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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Specific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Vegetative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Reproductive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromosomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromosomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Chromosomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromosomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Phytochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkaloids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkaloids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Alkaloids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkaloids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Fragrances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Early </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Subdivision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Phylogenetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Names and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narcissus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Narcissus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daffodil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daffodil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Daffodil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daffodil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 In other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Habitats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pollination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 In gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Propagation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Colour code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pharmacology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Poisoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Topical effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Traditional medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Biological properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Therapeutics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Commercial uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Forcing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cut_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cut_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1.1 Cut flowers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cut_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potted_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potted_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1.2 Potted flowers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potted_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Greek culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Roman culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Western culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.5 Eastern cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.6 Islamic culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.3 Eighteenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.4 Nineteenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.5 Twentieth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty_first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty_first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.6 Twenty first century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty_first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissus_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissus_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Narcissus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissus_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1.1 Taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1.2 Phylogenetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.1.3 Pharmacology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3.3.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1.1 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1.2 Viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nematodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nematodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1.3 Nematodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nematodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2.1 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2.2 Viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Historical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediaeval_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediaeval_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6.2 Mediaeval and Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediaeval_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6.4 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6.5 Eastern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.7 Databases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societies_and_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societies_and_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.8 Societies and organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societies_and_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.9 Cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.10 Reference material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.11 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Narcissus (plant)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healswyrt" title="Healswyrt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Healswyrt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="نرجس (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نرجس (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99rgizg%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nərgizgülü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nərgizgülü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2)" title="নার্গিস (ফুল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নার্গিস (ফুল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD)" title="Нарцыс (род раслін) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нарцыс (род раслін)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Нарцис (цвете) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нарцис (цвете)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་ལྷ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་ལྷ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis" title="Narcis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Narcis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roz-kamm" title="Roz-kamm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roz-kamm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc%C3%ADs_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Narcís (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narcís (gènere)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81" title="Нарцисс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нарцисс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis_(rostlina)" title="Narcis (rostlina) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Narcis (rostlina)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis" title="Narcis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Narcis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narzissen" title="Narzissen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Narzissen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nartsiss" title="Nartsiss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nartsiss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Νάρκισσος (βοτανική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νάρκισσος (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_(floro)" title="Narciso (floro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Narciso (floro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilipa" title="Lilipa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lilipa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="نرگس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرگس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsissen_(skaai)" title="Narsissen (skaai) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Narsissen (skaai)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus_an_chromchinn" title="Lus an chromchinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lus an chromchinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarelle_(planta)" title="Amarelle (planta) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amarelle (planta)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81" title="Нарцисс – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нарцисс" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%84%A0%ED%99%94%EC%86%8D" title="수선화속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수선화속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Նարգիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նարգիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2)" title="नरगिस (फूल) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नरगिस (फूल)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisa" title="Narcisa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Narcisa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunovrat" title="Sunovrat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunovrat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso" title="Narciso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Narciso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsis" title="Narsis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Narsis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1" title="נרקיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נרקיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ნარგიზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნარგიზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%94%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%95%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D9%84" title="یٔمبٕر زَل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یٔمبٕر زَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Нәркес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нәркес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81" title="Нарцисс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нарцисс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcise" title="Narcise – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Narcise" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcises" title="Narcises – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Narcises" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narzissen" title="Narzissen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Narzissen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcizas" title="Narcizas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Narcizas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nartsissu" title="Nartsissu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nartsissu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rcisz_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Nárcisz (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nárcisz (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Нарцис (растение) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нарцис (растение)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="നാർസിസസ് (സസ്യം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാർസിസസ് (സസ്യം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კორთხონჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კორთხონჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="نرجس (جنس من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نرجس (جنس من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis" title="Nargis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nargis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis" title="Narcis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Narcis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieloze" title="Tieloze – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tieloze" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="गुणकेशरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुणकेशरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="गुनकेरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुनकेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%9E" title="スイセン属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイセン属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilbluumen" title="Aprilbluumen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aprilbluumen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5skeliljeslekta" title="Påskeliljeslekta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Påskeliljeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5skeliljeslekta" title="Påskeliljeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Påskeliljeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narc%C3%ADs" title="Narcís – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Narcís" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis" title="Nargis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nargis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਨਰਗਸ (ਬੂਟਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਰਗਸ (ਬੂਟਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="نرگس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نرگس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%B3" title="نرګس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نرګس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcyz" title="Narcyz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narcyz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis%C4%83" title="Narcisă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Narcisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Нарцисс (растение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нарцисс (растение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily" title="Lily – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lily" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaskebloume" title="Poaskebloume – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poaskebloume" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(genus)" title="Narcissus (genus) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Narcissus (genus)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="نرگس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نرگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis_(rod)" title="Narcis (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Narcis (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcisa" title="Narcisa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Narcisa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="نێرگز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێرگز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcis" title="Narcis – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Narcis" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunovrat" title="Sunovrat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunovrat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsissit" title="Narsissit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Narsissit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissl%C3%A4ktet" title="Narcissläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Narcissläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsiso" title="Narsiso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Narsiso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81" title="Нарцисс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нарцисс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Наргис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Наргис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergis" title="Nergis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nergis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Нарцис (рослина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нарцис (рослина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3_(%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84)" title="نرگس (پھول) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نرگس (پھول)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Th%E1%BB%A7y_ti%C3%AAn" title="Chi Thủy tiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Thủy tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsiss" title="Natsiss – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Natsiss" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" title="Narcissus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Narcissus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of plants in family Amaryllidaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Daffodil" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Daffodil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Daffodil (disambiguation)">Daffodil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Narcissus <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 24–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.87692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.87692307692px; width:8.1230769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:212.87692307692px; width:6.1230769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Late_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Oligocene">Late Oligocene</a> – Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg/220px-Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg/330px-Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg/440px-Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">Narcissus poeticus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Narcissus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidoideae" title="Amaryllidoideae">Amaryllidoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narcisseae" title="Narcisseae">Narcisseae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narcissus</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><a href="#cite_note-LinSP-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">Narcissus poeticus</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subgenera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <a href="#Subdivision">See text</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg/220px-Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg/330px-Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg/440px-Illustration_Narcissus_poeticus0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_Thom%C3%A9" title="Otto Wilhelm Thomé">Thomé</a>: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomé1903[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem44720page442mode1up_p._316]-2">[2]</a> 1. Longitudinal section, 2. Anthers, 3. Stigma, 4. Cross section of ovary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg/220px-Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg/330px-Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg/440px-Floral_morphology_Narcissus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg/220px-Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg/330px-Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg/440px-Narcissus_Floral_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3248" /></a><figcaption><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></div>From centre outwards: Trilocular ovary, 6 stamens, corona, perianth <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Br ✶ ☿ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>P3+3+Corona <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">A3+3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">G(3) Bracteate, Actinomorphic, Bisexual <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Perianth: 6 tepals in 2 whorls of 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Stamens: 2 whorls of 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Ovary: Superior – 3 fused carpels</td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> Narcissus is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of predominantly spring flowering <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> plants of the amaryllis family, <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>. Various common names including daffodil,<a href="#cite_note-3">[Note 1]</a> narcissus (plural narcissi), and jonquil, are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped <a href="/wiki/Corona_(plant_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (plant structure)">corona</a>. The flowers are generally white and <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a> (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona. Narcissi were well known in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilisation">ancient civilisation</a>, both medicinally and botanically, but were formally described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 36 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization (biology)">hybridisation</a>. The genus arose some time in the Late <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> to Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epochs, in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it is often linked to a Greek word (ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") and the myth of the <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">youth of that name</a> who fell in love with his own reflection. In some versions of the story, Narcissus is turned in to a flower by the Gods after his death. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from "<a href="/wiki/Asphodelus" title="Asphodelus">asphodel</a>", with which it was commonly compared. The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a>. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's dementia</a>. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Vegetative</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:One_daffodil_bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/One_daffodil_bulb.jpg/130px-One_daffodil_bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/One_daffodil_bulb.jpg/195px-One_daffodil_bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/One_daffodil_bulb.jpg/260px-One_daffodil_bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2211" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulb</a> with shoot and <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG/130px-Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG/195px-Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG/260px-Untere_Narzissensprossachsel_beim_Entfalten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> emerging, with sheathed <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Narcissus floral morphology</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonquil_up_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jonquil_up_close.jpg/130px-Jonquil_up_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jonquil_up_close.jpg/195px-Jonquil_up_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jonquil_up_close.jpg/260px-Jonquil_up_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Solitary Narcissus flower, prior to opening, emerging from <a href="/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathe</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg/130px-NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg/195px-NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg/260px-NarcissusPaperwhite01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_papyraceus" title="Narcissus papyraceus">N. papyraceus</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> formation</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:20140226Narcissus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20140226Narcissus2.jpg/130px-20140226Narcissus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20140226Narcissus2.jpg/195px-20140226Narcissus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/20140226Narcissus2.jpg/260px-20140226Narcissus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a> showing from top to bottom, spathe, floral tube, tepals, corona</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg/130px-Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg/195px-Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg/260px-Narcissus_cyclamineus01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cyclamineus" title="Narcissus cyclamineus">N. cyclamineus</a>, showing reflexed tepals</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/130px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/195px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/260px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a> showing prominent corona and reduced tepals</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg/130px-Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg/195px-Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg/260px-Narcissus_triandrus_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a>, showing pendent orientation and reflexed tepals</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blauweissgelbrot_(3489473714).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg/130px-Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg/195px-Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg/260px-Blauweissgelbrot_%283489473714%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1169" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Narcissus flower, showing erect orientation</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_(Narcissus)_-_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg/130px-A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg/195px-A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg/260px-A_Perfect_Pair_Daffodills_%28Narcissus%29_-_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="1900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a>, showing outer white <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> with a central yellow <a href="/wiki/Corona_(plant_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (plant structure)">corona</a> (paraperigonium)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuixian02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shuixian02.JPG/130px-Shuixian02.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shuixian02.JPG/195px-Shuixian02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shuixian02.JPG/260px-Shuixian02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tazetta cultivar, showing <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a> surrounding central <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg/130px-Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg/195px-Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg/260px-Sunshine_yellow_-_by_Spiralz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Close-up of stamen filaments and anthers, with stigma</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Gynoecium and fruit</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg/130px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg/195px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg/260px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus2_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Longitudinal section of <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ovules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovules">ovules</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/130px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/195px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/260px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cross section of ovary</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg/130px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg/195px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg/260px-Narcissus_pseudonarcissus_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4678" data-file-height="3195" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a> dispersing <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> Narcissus is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbiferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophyte">geophytes</a>, which die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in the following year from brown-skinned ovoid <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a> with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5–80 centimetres (2.0–31.5 in) depending on the species. Dwarf species such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_asturiensis" title="Narcissus asturiensis">N. asturiensis</a> have a maximum height of 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in), while <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">Narcissus tazetta</a> may grow as tall as 80 centimetres (31 in).<a href="#cite_note-Tazetta-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> The plants are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#S" title="Glossary of botanical terms">scapose</a>, having a single central leafless hollow flower <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves arise from the bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (<a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a>). The flowers, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or rarely green, consist of a <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a <a href="/wiki/Petal#Variations" title="Petal">floral tube</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, then an outer ring composed of six <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped <a href="/wiki/Corona_(plant_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (plant structure)">corona</a>. The flowers may hang down (pendant), or be erect. There are six <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> bearing <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> surrounding a central <a href="/wiki/Style_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (flower)">style</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> consists of a dry <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsule</a> that splits (<a href="/wiki/Dehisces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehisces">dehisces</a>) releasing numerous black <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back and has contractile <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> that pull it down further into the soil. The flower stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge the following season. Most species are dormant from summer to late winter, flowering in the spring, though a few species are autumn flowering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific">Specific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vegetative">Vegetative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vegetative">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Bulbs</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The pale brown-skinned <a href="/wiki/Ovoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoid">ovoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunica_(biology)" title="Tunica (biology)">tunicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a> have a membranous tunic and a corky stem (base or basal) plate from which arise the <a href="/wiki/Adventitious#roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitious">adventitious</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_hair" title="Root hair">root hairs</a> in a ring around the edge, which grow up to 40 mm in length. Above the stem plate is the storage organ consisting of bulb scales, surrounding the previous flower stalk and the terminal <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a>. The scales are of two types, true storage organs and the bases of the foliage leaves. These have a thicker tip and a scar from where the leaf lamina became detached. The innermost leaf scale is semicircular only partly enveloping the flower stalk (semisheathed).(see Hanks Fig 1.3). The bulb may contain a number of branched bulb units, each with two to three true scales and two to three leaf bases. Each bulb unit has a life of about four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> Once the leaves die back in summer, the roots also wither. After some years, the roots shorten, pulling the bulbs deeper into the ground (<a href="/wiki/Adventitious_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitious roots">contractile roots</a>). The bulbs develop from the inside, pushing the older layers outwards which become brown and dry, forming an outer shell, the tunic or skin. Up to 60 layers have been counted in some wild species. While the plant appears dormant above the ground the flower stalk which will start to grow in the following spring, develops within the bulb surrounded by two to three deciduous leaves and their sheaths. The flower stem lies in the <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axil</a> of the second true leaf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> <dl><dt>Stems</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The single leafless <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">plant stem</a> or scape, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bears from 1 to 20 blooms.<a href="#cite_note-RHSAZ-7">[6]</a> Stem shape depends on the species, some are highly compressed with a visible seam, while others are rounded. The stems are upright and located at the centre of the leaves. In a few species such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_hedraeanthus" title="Narcissus hedraeanthus">N. hedraeanthus</a> the stem is oblique. The stem is hollow in the upper portion but towards the bulb is more solid and filled with a spongy material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003-8">[7]</a> <dl><dt>Leaves</dt> <dd></dd></dl> Narcissus plants have one to several basal <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> which are linear, ligulate or strap-shaped (long and narrow), sometimes <a href="/wiki/Caespitose" class="mw-redirect" title="Caespitose">channelled</a> <a href="/wiki/Acaulescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Acaulescent">adaxially</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leaf_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shape">semiterete</a>, and may (pedicellate) or may not (sessile) have a <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> stalk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">[8]</a> The leaves are flat and broad to cylindrical at the base and arise from the bulb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]-10">[9]</a> The emerging plant generally has two leaves, but the mature plant usually three, rarely four, and they are covered with a <a href="/wiki/Cutin" title="Cutin">cutin</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>, giving them a waxy appearance. Leaf colour is light green to blue-green. In the mature plant, the leaves extend higher than the flower stem, but in some species, the leaves are low-hanging. The leaf base is encased in a colorless sheath. After flowering, the leaves turn yellow and die back once the <a href="/wiki/Seed_pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed pod">seed pod</a> (fruit) is ripe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> Jonquils usually have dark green, round, rush-like leaves.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive">Reproductive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproductive">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Inflorescence</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The inflorescence is scapose, the single <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an <a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> with up to 20 blooms.<a href="#cite_note-RHSAZ-7">[6]</a> Species bearing a solitary flower include section Bulbocodium and most of section Pseudonarcissus. <a href="/wiki/Umbellate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbellate">Umbellate</a> species have a fleshy <a href="/wiki/Racemose" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemose">racemose</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_papyraceus" title="Narcissus papyraceus">N. papyraceus</a> (see illustration, left) and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> (see <a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a> The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with (<a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicellate</a>) or without (<a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a>) floral stalks. Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin dry papery or membranous (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#S" title="Glossary of botanical terms">scarious</a>) <a href="/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathe</a> consists of a singular <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bract</a> that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus],_p._285-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bracteoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracteoles">Bracteoles</a> are small or absent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus],_p._285-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a> <dl><dt>Flowers</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> of Narcissus are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite#Plants" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a> (bisexual),<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Fragrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrant">fragrant</a> (see <a href="#Fragrances">Fragrances</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1997-18">[17]</a> The flower symmetry is <a href="/wiki/Actinomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomorphic">actinomorphic</a> (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> (curving downwards, then bent up at the tip). Narcissus flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, <a href="/wiki/Corona_(plant_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (plant structure)">corona</a> (trumpet). The three major floral parts (in all species except <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cavanillesii" title="Narcissus cavanillesii">N. cavanillesii</a> in which the corona is virtually absent - <a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>: Section Tapeinanthus) are; <ul><li>(i) the proximal <a href="/wiki/Floral_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral tube">floral tube</a> (hypanthium),</li> <li>(ii) the surrounding free <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a>, and</li> <li>(iii) the more distal <a href="/wiki/Corona_(plant_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (plant structure)">corona</a> (paraperigon, paraperigonium).</li></ul> All three parts may be considered to be components of the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> (perigon, perigonium). The <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> arises above the apex of the inferior <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, its base forming the hypanthial <a href="/wiki/Floral_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral tube">floral tube</a>. The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone (<a href="/wiki/Obconic" title="Obconic">obconic</a>) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow sections Apodanthi and Jonquilla to rudimentary (N. cavanillesii).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343-19">[18]</a> Surrounding the floral tube and corona and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#reflexed" title="Glossary of botanical terms">reflexed</a> (bent back) from the rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledons" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledons">monocotyledons</a>, the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>, and the three inner segments <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>. The transition point between the floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely is the corona a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a> (see <a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>) or the rudimentary structure in <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cavanillesii" title="Narcissus cavanillesii">N. cavanillesii</a> to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> While the perianth may point forwards, in some species such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cyclamineus" title="Narcissus cyclamineus">N. cyclamineus</a> it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a> (<a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona. The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_viridiflorus" title="Narcissus viridiflorus">N. viridiflorus</a> which is green. In addition the corona of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> has a red crenulate margin (see <a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]-10">[9]</a> Flower diameter varies from 12 mm (<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a>) to over 125 mm (N. nobilis=<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a> subsp. nobilis).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343-19">[18]</a> Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a> (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. alpestris = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus</a>, horizontal (patent, spreading) such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_gaditanus" title="Narcissus gaditanus">N. gaditanus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>, erect as in N. cavanillesii, N. serotinus and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_rupicola" title="Narcissus rupicola">N. rupicola</a> (<a href="#Subdivision">Table I</a>), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343-19">[18]</a> The flowers of Narcissus demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a> primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a>). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns; <ul><li>"Daffodil" form</li> <li>"Paperwhite" form</li> <li>"Triandrus" form.</li></ul> The predominant patterns are the 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See <a href="#Pollination">Pollination</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a> The "daffodil" form, which includes sections Pseudonarcissus and Bulbocodium, has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section Pseudonarcissus consists of relatively large flowers with a corolla length of around 50 mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow.<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> The "paperwhite" form, including sections Jonquilla, Apodanthi and Narcissus, has a relatively long, narrow tube and a short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant. The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_albimarginatus" title="Narcissus albimarginatus">N. albimarginatus</a> (a Moroccan endemic) and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a>. It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">Androecium</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> There are six <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> in one to two rows (<a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>), with the filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> is inferior (below the floral parts) and <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">trilocular</a> (three chambered) and there is a <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> with a minutely three lobed <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> and filiform (thread like) <a href="/wiki/Style_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (flower)">style</a>, which is often exserted (extending beyond the tube).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus_pp._100–101]-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> <dl><dt>Fruit</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The fruit consists of dehiscent <a href="/wiki/Loculicidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Loculicidal">loculicidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capsule (botany)">capsules</a> (splitting between the locules) that are <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#S" title="Glossary of botanical terms">subglobose</a> (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003-8">[7]</a> <dl><dt>Seeds</dt> <dd></dd></dl> The fruit contains numerous subglobose <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seed#Seed_coat" title="Seed">testa</a> is black<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">[8]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a> dry.<a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a> Most species have 12 <a href="/wiki/Ovules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovules">ovules</a> and 36 seeds, although some species such as N. bulbocodium have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections Jonquilla and Bulbocodium are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">disperse</a> the mature seeds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromosomes">Chromosomes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chromosomes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> numbers include 2n=14, 22, 26, with numerous <a href="/wiki/Aneuploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuploid">aneuploid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> derivatives. The basic chromosome number is 7, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_elegans" title="Narcissus elegans">N. elegans</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narccisu_broussonetii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narccisu broussonetii (page does not exist)">N. broussonetii</a> in which it is 10 or 11; this subgenus (Hermione) was in fact characterised by this characteristic. Polyploid species include <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_papyraceus" title="Narcissus papyraceus">N. papyraceus</a> (4x=22) and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_dubius" title="Narcissus dubius">N. dubius</a> (6x=50).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phytochemistry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alkaloids">Alkaloids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alkaloids">edit</a>]</div> As with all Amarylidaceae genera, Narcissus contains unique <a href="/wiki/Isoquinoline" title="Isoquinoline">isoquinoline</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>. The first alkaloid to be identified was <a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">lycorine</a>, from N. pseudonarcissus in 1877. These are considered a protective adaptation and are utilised in the classification of species. Nearly 100 alkaloids have been identified in the genus, about a third of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, although not all species have been tested. Of the nine alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Ring_(chemistry)" title="Ring (chemistry)">ring</a> types identified in the family, Narcissus species most commonly demonstrate the presence of alkaloids from within the Lycorine (lycorine, galanthine, pluviine) and <a href="/wiki/Homolycorine" title="Homolycorine">Homolycorine</a> (homolycorine, lycorenine) groups. Hemanthamine, tazettine, <a href="/wiki/Narciclasine" title="Narciclasine">narciclasine</a>, montanine and <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a> alkaloids are also represented. The alkaloid profile of any plant varies with time, location, and developmental stage.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> Narcissus also contain <a href="/wiki/Fructans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fructans">fructans</a> and low molecular weight <a href="/wiki/Glucomannan" title="Glucomannan">glucomannan</a> in the leaves and plant stems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fragrances">Fragrances</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fragrances">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fragrances" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrances">Fragrances</a> are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Monoterpene" title="Monoterpene">monoterpene</a> <a href="/wiki/Isoprenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoprenoids">isoprenoids</a>, with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Benzenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzenoids">benzenoids</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. jonquilla</a> has both equally represented. Another exception is <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cuatrecasasii" title="Narcissus cuatrecasasii">N. cuatrecasasii</a> which produces mainly fatty acid derivatives. The basic monoterpene precursor is <a href="/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranyl pyrophosphate">geranyl pyrophosphate</a>, and the commonest monoterpenes are <a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a>, and trans-β-<a href="/wiki/Ocimene" title="Ocimene">ocimene</a>. Most benzenoids are non-methoxylated, while a few species contain <a href="/wiki/Methoxylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxylated">methoxylated</a> forms (<a href="/wiki/Ethers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethers">ethers</a>), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bujei" title="Narcissus bujei">N. bujei</a>. Other ingredient include <a href="/wiki/Indole" title="Indole">indole</a>, isopentenoids and very small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquiterpenes">sesquiterpenes</a>. Fragrance patterns can be correlated with <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a>, and fall into three main groups (see <a href="#Pollination">Pollination</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1997-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Narcissus" title="Taxonomy of Narcissus">Taxonomy of Narcissus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Genus valde intricatum et numerosissimis dubiis oppressum A genus that is very complex and burdened with numerous uncertainties<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Schultes & Schultes fil., Syst. Veg. 1829<a href="#cite_note-Schultes-23">[22]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early">edit</a>]</div> The genus Narcissus was well known to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient Greeks and Romans</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> literature <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophrastus1916[httpsarchiveorgstreamenquiryintoplant02theouoftpage42mode2up_42]-24">[23]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a><a href="#cite_note-Dioscurides-25">[24]</a> described νάρκισσος, probably referring to <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>, although the exact species mentioned in classical literature cannot be accurately established. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> later introduced the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> form narcissus.<a href="#cite_note-PlinyLat-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-PlinyLat2-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pliny2-29">[28]</a> These early writers were as much interested in the plant's possible medicinal properties as they were in its botanical features and their accounts remained influential until at least the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (see also <a href="#Antiquity">Antiquity</a>). Mediaeval and Renaissance writers include <a href="/wiki/Albert_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Magnus">Albert Magnus</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a>, but it remained to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> to formally describe and name Narcissus as a genus in his <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> (1753) at which time there were six known species.<a href="#cite_note-LinSP-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meerow-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">De Jussieu</a> (1789) grouped Narcissus into a "family",<a href="#cite_note-icn18.2-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Candolle2-32">[31]</a> which he called Narcissi.<a href="#cite_note-Jussieu-33">[32]</a> This was renamed Amaryllideae by <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Saint-Hilaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaume Saint-Hilaire">Jaume Saint-Hilaire</a> in 1805,<a href="#cite_note-JSH-34">[33]</a> corresponding to the modern <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>. For a while, Narcissus was considered part of <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a> (as in the illustration seen here of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_candidissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissus candidissimus">Narcissus candidissimus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem10268page56mode1up_vol._IV,_p._188]-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Candollea-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Candolleb-37">[36]</a> but then the Amaryllidaceae were split off from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._de_Candolle1813219-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1810[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem21871page164mode1up_Prodromus],_p._296-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg/220px-Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg/330px-Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg/440px-Narcissus_candidissimus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_candidissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissus candidissimus">N. candidissimus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a>, 1808<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem10268page56mode1up_vol._IV,_p._188]-35">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> Various authors have adopted either narrow (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">Haworth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Haworth-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurbigeHaworth-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Salisbury" title="Richard Anthony Salisbury">Salisbury</a><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury-42">[41]</a>) or wide (e.g.<a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_(botanist)" title="William Herbert (botanist)">Herbert</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Herbert-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Spach" title="Édouard Spach">Spach</a><a href="#cite_note-Spach-44">[43]</a> ) interpretations of the genus.<a href="#cite_note-RHSSegregate-45">[44]</a> The narrow view treated many of the species as separate genera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1978-46">[45]</a> Over time, the wider view prevailed with a major monograph on the genus being published by <a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Baker" title="John Gilbert Baker">Baker</a> (1875).<a href="#cite_note-Baker-47">[46]</a> One of the more controversial genera was Tapeinanthus,<a href="#cite_note-Cullen-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1978-46">[45]</a> but today it is included in Narcissus.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> The eventual position of Narcissus within the <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (botany)">family</a> only became settled in this century with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Meerow-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2015-49">[48]</a> Within Amaryllidaceae the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Narcissus belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Narcisseae" title="Narcisseae">Narcisseae</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribe (botany)">tribe</a>, one of 13 within the <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidoideae" title="Amaryllidoideae">Amaryllidoideae</a> <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> It is one of two <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> corresponding to genera in the Narcisseae,<a href="#cite_note-Gage-50">[49]</a> being distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Sternbergia" title="Sternbergia">Sternbergia</a> by the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Paraperigonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraperigonium">paraperigonium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subdivision">edit</a>]</div> The infrageneric phylogeny of Narcissus still remains relatively unsettled,<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> the taxonomy having proved complex and difficult to resolve,<a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> due to the diversity of the wild species, the ease with which natural <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> occurs, and extensive cultivation and breeding accompanied by escape and naturalisation.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a> Consequently, the number of accepted species has varied widely.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a> De Candolle, in the first systematic taxonomy of Narcissus, arranged the species into named groups, and those names have largely endured for the various subdivisions since and bear his name as their authority.<a href="#cite_note-Candollea-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Candolleb-37">[36]</a> The situation was confused by the inclusion of many unknown or garden varieties, and it was not until the work of Baker that the wild species were all grouped as sections under one genus, Narcissus.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-47">[46]</a> A common classification system has been that of Fernandes <a href="#cite_note-Fernandes68-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandes75-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandes51-54">[53]</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a>, as modified by Blanchard (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levy-56">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew</a> (2002).<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> Another is that of Meyer (1966).<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-57">[56]</a> Fernandes proposed two <a href="/wiki/Subgenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenera">subgenera</a> based on basal chromosome numbers, and then subdivided these into ten <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">sections</a> as did Blanchard.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-56">[55]</a> Other authors (e.g. Webb<a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1978-46">[45]</a>) prioritised morphology over genetics, abandoning subgenera, although Blanchard's system has been one of the most influential. While infrageneric groupings within Narcissus have been relatively constant, their status (genera, subgenera, sections, subsections, series, species) has not.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> The most cited system is that of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a> (RHS) which simply lists ten sections. Three of these are <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> (contain only one species), while two others contain only two species. Most species are placed in section Pseudonarcissus.<a href="#cite_note-RHSBC-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> Many of these subdivisions correspond roughly to the popular names for daffodil types, e.g. Trumpet Daffodils, Tazettas, Pheasant's Eyes, Hoop Petticoats, Jonquils.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> The most <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> system is that of Mathew, illustrated here - <table class="wikitable"> <caption><big>Table I: Subdivisions of Narcissus (Mathew 2002)<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a></big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ccf;">Subgenus</th> <th style="background: #ccf;">Section</th> <th style="background: #ccf;">Subsection</th> <th style="background: #ccf;">Series</th> <th style="background: #ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Albin_Pax" title="Ferdinand Albin Pax">Pax</a></td> <td>Narcissus L.</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcisa_0012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Narcisa_0012.JPG/120px-Narcisa_0012.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Narcisa_0012.JPG/180px-Narcisa_0012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Narcisa_0012.JPG/240px-Narcisa_0012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pseudonarcissus DC syn. Ajax Spach</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg/120px-20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg/180px-20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg/240px-20140212Narcissus_pseudonarcissus5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ganymedes Salisbury ex Schultes and Schultes fil.</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/120px-Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/180px-Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/240px-Narcissus_triandrus_Closeup_2009March18_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Jonquillae De Candolle</td> <td>Jonquillae DC</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg/120px-Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg/180px-Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg/240px-Narcissus_jonquilla_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2091" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. jonquilla</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apodanthi (A. Fernandes) D. A. Webb</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg/120px-Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg/180px-Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg/240px-Narcissus_rupicola_EnfoqueFrontal_2011-3-09_PtoNiefla_SierraMadrona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_rupicola" title="Narcissus rupicola">N. rupicola</a> Dufour </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chloranthi D. A. Webb</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg/120px-Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg/180px-Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg/240px-Narcissus_viridiflorus_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="312" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_viridiflorus" title="Narcissus viridiflorus">N. viridiflorus</a> Schousboe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapeinanthus (Herbert) Traub</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg/120px-Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg/180px-Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg/240px-Narcissus_cavanillesii_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="692" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cavanillesii" title="Narcissus cavanillesii">N. cavanillesii</a> A. Barra and G. López </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Hermione (Salisbury) Spach</td> <td rowspan="4">Hermione <a href="/wiki/Syn." class="mw-redirect" title="Syn.">syn.</a> Tazettae De Candolle</td> <td rowspan="2">Hermione</td> <td>Hermione</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg/120px-NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg/180px-NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg/240px-NarcissiWithDew_colors_boosted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albiflorae Rouy.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg/120px-Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg/180px-Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg/240px-Narcissus_papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_papyraceus" title="Narcissus papyraceus">N. papyraceus</a> Ker-Gawler </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angustifoliae (A. Fernandes) F.J Fernándes-Casas</td> <td></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Narcissus/Narcissus_elegans_elegans0_JL.jpg">Click for image</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_elegans" title="Narcissus elegans">N. elegans</a> (Haw.) Spach </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serotini Parlatore</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg/120px-Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg/180px-Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg/240px-Narcissus_serotinus_RJB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a> L. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aurelia (J. Gay) Baker</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:N._broussonetii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/N._broussonetii.JPG/120px-N._broussonetii.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/N._broussonetii.JPG/180px-N._broussonetii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/N._broussonetii.JPG/240px-N._broussonetii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_broussonetii" title="Narcissus broussonetii">N. broussonetii</a> Lagasca </td></tr> <tr> <td>Corbularia (Salisb.) Pax syn. Bulbocodium De Candolle</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/120px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/180px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg/240px-Narcissus_bulbocodium_2009Mach15_Closeup2_DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a> L. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> of Graham and Barrett (2004) supported the infrageneric division of Narcissus into two <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> corresponding to Fernandes' subgenera, but did not support monophyly of all sections.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> A later extended analysis by <a href="/wiki/Nina_R%C3%B8nsted" title="Nina Rønsted">Rønsted</a> et al. (2008) with additional taxa confirmed this pattern.<a href="#cite_note-Ronsted2008-60">[59]</a> A large molecular analysis by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" title="Ben Zonneveld">Zonneveld</a> (2008) sought to reduce some of the <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a> identified by Graham and Barrett. This led to a revision of the sectional structure.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCasas2008-61">[60]</a> While Graham and Barrett (2004)<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> had determined that subgenus Hermione was monophyletic, Santos-Gally et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> did not. If two species excluded in the former study are removed from the analysis, the studies are in agreement, the species in question instead forming a clade with subgenus Narcissus. Some so-called nothosections have been proposed, to accommodate natural ('ancient') hybrids (nothospecies).<a href="#cite_note-FCasas2008-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species">Species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_species" title="List of Narcissus species">List of Narcissus species</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg/220px-Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg/330px-Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg/440px-Narcissi_Encylopaedia_Londinensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_hispanicus" title="Narcissus hispanicus">N. major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. jonquilla</a>. Encyclopaedia Londinensis 1819</figcaption></figure> Estimates of the number of species in Narcissus have varied widely, from anywhere between 16 and almost 160,<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-55">[54]</a> even in the modern era. Linnaeus originally included six species in 1753, by 1784 there were fourteen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1784[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid03gZAAAAYAAJqnarcissuspgPA316_p.316]-62">[61]</a> by 1819 sixteen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1819-63">[62]</a> and by 1831 <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">Adrian Haworth</a> had described 150 species.<a href="#cite_note-Haworth-40">[39]</a> Much of the variation lies in the definition of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. Thus, a very wide view of each species, such as Webb's<a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a> results in few species, while a very narrow view such as that of Fernandes<a href="#cite_note-Fernandes68-52">[51]</a> results in a larger number.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> Another factor is the status of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, with a distinction between "ancient hybrids" and "recent hybrids". The term "ancient hybrid" refers to hybrids found growing over a large area, and therefore now considered as separate species, while "recent hybrid" refers to solitary plants found amongst their parents, with a more restricted range.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a> Fernandes (1951) originally accepted 22 species,<a href="#cite_note-Fernandes51-54">[53]</a> Webb (1980) 27.<a href="#cite_note-FE5-13">[12]</a> By 1968, Fernandes had 63 species,<a href="#cite_note-Fernandes68-52">[51]</a> Blanchard (1990) 65 species,<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard-55">[54]</a> and Erhardt (1993) 66.<a href="#cite_note-Erhardt-64">[63]</a> In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s (RHS) International Daffodil Register and Classified List <a href="#cite_note-RHSBC-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-RHSIRA-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-RHSIRAS-66">[65]</a> listed 87 species, while Zonneveld's genetic study (2008) resulted in only 36.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a> As of September 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> accepts 52 species, along with at least 60 hybrids,<a href="#cite_note-WCSP_Narcissus-67">[66]</a> while the RHS has 81 accepted names in its October 2014 list.<a href="#cite_note-RHSbotnames-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Within the <a href="/wiki/Narcisseae" title="Narcisseae">Narcisseae</a>, Narcissus (<a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">western Mediterranean</a>) diverged from <a href="/wiki/Sternbergia" title="Sternbergia">Sternbergia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>) some time in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Oligocene">Late Oligocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> eras, around 29.3–18.1 <a href="/wiki/Ma_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma (unit)">Ma</a>. Later, the genus divided into the two subgenera (Hermione and Narcissus) between 27.4 and 16.1 Ma. The divisions between the sections of Hermione then took place during the Miocene period 19.9–7.8 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> Narcissus appears to have arisen in the area of the Iberian peninsula, southern France and northwestern Italy. Subgenus Hermione in turn arose in the southwestern Mediterranean and Northwest Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Names and etymology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narcissus">Narcissus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Narcissus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clusius250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clusius250.jpg/220px-Clusius250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clusius250.jpg/330px-Clusius250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clusius250.jpg/440px-Clusius250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. juncifolius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a> Rariorum stirpium 1576</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg/220px-L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg/330px-L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg/440px-L%27Obel_Icones_Stirpium_112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">Matthias de l'Obel</a> Icones stirpium 1591</figcaption></figure> The derivation of the Latin narcissus<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> is from Greek νάρκισσος narkissos.<a href="#cite_note-LSJ-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEtymD-71">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> narkissos has been connected because of the plant's narcotic properties, with narkē "numbness";<a href="#cite_note-LSJ-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> it may also be connected with hell.<a href="#cite_note-Prior-73">[72]</a> On the other hand, its etymology is considered to be clearly <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> It is frequently linked to the myth of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a>, who became so obsessed with his own reflection in water that he drowned and the narcissus plant sprang from where he died. There is no evidence for the flower being named after Narcissus. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">Narcissus poeticus</a>, which grows in Greece, has a fragrance that has been described as intoxicating.<a href="#cite_note-SOED-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> wrote that the plant was named for its fragrance (ναρκάω narkao, "I grow numb" ), rather than Narcissus.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-PlinyLat-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Groom1997-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Furthermore, there were accounts of narcissi growing long before the story of Narcissus appeared (see <a href="#Greek_culture">Greek culture</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Prior-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[Note 2]</a> It has also been suggested that narcissi bending over streams represent the youth admiring his reflection.<a href="#cite_note-Gardener-81">[79]</a> Linnaeus used the Latin name "narcissus" for the plant but was preceded by others such as <a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">Matthias de l'Obel</a> (1591)<a href="#cite_note-Obel-82">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Clusius</a> (1576).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClusius1576[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30856page247mode1up_De_Narcisso,_ii],_pp._245-25]-83">[81]</a> The name Narcissus was not uncommon for men in Roman times. The plural form of the common name "narcissus" has been the cause of some confusion. Dictionaries list "narcissi", "narcissuses" and "narcissus".<a href="#cite_note-SOED-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-85">[83]</a> However, texts on usage such as Garner<a href="#cite_note-Garner-86">[84]</a> and Fowler<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-87">[85]</a> state that "narcissi" is the preferred form. The common name narcissus should not be capitalised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daffodil">Daffodil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Daffodil">edit</a>]</div> The name "daffodil" is derived from "affodell", a variant of <a href="/wiki/Asphodelus" title="Asphodelus">asphodel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The narcissus was frequently referred to as the asphodel<a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a> (see <a href="#Antiquity">Antiquity</a>). Asphodel in turn appears to come from the Greek "asphodelos" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ἀσφόδελος).<a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known.<a href="#cite_note-Reece-92">[90]</a> From at least the 16th century, "daffadown dilly" and "daffydowndilly" have appeared as alternative names.<a href="#cite_note-SOED-75">[74]</a> Other names include "Lent lily".<a href="#cite_note-Hereford-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In other languages">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> name for Narcissus, chúi-sian, can be literally translated as "water fairy", where chúi (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:水">水</a>) refers to water and sian (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%99#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:仙">仙</a>) refers to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immortal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese immortal">immortals</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture#Cultural_symbols" title="Hokkien culture">official provincial flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_species" title="List of Narcissus species">List of Narcissus species</a></div> Although the family <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> are predominantly tropical or subtropical as a whole, Narcissus occurs primarily in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> A few species extend the range into <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (N. poeticus, N. serotinus, N. tazetta), and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> (N. serotinus)<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (N. tazetta).<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> The occurrence of N. tazetta in western and central <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> are considered <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introductions</a>, albeit ancient<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> (see <a href="#Eastern_cultures">Eastern cultures</a>). While the exact northern limit of the natural range is unknown, the occurrences of wild N. pseudonarcissus in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, middle and northern Europe are similarly considered ancient introductions.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAedo2010-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEeMonocot2014-97">[95]</a> While the Amaryllidaceae are not native to North America, Narcissus grows well in USDA <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> 3B through 10, which encompass most of the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_elegans" title="Narcissus elegans">N. elegans</a> occurs on the Northwest African Coast (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>), as well as the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and Tangier to <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, but also on the Iberian Peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a> is found along the entire Mediterranean coast. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> occurs as far east as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Since this is one of the oldest species found in cultivation, it is likely to have been introduced into Kashmir. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a> have the largest distribution ranges. N. poeticus ranges from the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Carpathians" title="Romanian Carpathians">Romanian Carpathians</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian coast">Dalmatian coast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. N. pseudonarcissus ranges from the Iberian Peninsula, via the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a> to northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> where there are still wild stocks in Southern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. The only occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> is located near Lellingen, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Kiischpelt" title="Kiischpelt">Kiischpelt</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> it is found mainly in the nature reserve at <a href="/wiki/Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal" title="Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal">Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eifel_National_Park" title="Eifel National Park">Eifel National Park</a>, where in the spring at <a href="/wiki/Monschau" title="Monschau">Monschau</a> the meadows are teeming with yellow blooms.<a href="#cite_note-PERLENBACH-99">[97]</a> One of the most easterly occurrences can be found at <a href="/wiki/Misselberg" title="Misselberg">Misselberg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate">Nassau</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/220px-Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/330px-Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/440px-Gacko_Narcissus_poeticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> growing in Međulići, near <a href="/wiki/Gacko" title="Gacko">Gacko</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> However, unlike the above examples, most species have very restricted <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> ranges<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2008-100">[98]</a> which may overlap resulting in natural hybrids.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a> For instance in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> where both N. pseudonarcissus and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a> occur there are found various intersections of the two species while in a small area along part of the Portuguese Mondego river are found intersectional hybrids between <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_scaberulus" title="Narcissus scaberulus">N. scaberulus</a> and N. triandrus. The <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> demonstrates a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> association, for instance subgenus Hermione having a lowland distribution, but subgenus Narcissus section Apodanthi being <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> and restricted to Morocco, Spain and Portugal. The remaining sections within subgenus Narcissus include both lowland and mountain habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> Section Pseudonarcissus, although widely naturalised, is endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Baetic_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetic Ranges">Baetic Ranges</a> of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitats">Habitats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Habitats">edit</a>]</div> Their native habitats are very varied, with different elevations, <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">bioclimatic areas</a> and substrates,<a href="#cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">[58]</a> being found predominantly in open spaces ranging from low <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> to rocky hillsides and <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane ecology">montane</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, and including <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">scrub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">river banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">rocky crevices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> Although requirements vary, overall there is a preference for <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH#Sources_of_acidity" title="Soil pH">acidic</a> soils, although some species will grow on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_scaberulus" title="Narcissus scaberulus">Narcissus scaberulus</a> will grow on <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> soils where it is moist in the growing season but dry in the summer, while <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_dubius" title="Narcissus dubius">Narcissus dubius</a> thrives best in regions with hot and dry summers. The Pseudonarcissus group in their natural habitat prefers humid situations such as stream margins, springs, wet pastures, clearings of forests or shrublands with humid soils, and moist hillsides. These habitats tend to be discontinuous in the Mediterranean mountains, producing discrete isolated populations.<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, which has relatively little limestone, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">Narcissus pseudonarcissus</a> grows in small groups on open mountain meadows or in mixed forests of <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> trees with well-drained soil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> Narcissus are long-lived perennial geophytes with winter-growing and summer-dormant bulbs<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> that are mainly synanthous (leaves and flowers appearing at the same time).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> While most species flower in late winter to spring, five species are autumn flowering (<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_broussonetii" title="Narcissus broussonetii">N. broussonetii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cavanillesii" title="Narcissus cavanillesii">N. cavanillesii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_elegans" title="Narcissus elegans">N. elegans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_viridiflorus" title="Narcissus viridiflorus">N. viridiflorus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> By contrast, these species are hysteranthous (leaves appear after flowering).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> Flower longevity varies by species and conditions, ranging from 5–20 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344-101">[99]</a> After flowering leaf and root <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">senescence</a> sets in, and the plant appears to be 'dormant' until the next spring, conserving moisture. However, the dormant period is also one of considerable activity within the bulb <a href="/wiki/Primordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordia">primordia</a>. It is also a period during which the plant bulb may be susceptible to predators (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Pests_and_diseases">§ Pests and diseases</a>, below). Like many bulb plants from <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions, a period of exposure to cold is necessary before spring growth can begin. This protects the plant from growth during winter when intense cold may damage it. Warmer spring temperatures then initiate growth from the bulb. Early spring growth confers a number of advantages, including relative lack of competition for pollinators, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> shading. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> The exception to requiring cold temperatures to initiate flowering is <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> Plants may spread clonally through the production of daughter bulbs and division, producing clumps.<a href="#cite_note-Medrano-17">[16]</a> Narcissus species <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridise</a> readily, although the fertility of the offspring will depend on the parental relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pollination">edit</a>]</div> The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Insect-pollinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect-pollinated">insect-pollinated</a>, the major <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a> being <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawkmoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkmoths">hawkmoths</a>, while the highly scented night-flowering <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_viridiflorus" title="Narcissus viridiflorus">N. viridiflorus</a> is pollinated by <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a> moths. Pollination mechanisms fall into three groups corresponding to floral morphology (see <a href="#Description">Description - Flowers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344-101">[99]</a> <ol><li>'Daffodil' form. Pollinated by bees seeking <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthers">anthers</a> within the corona. The broad perianth allows bees (<a href="/wiki/Bombus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombus">Bombus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthophora" title="Anthophora">Anthophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrena" title="Andrena">Andrena</a>) to completely enter the flower in their search for nectar and/or pollen. In this type, the stigma lies in the mouth of the corona, extending beyond the six anthers, whose single <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorl</a> lies well within the corona. The bees come into contact with the stigma before their legs, thorax and abdomen contact the anthers, and this <a href="/wiki/Approach_herkogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Approach herkogamy">approach herkogamy</a> causes cross pollination.</li> <li>'Paperwhite' form. These are adapted to long-tongued <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sphingid_moths" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingid moths">sphingid moths</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Macroglossum" title="Macroglossum">Macroglossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae</a>, but also some long-tongued bees, and <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a>, all of which are primarily seeking <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. The narrow tube admits only the insect's <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>, while the short corona serves as a funnel guiding the tip of the proboscis into the mouth of the perianth tube. The stigma is placed either in the mouth of the tube, just above two whorls of three anthers, or hidden well below the anthers. The pollinators then carry pollen on their probosci or faces. The long-tongued bees cannot reach the nectar at the tube base and so collect just pollen.</li> <li>'Triandrus' form. Pollinated by long-tongued solitary bees (<a href="/wiki/Anthophora" title="Anthophora">Anthophora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombus">Bombus</a>), which forage for both pollen and nectar. The large corona allows the bees to crawl into the perianth but then the narrow tube prevents further progress, causing them to probe deeply for nectar. The pendant flowers prevent pollination by Lepidoptera. In N. albimarginatus there may be either a long stigma with short and mid-length anthers or a short stigma and long anthers (<a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">dimorphism</a>). In N. triandrus there are three patterns of sexual organs (trimophism) but all have long upper anthers but vary in stigma position and the length of the lower anthers.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Allogamy" title="Allogamy">Allogamy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>) on the whole is enforced through a late-acting (<a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovarian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility" title="Self-incompatibility">self-incompatibility</a> system, but some species such as <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_dubius" title="Narcissus dubius">N. dubius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_longispathus" title="Narcissus longispathus">N. longispathus</a> are self-compatible producing mixtures of selfed and <a href="/wiki/Outcrossed" class="mw-redirect" title="Outcrossed">outcrossed</a> seeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1997-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases">edit</a>]</div> Diseases of Narcissus are of concern because of the economic consequences of losses in commercial cultivation. Pests include viruses, bacteria, and fungi as well as arthropods and gastropods. For control of pests, see <a href="#Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</a>. <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">Viruses</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Macrosiphum_euphorbiae" title="Macrosiphum euphorbiae">Macrosiphum euphorbiae</a> can transmit <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> diseases which affect the colour and shape of the leaves, as can <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanRohde1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpU9Mz--9wwoCpgPA286_Longidorus_transmitted_viruses],_p._286-102">[100]</a> Up to twenty-five viruses have been described as being able to infect narcissi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPNW2014-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsjes1996-105">[103]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_common_latent_virus" title="Narcissus common latent virus">Narcissus common latent virus</a> (NCLV, Narcissus mottling-associated virus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]-106">[104]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-107">[Note 3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_latent_virus" title="Narcissus latent virus">Narcissus latent virus</a> (NLV, Narcissus mild mottle virus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]-106">[104]</a>) which causes green mottling near leaf tips,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3gbPsC7i1IICpgPA3_Viruses],_p._3-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_degeneration_virus" title="Narcissus degeneration virus">Narcissus degeneration virus</a> (NDV),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2007-110">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_late_season_yellows_virus" title="Narcissus late season yellows virus">Narcissus late season yellows virus</a> (NLSYV) which occurs after flowering, streaking the leaves and stems,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988a-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988b-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_mosaic_virus" title="Narcissus mosaic virus">Narcissus mosaic virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_yellow_stripe_virus" title="Narcissus yellow stripe virus">Narcissus yellow stripe virus</a> (NYSV, Narcissus yellow streak virus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]-106">[104]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tip_necrosis_virus" title="Narcissus tip necrosis virus">Narcissus tip necrosis virus</a> (NTNV) which produces necrosis of leaf tips after flowering<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_white_streak_virus" title="Narcissus white streak virus">Narcissus white streak virus</a> (NWSV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> Less host specific viruses include <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_ringspot_virus" title="Raspberry ringspot virus">Raspberry ringspot virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerine_latent_virus" title="Nerine latent virus">Nerine latent virus</a> (NeLV) =<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_symptomless_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissus symptomless virus">Narcissus symptomless virus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2006-115">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabis_mosaic_virus" title="Arabis mosaic virus">Arabis mosaic virus</a> (ArMV),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaki1974-116">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabavirus" title="Fabavirus">Broad Bean Wilt Viruses</a> (BBWV)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaki1972-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cucumber_mosaic_virus" title="Cucumber mosaic virus">Cucumber mosaic virus</a> (CMV), <a href="/wiki/Tomato_black_ring_virus" title="Tomato black ring virus">Tomato black ring virus</a> (TBRV), <a href="/wiki/Tomato_ringspot_virus" title="Tomato ringspot virus">Tomato ringspot virus</a> (TomRSV) and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_rattle_virus" title="Tobacco rattle virus">Tobacco rattle virus</a> (TRV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaki1972-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> Of these viruses the most serious and prevalent are NDV, NYSV and NWSV.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013-104">[102]</a> NDV is associated with <a href="/wiki/Chlorotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorotic">chlorotic</a> leaf striping in <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2007-110">[107]</a> Infection with NYSV produces light or grayish-green, or yellow stripes or mottles on the upper two-thirds of the leaf, which may be roughened or twisted. The flowers which may be smaller than usual may also be streaked or blotched. NWSV produces greenish-purple streaking on the leaves and stem turning white to yellow, and premature senescence reducing bulb size and yield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPNW2014-103">[101]</a> These viruses are primarily diseases of commercial nurseries. The growth inhibition caused by viral infection can cause substantial economic damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID149_Daffodil_viruses]-120">[117]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">Bacterial</a> disease is uncommon in Narcissus but includes <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a> (bacterial streak) and <a href="/wiki/Pectobacterium_carotovorum" title="Pectobacterium carotovorum">Pectobacterium carotovorum</a> sp. carotovorum (bacterial soft rot).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> More problematic for non-commercial plants is the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi</a>, which causes basal rot (rotting of the bulbs and yellowing of the leaves). This is the most serious disease of Narcissus. Since the fungus can remain in the soil for many years it is necessary to remove infected plants immediately, and to avoid planting further narcissi at that spot for a further five years. Not all species and cultivars are equally susceptible. Relatively resistant forms include <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. jonquilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilepid222_Narcissus_basal_rot]-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks1996-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanksCarder2003-123">[120]</a> Another fungus which attacks the bulbs, causing narcissus smoulder, is <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_narcissicola" title="Botrytis narcissicola">Botrytis narcissicola</a> (Sclerotinia narcissicola) and other species of <a href="/wiki/Botryotinia" title="Botryotinia">Botrytis</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'NeillMansfield1980-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong2007-125">[122]</a> particularly if improperly stored. Copper sulfate is used to combat the disease, and infected bulbs are burned. Blue mould rot of bulbs may be caused by infection with species of <a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a>, if they have become damaged either through mechanical injury or infestation by mites (see below).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirone1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdiseasespestsofo0000piropage366_Narcissus],_p._366-126">[123]</a> Species of <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">Rhizopus</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_stolonifer" title="Rhizopus stolonifer">Rhizopus stolonifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizopus nigricans">Rhizopus nigricans</a>) cause bulb soft rot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorst2013[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-007-6049-3_17_Narcissus],_pp._95–96-127">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_bulborum" title="Sclerotinia bulborum">Sclerotinia bulborum</a>, black slime disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989-128">[125]</a> A combination of both <a href="/wiki/Peyronellaea_curtisii" title="Peyronellaea curtisii">Peyronellaea curtisii</a> (Stagonosporopsis curtisii) and Botrytis narcissicola causes neck rot in the bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> Fungi affecting the roots include <a href="/wiki/Nectria_radicicola" title="Nectria radicicola">Nectria radicicola</a> (Cylindrocarpon destructans), a cause of root rot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989-128">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosellinia_necatrix" title="Rosellinia necatrix">Rosellinia necatrix</a> causing white root rot,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantell1973-129">[126]</a> while others affect root and bulb, such as <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a> (black mold), and species of <a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Trichoderma_viride" title="Trichoderma viride">T. viride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichoderma_harzianum" title="Trichoderma harzianum">T. harzianum</a> (=T. narcissi) responsible for green mold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorst2013[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-007-6049-3_17_Narcissus],_pp._95–96-127">[124]</a> Other fungi affect the remainder of the plant. Another Botrytis fungus, <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_polyblastis" class="mw-redirect" title="Botrytis polyblastis">Botrytis polyblastis</a> (Sclerotinia polyblastis) causes brown spots on the flower buds and stems (narcissus fire), especially in damp weather and is a threat to the cut flower industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1959[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_M8AAAAIAAJpgPA343_''Sclerotinia_polyblastis''_p.343]-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElad2007-131">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramularia_vallisumbrosae" title="Ramularia vallisumbrosae">Ramularia vallisumbrosae</a> is a leaf spot fungus found in warmer climates, causing narcissus white mould disease.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory-132">[129]</a> Peyronellaea curtisii, the Narcissus leaf scorch, also affects the leaves<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanLeeuwen-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCain-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID735_Narcissus_leaf_scorch]-135">[132]</a> as does its <a href="/wiki/Synanamorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Synanamorph">synanamorph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoma_narcissi" title="Phoma narcissi">Phoma narcissi</a> (leaf tip blight).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrous2011-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aecidium_narcissi" title="Aecidium narcissi">Aecidium narcissi</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust</a> lesions on leaves and stems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989-128">[125]</a> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">Animals</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">Arthropods</a> that are Narcissus pests include <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> such as three species of <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> that have larvae that attack the plants, the narcissus bulb fly <a href="/wiki/Merodon_equestris" title="Merodon equestris">Merodon equestris</a>, and two species of <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a>, the lesser bulb flies <a href="/wiki/Eumerus_tuberculatus" title="Eumerus tuberculatus">Eumerus tuberculatus</a><a href="#cite_note-Creager-137">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumerus_strigatus" title="Eumerus strigatus">Eumerus strigatus</a>. The flies lay their eggs at the end of June in the ground around the narcissi, a single female fly being able to lay up to fifty eggs. The hatching <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> then burrow through the soil towards the bulbs and consume their interiors. They then overwinter in the empty bulb shell, emerging in April to <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupate</a> in the soil, from which the adult fly emerges in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID657_Narcissus_bulb_fly]-138">[135]</a> The larvae of some <a href="/wiki/Moths" class="mw-redirect" title="Moths">moths</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Korscheltellus_lupulina" class="mw-redirect" title="Korscheltellus lupulina">Korscheltellus lupulina</a> (the common swift moth) attack Narcissus bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMAFF1970-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a> Other arthropods include <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">Mites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Steneotarsonemus_laticeps" title="Steneotarsonemus laticeps">Steneotarsonemus laticeps</a> (Bulb scale mite),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratwick1992[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-011-1490-5_66_Bulb_scale_mite],_pp._334–337-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizoglyphus" title="Rhizoglyphus">Rhizoglyphus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histiostoma" title="Histiostoma">Histiostoma</a> infest mainly stored bulbs and multiply particularly at high ambient temperature, but do not attack planted bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a> Planted bulbs are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, the most serious of which is <a href="/wiki/Ditylenchus_dipsaci" title="Ditylenchus dipsaci">Ditylenchus dipsaci</a> (Narcissus eelworm), the main cause of basal plate disease<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorSpiegel1993-141">[138]</a> in which the leaves turn yellow and become misshapen. Infested bulbs have to be destroyed; where infestation is heavy avoiding planting further narcissi for another five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID659_narcissus_eelworm]-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERavichandra2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOfS_AwAAQBAJpgPA376_Stem_and_bulb_nematode_(''Ditylenchus_dipsaci'')],_pp._11,_94,_376-144">[141]</a> Other nematodes include <a href="/wiki/Aphelenchoides_subtenuis" title="Aphelenchoides subtenuis">Aphelenchoides subtenuis</a>, which penetrates the roots causing basal plate disease<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorSpiegel1993-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2013-145">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_penetrans" title="Pratylenchus penetrans">Pratylenchus penetrans</a> (lesion nematode) the main cause of root rot in narcissi. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlootweg1956-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> Other nematodes such as the <a href="/wiki/Longodorids" class="mw-redirect" title="Longodorids">longodorids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Longidorus" title="Longidorus">Longidorus</a> spp. or needle nematodes and <a href="/wiki/Xiphinema" title="Xiphinema">Xiphinema</a> spp. or dagger nematodes) and the stubby-root nematodes or <a href="/wiki/Trichodorids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichodorids">trichodorids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paratrichodorus" title="Paratrichodorus">Paratrichodorus</a> spp. and <a href="/wiki/Trichodorus" title="Trichodorus">Trichodorus</a> spp.) can also act as vectors of virus diseases, such as TBRV and TomRSV, in addition to causing stunting of the roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanRohde1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpU9Mz--9wwoCpgPA286_Longidorus_transmitted_viruses],_p._286-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2013-145">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropods">Gastropods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> also cause damage to growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> Many of the smallest species have become extinct, requiring vigilance in the conservation of the wild species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanks-147">[144]</a> Narcissi are increasingly under threat by over-collection and threats to their natural habitats by urban development and tourism. <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cyclamineus" title="Narcissus cyclamineus">N. cyclamineus</a> has been considered to be either extinct or exceedingly rare<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> but is not currently considered endangered, and is protected.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List">Red List</a> describes five species as '<a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a>' (<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_alcaracensis" title="Narcissus alcaracensis">Narcissus alcaracensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bujei" title="Narcissus bujei">Narcissus bujei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_longispathus" title="Narcissus longispathus">Narcissus longispathus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_nevadensis" title="Narcissus nevadensis">Narcissus nevadensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_radinganorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissus radinganorum">Narcissus radinganorum</a>). In 1999 three species were considered endangered, five as vulnerable and six as rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> In response, a number of species have been granted protected species status and protected areas (meadows) have been established such as the <a href="/wiki/Negra%C5%9Fi_Daffodil_Meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Negraşi Daffodil Meadow">Negraşi Daffodil Meadow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kempley_Daffodil_Meadow" title="Kempley Daffodil Meadow">Kempley Daffodil Meadow</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. These areas often host <a href="#Festivals">daffodil festivals</a> in the spring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Magna cura non indigent Narcissi Most easy of cultivation is the Narcissus<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lauremberg" title="Peter Lauremberg">Peter Lauremberg</a>, Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis 1632<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJjRAAAAAcAAJpgPA96_Lib._I_De_Plantis_bulbosis._cap._XVIII_Narcissus._V._Cultura],_p._96-149">[146]</a></cite></div></blockquote><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N. serotinus, John Gerard, The Herball 1597"><img alt="N. serotinus, John Gerard, The Herball 1597" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg/70px-Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg/106px-Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg/141px-Narcissus_serotinus_-_Gerard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1165" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a>, The Herball 1597</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Eystettensis,_1640_(BHL_45339_063)_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narcissi, Hortus Eystettensis 1613"><img alt="Narcissi, Hortus Eystettensis 1613" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg/94px-Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg/141px-Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg/188px-Hortus_Eystettensis%2C_1640_%28BHL_45339_063%29_-_Classis_Verna_52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="3352" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narcissi, <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Eystettensis" title="Hortus Eystettensis">Hortus Eystettensis</a> 1613</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N. poeticus, Thomas Hale, Eden: Or, a Compleat Body of Gardening 1757"><img alt="N. poeticus, Thomas Hale, Eden: Or, a Compleat Body of Gardening 1757" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg/38px-Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg/57px-Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg/77px-Hale_Plate_42_Poetick_Daffodil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="883" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hale_(agriculturist)" title="Thomas Hale (agriculturist)">Thomas Hale</a>, Eden: Or, a Compleat Body of Gardening 1757</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauremberg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Narcissus, Peter Lauremberg 1632"><img alt="Narcissus, Peter Lauremberg 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lauremberg.png/63px-Lauremberg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lauremberg.png/94px-Lauremberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lauremberg.png/126px-Lauremberg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="534" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narcissus, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lauremberg" title="Peter Lauremberg">Peter Lauremberg</a> 1632</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narcissi, John Parkinson, Paradisus Terrestris 1629. (8. Great Double Yellow Spanish Daffodil)"><img alt="Narcissi, John Parkinson, Paradisus Terrestris 1629. (8. Great Double Yellow Spanish Daffodil)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg/70px-ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg/105px-ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg/140px-ParkinsonNarcissus101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="2158" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narcissi, <a href="/wiki/John_Parkinson_(botanist)" title="John Parkinson (botanist)">John Parkinson</a>, Paradisus Terrestris 1629. (8. Great Double Yellow Spanish Daffodil)</div> </li> </ul> Of all the flowering plants, the bulbous have been the most popular for cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrelage1890-150">[147]</a> Of these, narcissi are one of the most important spring flowering bulb plants in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">Indigenous</a> in Europe, the wild populations of the parent species had been known since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. Narcissi have been cultivated from at least as early as the sixteenth century in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, when large numbers of bulbs where imported from the field, particularly <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_hispanicus" title="Narcissus hispanicus">Narcissus hispanicus</a>, which soon became nearly extinct in its native habitat of France and Spain, though still found in the southern part of that country.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld11-152">[149]</a> The only large-scale production at that time related to the double narcissus "Van Sion" and cultivars of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> imported in 1557.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoorenbos1954-153">[150]</a> Cultivation is also documented in Britain at this time,<a href="#cite_note-Turner-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA7_p._7]-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nesbitt2005-156">[153]</a> although contemporary accounts show it was well known as a favourite garden and wild flower long before that and was used in making <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73-157">[154]</a> This was a period when the development of exotic formal gardens and parks was becoming popular, particularly in what is known as the "Oriental period" (1560–1620). In his Hortus Medicus (1588), the first catalogue of a German garden's plants,<a href="#cite_note-Paeonia-158">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Camerarius_the_Younger" title="Joachim Camerarius the Younger">Joachim Camerarius the Younger</a> states that nine different types of daffodils were represented in his garden in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Camerarius-159">[156]</a> After his death in 1598, his plants were moved by <a href="/wiki/Basilius_Besler" title="Basilius Besler">Basilius Besler</a> to the gardens they had designed at <a href="/wiki/Willibaldsburg" title="Willibaldsburg">Willibaldsburg</a>, the bishop's palace at <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a>, Upper Bavaria. That garden is described in Besler's <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Eystettensis" title="Hortus Eystettensis">Hortus Eystettensis</a> (1613) by which time there were 43 different types present.<a href="#cite_note-Besler-160">[157]</a> Another German source at this time was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lauremberg" title="Peter Lauremberg">Peter Lauremberg</a> who gives an account of the species known to him and their cultivation in his Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis (1632).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632-161">[158]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s daffodil is the wild or true English daffodil (<a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73-157">[154]</a> many other species were introduced, some of which escaped and naturalised, particularly <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_biflorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissus biflorus">N. biflorus</a> (a hybrid) in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and the west of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">Gerard</a>, in his extensive discussion of daffodils, both wild and cultivated ("bastard daffodils") described twenty four species in London gardens (1597),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1597[httpsarchiveorgstreammobot31753000817749page108mode2up_i._caps_75–76,_pp._108–116]-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUVA2007-164">[161]</a> ("we have them all and every one of them in our London gardens, in great abundance", p. 114). In the early seventeenth century, <a href="/wiki/John_Parkinson_(botanist)" title="John Parkinson (botanist)">Parkinson</a> helped to ensure the popularity of the daffodil as a cultivated plant<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8-162">[159]</a> by describing a hundred different varieties in his Paradisus Terrestris (1629),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page77mode1up_''Narcissus''._The_Daffodil._pp.&nbsp;67–108]-165">[162]</a> and introducing the great double yellow Spanish daffodil (Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus flore pleno or Parkinson's Daffodil, see illustration) to England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page113mode1up_p.&nbsp;103]-166">[163]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I thinke none ever had this kind before myselfe nor did I myself ever see it before the year 1618 for it is of mine own raising and flowering first in my own garden<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Parkinson_(botanist)" title="John Parkinson (botanist)">John Parkinson</a>, Paradisus Terrestris 1632<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page113mode1up_p.&nbsp;103]-166">[163]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Although not achieving the sensationalism of <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">tulips</a>, daffodils and narcissi have been much celebrated in art and literature (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Art">§ Art</a>, below). The largest demand for narcissi bulbs were large trumpet daffodils, N. poeticus and N. bulbocodium, and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> became important in the shipping of bulbs to western Europe. By the early <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> period both tulips and narcissi were an important component of the spring garden. By 1739 a Dutch nursery catalogue listed 50 different varieties. In 1757 <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(botanist)" title="John Hill (botanist)">Hill</a> gave an account of the history and cultivation of the daffodil in his edited version of the works of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hale_(agriculturist)" title="Thomas Hale (agriculturist)">Thomas Hale</a>, writing "The garden does not afford, in its Kind, a prettier plant than this; nor do we know one that has been so early, or so honorably mention'd by all Kinds of Writers" (see illustration).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale1757[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem131789page585mode1up_pp._495–496]-167">[164]</a> Interest grew further when varieties that could be grown indoors became available, primarily the bunch flowered (multiple flower heads) N. tazetta (Polyanthus Narcissus).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrelage1890-150">[147]</a> However interest varied by country. Maddock (1792) does not include narcissi in his list of the eight most important cultivated flowering plants in England,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddock1792-168">[165]</a> whereas in the Netherlands van Kampen (1760) stated that N. tazetta (Narcisse à bouquet) is the fifth most important – "Le Narcisse à bouquet est la premiere fleur, après les Jacinthes, les Tulipes les Renoncules, et les Anemones, (dont nous avons déja parlé,) qui merite nôtre attention".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_et_fils1760[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-3ZYAAAAcAAJpgPA96_p._96]-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_&_Son1764[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDIYmAQAAMAAJpgPA80_p._80]-170">[167]</a> Similarly <a href="/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Gardeners_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardeners Dictionary">Gardeners Dictionary</a> (1731–1768) refers to cultivation in Holland, Flanders and France, but not England,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1735[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem71189page177mode1up_vol._ii_Narcissus]-171">[168]</a> because it was too difficult, a similar observation was made by <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Justice">Sir James Justice</a> at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJustice1771[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem69306page366mode1up_The_Gardiner's_new_Director_p._304]-172">[169]</a> However, for most species of Narcissus Lauremberg's <a href="/wiki/Dictum" title="Dictum">dictum</a> Magna cura non indigent Narcissi was much cited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76-173">[170]</a> Narcissi became an important <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> crop in Western Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth century, beginning in England between 1835 and 1855 and the end of the century in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> By the beginning of the twentieth century 50 million bulbs of N. Tazetta "Paperwhite" were being exported annually from the Netherlands to the United States. With the production of <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">triploids</a> such as "Golden Spur", in the late nineteenth century, and in the beginning of the twentieth century, tetraploids like "King Alfred" (1899), the industry was well established, with trumpet daffodils dominating the market.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld11-152">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a> has been an important factor in promoting narcissi, holding the first Daffodil Conference in 1884,<a href="#cite_note-DaffConf-174">[171]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Daffodil_Society" title="Daffodil Society">Daffodil Society</a>, the first organisation dedicated to the cultivation of narcissi was founded in Birmingham in 1898. Other countries followed and the <a href="/wiki/American_Daffodil_Society" title="American Daffodil Society">American Daffodil Society</a> which was founded in 1954 publishes The Daffodil Journal quarterly, a leading trade publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Daffodil trumpets</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus-closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Narcissus-closeup.jpg/130px-Narcissus-closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Narcissus-closeup.jpg/195px-Narcissus-closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Narcissus-closeup.jpg/260px-Narcissus-closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Daffodil_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Daffodil_plant.jpg/130px-Daffodil_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Daffodil_plant.jpg/195px-Daffodil_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Daffodil_plant.jpg/260px-Daffodil_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Narcissi are now popular as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental plants">ornamental plants</a> for gardens, parks and as <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>, providing colour from the end of winter to the beginning of summer in <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> regions. They are one of the most popular spring flowers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992-175">[172]</a> and one of the major ornamental spring flowering bulb crops, being produced both for their bulbs and cut flowers, though cultivation of private and public spaces is greater than the area of commercial production.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> Over a century of breeding has resulted in thousands of varieties and <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> being available from both general and specialist suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a> They are normally sold as dry bulbs to be planted in late summer and autumn. They are one of the most economically important ornamental plants.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant breeders">Plant breeders</a> have developed some daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments.<a href="#cite_note-RHSAZ-7">[6]</a> Many of the breeding programs have concentrated on the corona (trumpet or cup), in terms of its length, shape, and colour, and the surrounding perianth<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a> or even as in varieties derived from <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> a very reduced form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_gardens">In gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In gardens">edit</a>]</div> While some wild narcissi are specific in terms of their ecological requirements, most garden varieties are relatively tolerant of soil conditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> however very wet soils and clay soils may benefit from the addition of sand to improve drainage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrinklein2007-177">[174]</a> The optimum soil is a neutral to slightly acid <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 6.5–7.0.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> Bulbs offered for sale are referred to as either 'round' or 'double nose'. Round bulbs are circular in cross section and produce a single flower stem, while double nose bulbs have more than one bulb stem attached at the base and produce two or more flower stems, but bulbs with more than two stems are unusual.<a href="#cite_note-CNLA-178">[175]</a> Planted narcissi bulbs produce daughter bulbs in the axil of the bulb scales, leading to the dying off the exterior scales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> To prevent planted bulbs forming more and more small bulbs, they can be dug up every 5–7 years, and the daughters separated and replanted separately, provided that a piece of the basal plate, where the rootlets are formed, is preserved. For daffodils to flower at the end of the winter or early spring, bulbs are planted in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> (September–November). This plant does well in ordinary soil but flourishes best in rich soil. Daffodils like the sun but also accept partial shade exposure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Narcissi are well suited for planting under small thickets of trees, where they can be grouped as 6–12 bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBfb1T6QbfaACpg251_''Narcissus''_p.&nbsp;251]-179">[176]</a> They also grow well in perennial borders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> especially in association with <a href="/wiki/Day_lilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Day lilies">day lilies</a> which begin to form their leaves as the narcissi flowers are fading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrinklein2007-177">[174]</a> A number of wild species and hybrids such as "Dutch Master", "Golden Harvest", "Carlton", "Kings Court" and "Yellow Sun" naturalise well in lawns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> but it is important not to mow the lawn till the leaves start to fade, since they are essential for nourishing the bulb for the next flowering season.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">[173]</a> Blue <a href="/wiki/Scilla" title="Scilla">Scilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscari" title="Muscari">Muscari</a> which also naturalise well in lawns and flower at the same time as narcissus, make an attractive contrast to the yellow flowers of the latter. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a>, narcissi bulbs are not attractive to rodents and are sometimes planted near tree roots in orchards to protect them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbergs2008-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Propagation">edit</a>]</div> The commonest form of commercial propagation is by <a href="/wiki/Twin-scaling" title="Twin-scaling">twin-scaling</a>, in which the bulbs are cut into many small pieces but with the two scales still connected by a small fragment of the basal plate. The fragments are disinfected and placed in nutrient media. Some 25–35 new plants can be produced from a single bulb after four years. <a href="/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">Micropropagation</a> methods are not used for commercial production but are used for establishing commercial stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChow1993-181">[178]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</div> For commercial use, varieties with a minimum stem length of 30 centimetres (12 in) are sought, making them ideal for cut flowers. Florists require blooms that only open when they reach the retail outlet. For garden plants the objectives are to continually expand the colour palette and to produce hardy forms, and there is a particular demand for miniature varieties. The cultivars so produced tend to be larger and more robust than the wild types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> The main species used in breeding are <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_bulbocodium" title="Narcissus bulbocodium">N. bulbocodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_cyclamineus" title="Narcissus cyclamineus">N. cyclamineus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_jonquilla" title="Narcissus jonquilla">N. jonquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_serotinus" title="Narcissus serotinus">N. serotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA105_105]-182">[179]</a> Narcissus pseudonarcissus gave rise to trumpet <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> with coloured tepals and corona, while its subspecies N. pseudonarcissus subsp. bicolor was used for white tepaled varieties. To produce large cupped varieties, N. pseudonarcissus was <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">crossed</a> with N. poeticus, and to produce small cupped varieties back crossed with N. poeticus. Multiheaded varieties, often called "Poetaz" are mainly hybrids of N. poeticus and N. tazetta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg/220px-Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg/330px-Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg/440px-Narcissus_-_Cultivars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Range of Narcissus <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions">List of Narcissus horticultural divisions</a></div> For horticultural purposes, all Narcissus cultivars are split into 13 divisions as first described by Kington (1998),<a href="#cite_note-Kington-183">[180]</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Horticultural_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Horticultural Society">the Royal Horticultural Society</a> (RHS),<a href="#cite_note-RHSAZ-7">[6]</a> based partly upon flower form (shape and length of corona), number of flowers per stem, flowering period and partly upon genetic background. Division 13, which includes wild daffodils, is the exception to this scheme.<a href="#cite_note-RHSClass-184">[181]</a> The classification is a useful tool for planning planting. Most commercially available narcissi come from Divisions 1 (Trumpet), 2 (Large cupped) and 8 (Tazetta). Growers register new daffodil cultivars by name and colour with the Royal Horticultural Society, which is the international registration authority for the genus.<a href="#cite_note-RHSIRA-65">[64]</a> Their International Daffodil Register is regularly updated with supplements available online<a href="#cite_note-RHSIRA-65">[64]</a> and is searchable.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-RHSIRAS-66">[65]</a> The most recent supplement (2014) is the sixth (the fifth was published in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-Kington2008-185">[182]</a> More than 27,000 names were registered as of 2008,<a href="#cite_note-Kington2008-185">[182]</a> and the number has continued to grow. Registered daffodils are given a division number and <a href="#Colour_code">colour code</a><a href="#cite_note-IDRI-186">[183]</a> such as 5 W-W ("Thalia").<a href="#cite_note-BBThalia-187">[184]</a> In horticultural usage it is common to also find an unofficial Division 14: Miniatures, which although drawn from the other 13 divisions, have their miniature size in common.<a href="#cite_note-BB14-188">[185]</a> Over 140 varieties have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a> (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_narcissus" title="List of Award of Garden Merit narcissus">List of Award of Garden Merit narcissus</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colour_code">Colour code</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Colour code">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_Geranium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Narcissus_Geranium.jpg/220px-Narcissus_Geranium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Narcissus_Geranium.jpg/330px-Narcissus_Geranium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Narcissus_Geranium.jpg/440px-Narcissus_Geranium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>Narcissus "Geranium" 8 W-O</figcaption></figure> Daffodil breeding has introduced a wide range of colours, in both the outer perianth tepal segment and the inner corona. In the registry, daffodils are coded by the colours of each of these two parts. Thus "Geranium", Tazetta (Division 8) as illustrated here with a white outer perianth and orange corona is classified as 8 W-O. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> All Narcissus species contain the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> poison <a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">lycorine</a>, mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Pupils_ill_after_bulb_put_in_soup-189">[186]</a> Members of the monocot subfamily <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidoideae" title="Amaryllidoideae">Amaryllidoideae</a> present a unique type of alkaloids, the norbelladine alkaloids, which are <a href="/wiki/4-methylcatechol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-methylcatechol">4-methylcatechol</a> derivatives combined with <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>. They are responsible for the poisonous properties of a number of the species. Over 200 different chemical structures of these compounds are known, of which 79 or more are known from Narcissus alone.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-190">[187]</a> The toxic effects of ingesting Narcissus products for both humans and animals (such as cattle, goats, pigs, and cats) have long been recognised and they have been used in suicide attempts. Ingestion of N. pseudonarcissus or N. jonquilla is followed by <a href="/wiki/Salivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivation">salivation</a>, acute abdominal pains, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, then neurological and cardiac events, including <a href="/wiki/Trembling" class="mw-redirect" title="Trembling">trembling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">convulsions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>. Death may result if large quantities are consumed. The toxicity of Narcissus varies with species, N. poeticus being more toxic than N. pseudonarcissus, for instance. The distribution of toxins within the plant also varies, for instance, there is a five times higher concentration of alkaloid in the stem of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_papyraceus" title="Narcissus papyraceus">N. papyraceus</a> than in the bulb, making it dangerous to herbivores more likely to consume the stem than the bulb, and is part of the plant's defence mechanisms. The distribution of alkaloids within tissues may also reflect defence against parasites.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> The bulbs can also be toxic to other nearby plants, including roses, rice, and cabbages, inhibiting growth.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> For instance placing cut flowers in a vase alongside other flowers shortens the life of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Kornienko-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning">Poisoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Poisoning">edit</a>]</div> Many cases of poisoning or death have occurred when narcissi bulbs have been mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> and cooked and eaten. Recovery is usually complete in a few hours without any specific intervention. In more severe cases involving ingestion of large quantities of bulbs, <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, salts and <a href="/wiki/Laxatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxatives">laxatives</a> may be required, and for severe symptoms intravenous <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetics">emetics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stomach_pumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach pumping">stomach pumping</a> may be indicated. However, ingestion of large quantities accidentally is unusual because of a strong unpleasant taste. When narcissi were compared with a number of other plants not normally consumed by animals, narcissi were the most repellent, specifically N. pseudonarcissus. Consequently, narcissus alkaloids have been used as repellents and may also discourage fungi, molds, and bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> On 1 May 2009, a number of schoolchildren fell ill at Gorseland Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Martlesham_Heath" title="Martlesham Heath">Martlesham Heath</a>, Suffolk, England, after a daffodil bulb was added to soup during a cookery class.<a href="#cite_note-Pupils_ill_after_bulb_put_in_soup-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_effects">Topical effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Topical effects">edit</a>]</div> One of the most common <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> problems for flower pickers, packers, florists, and gardeners, "daffodil itch", involves dryness, fissures, scaling, and <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> in the hands, often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Ungual" title="Ungual">subungual</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a> (thickening of the skin beneath the nails). It is blamed on exposure to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">calcium oxalate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelidonic_acid" title="Chelidonic acid">chelidonic acid</a> or alkaloids such as <a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">lycorine</a> in the sap, either due to a direct irritant effect or an allergic reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Floridata-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Botanical_Dermatology-193">[190]</a> It has long been recognised that some cultivars provoke dermatitis more readily than others. N. pseudonarcissus and the <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> "Actaea", "Camparelle", "Gloriosa", "Grande Monarque", "Ornatus", "Princeps" and "Scilly White" are known to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-194">[191]</a> If bulb extracts come into contact with wounds, both central nervous system and cardiac symptoms may result. The scent can also cause toxic reactions such as headaches and vomiting from N. bulbocodium.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Traditional medicine">edit</a>]</div> Despite the lethal potential of Narcissus alkaloids, they have been used for centuries as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicines</a> for a variety of complaints, including cancer. Plants thought to be <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> are described in the Bible in the treatment for what is thought to be cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Kornienko-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtta-ur-Rahman1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjy24u4ubiUCpgPA391_Bastida_''et_al.''_''Narcissus''_alkaloids_p.&nbsp;391]-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettit_et_al.1990-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwell1967-197">[194]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greek</a> world <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (ca. B.C. 460–370) recommended a pessary prepared from narcissus oil for <a href="/wiki/Uterine_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine tumors">uterine tumors</a>, a practice continued by <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (ca. A.D. 40–90) and <a href="/wiki/Soranus_of_Ephesus" title="Soranus of Ephesus">Soranus of Ephesus</a> (A.D. 98–138) in the first and second centuries A.D., while the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (A.D. 23–79), advocated <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-Kornienko-191">[188]</a> The bulbs of N. poeticus contain the <a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">antineoplastic</a> agent narciclasine. This usage is also found in later <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabian</a>, North African, Central American and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> medicine during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kornienko-191">[188]</a> In China <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> var. chinensis was grown as an ornamental plant but the bulbs were applied topically to tumors in traditional folk medicine. These bulbs contain pretazettine, an active antitumor compound.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwell1967-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ingrassia-198">[195]</a> Narcissus products have received a variety of other uses. The Roman physician <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Aulus Cornelius Celsus</a> listed narcissus root in <a href="/wiki/De_Medicina" title="De Medicina">De Medicina</a> among <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">medical herbs</a>, described as <a href="/wiki/Moisturizer" title="Moisturizer">emollient</a>, erodent, and "powerful to disperse whatever has collected in any part of the body". N. tazetta bulbs were used in Turkey as a remedy for abscesses in the belief they were <a href="/wiki/Antiphlogistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphlogistic">antiphlogistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>. Other uses include the application to wounds, strains, painful joints, and various local ailments as an <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointment</a> called 'Narcissimum'. Powdered flowers have also been used medically, as an <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a> and for the relief of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, in the form of a syrup or <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a>. The French used the flowers as an <a href="/wiki/Antispasmodic" title="Antispasmodic">antispasmodic</a>, the Arabs the oil for <a href="/wiki/Baldness" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldness">baldness</a> and also an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a>. In the eighteenth century the Irish <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbal</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_K%27Eogh" title="John K'Eogh">John K'Eogh</a> recommended pounding the roots in honey for use on burns, bruises, <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freckles" class="mw-redirect" title="Freckles">freckles</a>, and for drawing out thorns and splinters. N. tazetta bulbs have also been used for <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, while the flowers have been recommended for <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> In the traditional Japanese medicine of <a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">kampo</a>, wounds were treated with narcissus root and <a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">wheat flour paste</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Altomonte-199">[196]</a> the plant, however, does not appear in the modern <a href="/wiki/Kampo_herb_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampo herb list">kampo herb list</a>. There is also a long history of the use of Narcissus as a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> and to induce <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a> like states and <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> referred to the narcissus as the "Chaplet of the infernal Gods",<a href="#cite_note-Prior-73">[72]</a> a statement frequently wrongly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (see <a href="#Antiquity">Antiquity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_properties">Biological properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Biological properties">edit</a>]</div> Extracts of Narcissus have demonstrated a number of potentially useful biological properties including <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophage_induction" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophage induction">prophage induction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">antifungal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial">antimalarial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecticidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticidal">insecticidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antitumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitumor">antitumor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimitotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimitotic">antimitotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiplatelet">antiplatelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotensive">hypotensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">emetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_esterase_inhibitory" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory">acetylcholine esterase inhibitory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antifertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifertility">antifertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antinociceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinociceptive">antinociceptive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">chronotropic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth inhibitor">plant growth inhibitor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allelopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allelopathic">allelopathic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> extract of Narcissus bulbs was found effective in one mouse model of <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a>, para-<a href="/wiki/Benzoquinone" title="Benzoquinone">benzoquinone</a> induced abdominal constriction, but not in another, the hot plate test.<a href="#cite_note-Cakici-200">[197]</a> Most of these properties are due to alkaloids, but some are also due to <a href="/wiki/Mannose-binding_lectins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannose-binding lectins">mannose-binding lectins</a>. The most-studied alkaloids in this group are <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a> (galanthamine),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECID96512015-201">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">lycorine</a>, narciclasine, and pretazettine. It is likely that the traditional use of narcissi for the treatment of cancer was due to the presence of isocarbostyril constituents such as <a href="/wiki/Narciclasine" title="Narciclasine">narciclasine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancratistatin" title="Pancratistatin">pancratistatin</a> and their congeners. N. poeticus contains about 0.12g of narciclasine per kg of fresh bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-Kornienko-191">[188]</a> Acetylcholine esterase inhibition has attracted the most interest as a possible therapeutic intervention, with activity varying by a thousandfold between species, and the greatest activity seen in those that contain galantamine or epinorgalanthamine.<a href="#cite_note-Ronsted2008-60">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> repellant properties of Narcissus alkaloids have been utilised in horticulture to protect more vulnerable bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-Protectrodent-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutics">Therapeutics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Therapeutics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg/220px-Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg/330px-Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg/440px-Field_of_Daffodils_-_Pentre_Meyrick_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1260139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Daffodils growing in Wales</figcaption></figure> Of all the alkaloids, only galantamine has made it to therapeutic use in humans, as the drug <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a> disease. Galantamine is an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor which crosses the <a href="/wiki/Blood_brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood brain barrier">blood brain barrier</a> and is active within the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> Daffodils are grown commercially near <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a> in Powys, Wales, to produce galantamine.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2008-203">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Commercial uses">edit</a>]</div> Throughout history the scent of narcissi has been an important ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Perfumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumes">perfumes</a>, a quality that comes from <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a> rather than alkaloids.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> Narcissi are also an important <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> crop,<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a> and source of <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg/220px-Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg/330px-Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg/440px-Narcissus_field_near_Keukenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Daffodil production in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, which is the most important source of flower bulbs worldwide is also a major centre of narcissus production. Of 16,700 hectares (ha) under cultivation for flower bulbs, narcissi account for about 1,800 hectares. In the 1990s narcissus bulb production was at 260 million, sixth in size after <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">tulips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladioli" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladioli">gladioli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">irises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocuses">crocuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilies">lilies</a> and in 2012 it was ranked third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]-151">[148]</a> About two-thirds of the area under cultivation is dedicated to about 20 of the most popular varieties. In the 2009/2010 season, 470 cultivars were produced on 1578 ha. By far the largest area cultivated is for the miniature <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_%27T%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-t%C3%AAte%27" title="Narcissus 'Tête-à-tête'">'Tête-à-Tête'</a>, followed at some distance by 'Carlton'. The largest production cultivars are shown in Table II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA106_106]-204">[201]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><big> Table II: Area under cultivation in the Netherlands, by cultivar</big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cultivar</th> <th>Division</th> <th>Colour</th> <th>Area (ha) </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Tête-à-Tête"</td> <td>6: Cyclamineus</td> <td>Yellow</td> <td>663 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Carlton"</td> <td>2: Large cup</td> <td>Yellow</td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Bridal Crown"</td> <td>4: Double</td> <td>White–Yellow</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Dutch Master"</td> <td>1: Trumpet</td> <td>Yellow</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Jetfire"</td> <td>6: Cyclamineus</td> <td>Yellow–Orange</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Ice Follies"</td> <td>2: Large cup</td> <td>White</td> <td>36 </td></tr></tbody></table> "Carlton" and "Ice Follies" (Division 2: Large cup) have a long history of cultivation, together with "Dutch Master" and "Golden Harvest" (1: yellow). "Carlton" and "Golden Harvest" were introduced in 1927, and "Ice Follies" in 1953. "Carlton", with over 9 billion bulbs (350 000 tons), is among the more numerous individual plants produced in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabberley2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZFFgAgAAQBAJpgPA571_Narcissus],_p._571-205">[202]</a> The other major areas of production are the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> which exported 25 million <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> cultivar bulbs in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA106_106]-204">[201]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In the United Kingdom a total of 4100 ha were planted with bulbs, of which 3800 ha were Narcissi, the UK's most important bulb crop, much of which is for export,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrxw5JvD7MN4CpgPA542_p._542]-206">[203]</a> making this the largest global production centre, about half of the total production area. While some of the production is for forcing, most is for dry bulb production. Bulb production and forcing occurs in the East, while production in the south west is mainly for outdoor flower production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlford2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrxw5JvD7MN4CpgPA551_p._551]-207">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Farm_gate_value" title="Farm gate value">farm gate value</a> was estimated at £10m in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellowsHanks2007-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuekenhoff_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuekenhoff_006.jpg/220px-Kuekenhoff_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuekenhoff_006.jpg/330px-Kuekenhoff_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kuekenhoff_006.jpg/440px-Kuekenhoff_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Narcissi growing at <a href="/wiki/Keukenhof" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhof</a></figcaption></figure> Production of both bulbs and cut flowers takes place in open fields in beds or ridges, often in the same field, allowing adaptation to changing market conditions. Narcissi grow best in mild maritime climates. Compared to the United Kingdom, the harsher winters in the Netherlands require covering the fields with straw for protection. Areas with higher rainfall and temperatures are more susceptible to <a href="#Pests_and_diseases">diseases</a> that attack crops. Production is based on a 1 (UK) or 2 (Netherlands) year cycle. Optimal soil <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> is 6.0–7.5. Prior to planting disinfection by hot water takes place, such as immersion at 44.4 °C for three hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">[140]</a> Bulbs are harvested for market in the summer, sorted, stored for 2–3 weeks, and then further disinfected by a hot (43.5 °C) bath. This eliminates infestations by narcissus fly and nematodes. The bulbs are then dried at a high temperature, and then stored at 15.5 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a> The initiation of new flower development in the bulb takes place in late spring before the bulbs are lifted, and is completed by mid summer while the bulbs are in storage. The optimal temperature for initiation is 20 °C followed by cooling to 13 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">[5]</a> Traditionally, sales took place in the daffodil fields prior to harvesting the bulbs, but today sales are handled by Marketing Boards although still before harvesting. In the Netherlands there are special exhibition gardens for major buyers to view flowers and order bulbs, some larger ones may have more than a thousand narcissus varieties on display. While individuals can visit these gardens they cannot buy bulbs at <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a>, which are only available at <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a>, usually at a minimum of several <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a>. The most famous display is at <a href="/wiki/Keukenhof" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhof</a>, although only about 100 narcissus varieties are on display there. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forcing">Forcing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Forcing">edit</a>]</div> There is also a market for forced blooms, both as cut flowers and potted flowers through the winter from Christmas to Easter, the long season requiring special preparation by growers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cut_flowers">Cut flowers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cut flowers">edit</a>]</div> For <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>, bulbs larger than 12 cm in size are preferred. To bloom in December, bulbs are harvested in June to July, dried, stored for four days at 34 °C, two weeks at 30 and two weeks at 17–20 °C and then placed in cold storage for precooling at 9 degrees for about 15–16 weeks. The bulbs are then planted in light compost in crates in a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> for forcing at 13 °C–15 °C and the blooms appear in 19–30 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Potted_flowers">Potted flowers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Potted flowers">edit</a>]</div> For potted flowers a lower temperature is used for precooling (5 °C for 15 weeks), followed by 16 °C–18 °C in a greenhouse. For later blooming (mid- and late-forcing), bulbs are harvested in July to August and the higher temperatures are omitted, being stored a 17–20 °C after harvesting and placed in cold storage at 9 °C in September for 17–18 (cut flowers) or 14–16 (potted flowers) weeks. The bulbs can then be planted in cold frames, and then forced in a greenhouse according to requirements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">N. tazetta</a> and its cultivars are an exception to this rule, requiring no cold period. Often harvested in October, bulbs are lifted in May and dried and heated to 30 °C for three weeks, then stored at 25 °C for 12 weeks and planted. Flowering can be delayed by storing at 5 °C–10 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_in_culture" title="Narcissus in culture">Narcissus in culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg/220px-Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg/330px-Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg/440px-Narcissus_%27Thalia%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_triandrus" title="Narcissus triandrus">N. triandrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_%27Thalia%27" title="Narcissus 'Thalia'">'Thalia'</a>, considered a grave flower</figcaption></figure> The daffodil is the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">national flower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a> (March 1). The narcissus is also a national flower symbolising the new year or <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a>. In the West the narcissus is perceived as a symbol of vanity, in the East as a symbol of wealth and good fortune (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Eastern_cultures">§ Eastern cultures</a>, below), while in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, the narcissus is a symbol of beautiful eyes. In western countries the daffodil is also associated with spring festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. In Germany the wild narcissus, N. pseudonarcissus, is known as the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterglocke" class="extiw" title="de:Osterglocke">Osterglocke</a> or "Easter bell." In the United Kingdom the daffodil is sometimes referred to as the Lenten lily.<a href="#cite_note-Hereford-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[Note 4]</a> Although prized as an ornamental flower, some people consider narcissi unlucky, because they hang their heads implying misfortune.<a href="#cite_note-Bastida-22">[21]</a> White narcissi, such as N triandrus "Thalia", are especially associated with death, and have been called grave flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Paghat-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kandeler-211">[207]</a> In Ancient Greece narcissi were planted near tombs, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herrick_(poet)" title="Robert Herrick (poet)">Robert Herrick</a> describes them as portents of death, an association which also appears in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Art">§ Art</a>, below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demeter_rejoiced,_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg/170px-Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg/255px-Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg/340px-Demeter_rejoiced%2C_for_her_daughter_was_by_her_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> surrounded by daffodils - "Demeter rejoiced, for her daughter was by her side"</figcaption></figure> The decorative use of narcissi dates as far back as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> tombs, and <a href="/wiki/Frescoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Frescoes">frescoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJashemskiMeyer2002131-212">[208]</a> They are mentioned in the King James Version of the Bible<a href="#cite_note-Isaiah-213">[209]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Sharon" title="Rose of Sharon">Rose of Sharon</a><a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-WFI1-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-WFI2-216">[212]</a> and make frequent appearances in classical literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale1757[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem131789page585mode1up_pp._495–496]-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_culture">Greek culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Greek culture">edit</a>]</div> The narcissus appears in two <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman">Graeco-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths">myths</a>, that of the youth <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a> who was turned into the flower of that name, and of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Persephone" title="Rape of Persephone">snatched</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a> by the god <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> while picking the flowers. The narcissus is considered sacred to both Hades and Persephone,<a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-217">[213]</a> and grows along the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a> in the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Kandeler-211">[207]</a> The Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Stasinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Stasinos">Stasinos</a> mentioned them in the <a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a> amongst the flowers of Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddhv2AV3eTsUCpgPA63_p._63]-218">[214]</a> The legend of Persephone comes to us mainly in the seventh century BC <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Hymn">Homeric Hymn</a> To Demeter,<a href="#cite_note-DemeterNagy-219">[215]</a> where the author describes the narcissus, and its role as a lure to trap the young Persephone. The flower, she recounts to her mother was the last flower she reached for before being seized. Other Greek authors making reference to the narcissus include <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Sophocles, in <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_at_Colonus" title="Oedipus at Colonus">Oedipus at Colonus</a> utilises narcissus in a symbolic manner, implying fertility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA186_p._186]-220">[216]</a> allying it with the cults of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Kore (Persephone)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OedCol-221">[217]</a> and by extension, a symbol of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA206_pp._206–207]-222">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Jebb</a> comments that it is the flower of imminent death with its fragrance being narcotic, emphasised by its pale white colour. Just as Persephone reaching for the flower heralded her doom, the youth Narcissus gazing at his own reflection portended his own death.<a href="#cite_note-OedCol-221">[217]</a> Plutarch refers to this in his Symposiacs as numbing the nerves causing a heaviness in the limbs.<a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-223">[219]</a> He refers to Sophocles' "crown of the great Goddesses", which is the source of the English phrase "<a href="/wiki/Chaplet_(headgear)" title="Chaplet (headgear)">Chaplet</a> of the infernal Gods" incorrectly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prior-73">[72]</a> A passage by <a href="/wiki/Moschus" title="Moschus">Moschus</a>, describes fragrant narcissi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschus1919l._65-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarley1877-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheocritusBionMoschus1880[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3okOAAAAQAAJpgPA183_Moschus._Idyll_II,_Europa_and_the_Bull_(pp._181–187)_at_p._183]-226">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a><a href="#cite_note-Homer1-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-HomerGrk1-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homer2-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-HomerGrk2-230">[226]</a> described the underworld as having <a href="/wiki/Elysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Elysian">Elysian</a> meadows carpeted with flowers, thought to be narcissus, as described by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[Note 5]</a> A similar account is provided by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> describing the flowers in the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Lucian1-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lucian2-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-LucianEng-235">[230]</a> The myth of the youth Narcissus is also taken up by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. He believed that the myth of Persephone long antedated that of Narcissus, and hence discounted the idea the flower was named after the youth.<a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_culture">Roman culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Roman culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, the first known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writer to refer to the narcissus, does so in several places, for instance twice in the <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonVirgil1-236">[231]</a> Virgil refers to the cup shaped corona of the narcissus flower, allegedly containing the tears of the self-loving youth <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonVirgil2-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> makes a similar analogy "And Daffodillies fill their Cups with Tears".<a href="#cite_note-Lycidas-238">[233]</a> Virgil also mentions narcissi three times in the <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonVirgil5-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavidsonVirgil3-240">[235]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> also dealt with the mythology of the narcissus. In his <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, he recounts the story of the youth Narcissus who, after his death, is turned into the flower,<a href="#cite_note-Ovidmet-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klinemet-242">[237]</a> and it is also mentioned in Book 5 of his poem <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ovidfast-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klinefast-244">[239]</a> This theme of metamorphosis was broader than just Narcissus; for instance see <a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">crocus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">hyacinth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Panofsky-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_culture">Western culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Western culture">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220; border-width: 2px; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk; color: blue;">I wandered lonely as a Cloud</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd A host of dancing Daffodils; Along the Lake, beneath the trees, Ten thousand dancing in the breeze. The waves beside them danced, but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: – A poet could not but be gay In such a laughing company: I gaz'd – and gaz'd – but little thought What wealth the shew to me had brought: For oft when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude, And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the Daffodils. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">William Wordsworth (1804 version)<a href="#cite_note-WW1-246">[241]</a></cite> </div> Although there is no clear evidence that the flower's name derives directly from the Greek myth, this link between the flower and the myth became firmly part of western culture. The narcissus or daffodil is the most loved of all English plants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73-157">[154]</a> and appears frequently in English literature. Many English writers have referred to the cultural and symbolic importance of Narcissus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1823-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidge1875-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884-250">[245]</a>). No flower has received more poetic description except the <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a>, with poems by authors from <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, Milton (see <a href="#Roman_culture">Roman culture</a>, above), <a href="/wiki/Wordsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats">Keats</a>. Frequently the poems deal with self-love derived from Ovid's account.<a href="#cite_note-PoetryNarcissus-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffodils],_p._4-252">[247]</a> Gower's reference to the yellow flower of the legend has been assumed to be the daffodil or Narcissus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffofils],_p._74-253">[248]</a> though as with all references in the older literature to the flower that sprang from the youth's death, there is room for some debate as to the exact species of flower indicated, some preferring <a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">Crocus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeager1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmH4Q4GMyHECpgPA133_Transformations],_pp._133–135-254">[249]</a> Spenser announces the coming of the Daffodil in Aprill of his <a href="/wiki/Shepheardes_Calender" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepheardes Calender">Shepheardes Calender</a> (1579).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser1579[httpwwwluminariumorgrenascence-editionsaprillhtml_Aprill_''l.''_140]-255">[250]</a> Shakespeare, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">who frequently uses flower imagery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884-250">[245]</a> refers to daffodils twice in <a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1623Perdita,_IV_4-256">[251]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herrick_(poet)" title="Robert Herrick (poet)">Robert Herrick</a> alludes to their association with death in a number of poems.<a href="#cite_note-Herrick2-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrick1-258">[253]</a> Among the English <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">romantic movement</a> writers none is better known than <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>'s short 1804 poem <a href="/wiki/I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud" title="I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud">I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud</a><a href="#cite_note-WW1-246">[241]</a> which has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image.<a href="#cite_note-Dweck-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kandeler-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoetryNarcissus-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-WTrust-259">[254]</a> Wordsworth also included the daffodil in other poems.<a href="#cite_note-WW2-260">[255]</a> Yet the description given of daffodils by his sister, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wordsworth" title="Dorothy Wordsworth">Dorothy</a> is just as poetic, if not more so,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76-173">[170]</a> just that her poetry was prose and appears almost an unconscious imitation of the first section of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (see <a href="#Greek_culture">Greek culture</a>, above).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSJTfAAAAMAAJpgPA112_112],_Issue_183,_January,_p._112-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1802-262">[257]</a> Among their contemporaries, Keats refers to daffodils among those things capable of bringing "joy for ever".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats1818-263">[258]</a> More recently <a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a>, using one of the daffodil's more symbolic names (see <a href="#Symbols">Symbols</a>), wrote The Lent Lily in <a href="/wiki/A_Shropshire_Lad" title="A Shropshire Lad">A Shropshire Lad</a>, describing the traditional Easter death of the daffodil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousman1896XXIX_''The_Lent_Lily'',_1896-264">[259]</a> In Black Narcissus, <a href="/wiki/Rumer_Godden" title="Rumer Godden">Rumer Godden</a> describes the disorientation of English nuns in the Indian <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, and gives the plant name an unexpected twist, alluding both to <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> and the effect of the perfume Narcisse Noir (<a href="/wiki/Parfums_Caron" title="Parfums Caron">Caron</a>) on others. The novel was later adapted into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Narcissus" title="Black Narcissus">1947 British film of the same name</a>. The narcissus also appears in German literature such as that of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gerhardt" title="Paul Gerhardt">Paul Gerhardt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt-265">[260]</a> In the visual arts, narcissi are depicted in three different contexts, mythological (Narcissus, Persephone), floral art, or landscapes. The Narcissus story has been popular with painters and the youth is frequently depicted with flowers to indicate this association.<a href="#cite_note-SOED-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Panofsky-245">[240]</a> The Persephone theme is also typified by Waterhouse in his Narcissus, the floral <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Scorel" title="Jan van Scorel">van Scorel</a> and the landscape by <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>'s Undergrowth. Narcissi first started to appear in western art in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Panel_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Panel paintings">panel paintings</a>, particularly those depicting <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. For instance that of the Westfälischer Meister in Köln in the <a href="/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz-Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallraf-Richartz-Museum">Wallraf-Richartz-Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cologne-266">[261]</a> where daffodils symbolise not only death but also hope in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, because they are perennial and bloom at <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kandeler-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-resur-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuttgart-268">[263]</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Narcissi in art</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:95%; line-height:120%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van Scorel: Madonna of the Daffodils with the Child and Donors, 1535"><img alt="Jan van Scorel: Madonna of the Daffodils with the Child and Donors, 1535" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg/355px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg/534px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg/711px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Madonna_of_the_Daffodils_with_the_Child_and_Donors_-_WGA21080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Scorel" title="Jan van Scorel">Jan van Scorel</a>: Madonna of the Daffodils with the Child and Donors, 1535</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 354.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 352.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_(F773).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh: Undergrowth with Two Figures, 1890"><img alt="Vincent van Gogh: Undergrowth with Two Figures, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg/529px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="353" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg/795px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg/1058px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Undergrowth_with_Two_Figures_%28F773%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1212" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trees_and_Undergrowth_(Van_Gogh_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees and Undergrowth (Van Gogh series)">Undergrowth with Two Figures</a>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterhouse,_JW_-_Narcissus_(1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterhouse: Narcissus, 1912"><img alt="Waterhouse: Narcissus, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg/159px-Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg/239px-Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg/318px-Waterhouse%2C_JW_-_Narcissus_%281912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="847" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">Waterhouse</a>: Narcissus, 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion, Westfälischer Meister c. 1415"><img alt="Crucifixion, Westfälischer Meister c. 1415" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg/174px-WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg/262px-WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg/349px-WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353_c_Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="992" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifixion, Westfälischer Meister c. 1415</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_cultures">Eastern cultures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Eastern cultures">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta" title="Narcissus tazetta">Narcissus tazetta</a> subsp. chinensis (Chinese sacred lilies), which can be grown indoors, is widely used as an ornamental plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOC-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todt-270">[265]</a> It was probably introduced to China by Arab traders travelling the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> for medicinal use.<a href="#cite_note-Zonneveld-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOC-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todt-270">[265]</a> Spring-flowering, they became associated with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, signifying good fortune, prosperity and good luck<a href="#cite_note-Mengjian-271">[266]</a> and there are many legends in Chinese culture associated with Narcissus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHu1989-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1890-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Gippsland_Times''1946-274">[269]</a> In contrast to the West, narcissi have not played a significant part in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Garden">Chinese Garden</a> art,<a href="#cite_note-Beuchert-275">[270]</a> however, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengjian" title="Zhao Mengjian">Zhao Mengjian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Culture of the Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> was noted for his portrayal of narcissi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHearn2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLpZy5ouhcgCpgPA70_Zhao_Mengjian],_p._70-276">[271]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHearn2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLpZy5ouhcgCpgPA70_Zhao_Mengjian],_p._70:_"I_pity_the_narcissus_for_not_being_the_orchid,_which_at_least_had_known_the_sober_minister_from_Chu"._277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHearn2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLpZy5ouhcgCpgPA70_Zhao_Mengjian],_p._70:_"I_pity_the_narcissus_for_not_being_the_orchid,_which_at_least_had_known_the_sober_minister_from_Chu".-277">[272]</a> Narcissus bulb carving and cultivation has become an art akin to Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>. The Japanese novel <a href="/wiki/Narcissu" title="Narcissu">Narcissu</a> contains many references to the narcissus, where the main characters set out for the famed narcissus fields on <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwaji2006[httpwwweonetnejp~t-suisenindexhtml_Awaji_Tachikawa_Narcissus_Farmland]-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwaji2006[httpwwwcityminamiawajihyogojpsoshikishoukousuisenkyouhtml_Nada_Kurokawa_Narcissus_Field]-279">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_culture">Islamic culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Islamic culture">edit</a>]</div> Narcissi are one of the most popular garden plants in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel199871-280">[275]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab conquest of Persia</a>, the Persian ruler <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau I">Khosrau I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 531–579) is said to have not been able to tolerate them at feasts because they reminded him of eyes, an association that persists to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Schimmel165-281">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> phrase <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:نرگس شهلا">نرگس شهلا</a> (narges-e šahlâ, literally "a reddish-blue narcissus")<a href="#cite_note-Hayyim-282">[277]</a> is a well-known metonymy for the "eye(s) of a mistress"<a href="#cite_note-Hayyim-282">[277]</a> in the classical poetries of the Persian, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> languages; to this day also the vernacular names of some narcissus cultivars (for example, Shahla-ye Shiraz and Shahla-ye Kazerun).<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> As described by the poet <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a> (1797–1869), "God has given the eye of the narcissus the power of seeing".<a href="#cite_note-Schimmel165-281">[276]</a> The eye imagery is also found in a number of poems by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisamiStarkey1998545-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisamiStarkey1998583-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisamiStarkey1998662-287">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel199872-288">[283]</a> Another poet who refers to narcissi, is <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>. Even the prophet <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> is said to have praised the narcissus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrausch2012379-289">[284]</a> though some of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">sayings</a> that were cited as proof are considered "weak" records.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Narcissi in Eastern and Islamic cultures</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:95%; line-height:120%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Sacred Lily"><img alt="Chinese Sacred Lily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg/189px-Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg/284px-Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg/379px-Narcissus_tazetta_var_chinensis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Sacred Lily</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuixiandiaoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese decorative carved Narcissus bulb"><img alt="Chinese decorative carved Narcissus bulb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shuixiandiaoke.JPG/340px-Shuixiandiaoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shuixiandiaoke.JPG/511px-Shuixiandiaoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Shuixiandiaoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese decorative carved Narcissus bulb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus_poeticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N. poeticus symbolising the eye in Islamic culture"><img alt="N. poeticus symbolising the eye in Islamic culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/341px-Narcissus_poeticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/512px-Narcissus_poeticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Narcissus_poeticus.jpg/681px-Narcissus_poeticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_poeticus" title="Narcissus poeticus">N. poeticus</a> symbolising the eye in Islamic culture</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The word "daffodil" has been <a href="/wiki/Daffodil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Daffodil (disambiguation)">used widely</a> in popular culture, from Dutch cars (<a href="/wiki/DAF_Daffodil" title="DAF Daffodil">DAF Daffodil</a>) to Swedish rock bands (<a href="/wiki/The_Daffodils" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daffodils">The Daffodils</a>) to slurs against homosexuals and cross-dressers (as in the film <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar" title="J. Edgar">J. Edgar</a>, when Hoover's mother explains why real-life cross-dresser Barton Pinkus<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> was called "Daffy" (short for "Daffodil" and the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">pansy</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a>), and admonishes, "I'd rather have a dead son than a daffodil for a son".<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> In some areas where narcissi are prevalent, their blooming in spring is celebrated in festivals. For instance, the slopes around <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, Switzerland and its associated <a href="/wiki/Riviera" title="Riviera">riviera</a> come alive with blooms each May (May Snow) at the annual Narcissi Festival.<a href="#cite_note-Montreux-298">[293]</a> Festivals are also held in many other countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> Various cancer charities around the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ACS-299">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Society_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer Society (New Zealand)">Cancer Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NZCS-300">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Council_Australia" title="Cancer Council Australia">Cancer Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CCA-301">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Cancer_Society" title="Irish Cancer Society">Irish Cancer Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ICS-302">[297]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Cancer_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Curie Cancer Care">Marie Curie</a> in the UK<a href="#cite_note-MCurie-303">[298]</a> use the daffodil as a fundraising symbol on "Daffodil Days".<a href="#cite_note-CCS-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_species" title="List of Narcissus species">List of Narcissus species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions">List of Narcissus horticultural divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AGM_narcissus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of AGM narcissus">List of AGM narcissus</a> – Narcissus cultivars given the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_in_culture" title="Narcissus in culture">Narcissus in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrostegia_venusta" title="Pyrostegia venusta">Orange trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Narcissus" title="Taxonomy of Narcissus">Taxonomy of Narcissus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The word "daffodil" is also applied to related genera such as <a href="/wiki/Sternbergia" title="Sternbergia">Sternbergia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismene_(plant)" title="Ismene (plant)">Ismene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris" title="Fritillaria meleagris">Fritillaria meleagris</a>. It has been suggested that the word "Daffodil" be restricted to the wild species of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus" title="Narcissus pseudonarcissus">N. pseudonarcissus</a>. (<a href="#CITEREFHalevy1985">Halevy 1985</a>, Rees A.R. Narcissus, pp. 268–271) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Prior here refers to the poet Pamphilus, but it is likely he meant Pamphos. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> This <a href="/wiki/Carlavirus" title="Carlavirus">Carlavirus</a> should not be confused with the similarly named Narcissus latent virus which is a <a href="/wiki/Macluravirus" title="Macluravirus">Macluravirus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Rarely "Lentern", especially ecclesiastical usage as here, or dialect, particularly Scottish (<a href="#CITEREFMasefield2014">Masefield 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8l8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">p. 104</a>)(<a href="#CITEREFJamieson1879">Jamieson 1879</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Scottish_Language_Illustrating_the_v1_1000804762/283">Care Sonday vol I p. 284</a>)(<a href="#CITEREFWright1905">Wright 1905</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R8QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA575">vol 3 H–L, Lentren p. 575</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> The Asphodel of the Greek underworld has been variously associated with the white <a href="/wiki/Asphodelus_ramosus" title="Asphodelus ramosus">Asphodelus ramosus</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMacmillan1887">Macmillan (1887)</a>) or the yellow <a href="/wiki/Asphodeline_lutea" title="Asphodeline lutea">Asphodeline lutea</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGraves1949">Graves (1949)</a>), previously classified as Asphodelus luteus. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LinSP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LinSP_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LinSP_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358308#page/301/mode/1up">"Narcissus"</a>. Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. p. 289. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.pages=289&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F358308%23page%2F301%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomé1903[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem44720page442mode1up_p._316]-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomé1903[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem44720page442mode1up_p._316]_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomé1903">Thomé 1903</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44720#page/442/mode/1up">p. 316</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tazetta-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Tazetta_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaux2009" class="citation web cs1">Michaux, Jean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crdp.ac-besancon.fr/flore/Amaryllidaceae/ESPECES/narcissus_tazetta.htm">"Narcissus tazetta"</a>. La Flore. Académie de Besançon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506070032/http://crdp.ac-besancon.fr/flore/Amaryllidaceae/ESPECES/narcissus_tazetta.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Flore&rft.atitle=Narcissus+tazetta&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Michaux&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrdp.ac-besancon.fr%2Fflore%2FAmaryllidaceae%2FESPECES%2Fnarcissus_tazetta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4_kH_BffGDgCpgPA1_Hanks,_"The_biology_of_''Narcissus''"],_pp._1–29_5-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanks2002">Hanks 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC&pg=PA1">Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus"</a>, pp. 1–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA104_104]_6-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012">Okubo & Sochacki 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA104">104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSAZ-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHSAZ_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSAZ_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSAZ_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSAZ_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickell2008" class="citation book cs1">Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405332965" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405332965"><bdi>978-1405332965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RHS+A-Z+encyclopedia+of+garden+plants&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1136&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405332965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraleyUtech2003_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStraleyUtech2003">Straley & Utech 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus],_pp._100–101_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki1998">Kubitzki 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100">Narcissus</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus._p._285]_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSellMurrell1996">Sell & Murrell 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285">Narcissus. p. 285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275814&isprofile=0&z=5">"Narcissus jonquillan"</a>. Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707005941/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275814&isprofile=0&z=5">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Botanical+Garden+Plant+Finder&rft.atitle=Narcissus+jonquillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouribotanicalgarden.org%2FPlantFinder%2FPlantFinderDetails.aspx%3Ftaxonid%3D275814%26isprofile%3D0%26z%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_12-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamBarrett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">"Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653457">21653457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+reconstruction+of+the+evolution+of+stylar+polymorphisms+in+Narcissus+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1007-1021&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653457&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+S.+C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.91.7.1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FE5-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FE5_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1980" class="citation book cs1">Webb, D. A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC&pg=PA78">Narcissus L</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521201087" title="Special:BookSources/9780521201087"><bdi>9780521201087</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus+L&rft.pages=78-84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780521201087&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv11xJgWbUDcC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFTutin_et_al.1980">Tutin et al. (1980)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus],_p._285-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus],_p._285_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellMurrell1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpKGlBap0FRYCpgPA285_Narcissus],_p._285_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSellMurrell1996">Sell & Murrell 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285">Narcissus</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2007_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettHarder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2004.01183.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720619">15720619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+polymorphic+sexual+systems+in+daffodils+%28Narcissus%29.&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-53&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2004.01183.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15720619&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Harder%2C+LD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medrano-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medrano_17-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedranoLópez-PereaHerrera2014" class="citation journal cs1">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675977">10.1086/675977</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F101673">10261/101673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44161272">44161272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Population+Genetics+Methods+Applied+to+a+Species+Delimitation+Problem%3A+Endemic+Trumpet+Daffodils+%28Narcissus+Section+Pseudonarcissi%29+from+the+Southern+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=501-517&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F101673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44161272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F675977&rft.aulast=Medrano&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Perea%2C+Esmeralda&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Carlos+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1997-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobson1997_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobson1997_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobson1997_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDobson1997">Dobson 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA343_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._343_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloydBarrett1995">Lloyd & Barrett 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC&pg=PA343">Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathew-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_20-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2003" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC&pg=PA30">Classification of the genus Narcissus</a>. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203219355" title="Special:BookSources/9780203219355"><bdi>9780203219355</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103133153/http://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+the+genus+Narcissus&rft.pages=30-52&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=9780203219355&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_kH_BffGDgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFHanks2002">Hanks (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus_pp._100–101]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKubitzki1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFyPVYzL76sMCpgPA100_Narcissus_pp._100–101]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKubitzki1998">Kubitzki 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA100">Narcissus pp. 100–101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastida-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastida_22-23">x</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastidaLavillaViladomat2006" class="citation book cs1">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1099-4831%2806%2963003-4">10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124695634" title="Special:BookSources/9780124695634"><bdi>9780124695634</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118783">7118783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17133715">17133715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+biological+aspects+of+%22Narcissus%22+alkaloids&rft.btitle=The+Alkaloids%3A+Chemistry+and+Biology+Vol.+63&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=87-179&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7118783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17133715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1099-4831%2806%2963003-4&rft.isbn=9780124695634&rft.aulast=Bastida&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rft.au=Lavilla%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Viladomat%2C+Francesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultes-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Schultes_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultes1830" class="citation book cs1">Schultes (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15274#page/245/mode/1up">Narcissus, Vol. VII, pt.2</a>. p. 932. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101105849/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15274#page/245/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus%2C+Vol.+VII%2C+pt.2&rft.pages=932&rft.date=1830&rft.au=Schultes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F15274%23page%2F245%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1829">Linnaeus (1829)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophrastus1916[httpsarchiveorgstreamenquiryintoplant02theouoftpage42mode2up_42]-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophrastus1916[httpsarchiveorgstreamenquiryintoplant02theouoftpage42mode2up_42]_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheophrastus1916">Theophrastus 1916</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/enquiryintoplant02theouoft#page/42/mode/2up">42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dioscurides-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Dioscurides_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDioscurides1906" class="citation book cs1">Dioscurides (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pedaniidioscuri01pedagoog#page/n333/mode/2up">νάρκισσος</a>. pp. 302–303, IV: 158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113112628/https://archive.org/stream/pedaniidioscuri01pedagoog#page/n333/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.pages=302-303%2C+IV%3A+158&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Dioscurides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpedaniidioscuri01pedagoog%23page%2Fn333%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFDioscuridis_Anazarbei1906">Dioscuridis Anazarbei (1906)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlinyLat-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlinyLat_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlinyLat_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Plinius" class="citation web cs1">Gaius Plinius, Secundus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74">"Naturalis Historia xxi:75"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019100055/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturalis+Historia+xxi%3A75.&rft.aulast=Gaius+Plinius&rft.aufirst=Secundus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0138%253Abook%253D21%253Achapter%253D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1906">Plinius Secundus (1906)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny1856" class="citation book cs1">Pliny, The Elder (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367">75. Sixteen remedies derived from the Narcissus</a>. H. G. Bohn. pp. 367–368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598910783" title="Special:BookSources/9780598910783"><bdi>9780598910783</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816195221/https://books.google.com/books?id=IUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=75.+Sixteen+remedies+derived+from+the+Narcissus&rft.pages=367-368&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1856&rft.isbn=9780598910783&rft.aulast=Pliny&rft.aufirst=The+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUoMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1856">Plinius Secundus (1856)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlinyLat2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-PlinyLat2_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Plinius" class="citation web cs1">Gaius Plinius, Secundus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D14">"Naturalis Historia xxi:14"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018090155/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D14">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturalis+Historia+xxi%3A14.&rft.aulast=Gaius+Plinius&rft.aufirst=Secundus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0138%253Abook%253D21%253Achapter%253D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1906">Plinius Secundus (1906)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Pliny2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny1856" class="citation book cs1">Pliny, The Elder (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUoMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA316">12. The Narcissus: Three varieties of it</a>. H. G. Bohn. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598910783" title="Special:BookSources/9780598910783"><bdi>9780598910783</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=12.+The+Narcissus%3A+Three+varieties+of+it&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1856&rft.isbn=9780598910783&rft.aulast=Pliny&rft.aufirst=The+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUoMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1856">Plinius Secundus (1856)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meerow-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meerow_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meerow_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeerowFayGuyLi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Meerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q. & Chase, Mark W. (1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9): 1325–1345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2656780">10.2307/2656780</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2656780">2656780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487820">10487820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Amaryllidaceae+based+on+cladistic+analysis+of+plastid+sequence+data&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1325-1345&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10487820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2656780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2656780&rft.aulast=Meerow&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rft.au=Fay%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Guy%2C+Charles+L.&rft.au=Li%2C+Qin-Bao&rft.au=Zaman%2C+Faridah+Q.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icn18.2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-icn18.2_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927152429/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18">"Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes"</a>. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18">the original</a> on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Names+of+families+and+subfamilies%2C+tribes+and+subtribes&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dart18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candolle2-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Candolle2_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up">Des familles et des tribus</a>. Déterville. pp. 192–195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304022641/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+familles+et+des+tribus&rft.pages=192-195&rft.pub=D%C3%A9terville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F88297%23page%2F204%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFA._P._de_Candolle1813">A. P. de Candolle (1813)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jussieu-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Jussieu_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/149/mode/1up">"Narcissi"</a>. Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5161409">5161409</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissi&rft.btitle=Genera+Plantarum%2C+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+Regio+Parisiensi+exaratam&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=apud+viduam+Herissant+et+Theophilum+Barrois&rft.date=1789&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5161409&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F7125%23page%2F149%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSH-34"><a href="#cite_ref-JSH_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaume-Saint-Hilaire1805" class="citation book cs1">Jaume-Saint-Hilaire, Jean Henri (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA138">"Narcissus"</a>. Exposition de familles naturales. Vol. 1. Paris: Treutel et Würtz. p. 138. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=Exposition+de+familles+naturales&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Treutel+et+W%C3%BCrtz&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Jaume-Saint-Hilaire&rft.aufirst=Jean+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEQAAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem10268page56mode1up_vol._IV,_p._188]-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem10268page56mode1up_vol._IV,_p._188]_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem10268page56mode1up_vol._IV,_p._188]_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808">Redouté & De Candolle 1805–1808</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10268#page/56/mode/1up">vol. IV, p. 188</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Candollea-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candollea_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candollea_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Candolle1815" class="citation book cs1">De Candolle (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA230">Narcissus</a>. pp. 230–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402131924/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft.pages=230-232&rft.date=1815&rft.au=De+Candolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_MHAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815a">De Lamarck & De Candolle (1815a)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candolleb-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candolleb_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candolleb_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Candolle1815" class="citation book cs1">De Candolle (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYTiP3RlkToC&pg=PA319">Narcissus</a>. pp. 319–327. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft.pages=319-327&rft.date=1815&rft.au=De+Candolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYTiP3RlkToC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815b">De Lamarck & De Candolle (1815b)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._P._de_Candolle1813219-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._P._de_Candolle1813219_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA._P._de_Candolle1813">A. P. de Candolle 1813</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1810[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem21871page164mode1up_Prodromus],_p._296-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1810[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem21871page164mode1up_Prodromus],_p._296_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1810">Brown 1810</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/164/mode/1up">Prodromus</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haworth-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haworth_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haworth_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaworth1831" class="citation book cs1">Haworth, A.H. (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf">Narcissinearum Monographia</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). London: Ridgway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914074849/http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissinearum+Monographia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ridgway&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Haworth&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FHaworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurbigeHaworth-41"><a href="#cite_ref-BurbigeHaworth_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbidge1875b" class="citation book cs1">Burbidge, Frederick William (1875b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA59">Haworth's arrangement of Narcissus</a>. pp. 59–61. Retrieved 2014-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haworth%27s+arrangement+of+Narcissus&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Burbidge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxdBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFBurbidge1875">Burbidge (1875)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salisbury-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1866" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wU4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA98">Narcisseae</a>. pp. 98ff. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcisseae&rft.pages=98ff&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Salisbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwU4DAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFSalisburyGray1866">Salisbury & Gray (1866)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbert-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Herbert_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbert1837">Herbert 1837</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62">62–63</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spach-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Spach_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpach1834–1848" class="citation book cs1">Spach (1834–1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98300#page/442/mode/1up">Genre NARCISSE - Narcissus Linn, Vol. 23 [t.12]</a>. Librairie encyclopédique de Roret. pp. 430–455. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101022824/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98300#page/442/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genre+NARCISSE+-+Narcissus+Linn%2C+Vol.+23+%5Bt.12%5D&rft.pages=430-455&rft.pub=Librairie+encyclop%C3%A9dique+de+Roret&rft.date=1834%2F1848&rft.au=Spach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F98300%23page%2F442%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFSpach1846">Spach (1846)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSSegregate-45"><a href="#cite_ref-RHSSegregate_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffsegregate">"Segregate and other genera"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911183034/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffsegregate">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Segregate+and+other+genera&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Fdaffsegregate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1978-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1978_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1978_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1978_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb1978">Webb 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1875" class="citation book cs1">Baker, JG (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA61">Review of the genus Narcissus</a>. pp. 61–86. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+genus+Narcissus&rft.pages=61-86&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxdBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFBurbidge1875">Burbidge (1875)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullen-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2011" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC&pg=PA207">"Narcissus"</a>. In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey (eds.). The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass: Vol. 1. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 205 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521761475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521761475"><bdi>978-0521761475</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=The+European+Garden+Flora%2C+Flowering+Plants%3A+A+Manual+for+the+Identification+of+Plants+Cultivated+in+Europe%2C+Both+Out-of-Doors+and+Under+Glass%3A+Vol.+1.+Alismataceae+to+Orchidaceae&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=205+ff&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521761475&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkxWrDqtWLQC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens2015-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens2015_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevens2015">Stevens 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gage-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Gage_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGageWilkinChaseHawkins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gage, Ewan; Wilkin, Paul; Chase, Mark W.; Hawkins, Julie (June 2011). "Phylogenetic systematics of Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) based on plastid and ITS sequence data". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (2): 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2011.01138.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01138.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84007862">84007862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+systematics+of+Sternbergia+%28Amaryllidaceae%29+based+on+plastid+and+ITS+sequence+data&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2011.01138.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84007862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Paul&rft.au=Chase%2C+Mark+W.&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zonneveld-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld_51-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZonneveld2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" title="Ben Zonneveld">Zonneveld, B. J. M.</a> (24 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1">"The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1">10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F13962">1887/13962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+systematic+value+of+nuclear+DNA+content+for+all+species+of+Narcissus+L.+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=109-132&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F13962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1&rft.aulast=Zonneveld&rft.aufirst=B.+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00606-008-0015-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandes68-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes68_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes68_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes68_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes1968" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, A. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf">"Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L."</a> (PDF). Daffodil and Tulip Year Book. Vol. 33. pp. 37–66. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keys+to+the+identification+of+native+and+naturalized+taxa+of+the+genus+Narcissus+L.&rft.btitle=Daffodil+and+Tulip+Year+Book&rft.pages=37-66&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FFernandes-Keys-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandes75-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes75_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes1975" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1975/Anales_32(3)_0843_0872.pdf">"L'évolution chez le genre Narcissus L."</a> (PDF). Anales del Instituto Botanico Antonio Jose Cavanilles. 32: 843–872. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091534/http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/ficheros/documentos/pdf/anales/1975/Anales_32(3)_0843_0872.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+del+Instituto+Botanico+Antonio+Jose+Cavanilles&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9volution+chez+le+genre+Narcissus+L.&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=843-872&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjb.csic.es%2Fjardinbotanico%2Fficheros%2Fdocumentos%2Fpdf%2Fanales%2F1975%2FAnales_32%283%29_0843_0872.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandes51-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes51_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandes51_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes1951" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, A (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151144/http://bibdigital.bot.uc.pt/obras/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72_item1/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25_item1/P119.html">"Sur la phylogenie des especes du genre Narcissus L."</a> Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II. 25: 113–190. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.bot.uc.pt/obras/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72_item1/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25_item1/P119.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boletim+da+Sociedade+Broteriana+II&rft.atitle=Sur+la+phylogenie+des+especes+du+genre+Narcissus+L.&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=113-190&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.bot.uc.pt%2Fobras%2FUCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72%2FUCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72_item1%2FUCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25%2FUCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25_item1%2FP119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanchard-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanchard_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1990" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, J. W. (1990). Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900048531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900048531"><bdi>978-0900048531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus%3A+a+guide+to+wild+daffodils&rft.place=Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Alpine+Garden+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0900048531&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrelevy.net/narcissus/">"Key to the sections (following Blanchard 1990)"</a>. André Levy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023052155/http://www.andrelevy.net/narcissus/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+to+the+sections+%28following+Blanchard+1990%29&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Levy.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrelevy.net%2Fnarcissus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, F. G. (January 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Daffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf">"Narcissus species and wild hybrids"</a> (PDF). Amer. Hort. Mag. 45 (1): 47–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131613/http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Daffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amer.+Hort.+Mag.&rft.atitle=Narcissus+species+and+wild+hybrids&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-76&rft.date=1966-01&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDaffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Horticultural_Society1966">American Horticultural Society (1966)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSBC-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHSBC_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSBC_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffbotanical">"Botanical Classification"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. 23 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215838/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffbotanical">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botanical+Classification&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Fdaffbotanical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santos-Gally-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos-Gally_59-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos-GallyVargasArroyo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/708994">"Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02526.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82002008">82002008</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Insights+into+Neogene+Mediterranean+biogeography+based+on+phylogenetic+relationships+of+mountain+and+lowland+lineages+of+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=782-798&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02526.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82002008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Santos-Gally&rft.aufirst=Roc%C3%ADo&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F708994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronsted2008-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronsted2008_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronsted2008_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRønstedSavolainenMølgaardJäger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rønsted, Nina; Savolainen, Vincent; Mølgaard, Per; Jäger, Anna K. (May–June 2008). "Phylogenetic selection of Narcissus species for drug discovery". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (5–6): 417–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.12.010">10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+selection+of+Narcissus+species+for+drug+discovery&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=417-422&rft.date=2008-05%2F2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.12.010&rft.aulast=R%C3%B8nsted&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Vincent&rft.au=M%C3%B8lgaard%2C+Per&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Anna+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCasas2008-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FCasas2008_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FCasas2008_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Casas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf">"Narcissorum notulae, X"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 547–558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020142638/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontqueria&rft.atitle=Narcissorum+notulae%2C+X&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=547-558&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Casas&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2FPDF%2FFontqueria_55_67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1784[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid03gZAAAAYAAJqnarcissuspgPA316_p.316]-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinné1784[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid03gZAAAAYAAJqnarcissuspgPA316_p.316]_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinné1784">Linné 1784</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03gZAAAAYAAJ&q=narcissus&pg=PA316">p.316</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1819-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1819_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1819">Wilkes 1819</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Erhardt-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Erhardt_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhardt1993" class="citation book cs1">Erhardt, Walter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_feiAAAACAAJ">Narzissen : Osterglocken, Jonquillen, Tazetten</a>. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): E. Ulmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3800164899" title="Special:BookSources/978-3800164899"><bdi>978-3800164899</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narzissen+%3A+Osterglocken%2C+Jonquillen%2C+Tazetten&rft.place=Stuttgart+%28Hohenheim%29&rft.pub=E.+Ulmer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3800164899&rft.aulast=Erhardt&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_feiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSIRA-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHSIRA_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSIRA_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSIRA_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration">"Daffodil cultivar registration"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006154332/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+cultivar+registration&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fplantsmanship%2Fplant-registration%2Fdaffodil-cultivar-registration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSIRAS-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHSIRAS_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHSIRAS_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/daffodilregister/daffsearch.asp">"Search The International Daffodil Register & Classified List"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014134908/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/daffodilregister/daffsearch.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+The+International+Daffodil+Register+%26+Classified+List&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.rhs.org.uk%2Fhorticulturaldatabase%2Fdaffodilregister%2Fdaffsearch.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCSP_Narcissus-67"><a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_Narcissus_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 2016-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fqsearch.do%3FplantName%3DNarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSbotnames-68"><a href="#cite_ref-RHSbotnames_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffalpha">"Botanical names in the genus Narcissus"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020214113/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffalpha">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Botanical+names+in+the+genus+Narcissus&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Fdaffalpha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=narcissus1">narcissus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_70-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkissos">νάρκισσος</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OEtymD-71"><a href="#cite_ref-OEtymD_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=narcissus">"narcissus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=narcissus&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dnarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkeh">νάρκη</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prior-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prior_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prior_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prior_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prior_73-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrior1870">Prior 1870</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA163">163</a>, "Narcissus" </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert</a> (2010) [2009]. "<a href="/wiki/S.v." class="mw-redirect" title="S.v.">s.v.</a> νάρκισσος". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Vol. 2. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004174184" title="Special:BookSources/9789004174184"><bdi>9789004174184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=s.v.+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Ancient+Greek+%28to+1453%29-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22grc%22%3E%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Ancient+Greek+%28to+1453%29-language+text&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=997&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004174184&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOED-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOED_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOED_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOED_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOED_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925035143/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/narcissus">Shorter Oxford English dictionary</a> (6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199206872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199206872"><bdi>978-0199206872</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/narcissus">the original</a> on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Oxford+English+dictionary&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=3804&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199206872&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fnarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> American usage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043752/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/narcissus">the original</a> on 2014-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fnarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dweck-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck_76-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDweck" class="citation book cs1">Dweck, A. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf">The folklore of Narcissus</a> (PDF). pp. 19–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095738/http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+folklore+of+Narcissus&rft.pages=19-29&rft.aulast=Dweck&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dweckdata.co.uk%2FPublished_papers%2FNarcissus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFHanks2002">Hanks (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groom1997-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Groom1997_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Groom1997" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Groom (30 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYrDPqLVD-kC&pg=PA225">The New Perfume Handbook</a>. Springer. pp. 225–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0403-6"><bdi>978-0-7514-0403-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102092936/http://books.google.com/books?id=UYrDPqLVD-kC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Perfume+Handbook&rft.pages=225-226&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6&rft.au=Nigel+Groom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYrDPqLVD-kC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=narka/w">ναρκάω</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation web cs1">Pausanias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9">"9. Boeotia"</a>. pp. 31: 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027003610/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.+Boeotia&rft.pages=31%3A+9&rft.au=Pausanias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0160%253Abook%253D9%253Achapter%253D31%253Asection%253D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFPausanias1918">Pausanias (1918)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardener-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardener_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA718">"Tongues in trees"</a>. Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist vol VI, III series, No 156. London: Haymarket Publishing. 21 December 1889. p. 718. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tongues+in+trees&rft.btitle=Gardeners+Chronicle+%26+New+Horticulturist+vol+VI%2C+III+series%2C+No+156&rft.place=London&rft.pages=718&rft.pub=Haymarket+Publishing&rft.date=1889-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_M9AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obel-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Obel_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_l'Obel1591" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">de l'Obel, Matthias</a> (1591). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37876#page/119/mode/1up">Icones stirpium</a>. Antwerp: Ex officina plantiniana :Apud Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. pp. 112–122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101165832/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37876#page/119/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icones+stirpium&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pages=112-122&rft.pub=Ex+officina+plantiniana+%3AApud+Viduam+et+Ioannem+Moretum&rft.date=1591&rft.aulast=de+l%27Obel&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F37876%23page%2F119%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClusius1576[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30856page247mode1up_De_Narcisso,_ii],_pp._245-25]-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClusius1576[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30856page247mode1up_De_Narcisso,_ii],_pp._245-25]_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClusius1576">Clusius 1576</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30856#page/247/mode/1up">De Narcisso, ii</a>, pp. 245-25]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/narcissus">"narcissus"</a>. Cambridge Dictionaries online. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108001715/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/narcissus">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionaries+online&rft.atitle=narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Fnarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Webster_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissus">"narcissus"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129184405/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissus">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Garner_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&pg=PA559">"narcissus"</a>. Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199888771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199888771"><bdi>978-0199888771</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=narcissus&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+American+Usage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=559&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199888771&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwmQpyibKkAC%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2008" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvSAl4Ng8SYC&pg=PA455">"narcissus"</a>. Pocket Fowler's Modern English usage (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199232581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199232581"><bdi>978-0199232581</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=narcissus&rft.btitle=Pocket+Fowler%27s+Modern+English+usage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=455&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199232581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvSAl4Ng8SYC%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=daffodil">"daffodil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=daffodil&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Ddaffodil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)sfo/delos">ἀσφόδελος</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=asphodel">"asphodel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=asphodel&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dasphodel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reece-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Reece_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reece, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/811">"Homer's Asphodel Meadow"</a>. 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University of Florida IFAS Extension Edis. University of Florida. 17 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320055317/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp423">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2016-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Florida+IFAS+Extension+Edis&rft.atitle=University+of+Florida+IFAS+Extension+Edis&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Ffp423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PERLENBACH-99"><a href="#cite_ref-PERLENBACH_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrw-stiftung.de/projekte/projekt.php?pid=19">"Perlenbach- und Fuhrtsbachtal bei Höfen: Narzissenreiche Bachtäler in der Westeifel"</a>. Nordrhein-Westfalen-Stiftung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429065329/http://www.nrw-stiftung.de/projekte/projekt.php?pid=19">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perlenbach-+und+Fuhrtsbachtal+bei+H%C3%B6fen%3A+Narzissenreiche+Bacht%C3%A4ler+in+der+Westeifel&rft.pub=Nordrhein-Westfalen-Stiftung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrw-stiftung.de%2Fprojekte%2Fprojekt.php%3Fpid%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedrano2008-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedrano2008_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedrano2008">Medrano 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydBarrett1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHgFA7mFHp2QCpgPA344_Barrett_S,_Lloyd_D._Stylar_polymorphisms_and_the_evolution_of_heterostyly_in_''Narcissus''_(Amaryllidaceae)],_p._344_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloydBarrett1995">Lloyd & Barrett 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC&pg=PA344">Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanRohde1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpU9Mz--9wwoCpgPA286_Longidorus_transmitted_viruses],_p._286-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanRohde1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpU9Mz--9wwoCpgPA286_Longidorus_transmitted_viruses],_p._286_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanRohde1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpU9Mz--9wwoCpgPA286_Longidorus_transmitted_viruses],_p._286_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuckermanRohde1981">Zuckerman & Rohde 1981</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9Mz--9wwoC&pg=PA286">Longidorus transmitted viruses</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPNW2014-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPNW2014_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPNW2014_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPNW2014">PNW 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013">Berniak, Komorowska & Sochacki 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsjes1996-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsjes1996_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsjes1996">Asjes 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2013[httpwwwdpvwebnetnotessearchphp_''Find_Viruses'':_Narcissus]_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2013">Adams 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/search.php">Find Viruses: Narcissus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3gbPsC7i1IICpgPA3_Viruses],_p._3-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3gbPsC7i1IICpgPA3_Viruses],_p._3_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gbPsC7i1IIC&pg=PA3">Viruses</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._A._Brunt1976" class="citation web cs1">A. A. Brunt (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=170">"Narcissus latent virus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus+latent+virus&rft.date=1976&rft.au=A.+A.+Brunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpvweb.net%2Fdpv%2Fshowdpv.php%3Fdpvno%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFAdams2013">Adams 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2007-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2007_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2007_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2007">Chen 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988a-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988a_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988a">Mowat, Duncan & Dawson 1988a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988b-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMowatDuncanDawson1988b_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988b">Mowat, Duncan & Dawson 1988b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._P._MowatC._J._AsjesA._A._Brunt1976" class="citation web cs1">W. P. Mowat; C. J. Asjes; A. A. Brunt (September 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=166">"Narcissus tip necrosis virus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus+tip+necrosis+virus&rft.date=1976-09&rft.au=W.+P.+Mowat&rft.au=C.+J.+Asjes&rft.au=A.+A.+Brunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpvweb.net%2Fdpv%2Fshowdpv.php%3Fdpvno%3D166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFAdams2013">Adams 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA108_108]_114-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012">Okubo & Sochacki 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA108">108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen2006-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen2006_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen2006">Chen 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaki1974-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaki1974_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaki1974">Iwaki 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwaki1972-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaki1972_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwaki1972_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIwaki1972">Iwaki 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaffodil_Society2014[httpthedaffodilsocietycomwordpressa-guide-to-dafodilspests-diseases_Pests_&_Diseases]_118-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaffodil_Society2014">Daffodil Society 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedaffodilsociety.com/wordpress/a-guide-to-dafodils/pests-diseases/">Pests & Diseases</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCIPM2009_119-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFUCIPM2009">UCIPM 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID149_Daffodil_viruses]-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID149_Daffodil_viruses]_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2014">RHS 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=149">Daffodil viruses</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilepid222_Narcissus_basal_rot]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilepid222_Narcissus_basal_rot]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2014">RHS 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=222">Narcissus basal rot</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanks1996-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanks1996_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanks1996">Hanks 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanksCarder2003-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanksCarder2003_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanksCarder2003">Hanks & Carder 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'NeillMansfield1980-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'NeillMansfield1980_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'NeillMansfield1980">O'Neill & Mansfield 1980</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong2007-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong2007_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHong2007">Hong 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirone1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdiseasespestsofo0000piropage366_Narcissus],_p._366-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirone1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdiseasespestsofo0000piropage366_Narcissus],_p._366_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPirone1978">Pirone 1978</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diseasespestsofo0000piro/page/366">Narcissus</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorst2013[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-007-6049-3_17_Narcissus],_pp._95–96-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorst2013[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-007-6049-3_17_Narcissus],_pp._95–96_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorst2013[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-007-6049-3_17_Narcissus],_pp._95–96_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorst2013">Horst 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6049-3_17">Narcissus</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoerema1989_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoerema1989">Boerema 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantell1973-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMantell1973_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMantell1973">Mantell 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1959[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_M8AAAAIAAJpgPA343_''Sclerotinia_polyblastis''_p.343]-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1959[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI_M8AAAAIAAJpgPA343_''Sclerotinia_polyblastis''_p.343]_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore1959">Moore 1959</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_M8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA343">Sclerotinia polyblastis p.343</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElad2007-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElad2007_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElad2007">Elad 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1939" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory, P.H. 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Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 23 (1): 24–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0007-1536%2839%2980013-4">10.1016/s0007-1536(39)80013-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+British+Mycological+Society&rft.atitle=The+life+history+of+Ramularia+Vallisumbrosae+Cav.+on+Narcissus&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-54&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0007-1536%2839%2980013-4&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanLeeuwen-133"><a href="#cite_ref-vanLeeuwen_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwen2014" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwen, Paul J (October 2014). 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California Plant Pathology. Winter (50): 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129150221/http://hortscans.ces.ncsu.edu/library/floriculture/doc_id/276/Protea-Nursery-Production-Trial.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Leaf+scorch+of+Narcissus%3A+progress+report&rft.volume=Winter&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=McCain&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Pyeatt%2C+L&rft.au=Pierce%2C+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhortscans.ces.ncsu.edu%2Flibrary%2Ffloriculture%2Fdoc_id%2F276%2FProtea-Nursery-Production-Trial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID735_Narcissus_leaf_scorch]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID735_Narcissus_leaf_scorch]_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2014">RHS 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=735">Narcissus leaf scorch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrous2011-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrous2011_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrous2011">Crous 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Creager-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Creager_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreagerSpruijt1935" class="citation journal cs1">Creager, D. B.; Spruijt, F. J. (December 1935). "The relation of certain fungi to larval development of Eumerus tuberculatus Rond. (Syrphidae, Diptera)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 28 (4): 425–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F28.4.425">10.1093/aesa/28.4.425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+relation+of+certain+fungi+to+larval+development+of+Eumerus+tuberculatus+Rond.+%28Syrphidae%2C+Diptera%29.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-437&rft.date=1935-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faesa%2F28.4.425&rft.aulast=Creager&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Spruijt%2C+F.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID657_Narcissus_bulb_fly]-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID657_Narcissus_bulb_fly]_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2014">RHS 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=657">Narcissus bulb fly</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMAFF1970-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMAFF1970_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMAFF1970">MAFF 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGratwick1992[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-011-1490-5_66_Bulb_scale_mite],_pp._334–337-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGratwick1992[httpslinkspringercomchapter101007978-94-011-1490-5_66_Bulb_scale_mite],_pp._334–337_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGratwick1992">Gratwick 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_66">Bulb scale mite</a>, pp. 334–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorSpiegel1993-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorSpiegel1993_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorSpiegel1993_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorSpiegel1993">Mor & Spiegel 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID659_narcissus_eelworm]-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2014[httpswwwrhsorgukadviceprofilePID659_narcissus_eelworm]_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRHS2014">RHS 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=659">narcissus eelworm</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA107_107]_143-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012">Okubo & Sochacki 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA107">107</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERavichandra2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOfS_AwAAQBAJpgPA376_Stem_and_bulb_nematode_(''Ditylenchus_dipsaci'')],_pp._11,_94,_376-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERavichandra2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOfS_AwAAQBAJpgPA376_Stem_and_bulb_nematode_(''Ditylenchus_dipsaci'')],_pp._11,_94,_376_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRavichandra2014">Ravichandra 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OfS_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">Stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci)</a>, pp. 11, 94, 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2013-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2013_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2013_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2013">Singh 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlootweg1956-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlootweg1956_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlootweg1956">Slootweg 1956</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanks-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanks_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, G. R. Commercial production of Narcissus bulbs. pp. 53–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+production+of+Narcissus+bulbs&rft.pages=53-130&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFHanks2002">Hanks (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldas,_F.B.Moreno_Saiz,_J.C.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Caldas, F.B.; Moreno Saiz, J.C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161899/5510855">"Narcissus cyclamineus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2011: e.T161899A5510855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161899A5510855.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161899A5510855.en</a>. Retrieved 2021-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Narcissus+cyclamineus&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T161899A5510855&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T161899A5510855.en&rft.au=Caldas%2C+F.B.&rft.au=Moreno+Saiz%2C+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F161899%2F5510855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJjRAAAAAcAAJpgPA96_Lib._I_De_Plantis_bulbosis._cap._XVIII_Narcissus._V._Cultura],_p._96-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJjRAAAAAcAAJpgPA96_Lib._I_De_Plantis_bulbosis._cap._XVIII_Narcissus._V._Cultura],_p._96_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLauremberg1632">Lauremberg 1632</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96">Lib. I De Plantis bulbosis. cap. XVIII Narcissus. V. Cultura</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrelage1890-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrelage1890_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrelage1890_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrelage1890">Krelage 1890</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA103_103]_151-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012">Okubo & Sochacki 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zonneveld11-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld11_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zonneveld11_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZonneveld2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zonneveld, B.J.M. (8 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219">"The involvement of Narcissus hispanicus Gouan in the origin of Narcissus bujei and of cultivated trumpet daffodils (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 67 (1): 29–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219">10.3989/ajbm.2219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+del+Jard%C3%ADn+Bot%C3%A1nico+de+Madrid&rft.atitle=The+involvement+of+Narcissus+hispanicus+Gouan+in+the+origin+of+Narcissus+bujei+and+of+cultivated+trumpet+daffodils+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-39&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fajbm.2219&rft.aulast=Zonneveld&rft.aufirst=B.J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Fajbm.2219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoorenbos1954-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoorenbos1954_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoorenbos1954">Doorenbos 1954</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1562" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">Turner, William</a> (1562). "Of Narcissus". A New Herball - The Seconde Parte. pp. 61–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Narcissus&rft.btitle=A+New+Herball+-+The+Seconde+Parte&rft.pages=61-62&rft.date=1562&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFTurner1995">Turner (1995)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA7_p._7]-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA7_p._7]_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884">Barr & Burbidge 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7">p. 7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesbitt2005-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Nesbitt2005_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Nesbitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Mark Nesbitt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ejo63Wk5rgC&pg=PA698">The Cultural History of Plants</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 267–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92746-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92746-8"><bdi>978-0-415-92746-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92746-8&rft.au=Mark+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ejo63Wk5rgC%26pg%3DPA698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen91_Daffodils],_p._73_157-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllacombe1884">Ellacombe 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog/page/n91">Daffodils</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Paeonia-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Paeonia_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paeon.de/h1/camerar/1.html">"Camerarius, J. (the younger)"</a>. Carsten Burkhardt's Web Project Paeonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014233105/http://www.paeon.de/h1/camerar/1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carsten+Burkhardt%27s+Web+Project+Paeonia&rft.atitle=Camerarius%2C+J.+%28the+younger%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paeon.de%2Fh1%2Fcamerar%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camerarius-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Camerarius_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11111583?page=124">Narcissus</a>. pp. 104–105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016215356/http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11111583_00124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft.pages=104-105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Fview%2Fbsb11111583%3Fpage%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFCamerarius1588">Camerarius (1588)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besler-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Besler_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98364#page/61/mode/1up">Classis vernae: Narcissus</a>. 1640. pp. 50–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028030655/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98364#page/61/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classis+vernae%3A+Narcissus&rft.pages=50-56&rft.date=1640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F98364%23page%2F61%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFBesler1613">Besler (1613)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauremberg1632_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLauremberg1632">Lauremberg 1632</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddqxBAAAAIAAJpgPA8_Preface],_p._8_162-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884">Barr & Burbidge 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8">Preface</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1597[httpsarchiveorgstreammobot31753000817749page108mode2up_i._caps_75–76,_pp._108–116]-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerard1597[httpsarchiveorgstreammobot31753000817749page108mode2up_i._caps_75–76,_pp._108–116]_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerard1597">Gerard 1597</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000817749#page/108/mode/2up">i. caps 75–76, pp. 108–116</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUVA2007-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUVA2007_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUVA2007">UVA 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page77mode1up_''Narcissus''._The_Daffodil._pp.&nbsp;67–108]-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page77mode1up_''Narcissus''._The_Daffodil._pp.&nbsp;67–108]_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkinson1629">Parkinson 1629</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30647#page/77/mode/1up">Narcissus. The Daffodil. pp. 67–108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page113mode1up_p.&nbsp;103]-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page113mode1up_p.&nbsp;103]_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkinson1629[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem30647page113mode1up_p.&nbsp;103]_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParkinson1629">Parkinson 1629</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30647#page/113/mode/1up">p. 103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale1757[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem131789page585mode1up_pp._495–496]-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale1757[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem131789page585mode1up_pp._495–496]_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale1757[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem131789page585mode1up_pp._495–496]_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHale1757">Hale 1757</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131789#page/585/mode/1up">pp. 495–496</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddock1792-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddock1792_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaddock1792">Maddock 1792</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_et_fils1760[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-3ZYAAAAcAAJpgPA96_p._96]-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_et_fils1760[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-3ZYAAAAcAAJpgPA96_p._96]_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Kampen_et_fils1760">van Kampen et fils 1760</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96">p. 96</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_&_Son1764[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDIYmAQAAMAAJpgPA80_p._80]-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Kampen_&_Son1764[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDIYmAQAAMAAJpgPA80_p._80]_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Kampen_&_Son1764">van Kampen & Son 1764</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIYmAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA80">p. 80</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1735[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem71189page177mode1up_vol._ii_Narcissus]-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1735[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem71189page177mode1up_vol._ii_Narcissus]_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1735">Miller 1735</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71189#page/177/mode/1up">vol. ii Narcissus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJustice1771[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem69306page366mode1up_The_Gardiner's_new_Director_p._304]-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJustice1771[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem69306page366mode1up_The_Gardiner's_new_Director_p._304]_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJustice1771">Justice 1771</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/69306#page/366/mode/1up">The Gardiner's new Director p. 304</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen94_Daffodils],_p._76_173-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllacombe1884">Ellacombe 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog/page/n94">Daffodils</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-DaffConf-174"><a href="#cite_ref-DaffConf_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1884" class="citation book cs1">Barr (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ&q=narcissus%20queltia&pg=PA32">The Daffodil Conference</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daffodil+Conference&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqxBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnarcissus%2520queltia%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884">Barr & Burbidge (1884</a>, p. 32) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992">Huxley, Griffiths & Levy 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanaLerner2001_176-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanaLerner2001">Dana & Lerner 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrinklein2007-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrinklein2007_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrinklein2007_177-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrinklein2007">Trinklein 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNLA-178"><a href="#cite_ref-CNLA_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadanursery.com/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=880">"R. Bulbs, Corms and Tubers: 16.6 Narcissus And Daffodils"</a>. Canadian Nursery Landscape Association. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014225105/http://www.canadanursery.com/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=880">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Nursery+Landscape+Association&rft.atitle=R.+Bulbs%2C+Corms+and+Tubers%3A+16.6+Narcissus+And+Daffodils&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadanursery.com%2FPage.asp%3FPageID%3D122%26ContentID%3D880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBfb1T6QbfaACpg251_''Narcissus''_p.&nbsp;251]-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBfb1T6QbfaACpg251_''Narcissus''_p.&nbsp;251]_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2006">Singh 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&pg=251">Narcissus p. 251</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbergs2008-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbergs2008_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbergs2008">Steinbergs 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChow1993-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChow1993_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChow1993">Chow 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA105_105]-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkuboSochacki2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5B-ucdbgA3wCpgPA105_105]_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012">Okubo & Sochacki 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA105">105</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kington-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Kington_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKington1998" class="citation book cs1">Kington, Sally (1998). The International Daffodil Register and Classified List 1998. London: Royal Horticultural Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1874431695" title="Special:BookSources/978-1874431695"><bdi>978-1874431695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Daffodil+Register+and+Classified+List+1998&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1874431695&rft.aulast=Kington&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSClass-184"><a href="#cite_ref-RHSClass_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffhortclass">"Horticultural Classification of Narcissus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911184144/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffhortclass">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Classification+of+Narcissus&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Fdaffhortclass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kington2008-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kington2008_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kington2008_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKington2014" class="citation book cs1">Kington, Sally (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/Plant-register-supplements/Daffodils/6th-Daffodil-Supplement">The Daffodil Register And Classified List (2008). 6th supplement</a>. United Kingdom: Royal Horticultural Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907057502" title="Special:BookSources/9781907057502"><bdi>9781907057502</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110010101/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/Plant-register-supplements/Daffodils/6th-Daffodil-Supplement">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-10. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daffodil+Register+And+Classified+List+%282008%29.+6th+supplement&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781907057502&rft.aulast=Kington&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2FPlant-register-supplements%2FDaffodils%2F6th-Daffodil-Supplement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDRI-186"><a href="#cite_ref-IDRI_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffregister2008.pdf">"Introduction to The International Daffodil Register and Classified List 2008"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207171036/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffregister2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+The+International+Daffodil+Register+and+Classified+List+2008&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Fdaffregister2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBThalia-187"><a href="#cite_ref-BBThalia_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015155023/https://store.brentandbeckysbulbs.com/--spring/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/Thalia/Daffodil/sku-01-0503">"Thalia"</a>. Daffodils/Narcissus. Brent and Becky's Bulbs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.brentandbeckysbulbs.com/--spring/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/Thalia/Daffodil/sku-01-0503">the original</a> on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daffodils%2FNarcissus&rft.atitle=Thalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.brentandbeckysbulbs.com%2F--spring%2FAmaryllidaceae%2FNarcissus%2FThalia%2FDaffodil%2Fsku-01-0503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB14-188"><a href="#cite_ref-BB14_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015080916/https://store.brentandbeckysbulbs.com/spring/genus.php?genusid=44&division=D14">"Division 14 - Miniatures"</a>. Daffodils/Narcissus. Brent and Becky's Bulbs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.brentandbeckysbulbs.com/spring/genus.php?genusid=44&division=D14">the original</a> on 2014-10-15. 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BBC News. 3 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508140354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/suffolk/8031344.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pupils+ill+after+bulb+put+in+soup&rft.date=2009-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fsuffolk%2F8031344.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1987" class="citation book cs1">Martin, S.F. (1987). "3: The Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids". In Brossi, Arnold (ed.). The Alkaloids. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. Vol. 30. 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Paghat's Garden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063316/http://www.paghat.com/narcissusthalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paghat%27s+Garden&rft.atitle=%27Thalia%27%2C+White+Miniature%2C+Angel+Tears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paghat.com%2Fnarcissusthalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandeler-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kandeler_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandeler_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandeler_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandeler_211-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandelerUllrich2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp012">10.1093/jxb/erp012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264756">19264756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Symbolism+of+plants%3A+examples+from+European-Mediterranean+culture+presented+with+biology+and+history+of+art%3A+FEBRUARY%3A+Sea-daffodil+and+narcissus&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-355&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19264756&rft.aulast=Kandeler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Ullrich%2C+W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJashemskiMeyer2002131-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJashemskiMeyer2002131_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJashemskiMeyer2002">Jashemski & Meyer 2002</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBook_of_Isaiah1611" class="citation book cs1">Book of Isaiah (1611). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+35%3A1-10&version=KJV">"XXXV"</a> (line 1). Holy Bible (King James Version ed.). Retrieved 2014-10-08. <q>The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXV&rft.btitle=Holy+Bible&rft.edition=King+James+Version&rft.date=1611&rft.au=Book+of+Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DIsaiah%2B35%253A1-10%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock-214"><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1889" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rUqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA128">"Rose"</a>. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Vol. IX RH-ST. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 128. Retrieved 2014-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rose&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature%2C+Vol.+IX+RH-ST&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rUqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFI1-215"><a href="#cite_ref-WFI1_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=249">"Narcissus tazetta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013021803/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=249">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus+tazetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildflowers.co.il%2Fenglish%2Fplant.asp%3FID%3D249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFGoldEshelPlotnizki2014">Gold, Eshel & Plotnizki (2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFI2-216"><a href="#cite_ref-WFI2_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/protectedIndex.asp">"Endangered and Protected Species"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025132736/http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/protectedIndex.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+and+Protected+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildflowers.co.il%2Fenglish%2FprotectedIndex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFGoldEshelPlotnizki2014">Gold, Eshel & Plotnizki (2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruskin-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Alan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/ruskinlib/Pages/persephone.html">"Ruskin and the Persephone Myth"</a>. Lancaster University: Ruskin Library. Retrieved 2014-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruskin+and+the+Persephone+Myth&rft.pub=Lancaster+University%3A+Ruskin+Library&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Fusers%2Fruskinlib%2FPages%2Fpersephone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECyrino2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddhv2AV3eTsUCpgPA63_p._63]-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECyrino2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddhv2AV3eTsUCpgPA63_p._63]_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCyrino2010">Cyrino 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhv2AV3eTsUC&pg=PA63">p. 63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DemeterNagy-219"><a href="#cite_ref-DemeterNagy_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Nagy_(trans.)" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Nagy (trans.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/demeter.html">"Homeric Hymn to Demeter"</a> (line 428). <a href="/wiki/Casey_Du%C3%A9_Hackney" title="Casey Dué Hackney">Casey Dué Hackney</a>, University of Houston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010140456/http://www.uh.edu/%7Ecldue/texts/demeter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Casey+Du%C3%A9+Hackney%2C+University+of+Houston&rft.atitle=Homeric+Hymn+to+Demeter&rft.au=Gregory+Nagy+%28trans.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2F~cldue%2Ftexts%2Fdemeter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA186_p._186]-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA186_p._186]_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkantonatos2002">Markantonatos 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">p. 186</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OedCol-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OedCol_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OedCol_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophocles1889" class="citation book cs1">Sophocles (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C&pg=PA114">Oedipus at Colonus</a> (line 683).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oedipus+at+Colonus&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Sophocles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW_HUe5xe20C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFJebb1889">Jebb (1889)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA206_pp._206–207]-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkantonatos2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfaciAAAAQBAJpgPA206_pp._206–207]_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkantonatos2002">Markantonatos 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">pp. 206–207</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch2014" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009023532/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter3.html#section24">"Symposiacs"</a>. The complete works of Plutarch: essays and miscellanies, New York: Crowell, 1909. Vol.III. Book III c.1. University of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter3.html#section24">the original</a> on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symposiacs&rft.btitle=The+complete+works+of+Plutarch%3A+essays+and+miscellanies%2C+New+York%3A+Crowell%2C+1909.+Vol.III.+Book+III+c.1&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fp%2Fplutarch%2Fsymposiacs%2Fchapter3.html%23section24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschus1919l._65-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoschus1919l._65_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoschus1919">Moschus 1919</a>, l. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarley1877-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarley1877_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEarley1877">Earley 1877</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheocritusBionMoschus1880[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3okOAAAAQAAJpgPA183_Moschus._Idyll_II,_Europa_and_the_Bull_(pp._181–187)_at_p._183]-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheocritusBionMoschus1880[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3okOAAAAQAAJpgPA183_Moschus._Idyll_II,_Europa_and_the_Bull_(pp._181–187)_at_p._183]_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheocritusBionMoschus1880">Theocritus, Bion & Moschus 1880</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3okOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA183">Moschus. Idyll II, Europa and the Bull (pp. 181–187) at p. 183</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer1-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Homer1_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538">"11"</a> (line 539). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. <q>over the field of asphodel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press+1919&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0136%253Abook%253D11%253Acard%253D538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomerGrk1-228"><a href="#cite_ref-HomerGrk1_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538">"11"</a> (line 539). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. <q>ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press+1919&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0135%253Abook%253D11%253Acard%253D538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer2-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Homer2_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1">"24"</a> (line 14). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. <q>came to the mead of asphodel, where the spirits dwell</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press+1919&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0136%253Abook%253D24%253Acard%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomerGrk2-230"><a href="#cite_ref-HomerGrk2_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1">Homer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1">"24"</a> (line 14). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. <q>ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα, ἔνθα τε ναίουσι ψυχαί, εἴδωλα καμόντων</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press+1919&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0135%253Abook%253D24%253Acard%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asphodel">"Asphodel"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Asphodel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fasphodel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucian1-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucian1_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian1925" class="citation book cs1">Lucian (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D11">"11"</a> (line 2). In Harmon, A. M. (ed.). Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία (Harvard University Press ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-09. <q>ἀσφοδέλῳ κατάφυτον</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82+%E1%BC%A2+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0454%253Asection%253D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucian2-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucian2_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian1925" class="citation book cs1">Lucian (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D21">"21"</a> (line 10). In Harmon, A. M. (ed.). Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία (Harvard University Press ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-09. <q>ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21&rft.btitle=%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82+%E1%BC%A2+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.edition=Harvard+University+Press&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0454%253Asection%253D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LucianEng-235"><a href="#cite_ref-LucianEng_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian" class="citation web cs1">Lucian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl1/wl176.htm">"MENIPPUS: A NECROMANTIC EXPERIMENT"</a>. Sacred Texts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125132/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl1/wl176.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Texts&rft.atitle=MENIPPUS%3A+A+NECROMANTIC+EXPERIMENT&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Fluc%2Fwl1%2Fwl176.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonVirgil1-236"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonVirgil1_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1770" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Vergilius Maro">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155">Georgics IV</a> (line 122). p. 155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227164522/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgics+IV&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1770&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-opAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770">Vergilius Maro (1770)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonVirgil2-237"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonVirgil2_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1770" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Vergilius Maro">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157">Georgics IV</a> (line 159). p. 157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227164525/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgics+IV&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1770&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-opAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770">Vergilius Maro (1770)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lycidas-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Lycidas_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Milton1637" class="citation web cs1">John Milton, John (1637). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/lycidas/text.shtml">"Lycidas"</a>. The Milton Reading Room. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025170654/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/lycidas/text.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Milton+Reading+Room&rft.atitle=Lycidas&rft.date=1637&rft.aulast=John+Milton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~milton%2Freading_room%2Flycidas%2Ftext.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonVirgil5-239"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonVirgil5_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1770" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Vergilius Maro">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9">Eclogues II</a> (line 48). p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227164529/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclogues+II&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1770&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-opAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770">Vergilius Maro (1770)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsonVirgil3-240"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsonVirgil3_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1770" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Vergilius Maro">Publius Vergilius Maro</a> (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24">Eclogues V</a> (line 38). p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclogues+V&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1770&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-opAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770">Vergilius Maro (1770)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovidmet-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Ovidmet_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation web cs1">Ovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met3.shtml">"Metamorphosis: Book 3"</a>. The Latin Library. p. 509. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702135927/http://thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met3.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metamorphosis%3A+Book+3&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fovid%2Fovid.met3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klinemet-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Klinemet_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2004" class="citation book cs1">Kline, Anthony S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ovidmetamorphose00ovid/page/474">Ovid's Metamorphoses in translation. Bk III</a>. Ann Arbor, MI: Borders Classics. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ovidmetamorphose00ovid/page/474">474–510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587261565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587261565"><bdi>978-1587261565</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses+in+translation.+Bk+III&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pages=474-510&rft.pub=Borders+Classics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1587261565&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fovidmetamorphose00ovid%2Fpage%2F474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovidfast-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Ovidfast_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation web cs1">Ovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm#anchor_Toc69367920">"Fasti: Book V: May 2, l"</a>. The Latin Library. p. 201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913085412/http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm#anchor_Toc69367920">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fasti%3A+Book+V%3A+May+2%2C+l&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FLatin%2FOvidFastiBkFive.htm%23anchor_Toc69367920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klinefast-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Klinefast_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2004" class="citation book cs1">Kline, Anthony S (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm">Ovid's Fasti in translation. Book V</a>. Poetry in Translation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913085412/http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFive.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+Fasti+in+translation.+Book+V&rft.pub=Poetry+in+Translation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FLatin%2FOvidFastiBkFive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panofsky-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panofsky_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panofsky_245-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanofsky1949" class="citation journal cs1">Panofsky, Dora (June 1949). "Narcissus and Echo; Notes on Poussin's Birth of Bacchus in the Fogg Museum of Art". The Art Bulletin. 31 (2): 112–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3047225">10.2307/3047225</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3047225">3047225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Narcissus+and+Echo%3B+Notes+on+Poussin%27s+Birth+of+Bacchus+in+the+Fogg+Museum+of+Art&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-120&rft.date=1949-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3047225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3047225%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panofsky&rft.aufirst=Dora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW1-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW1_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW1_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1807a" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, William (1807a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49">"I wandered lonely as a Cloud"</a>. pp. 49–50. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22I+wandered+lonely+as+a+Cloud%22&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=1807&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPA9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFWordsworth1807">Wordsworth (1807)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1823-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous1823_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnonymous1823">Anonymous 1823</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurbidge1875-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurbidge1875_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurbidge1875">Burbidge 1875</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrBurbidge1884_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884">Barr & Burbidge 1884</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllacombe1884">Ellacombe 1884</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PoetryNarcissus-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoetryNarcissus_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoetryNarcissus_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbidge1875a" class="citation book cs1">Burbidge, Frederick William (1875a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4">"Poetry of the Narcissus"</a>. pp. 4–8. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Poetry+of+the+Narcissus%22&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Burbidge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxdBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFBurbidge1875">Burbidge (1875)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffodils],_p._4-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffodils],_p._4_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllacombe1884">Ellacombe 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog/page/n92">Daffodils</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffofils],_p._74-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllacombe1884[httpsarchiveorgdetailsplantloregarden01ellagoogpagen92_Daffofils],_p._74_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllacombe1884">Ellacombe 1884</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog/page/n92">Daffofils</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeager1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmH4Q4GMyHECpgPA133_Transformations],_pp._133–135-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeager1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSmH4Q4GMyHECpgPA133_Transformations],_pp._133–135_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeager1990">Yeager 1990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmH4Q4GMyHEC&pg=PA133">Transformations</a>, pp. 133–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpenser1579[httpwwwluminariumorgrenascence-editionsaprillhtml_Aprill_''l.''_140]-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpenser1579[httpwwwluminariumorgrenascence-editionsaprillhtml_Aprill_''l.''_140]_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpenser1579">Spenser 1579</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/aprill.html">Aprill l. 140</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1623Perdita,_IV_4-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespeare1623Perdita,_IV_4_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShakespeare1623">Shakespeare 1623</a>, Perdita, IV 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrick2-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrick2_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick1846" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Robert (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LV8iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA167">To Daffadills</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Daffadills&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLV8iAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFSinger1846">Singer (1846)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrick1-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrick1_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick1846" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Robert (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LV8iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA47">Divination by a Daffadill</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divination+by+a+Daffadill&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLV8iAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFSinger1846">Singer (1846)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTrust-259"><a href="#cite_ref-WTrust_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordsworth.org.uk/daffodils.html">"Wordsworth's Daffodils"</a> (Skip any introductory screen). Wordsworth Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040421/https://wordsworth.org.uk/daffodils.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wordsworth%27s+Daffodils&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordsworth.org.uk%2Fdaffodils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2-260"><a href="#cite_ref-WW2_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1807b" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, William (1807b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPA9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115">"Foresighrt"</a>. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Foresighrt%22&rft.pages=115-116&rft.date=1807&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPA9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> In <a href="#CITEREFWordsworth1807">Wordsworth (1807)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSJTfAAAAMAAJpgPA112_112],_Issue_183,_January,_p._112-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSJTfAAAAMAAJpgPA112_112],_Issue_183,_January,_p._112_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWordsworth1853">Wordsworth 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJTfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA112">112</a>, Issue 183, January, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1802-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWordsworth1802_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWordsworth1802">Wordsworth 1802</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats1818-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats1818_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeats1818">Keats 1818</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousman1896XXIX_''The_Lent_Lily'',_1896-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousman1896XXIX_''The_Lent_Lily'',_1896_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousman1896">Housman 1896</a>, XXIX The Lent Lily, 1896. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhardt-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt1653" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Paul (1653). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0006/bsb00065813/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00065813&seite=399">"404. Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud"</a>. In Crüger, Johann (ed.). Praxis Pietatis Melica. Das ist: Übung der Gottseligkeit in Christlichen und trostreichen Gesängen. Berlin: V. Runge. pp. 779–782. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=404.+Geh+aus%2C+mein+Herz%2C+und+suche+Freud&rft.btitle=Praxis+Pietatis+Melica.+Das+ist%3A+%C3%9Cbung+der+Gottseligkeit+in+Christlichen+und+trostreichen+Ges%C3%A4ngen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=779-782&rft.pub=V.+Runge&rft.date=1653&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0006%2Fbsb00065813%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Ffip%3D193.174.98.30%26id%3D00065813%26seite%3D399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cologne-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Cologne_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallraf.museum/uploads/tx_imagecycle/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353__c__Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg">"Westfälischer Meister in Köln (tätig um 1415 – 1435): Der große Kalvarienberg, um 1415 – 1420. Eichenholz, 197 x 129 cm. Sammlung Ferdinand Franz Wallraf. WRM 0353"</a>. Sammlungen: Mittelalter - Rundgang, Raum 4. Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511080251/http://www.wallraf.museum/uploads/tx_imagecycle/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353__c__Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2014-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sammlungen%3A+Mittelalter+-+Rundgang%2C+Raum+4&rft.atitle=Westf%C3%A4lischer+Meister+in+K%C3%B6ln+%28t%C3%A4tig+um+1415+%E2%80%93+1435%29%3A+Der+gro%C3%9Fe+Kalvarienberg%2C+um+1415+%E2%80%93+1420.+Eichenholz%2C+197+x+129+cm.+Sammlung+Ferdinand+Franz+Wallraf.+WRM+0353&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallraf.museum%2Fuploads%2Ftx_imagecycle%2FWestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353__c__Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resur-267"><a href="#cite_ref-resur_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094204/http://stjohndfw.info/sunday-of-the-holy-cross-the-daffodils-of-resurrection.html">"The Daffodils of Resurrection"</a>. St John the Baptist Greek Orthodox Church, Euless. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stjohndfw.info/sunday-of-the-holy-cross-the-daffodils-of-resurrection.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daffodils+of+Resurrection&rft.pub=St+John+the+Baptist+Greek+Orthodox+Church%2C+Euless&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstjohndfw.info%2Fsunday-of-the-holy-cross-the-daffodils-of-resurrection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuttgart-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuttgart_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiemann" class="citation web cs1">Wiemann, Elsbeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512131437/http://www.staatsgalerie.de/malereiundplastik_e/altdeu_rundg.php?id=3">"Master of the Göttingen "Barfüsseraltar", also known as "Master of the Hildesheim Legend of Magdalen" active during the first quarter of the 15th century "Noli me tangere (Do Not Touch Me)""</a>. Collection: Paintings and sculptures. <a href="/wiki/Staatsgalerie_Stuttgart" title="Staatsgalerie Stuttgart">Staatsgalerie Stuttgart</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staatsgalerie.de/malereiundplastik_e/altdeu_rundg.php?id=3">the original</a> on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2014-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection%3A+Paintings+and+sculptures&rft.atitle=Master+of+the+G%C3%B6ttingen+%22Barf%C3%BCsseraltar%22%2C+also+known+as+%22Master+of+the+Hildesheim+Legend+of+Magdalen%22+active+during+the+first+quarter+of+the+15th+century+%22Noli+me+tangere+%28Do+Not+Touch+Me%29%22&rft.aulast=Wiemann&rft.aufirst=Elsbeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staatsgalerie.de%2Fmalereiundplastik_e%2Faltdeu_rundg.php%3Fid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOC-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOC_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOC_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=240001489">"Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis"</a>. Flora of China vol 24. p. 269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215526/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=240001489">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flora+of+China+vol+24&rft.atitle=Narcissus+tazetta+var.+chinensis&rft.pages=269&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D240001489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todt-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Todt_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todt_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Todt, Donn L. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/relict-gold-the-long-journey-of-the-chinese-narcissus/">"Relict Gold: The Long Journey of the Chinese Narcissus"</a>. Pacific Horticulture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907181957/http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/relict-gold-the-long-journey-of-the-chinese-narcissus/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2014-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Horticulture&rft.atitle=Relict+Gold%3A+The+Long+Journey+of+the+Chinese+Narcissus&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Todt&rft.aufirst=Donn+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacifichorticulture.org%2Farticles%2Frelict-gold-the-long-journey-of-the-chinese-narcissus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mengjian-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Mengjian_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCultural_China" class="citation web cs1">Cultural China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227063529/http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/63Arts4309.html">"Narcissus"</a>. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/63Arts4309.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-27. 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Symbolik der Pflanzen, Von Akelei bis Zypresse. Mit 101 Aquarellen von Marie-Therese. 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Greydanus (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/novemberweb-only/jedgar.html">"J. Edgar: Clint Eastwood directs Leonardo DiCaprio in a muddled biopic about the controversial FBI honcho"</a>. Christianity Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325103616/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/novemberweb-only/jedgar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=J.+Edgar%3A+Clint+Eastwood+directs+Leonardo+DiCaprio+in+a+muddled+biopic+about+the+controversial+FBI+honcho&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.au=Greydanus%2C+Steven+D.+Greydanus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fnovemberweb-only%2Fjedgar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgarten,_Marjorie2011" class="citation news cs1">Baumgarten, Marjorie (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-11-11/j-edgar/">"J. Edgar, Directed by Clint Eastwood. Starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Naomi Watts, Armie Hammer, Judi Dench, Josh Lucas, Stephen Root, Dermot Mulroney (2011, R, 136 min.)"</a>. Austin Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808091540/http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-11-11/j-edgar/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-08. 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Don't believe this unreliable narrative: DiCaprio's Hoover is presented as the misguided hero of his anti-communist FBI empire but the film omits vital episodes such as the McCarthy witch-hunts"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817164408/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/02/j-edgar-reel-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-17. 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Edgar Hoover: Gay or Just a Man Who Has Sex With Men?"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621012923/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/edgar-hoover-sex-men-homosexual/story?id=14948447">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-21. 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Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+Day&rft.pub=Cancer+Council+%28Australia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaffodilday.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS-302"><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.ie/get-involved/fundraise/major-fundraising-drives/daffodil-day">"Daffodil Day"</a>. Irish Cancer Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025133223/http://www.cancer.ie/get-involved/fundraise/major-fundraising-drives/daffodil-day">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+Day&rft.pub=Irish+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.ie%2Fget-involved%2Ffundraise%2Fmajor-fundraising-drives%2Fdaffodil-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCurie-303"><a href="#cite_ref-MCurie_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/en-GB/fundraising-volunteering/great-daffodil-appeal/">"The Great Daffodil Appeal"</a>. Marie Curie Cancer Care. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123120959/http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/en-gb/fundraising-volunteering/great-daffodil-appeal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marie+Curie+Cancer+Care&rft.atitle=The+Great+Daffodil+Appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariecurie.org.uk%2Fen-GB%2Ffundraising-volunteering%2Fgreat-daffodil-appeal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCS-304"><a href="#cite_ref-CCS_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.ca/en/get-involved/events-and-participation/find-an-event-near-you/daffodil-month/?region=ns">"What is Daffodil Month?"</a>. Canadian Cancer Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821122917/http://www.cancer.ca/en/get-involved/events-and-participation/find-an-event-near-you/daffodil-month/?region=ns">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Daffodil+Month%3F&rft.pub=Canadian+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.ca%2Fen%2Fget-involved%2Fevents-and-participation%2Ffind-an-event-near-you%2Fdaffodil-month%2F%3Fregion%3Dns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_2">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquity_2">Antiquity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1856" class="citation book cs1">Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny the Elder) (1856). Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryp02bostgoog">Natural History Book XXI (Volume Four)</a>. London: Henry G Bohn. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History+Book+XXI+%28Volume+Four%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G+Bohn&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Plinius+Secundus&rft.aufirst=Gaius+%28Pliny+the+Elder%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalhistoryp02bostgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1906" class="citation web cs1">Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny the Elder) (1906). Mayhoff, Karl Friedrich Theodor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.02.0138">"Naturalis Historia"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Naturalis+Historia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Plinius+Secundus&rft.aufirst=Gaius+%28Pliny+the+Elder%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253atext%253a1999.02.0138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770" class="citation book cs1">Vergilius Maro, Publius (Virgil) (1770). Davidson, Joseph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ">The Works of Virgil: Translated Into English Prose, as Near the Original as the Different Idioms of the Latin and English Languages Will Allow & etc</a> (5th ed.). London: J Beecroft et al. Retrieved 2014-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Virgil%3A+Translated+Into+English+Prose%2C+as+Near+the+Original+as+the+Different+Idioms+of+the+Latin+and+English+Languages+Will+Allow+%26+etc.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=J+Beecroft+et+al.&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Vergilius+Maro&rft.aufirst=Publius+%28Virgil%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-opAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias1918" class="citation web cs1">Pausanias (1918). Jones, W.H.S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1">"Description of Greece"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Pausanias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0160%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D1%253Asection%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDioscuridis_Anazarbei1906" class="citation book cs1">Dioscuridis Anazarbei, Pedanii (1906). Wellman, Max (ed.). De materia medica libri quinque. Volume II. Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20439608M">20439608M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+materia+medica+libri+quinque.+Volume+II&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Apud+Weidmannos&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20439608M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Dioscuridis+Anazarbei&rft.aufirst=Pedanii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophrastus1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (1916) [4th century BC]. Hort, Arthur (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo">Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία</a> [Enquiry into Plants]. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Vol. II. London and New York: William Heinemann and G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99077-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99077-7"><bdi>978-0-674-99077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%E1%BD%B6+%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%E1%BF%B6%CE%BD+%E1%BC%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+and+G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99077-7&rft.au=Theophrastus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheophrastusiien00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheocritusBionMoschus1880" class="citation book cs1">Theocritus; Bion; Moschus (1880). Lang, Andrew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3okOAAAAQAAJ">Theocritus, Bion and Moschus rendered into English prose</a>. London: Macmillan. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theocritus%2C+Bion+and+Moschus+rendered+into+English+prose&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Theocritus&rft.au=Bion&rft.au=Moschus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3okOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoschus1919" class="citation book cs1">Moschus (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0644">"Εὐρώπη"</a>. In Edmonds, John Maxwell (ed.). Moschus. The Greek Bucolic Poets (Perseus Digital Library ed.). London: William Heinemann. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%95%E1%BD%90%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7&rft.btitle=Moschus.+The+Greek+Bucolic+Poets&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Moschus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1995" class="citation book cs1">Turner, William (1995) [Reproduces parts II and III, originally published in 1562 and 1568 respectively]. Chapman, George T. L.; Tweddle, Marilyn N.; McCombie, Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc8Z6otwklgC">William Turner: A New Herball Parts II and III</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521445498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521445498"><bdi>978-0521445498</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Turner%3A+A+New+Herball+Parts+II+and+III&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521445498&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc8Z6otwklgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> Original at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/turher/index.html">Rare Book Room Spread 188</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClusius1576" class="citation book cs1">Clusius, Carolus (1576). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/847#/summary">Atrebat Rariorum alioquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia: libris duobus expressas</a>. Antwerp: Plantinus. Retrieved 2014-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrebat+Rariorum+alioquot+stirpium+per+Hispanias+observatarum+historia%3A+libris+duobus+expressas&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Plantinus&rft.date=1576&rft.aulast=Clusius&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F847%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamerarius1588" class="citation book cs1">Camerarius, Joachim (The Younger) (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11111583?page=5">Hortus medicus et philosophicus: In quo plurimorum stirpium breves descriptiones</a>. Frankfurt: S. Feyerabend, H. Dack, & P. Fischer. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hortus+medicus+et+philosophicus%3A+In+quo+plurimorum+stirpium+breves+descriptiones&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=S.+Feyerabend%2C+H.+Dack%2C+%26+P.+Fischer&rft.date=1588&rft.aulast=Camerarius&rft.aufirst=Joachim+%28The+Younger%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Fview%2Fbsb11111583%3Fpage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_l'Obel1591" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" title="Matthias de l'Obel">de l'Obel, Matthias</a> (1591). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9308#/summary">Icones stirpium</a>. Antwerp: Ex officina plantiniana :Apud Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icones+stirpium&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Ex+officina+plantiniana+%3AApud+Viduam+et+Ioannem+Moretum&rft.date=1591&rft.aulast=de+l%27Obel&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F9308%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard1597" class="citation book cs1">Gerard, John (1597). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000817749">The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes</a>. London: John Norton. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herball+or+Generall+Historie+of+Plantes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Norton&rft.date=1597&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobot31753000817749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesler1613" class="citation book cs1">Besler, Basilius (1613). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45339#/summary">Hortus Eystettensis, sive, Diligens et accurata omnium plantarum, florum, stirpium : ex variis orbis terrae partibus, singulari studio collectarum, quae in celeberrimis viridariis arcem episcopalem ibidem cingentibus, olim conspiciebantur delineatio et ad vivum repraesentatio et advivum repraesentatio opera</a>. Nuremberg. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.45339">10.5962/bhl.title.45339</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hortus+Eystettensis%2C+sive%2C+Diligens+et+accurata+omnium+plantarum%2C+florum%2C+stirpium+%3A+ex+variis+orbis+terrae+partibus%2C+singulari+studio+collectarum%2C+quae+in+celeberrimis+viridariis+arcem+episcopalem+ibidem+cingentibus%2C+olim+conspiciebantur+delineatio+et+ad+vivum+repraesentatio+et+advivum+repraesentatio+opera.&rft.place=Nuremberg&rft.date=1613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.45339&rft.aulast=Besler&rft.aufirst=Basilius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F45339%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1629" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, John (1629). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary">Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris: Or A Garden of All Sorts of Pleasant Flowers which our English Ayre will Permitt to be Noursed Vp. With a Kitchen Garden of All Manner of Herbes, Rootes, & Fruites, for Meate or Sause Vsed with Vs, and an Orchard of All Sorte of Fruitbearing Trees and Shrubbes Fit for Our Land. Together with the Right Orderinge, Planting & Preserving of Them and Their Uses and Vertues Collected by Iohn Parkinson Apothecary of London</a>. London: Printed by Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng at the Signe of the Starre on Bread-Street Hill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7100">10.5962/bhl.title.7100</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradisi+in+Sole+Paradisus+Terrestris%3A+Or+A+Garden+of+All+Sorts+of+Pleasant+Flowers+which+our+English+Ayre+will+Permitt+to+be+Noursed+Vp.+With+a+Kitchen+Garden+of+All+Manner+of+Herbes%2C+Rootes%2C+%26+Fruites%2C+for+Meate+or+Sause+Vsed+with+Vs%2C+and+an+Orchard+of+All+Sorte+of+Fruitbearing+Trees+and+Shrubbes+Fit+for+Our+Land.+Together+with+the+Right+Orderinge%2C+Planting+%26+Preserving+of+Them+and+Their+Uses+and+Vertues+Collected+by+Iohn+Parkinson+Apothecary+of+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+Hvmfrey+Lownes+and+Robert+Yovng+at+the+Signe+of+the+Starre+on+Bread-Street+Hill&rft.date=1629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7100&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F7100%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauremberg1632" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauremberg, Peter (1632). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjRAAAAAcAAJ">Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis</a> (in Latin). Frankfurt: Matthias Merian. Retrieved 2014-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apparatus+plantarius%3A+de+plantis+bulbosis+et+de+plantis+tuberosis&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Matthias+Merian&rft.date=1632&rft.aulast=Lauremberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjRAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighteenth_century">Eighteenth century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Eighteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1735" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Philip (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/28437#/summary">The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit and flower garden, as also the physick garden, wilderness, conservatory, and vineyard</a> (Abridged ed.). London: Rivington. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.28437">10.5962/bhl.title.28437</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuma.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft44q8633p">2027/uma.ark:/13960/t44q8633p</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gardeners+Dictionary%3A+containing+the+methods+of+cultivating+and+improving+the+kitchen%2C+fruit+and+flower+garden%2C+as+also+the+physick+garden%2C+wilderness%2C+conservatory%2C+and+vineyard&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Rivington&rft.date=1735&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuma.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft44q8633p&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.28437&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F28437%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 2016-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> see also <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1757" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Thomas (1757). <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(botanist)" title="John Hill (botanist)">Hill</a>, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary">Eden, or, A compleat body of gardening : containing plain and familiar directions for raising the several useful products of a garden, fruits, roots, and herbage, from the practice of the most successful gardeners, and the result of a long experience</a>. London: Osborne. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eden%2C+or%2C+A+compleat+body+of+gardening+%3A+containing+plain+and+familiar+directions+for+raising+the+several+useful+products+of+a+garden%2C+fruits%2C+roots%2C+and+herbage%2C+from+the+practice+of+the+most+successful+gardeners%2C+and+the+result+of+a+long+experience&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osborne&rft.date=1757&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F65153%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kampen_et_fils1760" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Kampen et fils, Nicolas (1760). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ZYAAAAcAAJ">Traité des fleurs à oignons: contenant tout ce qui est nécessaire pour les bien cultiver, fondé sur une expérience de plusieurs années</a> (in French). Harlem: Bohn. Retrieved 2014-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+des+fleurs+%C3%A0+oignons%3A+contenant+tout+ce+qui+est+n%C3%A9cessaire+pour+les+bien+cultiver%2C+fond%C3%A9+sur+une+exp%C3%A9rience+de+plusieurs+ann%C3%A9es&rft.place=Harlem&rft.pub=Bohn&rft.date=1760&rft.aulast=van+Kampen+et+fils&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3ZYAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> translated into English as (<a href="#CITEREFvan_Kampen_&_Son1764">van Kampen & Son 1764</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kampen_&_Son1764" class="citation book cs1">van Kampen & Son, Nicolas (1764). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIYmAQAAMAAJ">The Dutch florist, or, True method of managing all sorts of flowers with bulbous roots</a> (translated (Harrison) from French: (<a href="#CITEREFvan_Kampen_et_fils1760">van Kampen et fils 1760</a>)) (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2014-12-26. <q>Next to the Hyacinths, Tulips, Ranunculuses, and Anemones, of which we have treated already, the Polyanthus Narcissus holds the first place and demands our chief attention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+florist%2C+or%2C+True+method+of+managing+all+sorts+of+flowers+with+bulbous+roots&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Baldwin&rft.date=1764&rft.aulast=van+Kampen+%26+Son&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIYmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice1771" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Justice_(horticulturalist)" title="James Justice (horticulturalist)">Justice, James</a> (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/26951#/summary">The British gardener's new director : chiefly adapted to the climate of the northern counties: directing the necessary works in the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, and in the nursery, greenhouse, and stove</a> (5th ed.). Dublin: Exshaw. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.26951">10.5962/bhl.title.26951</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6445sk1k">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6445sk1k</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+gardener%27s+new+director+%3A+chiefly+adapted+to+the+climate+of+the+northern+counties%3A+directing+the+necessary+works+in+the+kitchen%2C+fruit+and+pleasure+gardens%2C+and+in+the+nursery%2C+greenhouse%2C+and+stove&rft.place=Dublin&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Exshaw&rft.date=1771&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6445sk1k&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.26951&rft.aulast=Justice&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F26951%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddock1792" class="citation book cs1">Maddock, James (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/16498#/summary">The florist's directory : or, A treatise on the culture of flowers ; to which is added a supplementary dissertation on soils, manures, &c</a>. London: B. White & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.16498">10.5962/bhl.title.16498</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fncs1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft25b0nj3t">2027/ncs1.ark:/13960/t25b0nj3t</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+florist%27s+directory+%3A+or%2C+A+treatise+on+the+culture+of+flowers+%3B+to+which+is+added+a+supplementary+dissertation+on+soils%2C+manures%2C+%26c.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+White+%26+Sons&rft.date=1792&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fncs1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft25b0nj3t&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.16498&rft.aulast=Maddock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F16498%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerthensis1806" class="citation book cs1">Perthensis, Encyclopaedia (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2gIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA565">"Narcissus"</a>. Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or, Universal dictionary of Knowledge vol. 25. Perth. pp. 565–566. Retrieved 2014-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Perthensis%3B+or%2C+Universal+dictionary+of+Knowledge+vol.+25&rft.place=Perth&rft.pages=565-566&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Perthensis&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2gIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinné1784" class="citation book cs1">Linné, Carl von (1784). <a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Murray" title="Johan Andreas Murray">Murray</a>, Johann Andreas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03gZAAAAYAAJ">Systema vegetabilium (14th edition of Systema Naturae)</a>. Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+vegetabilium+%2814th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae%29&rft.pub=Typis+et+impensis+Jo.+Christ.+Dieterich&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03gZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1810" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Brown, Robert</a> (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3678#/summary">Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum</a>. London: Taylor. Retrieved 2014-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodromus+florae+Novae+Hollandiae+et+Insulae+Van-Diemen%2C+exhibens+characteres+plantarum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F3678%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamarck">De Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste</a>; De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/florefrancaiseou31815lama">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a>. Vol. III (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flore+fran%C3%A7aise+ou+descriptions+succinctes+de+toutes+les+plantes+qui+croissent+naturellement+en+France+dispos%C3%A9es+selon+une+nouvelle+m%C3%A9thode+d%27analyse+%3B+et+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es+par+un+expos%C3%A9+des+principes+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires+de+la+botanique&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Desray&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=De+Lamarck&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=De+Candolle%2C+Augustin+Pyramus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflorefrancaiseou31815lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815b" class="citation book cs1">De Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/florefranaiseou00goog">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a>. Vol. V (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flore+fran%C3%A7aise+ou+descriptions+succinctes+de+toutes+les+plantes+qui+croissent+naturellement+en+France+dispos%C3%A9es+selon+une+nouvelle+m%C3%A9thode+d%27analyse+%3B+et+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es+par+un+expos%C3%A9+des+principes+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires+de+la+botanique&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Desray&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=De+Lamarck&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=De+Candolle%2C+Augustin+Pyramus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflorefranaiseou00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Redout%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Redouté">Redouté, Pierre Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/De_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="De Candolle">De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus</a> (1805–1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/537#/summary">Les liliacées</a>. Paris: Redouté. Retrieved 2014-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+liliac%C3%A9es&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Redout%C3%A9&rft.date=1805%2F1808&rft.aulast=Redout%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Joseph&rft.au=De+Candolle%2C+Augustin+Pyramus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F537%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._P._de_Candolle1813" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._P._de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. de Candolle">A. P. de Candolle</a> (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</a>. Retrieved 2014-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Th%C3%A9orie+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire+de+la+botanique%2C+ou+exposition+des+principes+de+la+classification+naturelle+et+de+l%27art+de+d%C3%A9crire+et+d%27etudier+les+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux&rft.date=1813&rft.au=A.+P.+de+Candolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F39705%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">Wilkes</a>, John, ed. (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6XHGGuzduAC&pg=PA575">"Narcissus"</a>. Encyclopaedia Londinensis vol. 16. London. pp. 576–580. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Londinensis+vol.+16&rft.place=London&rft.pages=576-580&rft.date=1819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6XHGGuzduAC%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1823" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N05KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora Domestica, Or, The Portable Flower-garden : with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots and Illustrations From the Works of the Poets. London: Taylor and Hessey. pp. 264–269. Retrieved 2014-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=Flora+Domestica%2C+Or%2C+The+Portable+Flower-garden+%3A+with+Directions+for+the+Treatment+of+Plants+in+Pots+and+Illustrations+From+the+Works+of+the+Poets&rft.place=London&rft.pages=264-269&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Hessey&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN05KAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> Later attributed to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kent_(writer)" title="Elizabeth Kent (writer)">Elizabeth Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1829). <a href="/wiki/Josef_August_Schultes" title="Josef August Schultes">Schultes</a>, Josef August; Schultes, Julius Hermann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/825#/summary">Systema vegetabilium</a>. Stuttgardt: J. G. Cottae. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+vegetabilium&rft.place=Stuttgardt&rft.pub=J.+G.+Cottae&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F825%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1837" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, William (1837). "Suborder 5. Narcisseae". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ">Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement</a>. London: Ridgway. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suborder+5.+Narcisseae&rft.btitle=Amaryllidaceae%3A+Preceded+by+an+Attempt+to+Arrange+the+Monocotyledonous+Orders%2C+and+Followed+by+a+Treatise+on+Cross-bred+Vegetables%2C+and+Supplement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ridgway&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEusCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1839" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Thomas, ed. (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=948pOSOcj_QC&pg=PA449">"Narcissus"</a>. London Encyclopaedia vol. 15. London. pp. 449–451. Retrieved 2014-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=London+Encyclopaedia+vol.+15&rft.place=London&rft.pages=449-451&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D948pOSOcj_QC%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpach1846" class="citation book cs1">Spach, Edouard (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/44839#/summary">Histoire naturelle des végétaux: Phanérogames</a>. Vol. 12. Paris: Roret. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+naturelle+des+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9taux%3A+Phan%C3%A9rogames&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Roret&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Spach&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F44839%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett1850" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, M. A. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JR0aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT113">"Narcissus angustifolius"</a>. Plantae utiliores: or illustrations of useful plants, employed in the arts and medicine, Part VIII. London: Whittaker. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus+angustifolius&rft.btitle=Plantae+utiliores%3A+or+illustrations+of+useful+plants%2C+employed+in+the+arts+and+medicine%2C+Part+VIII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Whittaker&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJR0aAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1858" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Caroline Catharine, Lady (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weedswildflowers00wilkrich">Weeds and wild flowers : their uses, legends, and literature</a>. London: J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weeds+and+wild+flowers+%3A+their+uses%2C+legends%2C+and+literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Catharine%2C+Lady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweedswildflowers00wilkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisburyGray1866" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Richard Anthony; <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray, J. E.</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog">The Genera of Plants</a> (Unpublished fragment). J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genera+of+Plants&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Richard+Anthony&rft.au=Gray%2C+J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneraplantsafr00saligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior1870" class="citation book cs1">Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala">On the popular names of British Plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species</a> (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+popular+names+of+British+Plants%2C+being+an+explanation+of+the+origin+and+meaning+of+the+names+of+our+indigenous+and+most+commonly+cultivated+species&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Norgate&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Richard+Chandler+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonpopularnamesof00prioiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarley1877" class="citation book cs1">Earley, W (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSI7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394">"The Narcissus"</a>. The Villa Gardener vol. 7 (December). London. pp. 394–396. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Narcissus&rft.btitle=The+Villa+Gardener+vol.+7+%28December%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=394-396&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Earley&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSI7AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllacombe1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nicholson_Ellacombe" title="Henry Nicholson Ellacombe">Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog">The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare</a> (2nd ed.). London: W Satchell and Co. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plant-lore+%26+Garden-craft+of+Shakespeare&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W+Satchell+and+Co&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Ellacombe&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplantloregarden01ellagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Twentieth century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Daffodil">"Daffodil" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 728.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daffodil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=728&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoorenbos1954" class="citation journal cs1">Doorenbos, J. (1954). "Notes on the history of bulb breeding in the Netherlands". Euphytica. 3 (1 february): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00028123">10.1007/BF00028123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5615677">5615677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euphytica&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+history+of+bulb+breeding+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1+february&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00028123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5615677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Doorenbos&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1972" class="citation book cs1">Rees, A.R., ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpdAkF2Av0gC">The Growth of Bulbs: Applied Aspects of the Physiology of Ornamental Bulbous Crops</a>. Oxford: Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323155861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323155861"><bdi>978-0323155861</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Bulbs%3A+Applied+Aspects+of+the+Physiology+of+Ornamental+Bulbous+Crops&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0323155861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpdAkF2Av0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevy1985" class="citation book cs1">Halevy, Abraham H., ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xy4NAQAAMAAJ">CRC Handbook of flowering vol. I</a>. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849339110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849339110"><bdi>978-0849339110</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+flowering+vol.+I&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0849339110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxy4NAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Huxley" title="Anthony Huxley">Huxley, Anthony</a>; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. (4 vols.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333474945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333474945"><bdi>978-0333474945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Royal+Horticultural+Society+Dictionary+of+Gardening.+%284+vols.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0333474945&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Mark&rft.au=Levy%2C+Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloydBarrett1995" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC">Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants</a>. New York: Chapman & Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0412043413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0412043413"><bdi>978-0412043413</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floral+biology+%3A+studies+on+floral+evolution+in+animal-pollinated+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0412043413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgFA7mFHp2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeedsHedgeHawthorne1997" class="citation book cs1">Leeds, Rod; Hedge, Ronald; Hawthorne, Linden, eds. (1997). RHS Plant Guides: Bulbs. London: Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0751303056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0751303056"><bdi>978-0751303056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RHS+Plant+Guides%3A+Bulbs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0751303056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubitzki1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kubitzki" title="Klaus Kubitzki">Kubitzki, K.</a>, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC">The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3</a>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8"><bdi>978-3-540-64060-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+and+genera+of+vascular+plants.+Vol.3&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-540-64060-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyPVYzL76sMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twenty_first_century">Twenty first century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Twenty first century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, A.K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC">Flower crops : cultivation & management</a>. New Delhi: New India Pub. Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189422356" title="Special:BookSources/978-8189422356"><bdi>978-8189422356</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flower+crops+%3A+cultivation+%26+management&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=New+India+Pub.+Agency&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8189422356&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfb1T6QbfaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke2007" class="citation book cs1">Duke, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8">Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible</a>. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849382031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849382031"><bdi>978-0849382031</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duke%27s+Handbook+of+Medicinal+Plants+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0849382031&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcLYLpwdcm8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyel2007" class="citation book cs1">Leyel, C. F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kz6q3Alkm4C&pg=PA289">"Herbs for the Skin"</a>. Cinquefoil. Pomeroy, WA: Health Research Books. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787314132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787314132"><bdi>978-0787314132</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herbs+for+the+Skin&rft.btitle=Cinquefoil&rft.place=Pomeroy%2C+WA&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Health+Research+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0787314132&rft.aulast=Leyel&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kz6q3Alkm4C%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabberley2008" class="citation book cs1">Mabberley, David J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ">Mabberley's Plant-Book</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107782594" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107782594"><bdi>978-1107782594</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mabberley%27s+Plant-Book&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1107782594&rft.aulast=Mabberley&rft.aufirst=David+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFFgAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsKnapp2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, D. M.; Knapp, Sandra, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC">Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26772-5"><bdi>978-0-520-26772-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Cladistics%3A+The+Branching+of+a+Paradigm&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26772-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaH5B3ifHmuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012" class="citation book cs1">Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103">"Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi"</a>. In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC">Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production</a>. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4924-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-4924-8"><bdi>978-1-4398-4924-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Botanical+and+horticultural+aspects+of+major+ornamental+geophytes%3A+VII+Narcissi&rft.btitle=Ornamental+Geophytes%3A+From+Basic+Science+to+Sustainable+Production&rft.pages=103-108&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8&rft.aulast=Okubo&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rft.au=Sochacki%2C+Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B-ucdbgA3wC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.J._EnnaNorton2012" class="citation book cs1">S.J. Enna, S.J.; Norton, Stata (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HY7EjVJ9sYMC&pg=PA149">"12. Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)"</a>. Herbal Supplements and the Brain: Understanding Their Health Benefits and Hazards. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press Science. pp. 149–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0132825016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0132825016"><bdi>978-0132825016</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Daffodil+%28Narcissus+pseudonarcissus%29&rft.btitle=Herbal+Supplements+and+the+Brain%3A+Understanding+Their+Health+Benefits+and+Hazards&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=149-160&rft.pub=FT+Press+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0132825016&rft.aulast=S.J.+Enna&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Norton%2C+Stata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHY7EjVJ9sYMC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2011" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC">"Narcissus"</a>. In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey (eds.). The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass: Vol. 1. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 205 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521761475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521761475"><bdi>978-0521761475</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.btitle=The+European+Garden+Flora%2C+Flowering+Plants%3A+A+Manual+for+the+Identification+of+Plants+Cultivated+in+Europe%2C+Both+Out-of-Doors+and+Under+Glass%3A+Vol.+1.+Alismataceae+to+Orchidaceae&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=205+ff&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521761475&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkxWrDqtWLQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutin_et_al.1980" class="citation book cs1">Tutin, T. G.; et al., eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC">Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)</a> (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521201087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521201087"><bdi>978-0521201087</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+Europaea.+Volume+5%2C+Alismataceae+to+Orchidaceae+%28monocotyledones%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0521201087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv11xJgWbUDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomé1903" class="citation book cs1">Thomé, Otto Wilhelm (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35974#/summary">Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz</a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Gera: Zezschwitz. Retrieved 2014-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+von+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich+und+der+Schweiz&rft.place=Gera&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zezschwitz&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Thom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Otto+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F35974%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellMurrell1996" class="citation book cs1">Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521553391" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521553391"><bdi>978-0521553391</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 2014-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florabase%3A+Western+Australian+Flora&rft.atitle=Narcissus+L.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gathe&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Watson%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflorabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au%2Fbrowse%2Fprofile%2F21239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissus_2">Narcissus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Narcissus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrelage1890" class="citation journal cs1">Krelage, JH (17 April 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339">"On Polyanthus Narcissi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society">Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society</a>. 12 (Daffodil Conference and Exhibition): 339–346. 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Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytoneuron&rft.atitle=Key+to+the+wild+daffodils+%28Narcissus%2C+Amaryllidaceae%29+of+Alabama+and+adjacent+states&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2153-733X&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Barger%2C+T.+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphytoneuron.net%2F2014Phytoneuron%2F82PhytoN-NarcissusAlabama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Taxonomy_2">Taxonomy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugsley1933" class="citation journal cs1">Pugsley, H.W (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Pugsley-Monograph-of-Narcissus-Subgenus-Ajax-Journal-of-the-RHS-Vol.-LVIII-pt1-1933-p1-86comp.pdf">"A monograph of Narcissus, subgenus Ajax"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 58: 17–93. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.atitle=A+monograph+of+Narcissus%2C+subgenus+Ajax.&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=17-93&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Pugsley&rft.aufirst=H.W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPugsley-Monograph-of-Narcissus-Subgenus-Ajax-Journal-of-the-RHS-Vol.-LVIII-pt1-1933-p1-86comp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, F. G. (January 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Daffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf">"Narcissus species and wild hybrids"</a> (PDF). Amer. Hort. Mag. 45 (1): 47–76. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amer.+Hort.+Mag.&rft.atitle=Narcissus+species+and+wild+hybrids&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-76&rft.date=1966-01&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDaffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1978" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, DA (June 1978). "Taxonomic notes on Narcissus L". Bot J Linn Soc. 76 (4): 298–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bot+J+Linn+Soc&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+notes+on+Narcissus+L&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=298-307&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Casas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2304281.pdf">"Narcissorum notulae, VI"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 265–272. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontqueria&rft.atitle=Narcissorum+notulae%2C+VI&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=265-272&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Casas&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F2304281.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Casas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020142638/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf">"Narcissorum notulae, X"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 547–558. 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M. (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712358">"Geographical Structuring of Genetic Diversity Across the Whole Distribution Range of Narcissus longispathus, a Habitat-specialist, Mediterranean Narrow Endemic"</a>. Annals of Botany. 102 (2): 183–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcn086">10.1093/aob/mcn086</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712358">2712358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556752">18556752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Geographical+Structuring+of+Genetic+Diversity+Across+the+Whole+Distribution+Range+of+Narcissus+longispathus%2C+a+Habitat-specialist%2C+Mediterranean+Narrow+Endemic&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-194&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712358%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18556752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcn086&rft.aulast=Medrano&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Herrera%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2712358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAedo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aedo, Carlos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolveg.uma.es/abm/Volumenes/vol35/35_Aedo.pdf">"Typifications of the names of Iberian accepted species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)"</a> (PDF). Acta Botanica Malacitana. 35: 133–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24310%2Fabm.v35i0.2860">10.24310/abm.v35i0.2860</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Botanica+Malacitana&rft.atitle=Typifications+of+the+names+of+Iberian+accepted+species+of+Narcissus+L.+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=133-142&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24310%2Fabm.v35i0.2860&rft.aulast=Aedo&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biolveg.uma.es%2Fabm%2FVolumenes%2Fvol35%2F35_Aedo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Casas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131912/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_56_26.pdf">"Narcissorum Notulae, XXXI"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 56 (26): 239–248. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_56_26.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontqueria&rft.atitle=Narcissorum+Notulae%2C+XXXI&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=239-248&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Casas&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2FPDF%2FFontqueria_56_26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Phylogenetics_2">Phylogenetics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamBarrett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">"Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653457">21653457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+reconstruction+of+the+evolution+of+stylar+polymorphisms+in+Narcissus+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1007-1021&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653457&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+S.+C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.91.7.1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettHarder2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Harder, Lawrence D. (2 September 2004). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2004.01183.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720619">15720619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+polymorphic+sexual+systems+in+daffodils+%28Narcissus%29&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-53&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2004.01183.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15720619&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.+H.&rft.au=Harder%2C+Lawrence+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRønstedSavolainenMølgaardJäger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rønsted, Nina; Savolainen, Vincent; Mølgaard, Per; Jäger, Anna K. (May–June 2008). "Phylogenetic selection of Narcissus species for drug discovery". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (5–6): 417–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.12.010">10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+selection+of+Narcissus+species+for+drug+discovery&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=417-422&rft.date=2008-05%2F2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.12.010&rft.aulast=R%C3%B8nsted&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Vincent&rft.au=M%C3%B8lgaard%2C+Per&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Anna+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZonneveld2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1">"The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. 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Retrieved 2014-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Insights+into+Neogene+Mediterranean+biogeography+based+on+phylogenetic+relationships+of+mountain+and+lowland+lineages+of+Narcissus+%28Amaryllidaceae%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=782-798&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02526.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82002008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Santos-Gally&rft.aufirst=Roc%C3%ADo&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F708994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedranoLópez-PereaHerrera2014" class="citation journal cs1">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. 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International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675977">10.1086/675977</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F101673">10261/101673</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/675977">675977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44161272">44161272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Population+Genetics+Methods+Applied+to+a+Species+Delimitation+Problem%3A+Endemic+Trumpet+Daffodils+%28Narcissus+Section+Pseudonarcissi%29+from+the+Southern+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=501-517&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F101673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44161272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F675977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F675977&rft.aulast=Medrano&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B3nica&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Perea%2C+Esmeralda&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Carlos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F101673%2F1%2FaccesoRestringido.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pharmacology_2">Pharmacology</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Riddle1985" class="citation journal cs1">John M. 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Isolation and Structure of 3-Epipancratistatin from Narcissus cv. Ice Follies"</a>. Journal of Natural Products. 75 (4): 771–773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp200862y">10.1021/np200862y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372531">3372531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22413911">22413911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.atitle=Antineoplastic+Agents.+587.+Isolation+and+Structure+of+3-Epipancratistatin+from+Narcissus+cv.+Ice+Follies&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=771-773&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3372531%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22413911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnp200862y&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft.au=Tan%2C+Rui&rft.au=Bao%2C+Guan-Hu&rft.au=Melody%2C+Noeleen&rft.au=Doubek%2C+Dennis+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Song&rft.au=Chapuis%2C+Jean-Charles&rft.au=Williams%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3372531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigniRíos-RuizMartínez-FrancésNair2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pigni, Natalia B.; Ríos-Ruiz, Segundo; Martínez-Francés, Vanessa; Nair, Jerald J.; Viladomat, Francesc; Codina, Carles; Bastida, Jaume (28 September 2012). "Alkaloids from Narcissus serotinus". Journal of Natural Products. 75 (9): 1643–1647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp3003595">10.1021/np3003595</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22917000">22917000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Natural+Products&rft.atitle=Alkaloids+from+Narcissus+serotinus&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1643-1647&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnp3003595&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22917000&rft.aulast=Pigni&rft.aufirst=Natalia+B.&rft.au=R%C3%ADos-Ruiz%2C+Segundo&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Franc%C3%A9s%2C+Vanessa&rft.au=Nair%2C+Jerald+J.&rft.au=Viladomat%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Codina%2C+Carles&rft.au=Bastida%2C+Jaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigniRíos-RuizLuqueViladomat2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pigni, Natalia B.; Ríos-Ruiz, Segundo; Luque, F. Javier; Viladomat, Francesc; Codina, Carles; Bastida, Jaume (November 2013). "Wild daffodils of the section Ganymedes from the Iberian Peninsula as a source of mesembrane alkaloids". Phytochemistry. 95: 384–393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PChem..95..384P">2013PChem..95..384P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.07.010">10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23932506">23932506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Wild+daffodils+of+the+section+Ganymedes+from+the+Iberian+Peninsula+as+a+source+of+mesembrane+alkaloids&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=384-393&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23932506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.07.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PChem..95..384P&rft.aulast=Pigni&rft.aufirst=Natalia+B.&rft.au=R%C3%ADos-Ruiz%2C+Segundo&rft.au=Luque%2C+F.+Javier&rft.au=Viladomat%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Codina%2C+Carles&rft.au=Bastida%2C+Jaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakosRook2013" class="citation journal cs1">Takos, Adam; Rook, Fred (31 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709753">"Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (6): 11713–11741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms140611713">10.3390/ijms140611713</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709753">3709753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23727937">23727937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Molecular+Understanding+of+the+Biosynthesis+of+Amaryllidaceae+Alkaloids+in+Support+of+Their+Expanding+Medical+Use&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=11713-11741&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709753%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23727937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms140611713&rft.aulast=Takos&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Rook%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovMartínez-FrancésBastidaCodina2014" class="citation journal cs1">Berkov, Strahil; Martínez-Francés, Vanessa; Bastida, Jaume; Codina, Carles; Ríos, Segundo (March 2014). "Evolution of alkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Narcissus". Phytochemistry. 99: 95–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PChem..99...95B">2014PChem..99...95B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.11.002">10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24461780">24461780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+alkaloid+biosynthesis+in+the+genus+Narcissus&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=95-106&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24461780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.11.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PChem..99...95B&rft.aulast=Berkov&rft.aufirst=Strahil&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Franc%C3%A9s%2C+Vanessa&rft.au=Bastida%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Codina%2C+Carles&rft.au=R%C3%ADos%2C+Segundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCID96512015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/galanthamine">"Galanthamine CID 9651"</a>. PubChem. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Galanthamine+CID+9651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2Fgalanthamine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtta-ur-Rahman1998" class="citation book cs1">Atta-ur-Rahman, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjy24u4ubiUC">Studies in natural products chemistry. Vol 20 Structure and Chemistry (Part F)</a>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080541990" title="Special:BookSources/9780080541990"><bdi>9780080541990</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+natural+products+chemistry.+Vol+20+Structure+and+Chemistry+%28Part+F%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780080541990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjy24u4ubiUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaworth1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth" title="Adrian Hardy Haworth">Haworth, Adrian Hardy</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf">Narcissinearum Monographia</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). London: Ridgway. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissinearum+Monographia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ridgway&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Haworth&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Hardy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FHaworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbidge1875" class="citation book cs1">Burbidge, Frederick William (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ">The Narcissus: Its History and Culture: With Coloured Plates and Descriptions of All Known Species and Principal Varieties</a>. London: L. Reeve & Company. Retrieved 2014-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narcissus%3A+Its+History+and+Culture%3A+With+Coloured+Plates+and+Descriptions+of+All+Known+Species+and+Principal+Varieties.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L.+Reeve+%26+Company&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Burbidge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxdBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Narcissus-its-history-and-culture-Burbidge-and-Baker-1875.pdf">also available as pdf</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Barr_(nurseryman)" title="Peter Barr (nurseryman)">Barr, Peter</a>; Burbidge, F.W. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ">Ye Narcissus Or Daffodyl Flowere, Containing Hys Historie and Culture, &C., With a Compleat Liste of All the Species and Varieties Known to Englyshe Amateurs</a>. London: Barre & Sonne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1104534271" title="Special:BookSources/978-1104534271"><bdi>978-1104534271</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ye+Narcissus+Or+Daffodyl+Flowere%2C+Containing+Hys+Historie+and+Culture%2C+%26C.%2C+With+a+Compleat+Liste+of+All+the+Species+and+Varieties+Known+to+Englyshe+Amateurs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barre+%26+Sonne&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=978-1104534271&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Burbidge%2C+F.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqxBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard1990" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, J. W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aBFAAAAYAAJ">Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils</a>. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900048531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900048531"><bdi>978-0900048531</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus%3A+a+guide+to+wild+daffodils&rft.place=Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Alpine+Garden+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0900048531&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aBFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhardt1993" class="citation book cs1">Erhardt, Walter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_feiAAAACAAJ">Narzissen: Osterglocken, Jonquillen, Tazetten</a>. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): E. Ulmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3800164899" title="Special:BookSources/978-3800164899"><bdi>978-3800164899</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narzissen%3A+Osterglocken%2C+Jonquillen%2C+Tazetten&rft.place=Stuttgart+%28Hohenheim%29&rft.pub=E.+Ulmer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3800164899&rft.aulast=Erhardt&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_feiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Gordon R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC">Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus</a>. London: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415273442" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415273442"><bdi>978-0415273442</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus+and+Daffodil%3A+The+Genus+Narcissus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415273442&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Gordon+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_kH_BffGDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsburyWhitworth2013" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Noël; Whitworth, Jo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVFFAQAAQBAJ">Daffodil : the remarkable story of the world's most popular spring flower</a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604695595" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604695595"><bdi>978-1604695595</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daffodil+%3A+the+remarkable+story+of+the+world%27s+most+popular+spring+flower&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1604695595&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Whitworth%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVFFAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Danielle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531003709/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/cook_dani/index.htm">"Daffodil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/cook_dani/index.htm">the original</a> on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioweb.uwlax.edu%2Fbio203%2Fs2013%2Fcook_dani%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Brian (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr07/bj-daffodil.html">"A Close-up View of the "Daffodil""</a> (Close up images). Micscape Magazine. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Micscape+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Close-up+View+of+the+%22Daffodil%22&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopy-uk.org.uk%2Fmag%2Findexmag.html%3Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.microscopy-uk.org.uk%2Fmag%2Fartapr07%2Fbj-daffodil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2001" class="citation web cs1">Kraft, Rachel (30 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/chiwonlee/plsc368/student/papers01/rkraft/daffodilprop.htm">"Propagation of Daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)"</a>. Plant Propagation. North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+Propagation&rft.atitle=Propagation+of+Daffodils+%28Narcissus+pseudonarcissus%29&rft.date=2001-04-30&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndsu.edu%2Fpubweb%2Fchiwonlee%2Fplsc368%2Fstudent%2Fpapers01%2Frkraft%2Fdaffodilprop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinklein2007" class="citation web cs1">Trinklein, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610">"Spring Flowering Bulbs: Daffodils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> Extension. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spring+Flowering+Bulbs%3A+Daffodils&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Extension&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Trinklein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.missouri.edu%2Fp%2FG6610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_BeckChristman2005" class="citation web cs1">Van Beck, John; Christman, Steve (3 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/n/narc_spp.cfm">"Narcissus"</a>. Floridata. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Floridata&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.aulast=Van+Beck&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Christman%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridata.com%2Fref%2Fn%2Fnarc_spp.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigneron" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vigneron, Pascal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229023329/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org//Narcissus/index.htm">"Narcissus"</a>. Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Narcissus/index.htm">the original</a> on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amaryllidaceae.org&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.aulast=Vigneron&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amaryllidaceae.org%2FNarcissus%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daffodilfestivals.com/">"Daffodil Festivals and Fields"</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+Festivals+and+Fields&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaffodilfestivals.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928234322/https://www.dryad-home.co.uk/gallery/NARCISSUS/index.html">"Narcissus"</a>. Dryad Nursery. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dryad-home.co.uk/gallery/NARCISSUS/index.html">the original</a> (Image galleries) on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2014-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft.pub=Dryad+Nursery&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dryad-home.co.uk%2Fgallery%2FNARCISSUS%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbergs2008" class="citation web cs1">Steinbergs, A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319232416/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html">"Daffodils"</a>. Spring-flowering Bulbs. The Plant Expert. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spring-flowering+Bulbs&rft.atitle=Daffodils&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Steinbergs&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantexpert.com%2Fspringbulbs%2FDaffodilIntro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206201657/http://www.vanengelen.com/narcissus.html">"Narcissus Horticultural Tips"</a>. Van Engelen. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanengelen.com/narcissus.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-06. Retrieved 2014-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus+Horticultural+Tips&rft.pub=Van+Engelen&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanengelen.com%2Fnarcissus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History_3">History</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibertiny2013" class="citation web cs1">Libertiny, Susan (5 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102073605/http://www.allaboutmygarden.com/2013/02/peter-barr-the-king-of-daffoldils/">"Peter Barr – The King of Daffoldils"</a>. All about my garden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutmygarden.com/2013/02/peter-barr-the-king-of-daffoldils/">the original</a> on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+about+my+garden&rft.atitle=Peter+Barr+%E2%80%93+The+King+of+Daffoldils&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.aulast=Libertiny&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutmygarden.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fpeter-barr-the-king-of-daffoldils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUVA2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/treasures/john-gerard-1545-1612/">"John Gerard (1545–1612)"</a>. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. 2007. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Collections+at+the+Claude+Moore+Health+Sciences+Library&rft.atitle=John+Gerard+%281545%E2%80%931612%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexhibits.hsl.virginia.edu%2Ftreasures%2Fjohn-gerard-1545-1612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases_2">Pests and diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_2">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford2000" class="citation book cs1">Alford, David, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxw5JvD7MN4C">Pest and Disease Management Handbook</a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470680193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470680193"><bdi>978-0470680193</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pest+and+Disease+Management+Handbook&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0470680193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drxw5JvD7MN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirone1978" class="citation book cs1">Pirone, Pascal Pompey (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diseasespestsofo0000piro">Diseases and pests of ornamental plants</a> (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471072492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471072492"><bdi>978-0471072492</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+and+pests+of+ornamental+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0471072492&rft.aulast=Pirone&rft.aufirst=Pascal+Pompey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiseasespestsofo0000piro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratwick1992" class="citation book cs1">Gratwick, Marion, ed. (1992). Crop Pests in the UK. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-1490-5">10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-1490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-1490-5"><bdi>978-94-011-1490-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38067491">38067491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crop+Pests+in+the+UK&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38067491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-1490-5&rft.isbn=978-94-011-1490-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorst2013" class="citation book cs1">Horst, R. Kenneth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-94-007-6048-6">Field manual of diseases on garden and greenhouse flowers</a>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6049-3"><bdi>978-94-007-6049-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+manual+of+diseases+on+garden+and+greenhouse+flowers&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6049-3&rft.aulast=Horst&rft.aufirst=R.+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Flife%2Bsciences%2Fplant%2Bsciences%2Fbook%2F978-94-007-6048-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndhEAAAAQBAJ">Additional excerpts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreistadt2001" class="citation book cs1">Dreistadt, Steve H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1s6Tmbu72kC">Integrated pest management for floriculture and nurseries</a>. Oakland, Calif.: University of California, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879906464" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879906464"><bdi>978-1879906464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+pest+management+for+floriculture+and+nurseries&rft.place=Oakland%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Statewide+Integrated+Pest+Management+Project%2C+Division+of+Agriculture+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1879906464&rft.aulast=Dreistadt&rft.aufirst=Steve+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1s6Tmbu72kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, I.M., ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gbPsC7i1IIC">European Handbook of Plant Diseases</a>. Oxford: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444314182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444314182"><bdi>978-1444314182</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Handbook+of+Plant+Diseases&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1444314182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3gbPsC7i1IIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fungi">Fungi</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElad2007" class="citation book cs1">Elad, Yigal; Williamson, Brian; Tudzynski, Paul; Delen, Nafiz, eds. (2007). Botrytis biology, pathology and control. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2626-3">10.1007/978-1-4020-2626-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2626-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-2626-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83681757">83681757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botrytis+biology%2C+pathology+and+control&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83681757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2626-3&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2626-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3MLLfk8JXMC">Further excerpts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1959" class="citation book cs1">Moore, WC (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_M8AAAAIAAJ">British Parasitic Fungi</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2014-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Parasitic+Fungi&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=WC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_M8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Viruses">Viruses</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Viruses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauquet2005" class="citation book cs1">Fauquet, C.M.; et al., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC">Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses ; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080575483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080575483"><bdi>978-0080575483</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virus+taxonomy+classification+and+nomenclature+of+viruses+%3B+8th+report+of+the+International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FAcademic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0080575483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2012" class="citation book cs1">King, Andrew M. Q.; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXRCYay3pH4C">Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123846846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123846846"><bdi>978-0123846846</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virus+taxonomy+%3A+classification+and+nomenclature+of+viruses+%3A+ninth+report+of+the+International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0123846846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXRCYay3pH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidonaDarai2012" class="citation book cs1">Tidona, Christian; Darai, Gholamreza, eds. (2012). The Springer index of viruses (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-95919-1">10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95919-1"><bdi>978-0-387-95919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Springer+index+of+viruses&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-95919-1&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95919-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nematodes">Nematodes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Nematodes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2010" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Donald L, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omQLBAAAQBAJ">The biology of nematodes</a>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415272117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415272117"><bdi>978-0415272117</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biology+of+nematodes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415272117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomQLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanRohde1981" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Bert M.; Rohde, Richard A., eds. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9Mz--9wwoC">Plant Parasitic Nematodes vol. 3</a>. Oxford: Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323147033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323147033"><bdi>978-0323147033</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Parasitic+Nematodes+vol.+3&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0323147033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpU9Mz--9wwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavichandra2014" class="citation book cs1">Ravichandra, N. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OfS_AwAAQBAJ">Horticultural Nematology</a>. New Delhi: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132218418" title="Special:BookSources/9788132218418"><bdi>9788132218418</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Nematology&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788132218418&rft.aulast=Ravichandra&rft.aufirst=N.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOfS_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryMoens2013" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Roland N.; Moens, Maurice, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTv7AgAAQBAJ">Plant nematology</a> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780641515" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780641515"><bdi>978-1780641515</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+nematology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780641515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTv7AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles_2">Articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorterWeiss1932" class="citation journal cs1">McWhorter, Frank P.; Weiss, Freeman (June 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Diseases-of-Narcissus-opt.pdf">"Diseases of Narcissus"</a> (PDF). Station Bulletin. 304. Retrieved 2014-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Station+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Diseases+of+Narcissus&rft.volume=304&rft.date=1932-06&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDiseases-of-Narcissus-opt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMAFF1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Narcissus-Pests-opt.pdf">"Narcissus pests, 6th ed"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Bulletin (51). 1970. Retrieved 2014-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Fisheries+and+Food+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Narcissus+pests%2C+6th+ed.&rft.issue=51&rft.date=1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNarcissus-Pests-opt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorSpiegel1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mor, M.; Spiegel, Y. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2619407">"Infection of Narcissus Roots by Aphelenchoides subtenuis"</a>. J. Nematol. 25 (3, September): 476–479. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2619407">2619407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279798">19279798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nematol.&rft.atitle=Infection+of+Narcissus+Roots+by+Aphelenchoides+subtenuis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%2C+September&rft.pages=476-479&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2619407%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19279798&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2619407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlootweg1956" class="citation journal cs1">Slootweg, A.F.G. (1 January 1956). "Rootrot of Bulbs Caused By Pratylenchus and Hoplolaimus Spp". Nematologica. 1 (3): 192–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187529256X00041">10.1163/187529256X00041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nematologica&rft.atitle=Rootrot+of+Bulbs+Caused+By+Pratylenchus+and+Hoplolaimus+Spp&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=192-201&rft.date=1956-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187529256X00041&rft.aulast=Slootweg&rft.aufirst=A.F.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, S. K.; Hodda, M.; Ash, G. J. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4091452">"Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses"</a>. EPPO Bulletin. 43 (2): 334–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12050">10.1111/epp.12050</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPPO+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Plant-parasitic+nematodes+of+potential+phytosanitary+importance%2C+their+main+hosts+and+reported+yield+losses&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334-374&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fepp.12050&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft.au=Hodda%2C+M.&rft.au=Ash%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4091452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fungi_2">Fungi</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Sung Kee; Kim, Wan Gyu; Cho, Weon Dae; Kim, Hong Gi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763179">"Occurrence of Narcissus Smoulder Caused by Botrytis narcissicola in Korea"</a>. Mycobiology. 35 (4): 235–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4489%2FMYCO.2007.35.4.235">10.4489/MYCO.2007.35.4.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763179">3763179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24015104">24015104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycobiology&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+Narcissus+Smoulder+Caused+by+Botrytis+narcissicola+in+Korea&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=235-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3763179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24015104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4489%2FMYCO.2007.35.4.235&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Sung+Kee&rft.au=Kim%2C+Wan+Gyu&rft.au=Cho%2C+Weon+Dae&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hong+Gi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3763179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hanks, G.R. (1996). "Control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. narcissi, the cause of narcissus basal rot, with thiabendazole and other fungicides". Crop Protection. 15 (6 September): 549–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-2194%2896%2900023-3">10.1016/0261-2194(96)00023-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crop+Protection&rft.atitle=Control+of+Fusarium+oxysporum+f.sp.+narcissi%2C+the+cause+of+narcissus+basal+rot%2C+with+thiabendazole+and+other+fungicides&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6+September&rft.pages=549-558&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0261-2194%2896%2900023-3&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanksCarder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hanks, Gordon; Carder, John (2003). "Management of basal rot - the narcissus disease". 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Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 36 (2): 81–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.36.81">10.3186/jjphytopath.36.81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Viruses+Isolated+from+Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29+in+Japan+I.+Narcissus+mosaic+virus&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-86&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.36.81&rft.aulast=Iwaki&rft.aufirst=Mitsuro&rft.au=Komuro%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3186%252Fjjphytopath.36.81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaki1971" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.37.108">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan II. Tomato ringspot virus and its transmission by Xiphinema americanum"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 37 (2): 108–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.37.108">10.3186/jjphytopath.37.108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Viruses+Isolated+from+Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29+in+Japan+II.+Tomato+ringspot+virus+and+its+transmission+by+Xiphinema+americanum&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-116&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.37.108&rft.aulast=Iwaki&rft.aufirst=Mitsuro&rft.au=Komuro%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3186%252Fjjphytopath.37.108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaki1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.38.137">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan III. Cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco rattle virus and broad bean wilt virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 38 (2): 137–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.38.137">10.3186/jjphytopath.38.137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Viruses+Isolated+from+Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29+in+Japan+III.+Cucumber+mosaic+virus%2C+tobacco+rattle+virus+and+broad+bean+wilt+virus&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-145&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.38.137&rft.aulast=Iwaki&rft.aufirst=Mitsuro&rft.au=Komuro%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3186%252Fjjphytopath.38.137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaki1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002760785/en">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan IV. Tomato black ring virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 39 (4): 279–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.39.279">10.3186/jjphytopath.39.279</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Viruses+Isolated+from+Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29+in+Japan+IV.+Tomato+black+ring+virus&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=279-287&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.39.279&rft.aulast=Iwaki&rft.aufirst=Mitsuro&rft.au=Komuro%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110002760785%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwaki1974" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.40.344">"Viruses isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan V. Arabis mosaic virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 40 (4): 344–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.40.344">10.3186/jjphytopath.40.344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Viruses+isolated+from+Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29+in+Japan+V.+Arabis+mosaic+virus.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-353&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.40.344&rft.aulast=Iwaki&rft.aufirst=Mitsuro&rft.au=Komuro%2C+Yasuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3186%252Fjjphytopath.40.344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988a" class="citation journal cs1">Mowat, W.P.; Duncan, G.H.; Dawson, S. (1988a). "An appraisal of the identities of Potyviruses infecting Narcissus". Acta Hort. 234 (234): 207–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1988.234.24">10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.234.24</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Hort.&rft.atitle=An+appraisal+of+the+identities+of+Potyviruses+infecting+Narcissus&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=234&rft.pages=207-208&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.1988.234.24&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+G.H.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988b" class="citation journal cs1">Mowat, W.P.; Duncan, G.H.; Dawson, S. (December 1988b). "Narcissus late season yellows potyvirus: symptoms, properties and serological detection". Annals of Applied Biology. 113 (3): 531–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1988.tb03330.x">10.1111/j.1744-7348.1988.tb03330.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Applied+Biology&rft.atitle=Narcissus+late+season+yellows+potyvirus%3A+symptoms%2C+properties+and+serological+detection&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=531-544&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1988.tb03330.x&rft.aulast=Mowat&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+G.H.&rft.au=Dawson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites_2">Websites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCIPM2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r280112311.html">"Narcissus (Narcissus spp.)"</a>. UC Pest Management Guidelines. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. Integrated pest management program. March 2009. Retrieved 2014-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Pest+Management+Guidelines&rft.atitle=Narcissus+%28Narcissus+spp.%29&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu%2FPMG%2Fr280112311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHSDV2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=149">"Daffodil viruses"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+viruses&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fadvice%2Fprofile%3Fpid%3D149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPNW2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217230024/http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases">"Daffodil (Narcissus spp.)-Virus Diseases"</a>. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Oregon State University. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases">the original</a> on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Northwest+Plant+Disease+Management+Handbook&rft.atitle=Daffodil+%28Narcissus+spp.%29-Virus+Diseases&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnwhandbooks.org%2Fplantdisease%2Fdaffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">"Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release"</a>. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virus+Taxonomy%3A+2013+Release&rft.pub=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses+%28ICTV%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fictvonline.org%2FvirusTaxonomy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Mike (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpvweb.net/index.php">"Overview"</a>. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Association of Applied Biologists. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Descriptions+of+Plant+Viruses&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpvweb.net%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_research">Historical research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Historical research">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1887" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (May–October 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZBHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA428">"Homer the botanist"</a>. Macmillan's Magazine. 56: 428–436. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macmillan%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Homer+the+botanist&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=428-436&rft.date=1887-05%2F1887-10&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuZBHAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1949" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDw7sdhIdlEC&pg=PA328">The Common Asphodel</a> (1970 ed.). New York: Haskell. pp. 327–330. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common+Asphodel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=327-330&rft.edition=1970&rft.pub=Haskell&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDw7sdhIdlEC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArber1912" class="citation book cs1">Arber, Agnes (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46889/46889-h/46889-h.htm">Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution: A Chapter in the History of Botany 1470-1670</a>. Cambridge University Press 1912. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbals%2C+Their+Origin+and+Evolution%3A+A+Chapter+in+the+History+of+Botany+1470-1670&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+1912&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Arber&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F46889%2F46889-h%2F46889-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausch2012" class="citation book cs1">Krausch, Heinz D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVki2C3StvYC">'Kaiserkron und Päonien rot?': Entdeckung und Einführung unserer Gartenblumen</a>. Munich: Dölling und Galitz Verlag G. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3862180226" title="Special:BookSources/978-3862180226"><bdi>978-3862180226</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Kaiserkron+und+P%C3%A4onien+rot%3F%27%3A+Entdeckung+und+Einf%C3%BChrung+unserer+Gartenblumen&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=D%C3%B6lling+und+Galitz+Verlag+G&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3862180226&rft.aulast=Krausch&rft.aufirst=Heinz+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVki2C3StvYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_art">Literature and art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Literature and art">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerber2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferber, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meFkAwAAQBAJ">"Daffodil"</a>. A Dictionary of Literary Symbols (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139466394" title="Special:BookSources/9781139466394"><bdi>9781139466394</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daffodil&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Literary+Symbols&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139466394&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeFkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquity_3">Antiquity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1846" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Samuel Weller, ed. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LV8iAAAAMAAJ">Hesperides: or, The works both humane and divine of Robert Herrick, Volume 1</a>. London: William Pickering. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesperides%3A+or%2C+The+works+both+humane+and+divine+of+Robert+Herrick%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Pickering&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLV8iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJebb1889" class="citation book cs1">Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C">Sophocles: the plays and fragments with critical notes, commentary, and translation in English prose. Part II. The Oedipus Coloneus</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophocles%3A+the+plays+and+fragments+with+critical+notes%2C+commentary%2C+and+translation+in+English+prose.+Part+II.+The+Oedipus+Coloneus&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXW_HUe5xe20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1889" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rUqAAAAYAA">Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Vol. IX RH-ST</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved 2014-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature%2C+Vol.+IX+RH-ST&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rUqAAAAYAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1994" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Clayton (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzK8Mpkl4EC">The pastoral Narcissus : a study of the first idyll of Theocritus</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847679621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847679621"><bdi>978-0847679621</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pastoral+Narcissus+%3A+a+study+of+the+first+idyll+of+Theocritus&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0847679621&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGzK8Mpkl4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJashemskiMeyer2002" class="citation book cs1">Jashemski, Wilhelmina Feemster; Meyer, Frederick G., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xfjyTqqR7IC">The natural history of Pompeii</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521800549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521800549"><bdi>978-0521800549</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+history+of+Pompeii&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521800549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xfjyTqqR7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reece, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/811">"Homer's Asphodel Meadow"</a>. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 47 (4): 389–400. Retrieved 2014-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Homer%27s+Asphodel+Meadow&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-400&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkantonatos2002" class="citation book cs1">Markantonatos, Andreas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ">Tragic narrative : a narratological study of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110895889" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110895889"><bdi>978-3110895889</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+narrative+%3A+a+narratological+study+of+Sophocles%27+Oedipus+at+Colonus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3110895889&rft.aulast=Markantonatos&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaciAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrino2010" class="citation book cs1">Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhv2AV3eTsUC">Aphrodite</a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415775229" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415775229"><bdi>978-0415775229</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415775229&rft.aulast=Cyrino&rft.aufirst=Monica+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddhv2AV3eTsUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStasinos1914" class="citation web cs1">Stasinos (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/homer/cypria.htm">"Homerica: The Cypria (fragments)"</a> (translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914). Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Sacred+Text+Archive&rft.atitle=Homerica%3A+The+Cypria+%28fragments%29&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Stasinos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Fhomer%2Fcypria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">West, Martin L., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC">Greek epic fragments from the seventh to the fifth centuries BC</a> (in Greek and English). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99605-2"><bdi>978-0-674-99605-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+epic+fragments+from+the+seventh+to+the+fifth+centuries+BC&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99605-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FL497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediaeval_and_Renaissance">Mediaeval and Renaissance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Mediaeval and Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower2008" class="citation book cs1">Gower, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/266/266-h/266-h.htm#link2H_4_0002">Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins. Liber primus</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-30 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessio+Amantis+or+Tales+of+the+Seven+Deadly+Sins.+Liber+primus&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F266%2F266-h%2F266-h.htm%23link2H_4_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower1390" class="citation book cs1">Gower, John (1390). Pauli, Reinhold (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confessioamanti10paulgoog">Confessio Amantis of John Gower, Volume 1</a> (1857 ed.). Bell and Daldy 1857. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessio+Amantis+of+John+Gower%2C+Volume+1&rft.edition=1857&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy+1857&rft.date=1390&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfessioamanti10paulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeager1990" class="citation book cs1">Yeager, R.F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmH4Q4GMyHEC">John Gower's poetic : the search for a new Arion</a>. Cambridge: Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859912808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859912808"><bdi>978-0859912808</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Gower%27s+poetic+%3A+the+search+for+a+new+Arion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Brewer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0859912808&rft.aulast=Yeager&rft.aufirst=R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmH4Q4GMyHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenser1579" class="citation web cs1">Spenser, Edmund (1579). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/ren.htm">"The Shepheardes Calender"</a>. Renascence Editions. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shepheardes+Calender&rft.pub=Renascence+Editions&rft.date=1579&rft.aulast=Spenser&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminarium.org%2Frenascence-editions%2Fren.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable1600" class="citation book cs1">Constable, Henry (1859). Hazlitt, WC (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dianasonnetsothe00consuoft">Diana: The Sonnets and other poems by Henry Constable</a>. London: Basil Montagu Pickering. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diana%3A+The+Sonnets+and+other+poems+by+Henry+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Basil+Montagu+Pickering&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdianasonnetsothe00consuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1623" class="citation web cs1">Shakespeare, William (1623). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/winters_tale/full.html">"The Winter's Tale"</a>. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Retrieved 2014-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Complete+Works+of+William+Shakespeare&rft.atitle=The+Winter%27s+Tale&rft.date=1623&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshakespeare.mit.edu%2Fwinters_tale%2Ffull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1634" class="citation web cs1">Shakespeare, William (1634). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://william-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk/the-two-noble-kinsmen/">"The Two Noble Kinsmen"</a>. Classic Literature Library. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+Literature+Library&rft.atitle=The+Two+Noble+Kinsmen&rft.date=1634&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwilliam-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk%2Fthe-two-noble-kinsmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ancona1977" class="citation book cs1">D'Ancona, Mirella Levi (1977). Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting. Firenze: Casa Editrice Leo S.Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788822217899" title="Special:BookSources/9788822217899"><bdi>9788822217899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+of+the+Renaissance%3A+Botanical+Symbolism+in+Italian+Painting&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Leo+S.Olschki&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788822217899&rft.aulast=D%27Ancona&rft.aufirst=Mirella+Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2007" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Lady Amie (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amiesparrow.wordpress.com/16th-century-england/sweet-bags/flowers-and-their-renaissance-symbolism/">"Flowers and Their Renaissance Symbolism"</a>. The Bull, Newsletter for the Barony of Stierbach, Vol. 10 Issue XI. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flowers+and+Their+Renaissance+Symbolism&rft.pub=The+Bull%2C+Newsletter+for+the+Barony+of+Stierbach%2C+Vol.+10+Issue+XI&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Lady+Amie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famiesparrow.wordpress.com%2F16th-century-england%2Fsweet-bags%2Fflowers-and-their-renaissance-symbolism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_2">Modern</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1807" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, William (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPA9AAAAYAAJ">Poems in Two Volumes, VOL. II</a>. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+in+Two+Volumes%2C+VOL.+II&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft.date=1807&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPA9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1802" class="citation web cs1">Wordsworth, Dorothy (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905114252/http://www.rc.umd.edu/sites/default/RCOldSite/www/rchs/reader/dwdaff.html">"Excerpt from Dorothy Wordsworth's Grasmere Journal, 15 April 1802"</a>. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth: The Alfoxden Journal 1798, The Grasmere Journals 1800-1803, ed. Mary Moorman. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. pp. 109–110. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/sites/default/RCOldSite/www/rchs/reader/dwdaff.html">the original</a> on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journals+of+Dorothy+Wordsworth%3A+The+Alfoxden+Journal+1798%2C+The+Grasmere+Journals+1800-1803%2C+ed.+Mary+Moorman&rft.atitle=Excerpt+from+Dorothy+Wordsworth%27s+Grasmere+Journal%2C+15+April+1802&rft.pages=109-110&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rc.umd.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2FRCOldSite%2Fwww%2Frchs%2Freader%2Fdwdaff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeats1818" class="citation web cs1">Keats, John (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/126/32.html">"The Poetical Works of John Keats. 1884. 32: Endymion"</a>. Great Books Online. Bartleby. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Books+Online&rft.atitle=The+Poetical+Works+of+John+Keats.+1884.+32%3A+Endymion&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Keats&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F126%2F32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1820" class="citation web cs1">Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222215914/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/shelley/percy_bysshe/s54cp/volume25.html">"The Sensitive Plant"</a>. The Complete Poetical Works, by Percy Bysshe Shelley: Volume 25. Poems written in 1820. 1. University of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/shelley/percy_bysshe/s54cp/volume25.html">the original</a> (Oxford Edition 1914, edited by Thomas Hutchinson) on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Complete+Poetical+Works%2C+by+Percy+Bysshe+Shelley%3A+Volume+25.+Poems+written+in+1820.+1.&rft.atitle=The+Sensitive+Plant&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Percy+Bysshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fs%2Fshelley%2Fpercy_bysshe%2Fs54cp%2Fvolume25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1853" class="citation magazine cs1">Wordsworth, Chistoper (January 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJTfAAAAMAAJ">"Memoirs of William Wordsworth, Poet-Laureate, D.C.L."</a> London Quarterly Review. Vol. 92. pp. 96–124. Retrieved 2014-12-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+William+Wordsworth%2C+Poet-Laureate%2C+D.C.L.&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=96-124&rft.date=1853-01&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=Chistoper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJTfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousman1896" class="citation book cs1">Housman, A. E. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5720/5720-h/5720-h.htm">A Shropshire Lad</a> (1919 ed.). Gutenberg. Retrieved 2014-11-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shropshire+Lad&rft.edition=1919&rft.pub=Gutenberg&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Housman&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F5720%2F5720-h%2F5720-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. Day (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdFmmsHbsZsC">The Complete Poems</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804725859" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804725859"><bdi>978-0804725859</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Poems&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0804725859&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdFmmsHbsZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasefield2014" class="citation book cs1">Masefield, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8l8AwAAQBAJ">Brimstone</a>. Red Door Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783013326" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783013326"><bdi>978-1783013326</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-17. <q>if you ain't as white as a lentern lily</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brimstone&rft.pub=Red+Door+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1783013326&rft.aulast=Masefield&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8l8AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Erjw3tDToN0C">Stern und Blume : die Bilderwelt der persischen Poesie</a>. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447024341" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447024341"><bdi>978-3447024341</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stern+und+Blume+%3A+die+Bilderwelt+der+persischen+Poesie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=O.+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3447024341&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DErjw3tDToN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0">Two-colored brocade : the imagery of Persian poetry</a>. Univ Of North Carolina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807856208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807856208"><bdi>978-0807856208</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two-colored+brocade+%3A+the+imagery+of+Persian+poetry.&rft.pub=Univ+Of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0807856208&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwocoloredbrocad00schi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC">Die Träume des Kalifen : Träume und ihre Deutung in der islamischen Kultur</a>. München: Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406440564" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406440564"><bdi>978-3406440564</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tr%C3%A4ume+des+Kalifen+%3A+Tr%C3%A4ume+und+ihre+Deutung+in+der+islamischen+Kultur&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3406440564&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_b2D4m6kLUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel2001" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (2001). Kleine Paradiese : Blumen und Gärten im Islam. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3451051920" title="Special:BookSources/978-3451051920"><bdi>978-3451051920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Paradiese+%3A+Blumen+und+G%C3%A4rten+im+Islam&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3451051920&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisamiStarkey1998" class="citation book cs1">Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC">Encyclopedia of Arabic literature, vol. 2</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415185721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415185721"><bdi>978-0415185721</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+literature%2C+vol.+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415185721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbCFBX6b3eEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern">Eastern</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Eastern">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2008" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Maxwell K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC">How to read Chinese paintings</a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588392817" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588392817"><bdi>978-1588392817</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+read+Chinese+paintings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1588392817&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLpZy5ouhcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu1989" class="citation book cs1">Hu, William C. (1989). Narcissus, Chinese new year flower : legends and folklore. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ars Ceramica with the Honolulu Academy of Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0893440350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0893440350"><bdi>978-0893440350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus%2C+Chinese+new+year+flower+%3A+legends+and+folklore&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Ars+Ceramica+with+the+Honolulu+Academy+of+Arts&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0893440350&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1890" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, LH (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/American/Legend-Of-The-Chinese-Lily-Narcissus-Orientalis.html#.VG5NvskXIQM">"Legend Of The Chinese Lily (Narcissus Orientalis)"</a>. The American Garden vol XI. The Rural Publishing Company. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Garden+vol+XI&rft.atitle=Legend+Of+The+Chinese+Lily+%28Narcissus+Orientalis%29&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=LH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Fgardening-horticulture%2FAmerican%2FLegend-Of-The-Chinese-Lily-Narcissus-Orientalis.html%23.VG5NvskXIQM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGippsland_Times1946" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (12 September 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65420802">"The legend of the Chinese lily"</a>. Gippsland Times. p. 10. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gippsland+Times&rft.atitle=The+legend+of+the+Chinese+lily&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1946-09-12&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article65420802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Databases">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Plant_List2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230508/http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/">"Narcissus"</a>. The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/">the original</a> on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+List+%282013%29.+Version+1.1.&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2F1.1%2Fbrowse%2FA%2FAmaryllidaceae%2FNarcissus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=66318-3&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DNarcissus%26output_format%3Dnormal">"Narcissus L."</a> International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft.atitle=Narcissus+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FidPlantNameSearch.do%3Fid%3D66318-3%26back_page%3D%252Fipni%252FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%253Ffind_wholeName%253DNarcissus%2526output_format%253Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fqsearch.do%3FplantName%3DNarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeMonocot2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101031509/http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:282547">"Narcissus L."</a> eMonocot. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:282547">the original</a> on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2014-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMonocot&rft.atitle=Narcissus+L.&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-monocot.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Akew.org%3Awcs%3Ataxon%3A282547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> Distribution maps</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=84509&PTRefFk=8000000">"Narcissus"</a>. Euro+Med Plantbase. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Retrieved 2015-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euro%2BMed+Plantbase&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2.bgbm.org%2FEuroPlusMed%2FPTaxonDetail.asp%3FNameId%3D84509%26PTRefFk%3D8000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2015" class="citation cs2">Stevens, P. F. (2015) [1st. Pub. 2001], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidaceae">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Amaryllidaceae - 3. Amaryllidoideae - 3H. Narcisseae</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website%3A+Amaryllidaceae+-+3.+Amaryllidoideae+-+3H.+Narcisseae&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2Fapweb%2Forders%2Fasparagalesweb.htm%23Amaryllidaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies_and_organisations">Societies and organisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Societies and organisations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaffodil_Society2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117191635/http://thedaffodilsociety.com/wordpress/">"The Daffodil Society"</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedaffodilsociety.com/wordpress/">the original</a> (UK) on 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daffodil+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedaffodilsociety.com%2Fwordpress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daffodilusa.org">"The American Daffodil Society"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Daffodil+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaffodilusa.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafflibrary.org/">"DaffLibrary – books, articles, and journals about daffodils"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DaffLibrary+%E2%80%93+books%2C+articles%2C+and+journals+about+daffodils&rft.pub=American+Daffodil+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdafflibrary.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daffseek.org/">"DaffSeek – Daffodil Database with Photos"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DaffSeek+%E2%80%93+Daffodil+Database+with+Photos&rft.pub=American+Daffodil+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaffseek.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daffodilusa.org/links/international-daffodil-organizations/">"International Daffodil Organizations"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Daffodil+Organizations&rft.pub=American+Daffodil+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaffodilusa.org%2Flinks%2Finternational-daffodil-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Advice/Profile?PID=365">"Daffodils"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodils&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FAdvice%2FProfile%3FPID%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration">"Daffodil cultivar registration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daffodil+cultivar+registration&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fplantsmanship%2Fplant-registration%2Fdaffodil-cultivar-registration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104061857/http://www.bulbsociety.org/newgallery560e.html?acode=1&b_char=N">"IBS Gallery"</a>. Gallery of the world's bulbs. International Bulb Society. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulbsociety.org/newgallery560e.html?acode=1&b_char=N">the original</a> on 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallery+of+the+world%27s+bulbs&rft.atitle=IBS+Gallery&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulbsociety.org%2Fnewgallery560e.html%3Facode%3D1%26b_char%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daffodil.org.nz/">"National Daffodil Society of New Zealand"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Daffodil+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daffodil.org.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Plant Encyclopaedia. Alpine Garden Society. 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+Encyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net%2Fplants%2FNarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Pacific Bulb Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narcissus&rft.pub=Pacific+Bulb+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbulbsociety.org%2Fpbswiki%2Findex.php%2FNarcissus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPBS_Overview2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/NarcissusSpeciesOverview">"Overview of the Narcissus Species"</a>. Pacific Bulb Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+the+Narcissus+Species&rft.pub=Pacific+Bulb+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificbulbsociety.org%2Fpbswiki%2Findex.php%2FNarcissusSpeciesOverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation_2">Cultivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/index.html">"Flower Bulb Research Program"</a>. Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flower+Bulb+Research+Program&rft.pub=Department+of+Horticulture%2C+College+of+Agriculture+and+Life+Sciences%2C+Cornell+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/newsletter/">"Research Newsletter"</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Newsletter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu%2Fnewsletter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103180736/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc/en/publiek/index.jsf">"International Flower Bulb Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc/en/publiek/index.jsf">the original</a> on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Flower+Bulb+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulbsonline.org%2Fibc%2Fen%2Fpubliek%2Findex.jsf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195128/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Narcissus.xml">"Bulb flower production: Narcissus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Narcissus.xml">the original</a> on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulb+flower+production%3A+Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulbsonline.org%2Fibc-jsp%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fberoepsonderwijs%2Fintroduction%2FNarcissus.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103181112/http://video.bulbsonline.org/emag/PicturebookSpring/flash.html#/18/">"Narcissus"</a>. Narcissus, Hyacinth & Special Flower Bulbs Picture Book. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.bulbsonline.org/emag/PicturebookSpring/flash.html#/18/">the original</a> on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Narcissus%2C+Hyacinth+%26+Special+Flower+Bulbs+Picture+Book&rft.atitle=Narcissus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.bulbsonline.org%2Femag%2FPicturebookSpring%2Fflash.html%23%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_material">Reference material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: Reference material">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUCN2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature_and_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources.&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/">"Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. Oxford dictionaries online. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/">the original</a> on 2001-05-16. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+dictionaries+online&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1879" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, John (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Scottish_Language_To_Which_Is_v1_1000691793">An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language</a> (Forgotten Books ed.). Paisley: Alexander Gardener. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Scottish+Language&rft.place=Paisley&rft.edition=Forgotten+Books&rft.pub=Alexander+Gardener&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgottenbooks.com%2Freadbook%2FAn_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Scottish_Language_To_Which_Is_v1_1000691793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1905" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Joseph (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R8QAwAAQBAJ">The English dialect dictionary</a>. Oxford: Frowde. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785880963072" title="Special:BookSources/9785880963072"><bdi>9785880963072</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+dialect+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Frowde&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=9785880963072&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R8QAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldEshelPlotnizki2014" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Sara; Eshel, Amram; Plotnizki, Abraham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/">"Wild Flowers of Israel"</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Flowers+of+Israel&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Eshel%2C+Amram&rft.au=Plotnizki%2C+Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildflowers.co.il%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwaji2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103030605/http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html">"Awaji Yumebutai International Conference Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji Island</a>, Japan. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html">the original</a> (Narcissus fields) on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awaji+Yumebutai+International+Conference+Center&rft.place=Awaji+Island%2C+Japan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumebutai.org%2Fenglish%2Flink%2Flink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarcissus+%28plant%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Narcissus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Narcissus">Narcissus</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Narcissus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Narcissus">Narcissus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Narcissus">Narcissus</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Narcissus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29465" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q29465">Q29465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Narcissus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/192873">192873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/63672">63672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=122205">122205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VZL3">8VZL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1NARG">1NARG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21239">21239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652">121652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121652">121652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2858200">2858200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=7979">7979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53597">53597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/1558-1">1558-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1360652">1360652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500435">500435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000460847">NHMSYS0000460847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4697">4697</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f5a0ba19-f450-4390-bc2c-398b74bb4c2d">f5a0ba19-f450-4390-bc2c-398b74bb4c2d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=592259">592259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/NARCI">NARCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A1558-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1558-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40025195">40025195</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/90f9029c-fbed-408f-8f1c-cf88f9947855">90f9029c-fbed-408f-8f1c-cf88f9947855</a></li> <li>WoI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=249">249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000025329">wfo-4000025329</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29465#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph520048&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070129&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&oldid=1253928934">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(plant)&oldid=1253928934</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Narcissus_(plant)" title="Category:Narcissus (plant)">Narcissus (plant)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amaryllidaceae_genera" title="Category:Amaryllidaceae genera">Amaryllidaceae 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Template:Cite_journal"," 6.32% 288.260 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 5.02% 229.173 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 3.69% 168.460 10 Template:Lang"," 1.80% 82.140 1 Template:Fossil_range"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.166","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25966468,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._A._Brunt1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._P._de_Candolle1813\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAedo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAedo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlford2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Horticultural_Society1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnonymous1823\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArber1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsjes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtta-ur-Rahman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAwaji2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrBurbidge1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrettHarder2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrettHarder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastidaLavillaViladomat2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBaumgarten,_Marjorie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkovMartínez-FrancésBastidaCodina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerniakKomorowskaSochacki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesler1613\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeuchert1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlancaCabezudoCuetoSalazar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchard1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBoerema1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBook_of_Isaiah1611\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrickell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1810\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunt1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunt1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbidge1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbidge1875a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbidge1875b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCID96512015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCakici_IUlug_HYInci_STunçtan_B1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldas,_F.B.Moreno_Saiz,_J.C.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamerarius1588\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmen_Altomonte\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCebrian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClusius1576\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstable1600\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreagerSpruijt1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrous2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCultural_China\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyrino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Ancona1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaffodil_Society2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanaLerner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Candolle1815\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDioscurides1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDioscuridis_Anazarbei1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoorenbos1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreistadt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDweck\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarley1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllacombe1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErhardt1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFauquet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFellowsHanks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Casas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Casas2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-Casas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGageWilkinChaseHawkins2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGaius_Plinius\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard1597\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhardt1653\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGippsland_Times1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldEshelPlotnizki2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGower1390\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamBarrett2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGratwick1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Nagy_(trans.)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreydanus,_Steven_D._Greydanus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1757\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalevy1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanks1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanks2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanksCarder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartwell1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaworth1831\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHearn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrick1846\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHomer\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornaday,_Ann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorst2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousman1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuxleyGriffithsLevy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUCN2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngrassiaLefrancDewellePottier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaki1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaki1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaki1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaki1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaki1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames,_Susan_Donaldson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJashemskiMeyer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaume-Saint-Hilaire1805\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJebb1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiménezSánchez-GómezGuerraMolins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M._Riddle1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Milton1637\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJussieu1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustice1771\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandelerUllrich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeats1818\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsburyWhitworth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinser,_Jeremy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKornienkoEvidente2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKraft2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrausch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrelage1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubitzki1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauremberg1632\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeedsHedgeHawthorne1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibertiny2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1753\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinné1784\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloydBarrett1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucian1925\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMAFF1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMabberley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddock1792\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Nesbitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkantonatos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquesNieto_FelinerMartins-LoucaoFuertes_Aguilar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasefield2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCainPyeattPierce1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintockStrong1889\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorterWeiss1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcintoshAllen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedrano2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedranoLópez-PereaHerrera2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeerowFayGuyLi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisamiStarkey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer1966\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMichaux2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1735\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorSpiegel1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoschus1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowatDuncanDawson1988b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigel_Groom1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;NeillMansfield1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkuboSochacki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvid\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPBS_Overview2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPNW2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanofsky1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson1629\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPausanias\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPausanias1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryMoens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerthensis1806\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettitTanBaoMelody2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettit_et_al.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigniRíos-RuizLuqueViladomat2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigniRíos-RuizMartínez-FrancésNair2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirone1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlinius_Secundus1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny1856\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrior1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1770\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPugsley1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiles2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRHS2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRHSDV2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavichandra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedoutéDe_Candolle1805–1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRees1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhoades2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRønstedSavolainenMølgaardJäger2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS.J._EnnaNorton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisbury1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalisburyGray1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos-GallyVargasArroyo2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultes1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellMurrell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakespeare1623\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakespeare1634\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelley1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlootweg1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSophocles1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpach1834–1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpach1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpauldingBarger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpenser1579\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStasinos1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinbergs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraleyUtech2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakosRook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Plant_List2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheocritusBionMoschus1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheophrastus1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomé1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidonaDarai2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinklein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1562\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutin_et_al.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUCIPM2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUVA2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BeckChristman2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVergilius_Maro1770\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneron\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._P._MowatC._J._AsjesA._A._Brunt1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWAH2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsKnapp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth1802\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth1807\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth1807a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth1807b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordsworth1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWylie1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeager1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZonneveld2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZonneveld2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuckermanRohde1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_l\u0026#039;Obel1591\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFeMonocot2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Kampen_\u0026amp;_Son1764\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Kampen_et_fils1760\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Leeuwen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Tunzelmann,_Alex2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 178,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 89,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 117,\n [\"Color\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 34,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 37,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"L\u0026S\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 3,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R.\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"See below\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 227,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Underline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","12.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","11.6"],["?","320","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","280","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","220","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","4.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","3.0"],["[others]","980","29.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x5wzj","timestamp":"20241124053219","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Narcissus (plant)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcissus_(plant)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29465","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29465","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-01T03:35:17Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T16:27:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/Narcissus_poeticus_subsp._radiiflorus.1658.jpg","headline":"Genus of plants in family Amaryllidaceae"}</script> </body> </html>