe55eec44b683664.pdf">"How to name a new cultivar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></i>. 2020-06-10. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+A%26M+University+General+Horticulture&rft.atitle=Horticulture+202+Laboratory+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeneralhorticulture.tamu.edu%2Fh202%2Flabs%2Flab3%2Fsciname.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYBG-names-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYBG-names_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkle2018" class="citation web cs1">Finkle, Anita (2018-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libanswers.nybg.org/faq/223266">"What is the proper way to write a botanical name (Latin name)?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126223351/https://libanswers.nybg.org/faq/223266">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=What+is+the+proper+way+to+write+a+botanical+name+%28Latin+name%29%3F&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Finkle&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibanswers.nybg.org%2Ffaq%2F223266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Art. 3 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code Art. 15 <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gepts (2004) <i>Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?</i> Plant Physiology 134, pp. 1295–1307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bspb.co.uk/BSPB%20Handbook.pdf">BSPB <i>Plant breeding – The business and science of crop improvement</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911091226/http://www.bspb.co.uk/BSPB%20Handbook.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British Society of Plant Breeders booklet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=647863">"Adi, A.B.C., <i>Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology and the Fate of Poor Farmers' Agriculture.</i> Social Science Research Network"</a>. 13 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715072543/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=647863">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adi%2C+A.B.C.%2C+Intellectual+Property+Rights+in+Biotechnology+and+the+Fate+of+Poor+Farmers%27+Agriculture.+Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D647863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.callygardens.co.uk/pbr_article.html">'Who owns nature?'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911145947/http://www.callygardens.co.uk/pbr_article.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (article by nurseryman and plant hunter Michael Wickenden, published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plantsman_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plantsman (magazine)">The Plantsman</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencerCrossLumley2007">Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007</a>, pp. 76–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencerCrossLumley2007">Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cultivated Plant Code <a href="#CITEREFBrickell2009">Brickell 2009</a>, pp. 62, 67–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist.htm">International Cultivar Registration Authorities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715041633/http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126034200/http://www.ishs.org/sci/icra.htm">"ISHS :: Commission Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration - International Cultivar Registration Authorities (ICRAs)"</a>. <i>ishs.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishs.org/sci/icra.htm">the original</a> on 26 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ishs.org&rft.atitle=ISHS+%3A%3A+Commission+Nomenclature+and+Cultivar+Registration+-+International+Cultivar+Registration+Authorities+%28ICRAs%29&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishs.org%2Fsci%2Ficra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1923" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hyde_Bailey" title="Liberty Hyde Bailey">Bailey, Liberty Hyde</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R21DAAAAIAAJ">"Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature"</a>. <i>Gentes Herbarum</i>. 1 (Part 3): 113–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gentes+Herbarum&rft.atitle=Various+cultigens%2C+and+transfers+in+nomenclature&rft.volume=1+%28Part+3%29&rft.pages=113-136&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Liberty+Hyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR21DAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brickell, Chris D. 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"The Term and Category of Cultivar". <i>Baileya</i>. <b>3</b>: 177–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baileya&rft.atitle=The+Term+and+Category+of+Cultivar&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=177-181&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=George+H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1957" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, George H.M. (1957). "The Designation of Cultivar-names". <i>Baileya</i>. <b>5</b>: 162–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baileya&rft.atitle=The+Designation+of+Cultivar-names&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=162-165&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=George+H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1960" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, George H.M. (1960). "Notes on Cultivar Names". <i>Baileya</i>. <b>8</b>: 1–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baileya&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Cultivar+Names&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=George+H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1981" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Alan G. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort"><i>History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-508382-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-508382-3"><bdi>0-12-508382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Botanical+Science%3A+An+Account+of+the+Development+of+Botany+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-12-508382-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbotanic0000mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerCrossLumley2007" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Roger; Cross, Robert; Lumley, Peter (2007). <i>Plant names: a guide to botanical nomenclature. (3rd ed.)</i>. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing (also Earthscan, UK.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09440-6"><bdi>978-0-643-09440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+names%3A+a+guide+to+botanical+nomenclature.+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing+%28also+Earthscan%2C+UK.%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09440-6&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Cross%2C+Robert&rft.au=Lumley%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerCross2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Roger D.; Cross, Robert G. (2007). "The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and the cultigen". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): 938–940. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065875">10.2307/25065875</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065875">25065875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+%28ICBN%29%2C+the+International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+Cultivated+Plants+%28ICNCP%29%2C+and+the+cultigen&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=938-940&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrehane2004" class="citation journal cs1">Trehane, Piers (2004). "50 years of the <i>International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</i>". <i>Acta Horticulturae</i>. <b>634</b>: 17–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2004.634.1">10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.634.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=50+years+of+the+International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+Cultivated+Plants&rft.volume=634&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2004.634.1&rft.aulast=Trehane&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultivar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cultivar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cultivar">cultivar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Sale point of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051015035630/http://www.ishs.org/sci/icracpco.htm">Latest Edition (October 2009)</a> of <i>The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist.htm">International Cultivar Registration Authorities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306203301/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html">The Language of Horticulture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226124519/http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp">Opinion piece by Tony Lord</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plantsman_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plantsman (journal)">The Plantsman</a></i> magazine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/hortivar">Hortivar</a> – The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breeds_and_cultivars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">Breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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