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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_that_use_the_euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_that_use_the_euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Countries that use the euro</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries_that_use_the_euro-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries that use the euro subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries_that_use_the_euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eurozone_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurozone_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eurozone members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurozone_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Special territories of members of the European Economic Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other users</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_members_not_using_the_euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_members_not_using_the_euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>EU members not using the euro</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-EU_members_not_using_the_euro-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle EU members not using the euro subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-EU_members_not_using_the_euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Committed_to_adopt_the_euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committed_to_adopt_the_euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Committed to adopt the euro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committed_to_adopt_the_euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opt-out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opt-out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Opt-out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opt-out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coins_and_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins_and_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coins and banknotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coins_and_banknotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coins and banknotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coins_and_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coin_minting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coin_minting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Coin minting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coin_minting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Issuing modalities for banknotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknote_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknote_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Banknote printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknote_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payments_clearing,_electronic_funds_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payments_clearing,_electronic_funds_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payments_clearing,_electronic_funds_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Currency sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurozone_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurozone_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Eurozone crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurozone_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_and_indirect_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_and_indirect_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Direct and indirect usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Direct_and_indirect_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Direct and indirect usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Direct_and_indirect_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agreed direct usage with minting rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agreed direct usage without minting rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unilateral_direct_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unilateral_direct_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Unilateral direct usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unilateral_direct_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Currencies pegged to the euro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_reserve_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_reserve_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Use as reserve currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_reserve_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optimal_currency_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimal_currency_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Optimal currency area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimal_currency_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transaction_costs_and_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transaction_costs_and_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transaction costs and risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transaction_costs_and_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price_parity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_parity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Price parity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_parity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroeconomic_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroeconomic_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Macroeconomic stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroeconomic_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_rate_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_rate_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span>Exchange rate risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_rate_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.5</span> <span>Financial integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_interest_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_interest_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.6</span> <span>Effect on interest rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_interest_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price_convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price_convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.7</span> <span>Price convergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price_convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.8</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Exchange rates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exchange_rates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exchange rates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exchange_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flexible_exchange_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexible_exchange_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Flexible exchange rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexible_exchange_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_other_major_currencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_other_major_currencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Against other major currencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_other_major_currencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Political considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euro_in_various_official_EU_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euro_in_various_official_EU_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span><i>Euro</i> in various official EU languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euro_in_various_official_EU_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Euro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 206 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-206" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">206 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Еуро – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Еуро" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%88%AE" title="ዩሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="يورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%98" title="ܐܘܪܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%B4" title="Erô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Erô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="ইউৰো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউৰো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euru" title="Euru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Euru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro" title="Avro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="یورو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یورو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="ইউরো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Еўра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Эўра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiro" title="Eiro – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eiro" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euru" title="Euru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Euru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewro" title="Ewro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="أورو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أورو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E" title="Ευρώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADro" title="Eŭro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euru" title="Euru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Euru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="یورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evra" title="Evra – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83" title="歐元 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="歐元" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C" title="유로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEulo" title="ʻEulo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻEulo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8" title="Եվրո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="यूरो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="ইউরো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইউরো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-eur" title="I-eur – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-eur" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evra" title="Evra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95" title="אירו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B" title="ಯುರೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ევრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9ro" title="Eùro – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Eùro" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Еуро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewo_(lajan)" title="Ewo (lajan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ewo (lajan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ro" title="Léro – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léro" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewro" title="Ewro – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ewro" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3" title="ຢູໂຣ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູໂຣ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eura" title="Eura – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eura" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiro" title="Eiro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euras" title="Euras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Euras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_(%C5%92%C3%BCro)" title="Euro (Œüro) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Euro (Œüro)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ronru%27u" title="ronru'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ronru'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3" title="Euró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Euró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="യൂറോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewro" title="Ewro – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ewro" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="युरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ევრო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევრო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="يورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="یورو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یورو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro_(moneda)" title="Ouro (moneda) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouro (moneda)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ယူရို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူရို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Uro" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="युरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="युरो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD" title="ユーロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Uro" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tchu" title="Étchu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Étchu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88uro" title="Èuro – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èuro" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevro" title="Yevro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਯੂਰੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="یورو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ယူရို – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူရို" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%90%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ېورو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ېورو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuro" title="Yuuro – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuuro" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro" title="Uro – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Uro" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evro" title="Evro – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Evro" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro" title="Avro – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avro" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwru" title="Iwru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iwru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Эуро – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эуро" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱤᱣᱩᱨᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱩᱨᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88uru" title="Èuru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Èuru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_(J%C3%A4ild)" title="Euro (Jäild) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Euro (Jäild)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euru" title="Euru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Euru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evro" title="Evro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1" title="Єѵрѡ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѵрѡ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojro" title="Ojro – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ojro" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86" title="یۆرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="ஐரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B" title="యూరో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూరో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="ยูโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%9B_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B3" title="ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Евро" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Євро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="یورو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%DB%87" title="ياۋرۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋرۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evro" title="Evro – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evro" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95uro" title="Õuro – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õuro" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro_(manoye)" title="Uro (manoye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Uro (manoye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeuro" title="Eeuro – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Eeuro" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83" title="歐元 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="歐元" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Euro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83" title="欧元 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧元" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90" title="איירא – Yiddish" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Currency of the European Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the currency. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Euro_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Euro (disambiguation)">Euro (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"EUR" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EUR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EUR (disambiguation)">EUR (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Euro</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">see also <a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro"><i>euro</i> in various languages</a></span></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.6em 0.3em 0.6em"><table style="display:table; margin:0 auto; background:none"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_banknotes,_Europa_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/175px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/263px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png/350px-Euro_banknotes%2C_Europa_series.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverso_1_euro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reverso_1_euro.jpg/125px-Reverso_1_euro.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reverso_1_euro.jpg/188px-Reverso_1_euro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reverso_1_euro.jpg/250px-Reverso_1_euro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></td><td style="text-align: center">1 euro coin</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Code</th><td class="infobox-data">EUR (numeric: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">978</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217#Minor_unit_decimals" title="ISO 4217">Subunit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998100000000000000♠"></span>0.01</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Unit</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">euro</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Plural</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies, see <a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">language and the euro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a></span>‎</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">The single currency<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><a href="/wiki/Denomination_(currency)" title="Denomination (currency)">Denominations</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subunit</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">euro cent</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Name varies by language</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Plural</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">euro cent</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Varies by language</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">euro cent</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">c</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Banknotes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">€5</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">€10</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">€20</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">€50</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">€100</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">€200</a><sup id="cite_ref-Circulation_report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulation_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Rarely used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">€500</a><sup id="cite_ref-Circulation_report_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulation_report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Coins</a></th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Freq. used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5c</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin" title="10 euro cent coin">10c</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin" title="20 euro cent coin">20c</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50c</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">€1</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">€2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Rarely used</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a> (Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Slovakia<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of introduction</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1999<span class="noprint">; 25 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1999-01-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">primary: <a href="#Eurozone_members">§ members of Eurozone</a> (20),<br />also: <a href="#Other_users">§ other users</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Issuance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Website</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu">www<wbr />.ecb<wbr />.europa<wbr />.eu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Banknote_printing">§ Banknote printing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_euro_mints" title="List of euro mints">List of mints</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Valuation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monetary_inflation" title="Monetary inflation">Inflation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0% (October 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Source</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Inflation_in_the_euro_area">ec.europa.eu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> Method</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harmonised_Index_of_Consumer_Prices" title="Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices">HICP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">Pegged by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">see <a href="#Pegged_currencies">§ Pegged currencies</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp/299px-Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp/449px-Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp/598px-Euro_Monetary_Policy.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5242" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Euro <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0076BA; color:white;"> </span> Euro Zone inflation year/year</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FFD932 solid 3px;"> </span> M3 money supply increases</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#EE220C solid 3px;"> </span> Marginal Lending Facility</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#970E53 solid 3px;"> </span> Main Refinancing Operations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#F27200 solid 3px;"> </span> Deposit Facility Rate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF95CA solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Euribor" title="Euribor">Euribor</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>euro</b> (<a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">symbol</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a></b>; <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">currency code</a>: <b>EUR</b>) is the official <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> of 20 of the 27 <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. This group of states is officially known as the euro area or, more commonly, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>. The euro is divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">euro cents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_Euro_Area_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_Euro_Area-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EC_Euro1_euro_cent_coin_Area_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_Euro1_euro_cent_coin_Area_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The currency is also used officially by the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a>, by <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">four European microstates</a> that are not EU members,<sup id="cite_ref-EC_Euro1_euro_cent_coin_Area_2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC_Euro1_euro_cent_coin_Area_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>, as well as unilaterally by <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. Outside Europe, a number of <a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_EU_members" class="mw-redirect" title="Special territories of EU members">special territories of EU members</a> also use the euro as their currency. Additionally, over 200 million people worldwide use <a href="/wiki/Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro" class="mw-redirect" title="Currencies pegged to the euro">currencies pegged to the euro</a>. </p><p>The euro is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation, the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>euro</i> was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madrid1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">accounting currency</a> on 1 January 1999, replacing the former <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1 (US$1.1743 at the time). Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002, making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members, and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between December 1999 and December 2002, the euro traded below the US dollar, but has since traded near parity with or above the US dollar, peaking at US$1.60 on 18 July 2008 and since then returning near to its original issue rate. On 13 July 2022, the two currencies hit parity for the first time in nearly two decades due in part to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-2022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in September 2022, the US dollar again had a face value higher than the Euro, at around US dollar 0.95 per euro.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/220px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/330px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg/440px-European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="Seat of the European Central Bank">European Central Bank seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></div> <p>The euro is managed and administered by the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> of the eurozone countries. As an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">coins</a> in all member states, and the operation of the eurozone payment systems. </p><p>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a>, although not all participating states have done so. <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> has negotiated exemptions,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Sweden (which joined the EU in 1995, after the Maastricht Treaty was signed) turned down the euro in a <a href="/wiki/2003_Swedish_euro_referendum" title="2003 Swedish euro referendum">2003 non-binding referendum</a>, and has circumvented the obligation to adopt the euro by not meeting the monetary and budgetary requirements. All nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. The Maastricht Treaty was amended by the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which closed the gaps and loopholes in the Maastricht and Rome Treaties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_that_use_the_euro">Countries that use the euro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Countries that use the euro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Direct_and_indirect_usage">Euro § Direct and indirect usage</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurozone_members">Eurozone members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eurozone members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></div> <p>The 20 participating members are<br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Belgium"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Cyprus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Estonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Finland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Ireland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Latvia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Lithuania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Luxembourg"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Malta"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Slovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area"><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories of members of the European Economic Area</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Special territories of members of the European Economic Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area#Outermost_Regions" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">EU Outermost Regions</a>:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="French Guiana"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Guadeloupe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/23px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/35px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/46px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saint Martin"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Mayotte"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Réunion"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Azores"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Madeira"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Canary Islands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area#Overseas_countries_and_territories" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Overseas Territories</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="French Southern and Antarctic Lands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy"><img alt="Saint Barthélemy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy_%28Local%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon"><img alt="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area#Special_cases" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special Autonomous Territories</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Finland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Åland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Spain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></span> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Ceuta"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Melilla"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/45px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_users">Other users</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Microstates with a monetary agreement:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Andorra"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Monaco"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="San Marino"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Vatican City"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a>:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Akrotiri and Dhekelia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Unilateral adopters:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Kosovo"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EU_members_not_using_the_euro">EU members not using the euro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: EU members not using the euro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="EUnoEZ"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committed_to_adopt_the_euro">Committed to adopt the euro <span class="anchor" id="Obliged_to_adopt_the_euro"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Committed to adopt the euro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria and the euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic and the euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary and the euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland and the euro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania and the euro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden and the euro</a></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states committed themselves in their respective <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession" title="Treaty of Accession">Treaty of Accession</a> to adopt the euro. However they do not have a deadline to do so and can delay the process by deliberately not complying with the convergence criteria (such as by not meeting the convergence criteria to join ERM II). Bulgaria and Romania are actively working to adopt the euro, while the remaining states do not have a migration plan in progress. </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span>: The Bulgarian government aims to replace the Bulgarian lev with the euro by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2023, Bulgarian euro coin design has been revealed and approved by the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Czech Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span>: Romania's government is looking to adopt the euro by 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sweden"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opt-out">Opt-out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opt-out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark and the euro</a></div> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> The government of Denmark negotiated an <a href="/wiki/Danish_opt-outs_from_the_European_Union" title="Danish opt-outs from the European Union">opt-out</a> to retain its currency.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coins_and_banknotes">Coins and banknotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coins and banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a></div> <p>The euro is divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cents</a> (also referred to as <i>euro cents</i>, especially when distinguishing them from other currencies, and referred to as such on the common side of all cent coins). In Community legislative acts the plural forms of <i>euro</i> and <i>cent</i> are spelled without the <i>s</i>, notwithstanding normal English usage.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, normal English plurals are used,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_issues_concerning_the_euro" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic issues concerning the euro">local variations</a> such as <i>centime</i> in France. </p><p>All circulating coins have a <i>common side</i> showing the denomination or value, and a map in the background. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">linguistic plurality in the European Union</a>, the Latin alphabet version of <i>euro</i> is used (as opposed to the less common Greek or Cyrillic) and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> (other text is used on national sides in national languages, but other text on the common side is avoided). For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, the map only showed the 15 member states of the union as of 2002. Beginning in 2007 or 2008 (depending on the country), the old map was replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-europa-common_sides_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-common_sides-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, however, keep their old design, showing a geographical map of Europe with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states as of 2002, raised somewhat above the rest of the map. All common sides were designed by <a href="/wiki/Luc_Luycx" title="Luc Luycx">Luc Luycx</a>. The coins also have a <i>national side</i> showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. Euro coins from any member state may be freely used in any nation that has adopted the euro. </p><p>The coins are issued in denominations of <a href="/wiki/2_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 euro coins">€2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="1 euro coins">€1</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50c</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin" title="20 euro cent coin">20c</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin" title="10 euro cent coin">10c</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5c</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a>. To avoid the use of the two smallest coins, some cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents in the Netherlands and Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (by voluntary agreement) and in Finland and Italy (by law).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is discouraged by the commission, as is the practice of certain shops of refusing to accept high-value euro notes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="€2 commemorative coins">Commemorative coins</a> with €2 face value have been issued with changes to the design of the national side of the coin. These include both commonly issued coins, such as the €2 commemorative coin for the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and nationally issued coins, such as the coin to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a> issued by Greece. These coins are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Collector coins with various other denominations have been issued as well, but these are not intended for general circulation, and they are legal tender only in the member state that issued them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coin_minting">Coin minting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coin minting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of institutions are authorised to mint euro coins: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Central_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Central Mint">Bayerisches Hauptmünzamt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mint_mark" title="Mint mark">Mint mark</a>: D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Centre" title="Currency Centre">Currency Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint_(Spain)" title="Royal Mint (Spain)">Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre-Real Casa de la Moneda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburgische_M%C3%BCnze" title="Hamburgische Münze">Hamburgische Münze</a> (J)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mint" title="Croatian Mint">Hrvatska kovnica novca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%8A%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ίδρυμα Εκτύπωσης Τραπεζογραμματίων και Αξιών (page does not exist)">Ίδρυμα Εκτύπωσης Τραπεζογραμματίων και Αξιών</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="el:Ίδρυμα Εκτύπωσης Τραπεζογραμματίων και Αξιών">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprensa_Nacional-Casa_da_Moeda" title="Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda">Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Belgian Mint">Koninklijke Munt van België/Monnaie Royale de Belgique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Mint" title="Royal Dutch Mint">Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Mint" title="Lithuanian Mint">Lietuvos monetų kalykla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremnica_Mint" title="Kremnica Mint">Mincovňa Kremnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monnaie_de_Paris" title="Monnaie de Paris">Monnaie de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mint" title="Austrian Mint">Münze Österreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_of_Finland" title="Mint of Finland">Suomen Rahapaja/Myntverket i Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staatliche_M%C3%BCnze_Berlin" title="Staatliche Münze Berlin">Staatliche Münze Berlin</a> (A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staatliche_M%C3%BCnzen_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg">Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg</a> (F): Stuttgart, (G): Karlsruhe</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banknotes">Banknotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/220px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/330px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg/440px-Euro_coins_and_banknotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a> and banknotes of various denominations</figcaption></figure> <p>The design for the <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">euro banknotes</a> has common designs on both sides. The design was created by the Austrian designer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kalina" title="Robert Kalina">Robert Kalina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-euro96_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro96-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notes are issued in <a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">€500</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">€200</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">€100</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">€50</a>, <a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">€20</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">€10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">€5</a>. Each banknote has its own colour and is dedicated to an artistic period of European architecture. The front of the note features windows or gateways while the back has bridges, symbolising links between states in the union and with the future. While the designs are supposed to be devoid of any identifiable characteristics, the initial designs by Robert Kalina were of specific bridges, including the <a href="/wiki/Rialto" title="Rialto">Rialto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Neuilly" title="Pont de Neuilly">Pont de Neuilly</a>, and were subsequently rendered more generic; the final designs still bear very close similarities to their specific prototypes; thus they are not truly generic. The monuments looked similar enough to different national monuments to please everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Europa series, or second series, consists of six denominations and no longer includes the €500 with issuance discontinued as of 27 April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Bank_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both the first and the second series of euro banknotes, including the €500, remain legal tender throughout the euro area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bank_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2021, the ECB announced its plans to redesign euro banknotes by 2024. A theme advisory group, made up of one member from each euro area country, was selected to submit theme proposals to the ECB. The proposals will be voted on by the public; a design competition will also be held.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issuing_modalities_for_banknotes">Issuing modalities for banknotes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issuing modalities for banknotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1 January 2002, the national central banks (NCBs) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">ECB</a> have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the ECB's banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs, thereby incurring matching liabilities vis-à-vis the ECB. These liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The other 92% of euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares of the ECB capital key,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calculated using national share of European Union (EU) population and national share of EU GDP, equally weighted.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Banknote_printing">Banknote printing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Banknote printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Member states are authorised to print or to commission bank note printing. As of November 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, these are the printers: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesdruckerei" title="Bundesdruckerei">Bundesdruckerei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Rue" title="De La Rue">De La Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_Nacional_de_Moneda_y_Timbre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre">Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_Oberthur" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Charles Oberthur">François-Charles Oberthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Giesecke & Devrient">Giesecke & Devrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joh._Ensched%C3%A9" title="Joh. Enschedé">Royal Joh. Enschedé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setec_(Company_of_Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Setec (Company of Finland)">Setec Oy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payments_clearing,_electronic_funds_transfer"><span id="Payments_clearing.2C_electronic_funds_transfer"></span>Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Payments clearing, electronic funds transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area</a></div> <p>Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one state to another. All intra-Union transfers in euro are treated as domestic transactions and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes all member states of the EU, even those outside the eurozone providing the transactions are carried out in euro.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions; however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a <a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">clearing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/TARGET" class="mw-redirect" title="TARGET">TARGET</a>, for large euro transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History of the euro</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Historical currencies of the European Union <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Historical currencies of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Historical currencies of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical currencies of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Currency</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">Code</a> </th> <th>Rate<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Fixed on</th> <th>Yielded </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ATS</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001137603000000000♠">13.7603</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">BEF</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001403399000000000♠">40.3399</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">NLG</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000220371000000000♠">2.20371</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">FIM</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000594573000000000♠">5.94573</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">FRF</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000655957000000000♠">6.55957</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German mark</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">DEM</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000195583000000000♠">1.95583</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">IEP</td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999787564000000000♠">0.787564</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ITL</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003193627000000000♠">1,936.27</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_franc" title="Luxembourg franc">Luxembourg franc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">LUF</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001403399000000000♠">40.3399</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">PTE</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002200482000000000♠">200.482</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">ESP</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002166386000000000♠">166.386</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1998</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 1999</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">GRD</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002340750000000000♠">340.750</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002000-06-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 June 2000</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002001-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2001</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">SIT</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002239640000000000♠">239.640</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002006-07-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 July 2006</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002007-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2007</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">CYP</td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999585274000000000♠">0.585274</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002007-07-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 July 2007</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2008</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">MTL</td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999429300000000000♠">0.429300</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002007-07-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 July 2007</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2008</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">SKK</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001301260000000000♠">30.1260</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-07-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 July 2008</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002009-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2009</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">EEK</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001156466000000000♠">15.6466</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-07-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 July 2010</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2011</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">LVL</td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999702804000000000♠">0.702804</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-07-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 July 2013</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2014</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">LTL</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000345280000000000♠">3.45280</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-07-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 July 2014</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2015</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">HRK</td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000753450000000000♠">7.53450</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-07-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 July 2022</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2023</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. To participate in the currency, member states are meant to meet <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">strict criteria</a>, such as a budget <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP (both of which were ultimately widely flouted after introduction), low inflation, and <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> rates close to the EU average. In the Maastricht Treaty, the United Kingdom and Denmark were granted exemptions per their request from moving to the stage of monetary union which resulted in the introduction of the euro (see also <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">United Kingdom and the euro</a>). </p><p>The name "euro" was officially adopted in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> on 16 December 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-madrid1995_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madrid1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgian <a href="/wiki/Esperantist" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperantist">Esperantist</a> <a href="/wiki/Germain_Pirlot" title="Germain Pirlot">Germain Pirlot</a>, a former teacher of French and history, is credited with naming the new currency by sending a letter to then <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a>, suggesting the name "euro" on 4 August 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to differences in national conventions for <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangulation (finance)">triangulation</a> via the euro. The <i>definitive</i> values of one euro in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a> at which the currency entered the euro are shown in the table. </p><p>The rates were determined by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998. They were set so that one <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU) would equal one euro. The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>) that day. </p><p>The procedure used to fix the conversion rate between the <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a> and the euro was different since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The currency was introduced in non-physical form (<a href="/wiki/Traveller%27s_cheque" title="Traveller's cheque">traveller's cheques</a>, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently. Their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other. The euro thus became the successor to the <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a> (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002. </p><p> The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">mark</a> officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from several years to indefinitely (the latter for Austria, Germany, Ireland, Estonia and Latvia in banknotes and coins, and for Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Slovakia in banknotes only). The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">escudos</a>, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remained exchangeable until 2022.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_sign">Currency sign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Currency sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_logo_plus_character.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/220px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/330px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euro_logo_plus_character.png/440px-Euro_logo_plus_character.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>The euro sign; logotype and handwritten</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></div> <p>A special <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">euro currency sign</a> (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed ten of the original thirty proposals down to two. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> at the time (<a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a>) and the European Commissioner with responsibility for the euro (<a href="/wiki/Yves-Thibault_de_Silguy" title="Yves-Thibault de Silguy">Yves-Thibault de Silguy</a>) then chose the winning design.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the symbol, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> stated on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The symbol € is based on the Greek letter epsilon (Є), with the first letter in the word "Europe" and with 2 parallel lines signifying stability.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Communication" title="Directorate-General for Communication">Directorate-General for Communication</a><sup id="cite_ref-design,_rules_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design,_rules-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-design,_rules_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design,_rules-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Placement of the currency sign relative to the numeric amount varies from state to state, but for texts in English published by EU institutions, the symbol (or the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>-standard "EUR") should precede the amount.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurozone_crisis">Eurozone crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eurozone crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp/300px-Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp/450px-Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp/600px-Europe_bonds_sovereign_debt_crisis.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5195" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>European 10 year bonds, before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession in Europe</a> bonds floated together in parity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#001489 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#046A38 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF8200 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#F1BF00 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#CD212A solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#970E53 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> 10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#000000 solid 3px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 10 year bond</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_surplus_or_deficit_(EU-USA-UK).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/220px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png/330px-Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Government_surplus_or_deficit_%28EU-USA-UK%29.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Budget deficit of the eurozone compared to the United States and the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the U.S. financial crisis in 2008, fears of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign debt crisis</a> developed in 2009 among investors concerning some European states, with the situation becoming particularly tense in <a href="/wiki/2000s_European_sovereign_debt_crisis_timeline" title="2000s European sovereign debt crisis timeline">early 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a> was most acutely affected, but fellow Eurozone members <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a> were also significantly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these countries used EU funds except Italy, which is a major donor to the EFSF.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be included in the eurozone, countries had to fulfil certain <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">convergence criteria</a>, but the meaningfulness of such criteria was diminished by the fact it was not enforced with the same level of strictness among countries.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> in 2011, "[I]f the [euro area] is treated as a single entity, its [economic and fiscal] position looks no worse and in some respects, rather better than that of the US or the UK" and the budget deficit for the euro area as a whole is much lower and the euro area's government debt/GDP ratio of 86% in 2010 was about the same level as that of the United States. "Moreover", they write, "private-sector indebtedness across the euro area as a whole is markedly lower than in the highly leveraged <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-Saxon</a> economies". The authors conclude that the crisis "is as much political as economic" and the result of the fact that the euro area lacks the support of "institutional <a href="/wiki/Paraphernalia" title="Paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a> (and mutual bonds of solidarity) of a state".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis continued with S&P downgrading the credit rating of nine euro-area countries, including France, then downgrading the entire <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a> (EFSF) fund.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A historical parallel – to 1931 when Germany was burdened with debt, unemployment and austerity while France and the United States were relatively strong creditors – <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed#Lords_of_Finance" title="Liaquat Ahamed">gained attention</a> in summer 2012<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even as Germany received a <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating#Credit_rating_agencies" title="Bond credit rating">debt-rating</a> warning of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direct_and_indirect_usage">Direct and indirect usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Direct and indirect usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage of the euro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></div> <div style="float:right; position:relative; padding:10px 10px 80px; overflow:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 75%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_Internal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/400px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/600px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eurozone_Internal.svg/800px-Eurozone_Internal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:192px; top:262px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Austria</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:228px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Belgium</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:280px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Croatia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:380px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins"><span style="color:white">Cyprus</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:92px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Finland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:132px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Estonia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:268px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins"><span style="color:white">France</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:352px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins"><span style="color:white">Greece</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156px; top:224px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins"><span style="color:white">Germany</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:188px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Ireland</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:316px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Italy</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:152px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Latvia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:242px; top:172px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Lithuania</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:240px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Luxembourg</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:388px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Malta</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:208px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins"><span style="color:white">Netherlands</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:6px; top:336px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins"><span style="color:white">Portugal</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:248px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovakia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:153.6px; top:276px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins"><span style="color:white">Slovenia</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:328px"><span style="background:#003399"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins"><span style="color:white">Spain</span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:308px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Andorran_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Andorra</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:296px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Monaco</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:300px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>San Marino</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:332px"><span style="background:#ffd617"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins"><span style="color:black"><small>Vatican City</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:310px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Kos</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:218px; top:312px"><span style="background:#a050ff"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro"><span style="color:white"><small>Mont.</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:408px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Eurozone members (20)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:432px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Monetary agreement</a> (4)</div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:118%; left:2px; top:456px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Unilateral_adopters" title="International status and usage of the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a> (2)</div></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;bottom:2px;right:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurozone_labelled_map_interior" title="Template:Eurozone labelled map interior"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/20px-Desc-i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/30px-Desc-i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Desc-i.svg/40px-Desc-i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights">Agreed direct usage with minting rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Agreed direct usage with minting rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro is the sole currency of 20 <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member states">EU member states</a>: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. These countries constitute the "<a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>", some 347 million people in total as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_data_sheet-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">bilateral agreements with the EU</a>, the euro has also been designated as the sole and official currency in a further four <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">European microstates</a> awarded minting rights (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City). All but one (Denmark) current, and any potential future EU members, are <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">obliged to adopt the euro</a> when economic conditions permit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights">Agreed direct usage without minting rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agreed direct usage without minting rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro is also the sole currency in three <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">overseas territories of France</a> that are not themselves part of the EU, namely <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilateral_direct_usage">Unilateral direct usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unilateral direct usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro has been adopted unilaterally as the sole currency of Montenegro and Kosovo. It has also been used as a foreign trading currency in Cuba since 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria since 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Venezuela since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">local currency</a> and introduced major global convertible currencies instead, including the euro and the United States dollar. The direct usage of the euro outside of the official framework of the EU affects nearly 3 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currencies_pegged_to_the_euro">Currencies pegged to the euro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Currencies pegged to the euro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage of the euro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/300px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/450px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg/600px-DOLLAR_AND_EURO_IN_THE_WORLD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide use of the euro and the US dollar: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#092D98; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#98b3ff; color:black;"> </span> External adopters of the euro</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#510999; color:white;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the euro</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC99FF; color:black;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the euro within narrow band</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#099811; color:black;"> </span> United States</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99FF9E; color:black;"> </span> External adopters of the US dollar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#999909; color:black;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the US dollar</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF99; color:black;"> </span> Currencies pegged to the US dollar within narrow band</div> <hr /> <small>Note: The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian rouble">Belarusian rouble</a> is pegged to the euro, <a href="/wiki/Russian_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rouble">Russian rouble</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Currency_basket" title="Currency basket">currency basket</a>.</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the eurozone, two EU member states have currencies that are <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">pegged to the euro</a>, which is a precondition to joining the eurozone. The <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a> are pegged due to their participation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a>. </p><p>Additionally, a total of 21 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">pegged</a> to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa (<a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">CFA franc</a>), two African island countries (<a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a>), three French Pacific territories (<a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a>) and two Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a>) and North Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cardoso_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardoso-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="São Tomé and Príncipe dobra">dobra</a> of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> was officially linked with the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a> is tied to a basket of currencies, including the euro and the US dollar, with the euro given the highest weighting. </p><p>These countries generally had previously implemented a currency peg to one of the major European currencies (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a>), and when these currencies were replaced by the euro their currencies became pegged to the euro. Pegging a country's currency to a major currency is regarded as a safety measure, especially for currencies of areas with weak economies, as the euro is seen as a stable currency, prevents runaway inflation, and encourages foreign investment due to its stability. </p><p>In total, as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 182 million people in Africa use a currency pegged to the euro, 27 million people outside the eurozone in Europe, and another 545,000 people on Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_data_sheet_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_data_sheet-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, stamps issued by the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> have been denominated in euros, although the Order's official currency remains the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Maltese scudo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smom_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smom-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maltese scudo itself is pegged to the euro and is only recognised as legal tender within the Order. </p><p>The currency of a number of states is <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">pegged</a> to the euro. These states are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Haiti"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a>, HTG)</li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Albania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a>, ALL)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a>, BAM)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a>, BGN)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Denmark"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a>, DKK)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="North Macedonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a>, MKD)<sup id="cite_ref-Cardoso_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardoso-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Maltese scudo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Moldova"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a>, MDL)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a>, RON)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a>, RSD)</li></ul> <p><b>Oceania</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="French Polynesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a>, XPF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="New Caledonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/43px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/64px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/86px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="308" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></span> (CFP franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Wallis and Futuna"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></span> (CFP franc)</li></ul> <p><b>Africa</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Burundi"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Burundi_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burundi franc">Burundi franc</a>, BIF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Cape Verde"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a>, CVE)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Cameroon"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a>, XAF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Central African Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></span> (Central African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Chad"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></span> (Central African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Equatorial Guinea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></span> (Central African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Gabon"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></span> (Central African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Congo"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></span> (Central African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Comoros"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a>, KMF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="DR Congo"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a>, CDF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Djibouti"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Djibouti_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti franc">Djibouti franc</a>, DJF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Eritrea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</a>, ERN)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Ethiopia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a>, ETB)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Gambia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a>, GMD)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Guinea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</a>, GNF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Madagascar"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a>, MGA)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Mozambique"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Mozambique_metical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique metical">Mozambique metical</a>, MZN)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Rwanda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Rwanda_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda franc">Rwanda franc</a>, RWF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta</a>)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="São Tomé and Príncipe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="São Tomé and Príncipe dobra">São Tomé and Príncipe dobra</a>, STN)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Sierra Leone"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</a>, SLE)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Benin"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a>, XOF)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Burkina Faso"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Ivory Coast"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Guinea-Bissau"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Mali"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Niger"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Senegal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Togo"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></span> (West African CFA franc)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_reserve_currency">Use as reserve currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use as reserve currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its introduction in 1999, the euro has been the second most widely held international <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> after the U.S. dollar. The share of the euro as a reserve currency increased from 18% in 1999 to 27% in 2008. Over this period, the share held in U.S. dollar fell from 71% to 64% and that held in RMB fell from 6.4% to 3.3%. The euro inherited and built on the status of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> as the second most important reserve currency. The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies: according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><sup id="cite_ref-external1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the total of euro held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to $1.1 trillion or €850 billion, with a share of 22% of all currency reserves in advanced economies, but a total of 31% of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies. </p><p>The possibility of the euro becoming the first international reserve currency has been debated among economists.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> gave his opinion in September 2007 that it was "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the US dollar as reserve currency, or will be traded as an equally important reserve currency".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Greenspan's 2007 assessment, the euro's increase in the share of the worldwide currency reserve basket has slowed considerably since 2007 and since the beginning of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> related recession and <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-external1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-external1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimal_currency_area">Optimal currency area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Optimal currency area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></div><p> In economics, an optimum currency area, or region (OCA or OCR), is a geographical region in which it would maximise economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency. There are two models, both proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_stationary_expectations" title="Optimum currency area">stationary expectations model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area#OCA_with_international_risk_sharing" title="Optimum currency area">international risk sharing model</a>. Mundell himself advocates the international risk sharing model and thus concludes in favour of the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even before the creation of the single currency, there were concerns over diverging economies. Before the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">late-2000s recession</a> it was considered unlikely that a state would leave the euro or the whole zone would collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a> led to former <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Secretary">British Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> claiming the eurozone could not last in its current form.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the problem seems to be the rules that were created when the euro was set up. John Lanchester, writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, explains it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The guiding principle of the currency, which opened for business in 1999, were supposed to be a set of rules to limit a country's annual deficit to three per cent of gross domestic product, and the total accumulated debt to sixty per cent of G.D.P. It was a nice idea, but by 2004 the two biggest economies in the euro zone, Germany and France, had broken the rules for three years in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Increasing business cycle divergence across the Eurozone over the last decades implies a decreasing Optimum Currency Area.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transaction_costs_and_risks">Transaction costs and risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transaction costs and risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most obvious benefit of adopting a single currency is to remove the cost of exchanging currency, theoretically allowing businesses and individuals to consummate previously unprofitable trades. For consumers, banks in the eurozone must charge the same for intra-member cross-border transactions as purely domestic transactions for electronic payments (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">debit cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cash_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash machine">cash machine</a> withdrawals). </p><p>Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">liquid</a> and flexible than they were in the past. The reduction in cross-border transaction costs will allow larger banking firms to provide a wider array of banking services that can compete across and beyond the eurozone. However, although transaction costs were reduced, some studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">risk aversion</a> has increased during the last 40 years in the Eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price_parity">Price parity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Price parity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices—in particular in price levels—should decrease because of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_one_price" title="Law of one price">law of one price</a>. Differences in prices can trigger <a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative</a> trade in a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> across borders purely to exploit the price differential. Therefore, prices on commonly traded goods are likely to converge, causing inflation in some regions and deflation in others during the transition. Some evidence of this has been observed in specific eurozone markets.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroeconomic_stability">Macroeconomic stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Macroeconomic stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the introduction of the euro, some countries had successfully contained inflation, which was then seen as a major economic problem, by establishing largely independent central banks. One such bank was the <a href="/wiki/Bundesbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesbank">Bundesbank</a> in Germany; the European Central Bank was modelled on the Bundesbank.<sup id="cite_ref-bundesbank_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundesbank-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The euro has come under criticism due to its regulation, lack of flexibility and rigidity towards sharing member states on issues such as nominal interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many national and corporate <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> denominated in euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in national currencies. While increased liquidity may lower the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">nominal interest rate</a> on the bond, denominating the bond in a currency with low levels of inflation arguably plays a much larger role. A credible commitment to low levels of inflation and a stable debt reduces the risk that the value of the debt will be eroded by higher levels of inflation or default in the future, allowing debt to be issued at a lower nominal interest rate. </p><p>There is also a cost in structurally keeping inflation lower than in the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The result is that seen from those countries, the euro has become expensive, making European products increasingly expensive for its largest importers; hence export from the eurozone becomes more difficult. </p><p>In general, those in Europe who own large amounts of euro are served by high stability and low inflation. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> means states in that union lose the main mechanism of recovery of their international <a href="/wiki/Competition_(companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition (companies)">competitiveness</a> by weakening (<a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">depreciating</a>) their currency. When <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> become too high compared to <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> in the exports sector, then these exports become more expensive and they are crowded out from the market within a country and abroad. This drives the fall of employment and output in the exports sector and fall of <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">current account</a> balances. Fall of output and employment in the tradable goods sector may be offset by the growth of non-exports sectors, especially in <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>. Increased purchases abroad and negative current account balances can be financed without a problem as long as <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> is cheap.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need to finance trade deficit weakens currency, making exports automatically more attractive in a country and abroad. A state in a monetary union cannot use weakening of currency to recover its international competitiveness. To achieve this a state has to reduce prices, including wages (<a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>). This could result in high <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and lower incomes as it was during the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign-debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade">Trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro increased price transparency and stimulated cross-border trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 consensus from the studies of the introduction of the euro concluded that it has increased trade within the eurozone by 5% to 10%,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of all available studies on the effect of introduction of the euro on increased trade suggests that the prevalence of positive estimates is caused by <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">publication bias</a> and that the underlying effect may be negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a more recent meta-analysis shows that publication bias decreases over time and that there are positive trade effects from the introduction of the euro, as long as results from before 2010 are taken into account. This may be because of the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> and ongoing integration within the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, older studies based on certain methods of analysis of main trends reflecting general cohesion policies in Europe that started before, and continue after implementing the common currency find no effect on trade.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results suggest that other policies aimed at European integration might be the source of observed increase in trade. According to Barry Eichengreen, studies disagree on the magnitude of the effect of the euro on trade, but they agree that it did have an effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investment">Investment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical investment seems to have increased by 5% in the eurozone due to the introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding foreign direct investment, a study found that the intra-eurozone FDI stocks have increased by about 20% during the first four years of the EMU.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the effect on corporate investment, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has resulted in an increase in investment rates and that it has made it easier for firms to access financing in Europe. The euro has most specifically stimulated investment in companies that come from countries that previously had weak currencies. A study found that the introduction of the euro accounts for 22% of the investment rate after 1998 in countries that previously had a weak currency.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation">Inflation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_inflation.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Euro_inflation.webp/220px-Euro_inflation.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Euro_inflation.webp/330px-Euro_inflation.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Euro_inflation.webp/440px-Euro_inflation.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="8009" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>Euro Zone inflation</figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of the euro has led to extensive discussion about its possible effect on inflation. In the short term, there was a widespread impression in the population of the eurozone that the introduction of the euro had led to an increase in prices, but this impression was not confirmed by general indices of inflation and other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of this paradox found that this was due to an asymmetric effect of the introduction of the euro on prices: while it had no effect on most goods, it had an effect on cheap goods which have seen their price round up after the introduction of the euro. The study found that consumers based their beliefs on inflation of those cheap goods which are frequently purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that the jump in small prices may be because prior to the introduction, retailers made fewer upward adjustments and waited for the introduction of the euro to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">introduction of the euro as the official currency in Croatia</a> in 2023, the ECB argues that inflation due to a change of currency is a one-time effect of limited impact.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exchange_rate_risk">Exchange rate risk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Exchange rate risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the advantages of the adoption of a common currency is the reduction of the risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that the introduction of the euro created "significant reductions in market risk exposures for nonfinancial firms both in and outside Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reductions in market risk "were concentrated in firms domiciled in the eurozone and in non-euro firms with a high fraction of foreign sales or assets in Europe". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_integration">Financial integration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Financial integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of the euro increased European financial integration, which helped stimulate growth of a European <a href="/wiki/Securities_market" title="Securities market">securities market</a> (bond markets are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> dynamics).<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study on this question, it has "significantly reshaped the European financial system, especially with respect to the securities markets [...] However, the real and policy barriers to integration in the retail and corporate banking sectors remain significant, even if the wholesale end of banking has been largely integrated."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the euro has significantly decreased the cost of trade in bonds, equity, and banking assets within the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a global level, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios, with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial integration made it cheaper for European companies to borrow.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks, firms and households could also invest more easily outside of their own country, thus creating greater international risk-sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-2019_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-2019-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_interest_rates">Effect on interest rates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Effect on interest rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/300px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/450px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png/600px-Long-term_interest_rates_of_eurozone_countries_since_1993.png 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Secondary market yields of government bonds with maturities of close to 10 years</figcaption></figure> <p>As of January 2014, and since the introduction of the euro, interest rates of most member countries (particularly those with a weak currency) have decreased. Some of these countries had the most serious sovereign financing problems. </p><p>The effect of declining interest rates, combined with excess liquidity continually provided by the ECB, made it easier for banks within the countries in which interest rates fell the most, and their linked sovereigns, to borrow significant amounts (above the 3% of GDP budget deficit imposed on the eurozone initially) and significantly inflate their public and private debt levels.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, governments in these countries found it necessary to bail out or nationalise their privately held banks to prevent systemic failure of the banking system when underlying hard or financial asset values were found to be grossly inflated and sometimes so nearly worthless there was no liquid market for them.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further increased the already high levels of public debt to a level the markets began to consider unsustainable, via increasing government bond interest rates, producing the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Price_convergence">Price convergence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Price convergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evidence on the convergence of prices in the eurozone with the introduction of the euro is mixed. Several studies failed to find any evidence of convergence following the introduction of the euro after a phase of convergence in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have found evidence of price convergence,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular for cars.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible reason for the divergence between the different studies is that the processes of convergence may not have been linear, slowing down substantially between 2000 and 2003, and resurfacing after 2003 as suggested by a recent study (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study suggests that the introduction of the euro has had a positive effect on the amount of tourist travel within the EMU, with an increase of 6.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exchange_rates">Exchange rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Exchange rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexible_exchange_rates">Flexible exchange rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Flexible exchange rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ECB targets <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a> and in general, does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets. This is because of the implications of the <a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a>, which implies a central bank cannot (without <a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">capital controls</a>) maintain interest rate and exchange rate targets simultaneously, because increasing the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> results in a <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">depreciation</a> of the currency. In the years following the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a>, the EU has liberalised its capital markets and, as the ECB has <a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">inflation targeting</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>, the exchange-rate regime of the euro is <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_other_major_currencies">Against other major currencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Against other major currencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The euro is the second-most widely held <a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">reserve currency</a> after the U.S. dollar. After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 (3 May vs <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>, 25 October vs the <a href="/wiki/U.S._dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. dollar">U.S. dollar</a>, 26 October vs <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a>). Afterwards it regained and its exchange rate reached its historical highest point in 2008 (15 July vs US dollar, 23 July vs Japanese yen, 29 December vs sterling). With the advent of the global financial crisis the euro initially fell, to regain later. Despite pressure due to the <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign-debt crisis">European sovereign-debt crisis</a>, the euro remained stable.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2011 the euro's exchange rate index – measured against currencies of the bloc's major trading partners – was trading almost two percent higher on the year, approximately at the same level as it was before the crisis began in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid July 2022, the euro and the US dollar traded at par for a short period of time during an episode of dollar <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">appreciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-2022_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 July 2024, it recorded a new high against the Japanese yen during a long period of <a href="/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and_depreciation" title="Currency appreciation and depreciation">depreciation</a> of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:942px;max-width:942px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg/310px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg/465px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg/620px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_USD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg/310px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg/465px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg/620px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_GBP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg/310px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg/465px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg/620px-Euro_exchange_rate_to_JPY.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Euro exchange rate against US dollar (USD), sterling (GBP) and Japanese yen (JPY), starting from 1999.</div></div></div></div> <ul><li>Current and historical exchange rates against 32 other currencies (European Central Bank): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html">link</a></i></li></ul> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr><th style="background: #A7C3FF;" colspan="2"> Current EUR exchange rates</th> </tr><tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Google Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AUD-EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CAD-EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CHF-EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/CNY-EUR">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GBP-EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/HKD-EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/JPY-EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/USD-EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/SEK-EUR">SEK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/PLN-EUR">PLN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Finance">Yahoo! Finance</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AUDEUR=X">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CADEUR=X">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CHFEUR=X">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/CNYEUR=X">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GBPEUR=X">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HKDEUR=X">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/JPYEUR=X">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/USDEUR=X">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/SEKEUR=X">SEK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/PLNEUR=X">PLN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/XE.com" title="XE.com">XE.com</a>: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=AUD&To=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CAD&To=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CHF&To=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=CNY&To=EUR">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=GBP&To=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=HKD&To=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=JPY&To=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=SEK&To=EUR">SEK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=PLN&To=EUR">PLN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>From OANDA: </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=AUD&to=EUR">AUD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CAD&to=EUR">CAD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CHF&to=EUR">CHF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=CNY&to=EUR">CNY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=GBP&to=EUR">GBP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=HKD&to=EUR">HKD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=JPY&to=EUR">JPY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=USD&to=EUR">USD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=SEK&to=EUR">SEK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?amount=1&from=PLN&to=EUR">PLN</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_considerations">Political considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Political considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the economic motivations to the introduction of the euro, its creation was also partly justified as a way to foster a closer sense of joint identity between European citizens. Statements about this goal were for instance made by <a href="/wiki/Wim_Duisenberg" title="Wim Duisenberg">Wim Duisenberg</a>, European Central Bank Governor, in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>, French Finance Minister, in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>, President of the European Commission, in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 15 years after the introduction of the euro, a study found no evidence that it has had any effect on a shared sense of European identity.<sup id="cite_ref-EER_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EER-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public support of Euro by country according to <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> 2024:<sup id="cite_ref-i768_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i768-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>66</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>82</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>71</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>34</td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>74</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>81</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>78</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>89</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>84</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>81</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>54</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>86</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>92</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>83</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>56 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Euro_in_various_official_EU_languages"><i>Euro</i> in various official EU languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Euro in various official EU languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Language and the euro</a></div> <p>The formal titles of the currency are <i>euro</i> for the major unit and <i>cent</i> for the minor (one-hundredth) unit and for official use in most eurozone languages; according to the ECB, all languages should use the same spelling for the nominative singular.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may contradict normal rules for word formation in some languages. </p><p>Bulgaria has negotiated an exception; <i>euro</i> in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is spelled <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">eвро</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">evro</i></span>) and not <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">eуро</span> (<i><span title="Cyrillic-script transliteration"><span>euro</span></span></i>) in all official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Greek script the term <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ευρώ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">evró</i></span>) is used; the Greek "cent" coins are denominated in <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">λεπτό/ά</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">leptó/á</i></span>). Official practice for English-language EU legislation is to use the words euro and cent as both singular and plural,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the European Commission's <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Translation_(European_Commission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Translation (European Commission)">Directorate-General for Translation</a> states that the plural forms <i>euros</i> and <i>cents</i> should be used in English.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word 'euro' is pronounced differently according to pronunciation rules in the individual languages applied; in German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔʏʁo]</a></span>, in English <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, in French <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[øʁo]</a></span>, etc. </p><p>In summary: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language(s) </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">In most EU languages</a> </td> <td>euro </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Croatian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[ěuro]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Czech:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈɛuro]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Danish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="da-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈœwʁo]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈøːroː]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Estonian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="et-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">[ˈeu̯ro]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈeu̯ro]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[øʁo]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈɛuro]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈɛwrɔ]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈewɾɔ]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈewɾu]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Slovak:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ˈewrɔ]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈewɾo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">евро</span></span> <i>evro</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Bulgarian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">[ˈɛvro]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Euro</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔʏʁo]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td>[ευρώ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[eˈvro]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </td> <td><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">euró</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈɛuroː]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈɛu̯roː]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </td> <td><i>euro</i> or <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">eiro</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[ɛìro]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td> <td><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">euras</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">[ˈɛʊrɐs]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> </td> <td><span title="Maltese-language text"><i lang="mt">ewro</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">[ˈɛwrɔ]</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">evro</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">[ˈéːʋrɔ]</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For local phonetics, cent, use of plural and amount formatting (€6,00 or 6.00 €), see <a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro#Written_conventions_for_the_euro_in_the_languages_of_EU_member_states" title="Language and the euro">Language and the euro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Euro" title="Captain Euro">Captain Euro</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raspberry_Ice_Cream_War" title="The Raspberry Ice Cream War">The Raspberry Ice Cream War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_European_debt_crisis" title="Causes of the European debt crisis">Causes of the European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_the_eurozone_crisis" title="Controversies surrounding the eurozone crisis">Controversies surrounding the eurozone crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">Currency union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_euro" title="Digital euro">Digital euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms_associated_with_the_eurozone_crisis" title="List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis">List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies_in_Europe" title="List of currencies in Europe">List of currencies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_long-term_solutions_for_the_eurozone_crisis" title="Proposed long-term solutions for the eurozone crisis">Proposed long-term solutions for the eurozone crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Withdrawal from the eurozone">Withdrawal from the eurozone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official documents and legislation refer to the euro as "the single currency".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including outermost regions of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only the European part of the country is part of the European Union and uses the euro. The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> in 2011 following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> (which used the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> have their own currencies, which are pegged to the dollar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro and the euro</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by means of Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC) of 31 December 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC) of 19 June 2000.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997R1103:EN:HTML">"Council Regulation (EC) No 1103/97 of 17 June 1997 on certain provisions relating to the introduction of the euro"</a>. <i>Official Journal L 162, 19 June 1997 P. 0001 – 0003</i>. European Communities. 19 June 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+L+162%2C+19+June+1997+P.+0001+%E2%80%93+0003&rft.atitle=Council+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+1103%2F97+of+17+June+1997+on+certain+provisions+relating+to+the+introduction+of+the+euro&rft.date=1997-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31997R1103%3AEN%3AHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circulation_report-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Circulation_report_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Circulation_report_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/reports.do?node=1000004111">"ECB Statistical Data Warehouse, Reports>ECB/Eurosystem policy>Banknotes and coins statistics>1.Euro banknotes>1.1 Quantities"</a>. European Central Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECB+Statistical+Data+Warehouse%2C+Reports%3EECB%2FEurosystem+policy%3EBanknotes+and+coins+statistics%3E1.Euro+banknotes%3E1.1+Quantities&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdw.ecb.europa.eu%2Freports.do%3Fnode%3D1000004111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2017" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Alistair (29 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/italy-to-stop-producing-1-and-2-cent-coins/a-39020206">"Italy to stop producing 1- and 2-cent coins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy+to+stop+producing+1-+and+2-cent+coins&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fitaly-to-stop-producing-1-and-2-cent-coins%2Fa-39020206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bystricoviny.sk/spravy/po-1-juli-2022-budu-koncit-na-slovensku-jedno-a-dvojcentove-mince/">"Po 1. júli 2022 budú končiť na Slovensku jedno a dvojcentové mince"</a>. <i>bystricoviny.sk</i> (in Slovak). 29 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bastillepost.com&rft.atitle=Japanese+yen+sinks+to+record+low+against+euro&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bastillepost.com%2Fglobal%2Farticle%2F3958525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Global Finance After the Crisis</i>. 2013. <q>The euro is far more than a medium of exchange. It is part of the identity of a people. 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The case of the euro"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Economic Review</i>. <b>100</b>: 318–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euroecorev.2017.08.011">10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.08.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:102510742">102510742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Can+a+common+currency+foster+a+shared+social+identity+across+different+nations%3F+The+case+of+the+euro&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=318-336&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euroecorev.2017.08.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A102510742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Franz+Buscha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk%2F19659%2F1%2FEU_identity_V17_EER_revisions_2ndRound.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i768-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i768_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission._Directorate_General_for_Communication.2024" class="citation report cs1">European Commission. Directorate General for Communication. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/437940">Public opinion in the European Union: first results : report</a> (Report). Publications Office of the European Union. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2775%2F437940">10.2775/437940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Public+opinion+in+the+European+Union%3A+first+results+%3A+report.&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2775%2F437940&rft.au=European+Commission.+Directorate+General+for+Communication.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.europa.eu%2Fdoi%2F10.2775%2F437940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/conrep/cr200705en.pdf">"European Central Bank, Convergence Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>The euro is the single currency of the member states that have adopted it. To make this singleness apparent, Community law requires a single spelling of the word <i>euro</i> in the nominative singular case in all community and national legislative provisions, taking into account the existence of different alphabets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Central+Bank%2C+Convergence+Report&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fconrep%2Fcr200705en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Koinova2007" class="citation news cs1">Elena Koinova (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603212303/http://sofiaecho.com/2007/10/19/656777_evro-dispute-over-portuguese-foreign-minister">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Evro" Dispute Over – Portuguese Foreign Minister – Bulgaria"</a>. <i>The Sofia Echo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiaecho.com/2007/10/19/656777_evro-dispute-over-portuguese-foreign-minister">the original</a> on 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sofia+Echo&rft.atitle=%22Evro%22+Dispute+Over+%E2%80%93+Portuguese+Foreign+Minister+%E2%80%93+Bulgaria&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.au=Elena+Koinova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiaecho.com%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2F656777_evro-dispute-over-portuguese-foreign-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission. "Spelling of the words "euro" and "cent" in official community languages as used in community legislative acts" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205092625/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">"English Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Commission Directorate-General for Translation. 29 June 2010. para.<span class="nowrap"> </span>20.8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 December 2010. <q><i>The euro.</i> Like 'pound', 'dollar' or any other currency name in English, the word 'euro' is written in lower case with no initial capital and, where appropriate, takes the plural 's' (as does 'cent').</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Style+Guide&rft.pages=para.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E-%3C%2Fspan%3E20.8&rft.pub=European+Commission+Directorate-General+for+Translation&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fwriting%2Fstyle_guides%2Fenglish%2Fstyle_guide_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartramTaylor,_Stephen_J.Wang,_Yaw-Huei2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bartram, Söhnke M.; Taylor, Stephen J.; Wang, Yaw-Huei (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/news/agent_contract.pdf">"The Euro and European Financial Market Dependence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Banking and Finance</i>. <b>51</b> (5): 1461–1481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbankfin.2006.07.014">10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.07.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=924333">924333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Banking+and+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Euro+and+European+Financial+Market+Dependence&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1461-1481&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D924333%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbankfin.2006.07.014&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6hnke+M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yaw-Huei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2Fnews%2Fagent_contract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartramKarolyi,_G._Andrew2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bartram, Söhnke M.; Karolyi, G. Andrew (October 2006). "The Impact of the Introduction of the Euro on Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Exposures". <i>Journal of Empirical Finance</i>. <b>13</b> (4–5): 519–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2006.01.002">10.1016/j.jempfin.2006.01.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=299641">299641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Empirical+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Introduction+of+the+Euro+on+Foreign+Exchange+Rate+Risk+Exposures&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=519-549&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D299641%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jempfin.2006.01.002&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6hnke+M.&rft.au=Karolyi%2C+G.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinWyplosz2004" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Richard; Wyplosz, Charles (2004). <i>The Economics of European Integration</i>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-710394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-710394-1"><bdi>978-0-07-710394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+European+Integration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-710394-1&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wyplosz%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButiDerooseGasparNogueira_Martins2010" class="citation book cs1">Buti, Marco; Deroose, Servaas; Gaspar, Vitor; Nogueira Martins, João (2010). <i>The Euro</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-09842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-09842-0"><bdi>978-92-79-09842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Euro&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-79-09842-0&rft.aulast=Buti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Deroose%2C+Servaas&rft.au=Gaspar%2C+Vitor&rft.au=Nogueira+Martins%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2010" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Helmuth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100916233209/http://dorrance.stores.yahoo.net/feeurzufleuk.html">"Fehlschlag Euro"</a>. Dorrance Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dorrance.stores.yahoo.net/feeurzufleuk.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fehlschlag+Euro&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdorrance.stores.yahoo.net%2Ffeeurzufleuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonazziVianello2001" class="citation book cs1">Simonazzi, A.; Vianello, F. (2001). "Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment". In Franzini, R.; Pizzuti, R.F. (eds.). <i>Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67741-3"><bdi>978-3-540-67741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Financial+Liberalization%2C+the+European+Single+Currency+and+the+Problem+of+Unemployment&rft.btitle=Globalization%2C+Institutions+and+Social+Cohesion&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67741-3&rft.aulast=Simonazzi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vianello%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuro" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Euro" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Euro">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Euro" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Euro">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/euro_en">European Union – Euro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area_en">European Commission – Euro Area</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euro_topics" title="Template:Euro topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euro_topics" title="Template talk:Euro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euro_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euro topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Euro_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">Euro sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_the_euro" title="Language and the euro">Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euro-Skulptur" title="Euro-Skulptur">Euro-Skulptur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">ECB president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Ecofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiscal provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Growth_Pact" title="Stability and Growth Pact">Stability and Growth Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Plus_Pact" title="Euro Plus Pact">Euro Plus Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixpack_(European_Union_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixpack (European Union law)">Six pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact" title="European Fiscal Compact">European Fiscal Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eonia" title="Eonia">Eonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_calculator" title="Euro calculator">Euro calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euribor" title="Euribor">Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single euro payments area (SEPA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Payments_Initiative" title="European Payments Initiative">European payments initiative (EPI)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_Currency_Index" title="Euro Currency Index">Euro Currency Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurobond_(eurozone)" title="Eurobond (eurozone)">Proposed eurobonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency">Reserve currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petroeuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin" title="1 euro cent coin">1c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin" title="2 euro cent coin">2c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin" title="5 euro cent coin">5c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin" title="10 euro cent coin">10c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin" title="20 euro cent coin">20c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_coin" title="2 euro coin">2 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_euro_commemorative_coins" title="2 euro commemorative coins">2 € commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins">Other commemorative coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identifying_marks_on_euro_coins" title="Identifying marks on euro coins">Identifying marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_starter_kits" title="Euro starter kits">Starter kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_coin_programme" title="Europa coin programme">Europa coin programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_euro_mints" title="List of euro mints">Euro mint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_euro_note" title="5 euro note">5 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_euro_note" title="10 euro note">10 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_euro_note" title="20 euro note">20 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_euro_note" title="50 euro note">50 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_euro_note" title="100 euro note">100 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_euro_note" title="200 euro note">200 €</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_euro_note" title="500 euro note">500 €</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coins by country with minting rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_euro_coins" title="Austrian euro coins">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_euro_coins" title="Belgian euro coins">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_euro_coins" title="Croatian euro coins">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_euro_coins" title="Cypriot euro coins">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_euro_coins" title="Estonian euro coins">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_euro_coins" title="Finnish euro coins">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_euro_coins" title="French euro coins">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_euro_coins" title="German euro coins">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_euro_coins" title="Irish euro coins">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_euro_coins" title="Italian euro coins">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian euro coins">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_euro_coins" title="Luxembourgish euro coins">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_euro_coins" title="Maltese euro coins">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_euro_coins" title="Dutch euro coins">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_euro_coins" title="Portuguese euro coins">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_euro_coins" title="Slovak euro coins">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_euro_coins" title="Slovenian euro coins">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_euro_coins" title="Spanish euro coins">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Agreed_direct_usage_with_minting_rights">Monetary agreement with EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_and_the_euro" title="Andorra and the euro">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_euro_coins" title="Monégasque euro coins">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammarinese euro coins">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Agreed_direct_usage_without_minting_rights">Non-EU territories<br /> using euro per agreement<br /> without minting rights</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Potential adoption by<br />other countries</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Unilateral_direct_usage">Countries and territories<br />using euro unilaterally</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other extant EU currencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">ERM <span style="font-family:serif;">II</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_euro" title="History of the euro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Snake_in_the_tunnel" title="Snake in the tunnel">Snake in the tunnel</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> <ul><li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">I</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">II</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:85%;">III</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delors_Committee" title="Delors Committee">Delors Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Withdrawal from the eurozone">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Previous EU members<br />and euro</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro" title="United Kingdom and the euro">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Preceding currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">European Currency Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">Croatian kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_pound" title="Cypriot pound">Cypriot pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_kroon" title="Estonian kroon">Estonian kroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">German Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Latvian lats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_litas" title="Lithuanian litas">Lithuanian litas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_franc" title="Luxembourg franc">Luxembourg franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_lira" title="Maltese lira">Maltese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_franc" title="Monégasque franc">Monégasque franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_escudo" title="Portuguese escudo">Portuguese escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_lira" title="Sammarinese lira">Sammarinese lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_tolar" title="Slovenian tolar">Slovenian tolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;">Former fiscal provisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stabilisation_Mechanism" title="European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism">European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European Union">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union" title="Category:European Union">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Template:Currencies of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Currencies of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a> (pegged currency: <a href="/wiki/Faroese_kr%C3%B3na" title="Faroese króna">Faroese króna</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_apsar" title="Abkhazian apsar">Abkhazian apsar</a> (unrecognised)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistrian_ruble" title="Transnistrian ruble">Transnistrian ruble</a> (unrecognised)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Ukrainian hryvnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark">Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Icelandic króna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a> (pegged currencies: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a> · <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jersey_pound" title="Jersey pound">Jersey pound</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manx_pound" title="Manx pound">Manx pound</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Template:Currencies of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Currencies of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Algerian dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Libyan dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Mauritanian ouguiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta</a></i> (<i>unrecognized</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_dinar" title="Tunisian dinar">Tunisian dinar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_rupee" title="Seychellois rupee">Seychellois rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Somaliland shilling</a></i> (<i>unrecognized</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">South Sudanese pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Tanzanian shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_loti" title="Lesotho loti">Lesotho loti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Mauritian rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_metical" title="Mozambican metical">Mozambican metical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_dollar" title="Namibian dollar">Namibian dollar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_lilangeni" title="Swazi lilangeni">Swazi lilangeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_ZiG" title="Zimbabwean ZiG">Zimbabwe Gold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosi-oa-Tunya_(coin)" title="Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)">mosi-oa-Tunya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_escudo" title="Cape Verdean escudo">Cape Verdean escudo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Liberian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="São Tomé and Príncipe dobra">São Tomé and Príncipe dobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Currencies of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Currencies of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currencies</a> of the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruban_florin" title="Aruban florin">Aruban florin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_dollar" title="Bahamian dollar">Bahamian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_dollar" title="Barbadian dollar">Barbadian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_dollar" title="Cayman Islands dollar">Cayman Islands dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Cuban peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Dominican peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_dollar" title="Eastern Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar" title="Trinidad and Tobago dollar">Trinidad and Tobago dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_dollar" title="Belize dollar">Belize dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n" title="Costa Rican colón">Costa Rican colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_quetzal" title="Guatemalan quetzal">Guatemalan quetzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_lempira" title="Honduran lempira">Honduran lempira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Nicaraguan córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Panamanian balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">Bolivian boliviano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Chilean peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Colombian peso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_pound" title="Falkland Islands pound">Falkland Islands pound</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_dollar" title="Guyanese dollar">Guyanese dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Peruvian sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_dollar" title="Surinamese dollar">Surinamese dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_guilder" title="Caribbean guilder">Caribbean guilder</a> (from 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Currencies of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som">Kyrgyz som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Turkmenistani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_sum" title="Uzbekistani sum">Uzbekistani sum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> (yuan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrög</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghan afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_ngultrum" title="Bhutanese ngultrum">Bhutanese ngultrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_rufiyaa" title="Maldivian rufiyaa">Maldivian rufiyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Nepalese rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Sri Lankan rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">Cambodian riel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Lao kip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso (<i>piso</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Vietnamese đồng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_dinar" title="Bahraini dinar">Bahraini dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">Emirati dirham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Iraqi dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_dinar" title="Jordanian dinar">Jordanian dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_riyal" title="Qatari riyal">Qatari riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Saudi riyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Syrian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/21px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/42px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/19px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/29px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/38px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4916#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4916#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4408931-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98003388">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Euro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338634m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Euro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338634m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576420">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="euro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120033&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530202205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/045834">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17364">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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