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href="#1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1950s and 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1970s and 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_and_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_and_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2000s and 2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_and_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gentrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gentrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reading-sublist" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 130%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Ethnic groups in Los Angeles">Ethnicity in Los Angeles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Asian Americans in Los Angeles">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bangladesh,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Bangladesh, Los Angeles">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia_Town,_Long_Beach,_California" title="Cambodia Town, Long Beach, California">Cambodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Central Americans in Los Angeles">Central Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_diaspora_in_Los_Angeles" title="Salvadoran diaspora in Los Angeles">Salvadorans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Taiwanese Americans in Los Angeles">Taiwanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos in Los Angeles">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Los Angeles">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Indian Americans in Greater Los Angeles">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israelis_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Israelis in Los Angeles">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans#Los_Angeles" title="Italian Americans">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Los Angeles">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">Mexicans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chicanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicanos">Chicanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles#Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Ethnic groups in Los Angeles">Middle Easterners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles#Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Ethnic groups in Los Angeles">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinians_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Palestinians in Los Angeles">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans#California" title="Romani Americans">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Town,_Los_Angeles" title="Thai Town, Los Angeles">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in Los Angeles">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Los_Angeles_sidebar" title="Template:Ethnic Los Angeles sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Los_Angeles_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ethnic Los Angeles sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Los_Angeles_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Los Angeles sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pio_Pico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pío Pico, California's last governor under Mexican rule, was of mixed Spanish, Native American, and African ancestry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pio_Pico.jpg/220px-Pio_Pico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pio_Pico.jpg/330px-Pio_Pico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pio_Pico.jpg/440px-Pio_Pico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Pío Pico</a>, California's last governor under Mexican rule, was of mixed Spanish, Native American, and African ancestry</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of African Americans in Los Angeles</b> includes participation in the culture, education, and politics of the city of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, United States. </p><p>The first blacks in Los Angeles were <a href="/wiki/Mulattos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattos">mulattos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a> who immigrated to California from <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> in northwestern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contributions to the city’s culture have particularly been in music, dance, visual arts, stage, and film. </p><p>African Americans are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Los Angeles</a>; as well as a Black community in suburban cities such as <a href="/wiki/Compton,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton, CA">Compton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglewood, CA">Inglewood</a>. There are sizable African immigrant communities in Greater Los Angeles. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creoles">Louisiana Creole</a> community in Los Angeles County.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an Ethiopian and Eritrean community in <a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are <a href="/wiki/Afro-Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latino">Afro-Latino</a> people from Central and South American countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna American">Garifuna American</a> people. Many were born in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Black population in Los Angeles has declined since 2017, due to gentrification and more Latinos such as Mexicans and Central Americans moving to their neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many African-Americans from Los Angeles are moving to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including partly Black people, Los Angeles proper is 10% Black (estimated 385,000 residents in 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many African Americans have become <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> in the city. African Americans make up 34% of Los Angeles's <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a>, while only being 8% of the city's population in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blacks in Los Angeles have a lower life expectancy and die younger than other racial groups in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Los Angeles also has a sizable Black immigrant population. Los Angeles has the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian</a> population in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>. 45,000 Ethiopians live in the Los Angeles area. 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritreans</a> live in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biddy_Mason_(00026783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg/220px-Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg/330px-Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg/440px-Biddy_Mason_%2800026783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="3746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mason" title="Biddy Mason">Biddy Mason</a>, Los Angeles pioneer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-First_AME_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_of_Los_Angeles" title="First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles">First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles</a>, founded in 1872</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Bradley3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tom_Bradley3.jpg/220px-Tom_Bradley3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tom_Bradley3.jpg/330px-Tom_Bradley3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Tom_Bradley3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Tom Bradley speaking at <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Walk" title="AIDS Walk">AIDS Walk</a> LA at the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Studios_lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Studios lot">Paramount Studios lot</a> in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1781, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores" title="Los Angeles Pobladores">early non-Indian settlers in Los Angeles</a> (or 'Los Angeles Pobladores') included upwards of two dozen <a href="/wiki/Afro-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Spanish">Afro-Spanish</a> individuals from the Spanish colonies in California (part of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Pío Pico</a>, California's last governor under Mexican rule, was of mixed Spanish, Native American, and African ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pico spent his last days in Los Angeles dying in 1894 at the home of his daughter Joaquina Pico Moreno in Los Angeles. He was buried in the old <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Los_Angeles)#Old_Calvary" title="Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)">Calvary Cemetery</a> in downtown Los Angeles. His brothers and their descendants were also early influencers in the same era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">white Southerners</a> who came to California during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racist</a> attitudes and ideals with them. In 1850, twelve black people were registered as residents of Los Angeles. Because many blacks were enslaved until the abolition of slavery occurred in 1865, few blacks migrated to Los Angeles before then. Due to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a> and a settlement increase in 1880, increasing numbers of blacks came to Los Angeles. By 1900, 2,131 African Americans, the second largest black population in California, lived in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanfordp7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanfordp7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/First_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_of_Los_Angeles" title="First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles">First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles</a> (First A.M.E. or FAME) was established under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mason" title="Biddy Mason">Biddy Mason</a>, an African American nurse and a California real estate entrepreneur and philanthropist, and her son-in-law Charles Owens. The church now has a membership of more than 19,000 individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the 1890s and 1910, African Americans migrated to Los Angeles from Southern places like <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shreveport">Shreveport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to escape the racial violence, racism, white supremacy, and bigotry of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a> meant that Los Angeles had a relatively high African American population for a city in the Western United States; in 1910 it had 7,599 African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first branch of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> in California was established in Los Angeles in 1913. Housing segregation was a common practice in the early 20th century. Many private property deeds explicitly banned owners from selling to anyone but <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The African American population did not significantly increase during the first <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From approximately 1920 to 1955, <a href="/wiki/Central_Avenue_(Los_Angeles)" title="Central Avenue (Los Angeles)">Central Avenue</a> was the heart of the African American community in Los Angeles, with active rhythm and blues and jazz music scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lusk_2018-06-20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lusk_2018-06-20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Avenue had two all-black segregated fire stations. <a href="/wiki/Fire_Station_No._30,_Engine_Company_No._30" title="Fire Station No. 30, Engine Company No. 30">Fire Station No. 30</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_Station_No._14_(Los_Angeles)" title="Fire Station No. 14 (Los Angeles)">Fire Station No. 14</a> were segregated in 1924. They remained segregated until 1956 when the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department" title="Los Angeles Fire Department">Los Angeles Fire Department</a> was integrated. The listing on the National Register notes, "All-black fire stations were simultaneous representations of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> and sources of community pride."<sup id="cite_ref-RF_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/William_J._Powell" title="William J. Powell">William J. Powell</a> founded the Bessie Coleman Aero Club. In 1931, Powell organized the first all-black air show in the United States for the Club in Los Angeles, an event that drew 15,000 visitors. Powell also established a school to train mechanics and pilots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a>, tens of thousands of African American migrants, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, who left segregated Southern states in search of better opportunities in California. The African American population significantly increased in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Great Migration">Second Great Migration</a> of the 1940s as area factories received labor for the effort in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1940 the black population was 63,700.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Areas in Los Angeles that were once predominantly white, such as South Central Los Angeles, Watts, and Compton became predominantly African American after the <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_H._Parker_(police_officer)" title="William H. Parker (police officer)">William Parker</a> became police chief in 1952. He largely refused to hire black police officers. During most of his tenure, those already on the force were prohibited from having white partners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1965 <a href="/wiki/Watts_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts Riots">Watts Riots</a> were triggered by the arrest of a 21-year-old black man named Marquette Frye at 116th Street and Avalon Boulevard for driving drunk. A torrent of built-up rage erupted in the streets of Watts and <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Los Angeles</a>. An investigating commission found that the African American citizens had been denied respect and endured substandard housing, education and medical care. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._Multi-Service_Ambulatory_Care_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr. Multi-Service Ambulatory Care Center">King-Drew Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Willowbrook,_California" title="Willowbrook, California">Willowbrook</a> opened in 1972 as a response to the area having inadequate and insufficient hospital facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_2004-12-09_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT_2004-12-09-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Wattstax" title="Wattstax">Wattstax</a>, also known as the Black-Woodstock, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum">Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum</a>. Over 100,000 black residents of Los Angeles attended this concert for African American pride. Later, in 1973, a documentary was released about the concert.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> was elected as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Mayor of Los Angeles</a>, a role he'd hold for 20 years. L.A.'s first African American mayor, Bradley served over five terms, prior to the establishment of successive term limits, making him the longest-serving mayor of Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a> was beaten by police officers. His videotaped beating was controversial, and heightened racial tensions in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just 13 days after the videotaped beating of King, a 15-year-old African American girl named <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Latasha_Harlins" title="Killing of Latasha Harlins">Latasha Harlins</a> was shot and killed by a 51-year-old <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean American</a> store owner named Soon Ja Du after being falsely accused of stealing in a store. A jury found Du guilty of voluntary manslaughter, an offense that carries a maximum prison sentence of 16-years. However, trial judge, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Karlin_Fahey" title="Joyce Karlin Fahey">Joyce Karlin</a>, sentenced Du five years of probation, four hundred hours of community service, and a $500 fine. The lenient response by the courts over the murder was one of the contributing factors to the 1992 Los Angeles riots.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When four Los Angeles Police Department officers were acquitted of charges associated with the beating of Rodney King, the decision led to the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial of the <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">O. J. Simpson murder case</a> took place in 1994 and 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>'s music studio on Washington Blvd. was declared a historic landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many African Americans in Los Angeles live in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, 34% of <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Los Angeles are African Americans despite being only 8% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, African Americans in Los Angeles County were more at risk for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2021, African Americans in Los Angeles had the highest <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> hospitalization rate, as well as one of the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Black Gallery (1984–1998), exhibition space for African American photographers"><img alt="The Black Gallery (1984–1998), exhibition space for African American photographers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg/196px-The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg/295px-The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg/393px-The_Black_Gallery_Los_Angeles_CA_107_Santa_Barbara_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 111px"><div class="gallerytext">The Black Gallery (1984–1998), exhibition space for African American photographers</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Destination Crenshaw, an open air museum of African American street art"><img alt="Destination Crenshaw, an open air museum of African American street art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg/249px-Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg/374px-Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg/499px-Enkone_with_Our_Mighty_Contribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 146px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Destination_Crenshaw" title="Destination Crenshaw">Destination Crenshaw</a>, an open air museum of African American street art</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="California African American Museum"><img alt="California African American Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg/409px-California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg/614px-California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg/818px-California_African_American_Museum_front_entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 253px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/California_African_American_Museum" title="California African American Museum">California African American Museum</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_population">Geography and population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter,_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles,_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg/220px-Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg/330px-Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg/440px-Peter%2C_a_homeless_man_in_Downtown_Los_Angeles%2C_begging_in_Civic_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Homeless African American man in Los Angeles begging</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1950s and 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philip Garcia, a population specialist and the assistant director of institutional research for <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, stated that a group of communities in <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Los Angeles</a> became African American by the 1950s and 1960s. These communities were Avalon, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Hills,_Los_Angeles" title="Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles">Baldwin Hills</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-laist.com_2007/08/17_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laist.com_2007/08/17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central, <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Park_(Los_Angeles_neighborhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposition Park (Los Angeles neighborhood)">Exposition Park</a>, Santa Barbara, South Vermont, <a href="/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles" title="Watts, Los Angeles">Watts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Adams,_Los_Angeles" title="West Adams, Los Angeles">West Adams</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then the Santa Barbara street was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 98,685 blacks moved to Los Angeles in the period 1965 through 1970. During the same period 40,776 blacks moved out.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1970, there were 763,000 African Americans in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the second largest minority group after the then estimated 815,000 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a>. Los Angeles had the west coast's largest black population. Between 1975 and 1980, 96,833 blacks moved to Los Angeles while 73,316 blacks left Los Angeles. Over 5,000 of the blacks moved to the <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>-<a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ontario,_California" title="Ontario, California">Ontario</a> area. About 2,000 to 5,000 blacks moved to the <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a>-<a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California" title="Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove</a> area. James H. Johnson, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_California-Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California-Los Angeles">University of California-Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) associate professor of geography, stated that due to affordable housing, blacks tend to choose "what is called the balance of the counties" or cities neutral to the existing major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Inland Empire, blacks tended to move to <a href="/wiki/Rialto,_California" title="Rialto, California">Rialto</a> instead of Riverside and San Bernardino.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the blacks who left the City of Los Angeles between 1975 and 1980 who moved away from the Los Angeles area, over 5,000 moved to the <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> area, about 2,000–5,000 went to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, about 1,000–2,000 went to <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, and about 1,000 to 2,000 went to <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>. About 500-1,000 blacks moved to <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxnard,_California" title="Oxnard, California">Oxnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a>. Johnson stated that the areas from Fresno to Ventura are "areas that traditionally blacks haven't settled in".<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many blacks leaving Los Angeles who also California moved to cities in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">U.S. South</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock">Little Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>. Other cities receiving Los Angeles blacks include <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMillan_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMillan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1990s, many African Americans moved away from the traditional African Americans neighborhoods, which overall reduced the black population of the City of Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a>. Many African Americans moved to eastern Los Angeles suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Moreno_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreno Valley">Moreno Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TexeiraInlandEmp_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexeiraInlandEmp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 1990 the Inland Empire had the United States' fastest-growing black population. Between the <a href="/wiki/1980_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 U.S. Census">1980 U.S. Census</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1990_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 U.S. Census">1990 U.S. Census</a>, the black population increased by 119%. As of 1990 the Inland Empire had 169,128 black people.<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonLandof_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonLandof-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many new African American businesses appear in the Inland Empire, and many of these businesses have not been previously established elsewhere. The Inland Empire African American Chamber of Commerce began with six members in 1990 and the membership increased to 90 by 1996. According to Denise Hamilton of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, as of 1996 "there has been no large-scale migration from the traditional black business districts such as <a href="/wiki/Crenshaw,_Los_Angeles" title="Crenshaw, Los Angeles">Crenshaw</a>, black business people say."<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonLandof_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonLandof-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, the black population of the Moreno Valley increased by 27,500,<sup id="cite_ref-TexeiraInlandEmp_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexeiraInlandEmp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1996 13% of Moreno Valley was African American.<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonLandof_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonLandof-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s many African Americans moved to cities and areas in north Los Angeles County such as <a href="/wiki/Palmdale,_California" title="Palmdale, California">Palmdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster</a> and closer-in cities in Los Angeles County such as <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a>. In the 1990s, the black population of Long Beach increased by 66,800.<sup id="cite_ref-TexeiraInlandEmp_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexeiraInlandEmp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_and_2010s">2000s and 2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000s and 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2019 census, 8% of the Los Angeles County population identified as black or African American.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, new black immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and the Americas have arrived in Los Angeles. Nigerians, Ethiopians, Ghanaians, Belizeans, Jamaicans, Haitians, and Trinidadians are clustered in African American neighborhoods in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, within the Los Angeles metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladera_Heights,_California" title="Ladera Heights, California">Ladera Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/View_Park,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="View Park, California">View Park</a> had the highest concentration of blacks. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California" title="Newport Beach, California">Newport Beach</a> have the lowest concentrations of blacks. As of 2001, in the majority of cities within <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a> counties had black populations below 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-TexeiraInlandEmp_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexeiraInlandEmp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990 to 2010 the population of Compton, previously African-American, changed to being about 66% Latino and Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Black percentage of the population has declined in Los Angeles in 2017, possibly due to an increase of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Westminster Presbyterian Church, an African American church in Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Presbyterian_Church_(Los_Angeles)" title="Westminster Presbyterian Church (Los Angeles)">Westminster Presbyterian Church</a>, an African American church in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure><p> There is a black <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christian</a> community in Los Angeles, the first <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a> to be established in the city was First African Methodist Episcopal Church (FAME) which was organized in the year 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg/220px-Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg/330px-Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg/440px-Mural-Crenshaw-District-Los-Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>African American mural in Crenshaw</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Compton_Cowboys" title="Compton Cowboys">Compton Cowboys</a> formed in the late 1990s and are a group of friends from childhood who use horseback riding and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> culture to provide a positive influence on inner-city youth, and to combat negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> about African Americans in the city of <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African Americans in Los Angeles have contributed to <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>, particularly in the early years between 1988 until 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans influenced <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a> with African American rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are black-owned <a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> restaurants in Los Angeles. </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">black Muslim</a> community in Los Angeles, and Islam has had a large influence on the African American population in California. African American make up around 15% of mosque attendants in Southern California in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is many <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> murals dedicated to African Americans in the city such as the Crenshaw Wall located in <a href="/wiki/Destination_Crenshaw" title="Destination Crenshaw">Destination Crenshaw</a>, an open-air African American museum.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gangs">Gangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many black gangs in Los Angeles. Black gangs emerged in the late 1940s to the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">Crips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloods" title="Bloods">Bloods</a>, both of which trace their origins back to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual"><span id="Lesbian.2C_gay_and_bisexual"></span>Lesbian, gay and bisexual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lesbian, gay and bisexual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Los Angeles">LGBT culture in Los Angeles</a></div> <p>In 2007, 4% of African American adults in Los Angeles County identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorep190_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorep190-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Black LGBTQIA+ persons live in Black neighborhoods. Of black LGBTQ+ persons, 38% lived in <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Los Angeles</a>, 33% lived in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, Los Angeles">South Bay</a>, and less than 1% lived in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Westside" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Westside">Los Angeles Westside</a>. Mignon R. Moore, the author of "Black and Gay in L.A.: The Relationships Black Lesbians and Gay Men Have to Their Racial and Religious Communities," wrote that black LGBTQ+ people had a tendency to not have openness about their sexuality and to not discuss their sexuality, and also that "they were not a visible group in neighborhoods like <a href="/wiki/Carson,_California" title="Carson, California">Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladera_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladera Heights">Ladera Heights</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Moorep190_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorep190-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Little_Ethiopia">Little Ethiopia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Little Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles</a></div> <p>Little Ethiopia is home to the third largest <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian American</a> after <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and Minneapolis, Minnesota.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Little Ethiopia is the only area in the city to recognize the culture of the African continent.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many Ethiopian restaurants in the neighborhood, serving <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blacks in Los Angeles County are often affected by homelessness, poverty and incarceration due to discrimination. Anti-black hate crimes increased in Los Angeles in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans in Los Angeles are also more likely to be killed by police officers; with African Americans representing 24% of law enforcement killings, from 2000 to 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial violence against black women in Los Angeles remains high.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gentrification">Gentrification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gentrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African American neighborhoods in South Los Angeles have been gentrified. Many Latinos have moved to their historical neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Ann_Robinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Georgia Ann Robinson, police officer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Georgia_Ann_Robinson.jpg/175px-Georgia_Ann_Robinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Georgia_Ann_Robinson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Ann_Robinson" title="Georgia Ann Robinson">Georgia Ann Robinson</a>, police officer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paul Williams, architect" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg/220px-PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg/330px-PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg/440px-PAUL_R._WILLIAMSC_A.I.A._-_NOTED_ARCHITECT_-_NARA_-_53569_Straightened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Williams (architect)">Paul Williams</a>, architect</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko" title="Jhené Aiko">Jhené Aiko</a> (born 1988), singer of African American, Japanese, Dominican, Spanish, Native American and German-Jewish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brathwaite_Burke" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke">Yvonne Brathwaite Burke</a> (born 1932), an attorney from Los Angeles, became the first African American woman in the California Legislature and in 1972 became the first African American woman elected to the U.S. Congress from the West Coast. She served in Congress from 1973 until the end of 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a> (born 1995), South African American musician born and raised in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a> (1919–1965), singer and jazz pianist<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dandridge" title="Dorothy Dandridge">Dorothy Dandridge</a> (1922–1965), the first black actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally">Mervyn Dymally</a> (1926–2012), teacher and politician, the first African American to serve in the California State Senate. He went on to be elected as Lieutenant Governor in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Larry Elder</a> (born 1952), talk radio host and attorney<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> (1938–2012), noted singer born the <a href="/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles" title="Watts, Los Angeles">Watts</a> neighborhood of Los Angeles; in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a> (born 1959), basketball player with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> and businessmen;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1981 he signed a 25-year, $25-million contract with the Lakers, which was the highest-paying contract in sports history up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Griffith_Joyner" title="Florence Griffith Joyner">Florence Griffith Joyner</a> (also known as Flo-Jo; 1959–1998), track and field hurdle athlete; she won three gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Olympics in Seoul</a> and was considered the fastest woman of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a> (born 1961), track and field athlete; he came to prominence at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles, where he won four gold medals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Moore_(comedian)" title="Tim Moore (comedian)">Tim Moore (comedian)</a> (1887–1958), actor and comedian<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsey_Hussle" title="Nipsey Hussle">Nipsey Hussle</a> (1985–2019), rapper of <a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritrean</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_King" title="Regina King">Regina King</a> (born 1971), actress and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a> (1922–1979), jazz musician; was born in Los Angeles and raised largely in the Watts area; he recorded in a band in Los Angeles in the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a> (born 1964), talk show host and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (born 1938), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Ann_Robinson" title="Georgia Ann Robinson">Georgia Ann Robinson</a> (1879–1961), police officer; she was the first black woman to be hired by the LAPD in 1919. She began as a volunteer jail matron, and was later hired as an official policewoman. Robinson worked mainly on juvenile cases and cases involving black women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Haddish" title="Tiffany Haddish">Tiffany Haddish</a> (born 1979), actress and comedian of <a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritrean</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a> (1894–1980), architect; Williams became a certified architect in 1921, and the first certified <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> architect west of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> (born 1981), tennis player; she was raised in Los Angeles, and in 2002 she became the Women's Tennis Association's World No. 1 player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyga" title="Tyga">Tyga</a> (1989), rapper, of Black and Vietnamese ancestry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrueche_Tran" title="Karrueche Tran">Karrueche Tran</a> (born 1988), model, of African American and Vietnamese descent and identifies as <a href="/wiki/Blasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasian">Blasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Siriboe" title="Kofi Siriboe">Kofi Siriboe</a> (born 1994), actor and model</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable African American politicians from Los Angeles</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Bradley,_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tom Bradley"><img alt="Tom Bradley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg/139px-Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg/209px-Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg/279px-Tom_Bradley%2C_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 73px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yvonne_Brathwaite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke"><img alt="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yvonne_Brathwaite.jpg/147px-Yvonne_Brathwaite.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Yvonne_Brathwaite.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 78px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brathwaite_Burke" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke">Yvonne Brathwaite Burke</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mervyn Dymally"><img alt="Mervyn Dymally" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg/150px-Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg/226px-Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg/301px-Mervyn_M._Dymally_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 80px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally">Mervyn Dymally</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maxine Waters"><img alt="Maxine Waters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/132px-Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/199px-Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg/265px-Congresswoman_Waters_official_photo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="2521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 68px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable African American musicians from Los Angeles</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Doja Cat, rapper and singer"><img alt="Doja Cat, rapper and singer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png/331px-Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png" decoding="async" width="221" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png/496px-Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png/662px-Doja_Cat_2020_Vogue_Taiwan_04.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 201px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a>, rapper and singer</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jhené Aiko, singer"><img alt="Jhené Aiko, singer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg/277px-Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 73px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko" title="Jhené Aiko">Jhené Aiko</a>, singer</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nipsey Hussle, rapper"><img alt="Nipsey Hussle, rapper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/277px-Soundtrack_Beat_Battle_Judging_Panel_March2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 72px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nipsey_Hussle" title="Nipsey Hussle">Nipsey Hussle</a>, rapper</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Mingus, jazz musician"><img alt="Charles Mingus, jazz musician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/124px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/186px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/248px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 63px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a>, jazz musician</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tyga, rapper"><img alt="Tyga, rapper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg/165px-Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg/248px-Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg/331px-Tyga_-_Openair_Frauenfeld_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="3666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 90px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tyga" title="Tyga">Tyga</a>, rapper </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="913" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Portal:Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">African Americans in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">African Americans in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Chicago">African Americans in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">African Americans in Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Detroit">African Americans in Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Baltimore">African Americans in Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">African Americans in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">African Americans in San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Los_Angeles" title="Demographics of Los Angeles">Demographics of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Ethnic groups in Los Angeles">Ethnic groups in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Central Americans in Los Angeles">History of Central Americans in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloods" title="Bloods">Bloods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">Crips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sentinel" title="Los Angeles Sentinel">Los Angeles Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_African_American_Museum" title="California African American Museum">California African American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Baptist_Church_(Los_Angeles)" title="Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles)">Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Rock%E2%80%93Will_Smith_slapping_incident" title="Chris Rock–Will Smith slapping incident">Chris Rock–Will Smith slapping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shifting_Grounds_of_Race" title="The Shifting Grounds of Race">The Shifting Grounds of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Black Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Ezell_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Ezell Ford">Shooting of Ezell Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles">History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles">History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles">History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">History of the Japanese in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Jews in Los Angeles">History of the Jews in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles">History of Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinians_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Palestinians in Los Angeles">History of Palestinians in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos in Los Angeles">Filipinos in Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Indian Americans in Greater Los Angeles">Indian Americans in Greater Los Angeles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiahistoricalsociety.org/blog/early-los-angeles-an-afro-latino-town/">"Early Los Angeles—An Afro-Latino Town"</a>. February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Los+Angeles%E2%80%94An+Afro-Latino+Town&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniahistoricalsociety.org%2Fblog%2Fearly-los-angeles-an-afro-latino-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrud'Homme-CranfordBarthéJolivétte2022" class="citation book cs1">Prud'Homme-Cranford, Rain; Barthé, Darryl; Jolivétte, Andrew J. (March 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nZmEAAAQBAJ&dq=louisiana+creoles+in+los+angeles&pg=PA225"><i>Louisiana Creole Peoplehood: Afro-Indigeneity and Community</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295749501" title="Special:BookSources/9780295749501"><bdi>9780295749501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Creole+Peoplehood%3A+Afro-Indigeneity+and+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.isbn=9780295749501&rft.aulast=Prud%27Homme-Cranford&rft.aufirst=Rain&rft.au=Barth%C3%A9%2C+Darryl&rft.au=Joliv%C3%A9tte%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nZmEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlouisiana%2Bcreoles%2Bin%2Blos%2Bangeles%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2013" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elliott Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&dq=ethiopians+eritreans+little+ethiopia+los+angeles&pg=PA693"><i>Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842197" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842197"><bdi>9781598842197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+American+History%3A+Arrival%2C+Adaptation%2C+and+Integration&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781598842197&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Elliott+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAP7QCteb0o0C%26dq%3Dethiopians%2Beritreans%2Blittle%2Bethiopia%2Blos%2Bangeles%26pg%3DPA693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crcc.usc.edu/report/the-black-church-next-challenges-and-opportunities-facing-african-american-congregations-in-21st-century-los-angeles/faith-based-social-engagement-in-20th-century-los-angeles-a-historic-overview/">Faith-based Social Engagement in 20th Century Los Angeles: A Historic Overview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelArangoSinghviHuang2019" class="citation news cs1">Patel, Jugal K.; Arango, Tim; Singhvi, Anjali; Huang, Jon (December 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/22/us/los-angeles-homeless-black-residents.html">"Black, Homeless and Burdened by L.A.'s Legacy of Racism"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black%2C+Homeless+and+Burdened+by+L.A.%27s+Legacy+of+Racism&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Jugal+K.&rft.au=Arango%2C+Tim&rft.au=Singhvi%2C+Anjali&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F12%2F22%2Fus%2Flos-angeles-homeless-black-residents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/neighborhood/episodes/black-neighborhood-you-arent-black">"This is a Black Neighborhood. You Aren't Black. | There Goes the Neighborhood"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+a+Black+Neighborhood.+You+Aren%27t+Black.+%26%23124%3B+There+Goes+the+Neighborhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnycstudios.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fneighborhood%2Fepisodes%2Fblack-neighborhood-you-arent-black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://losangeleno.com/features/inglewood-white-return/">For Many Black People, L.A. is No Longer the Last Best Place to Live</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/14/black-migration-south/">"Still looking for a 'Black mecca,' the new Great Migration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. January 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085859/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/14/black-migration-south/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Still+looking+for+a+%27Black+mecca%2C%27+the+new+Great+Migration&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2022%2F01%2F14%2Fblack-migration-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=Los+Angeles+city;+California&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05">"DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DP05ACS+DEMOGRAPHIC+AND+HOUSING+ESTIMATES&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3DLos%2BAngeles%2Bcity%3B%2BCalifornia%26tid%3DACSDP1Y2021.DP05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2020" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Steve (June 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-13/column-african-americans-make-up-8-of-l-a-population-and-34-of-homeless-count-heres-why">"Column: Black people make up 8% of L.A. population and 34% of its homeless. That's unacceptable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Column%3A+Black+people+make+up+8%25+of+L.A.+population+and+34%25+of+its+homeless.+That%27s+unacceptable&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2020-06-13%2Fcolumn-african-americans-make-up-8-of-l-a-population-and-34-of-homeless-count-heres-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay-Suzuki2023" class="citation web cs1">May-Suzuki, Christian (April 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westsidevoicela.com/2023/04/l-a-countys-state-of-black-los-angeles-report-highlights-disparities-in-community/">"West Los Angeles News - L.A. County's "State of Black Los Angeles" Report Highlights Disparities in Community"</a>. <i>Westside Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westside+Voice&rft.atitle=West+Los+Angeles+News+-+L.A.+County%27s+%22State+of+Black+Los+Angeles%22+Report+Highlights+Disparities+in+Community&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=May-Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestsidevoicela.com%2F2023%2F04%2Fl-a-countys-state-of-black-los-angeles-report-highlights-disparities-in-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimers2023" class="citation book cs1">Reimers, David (August 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06HVt0Ft7GYC&pg=PA243"><i>Other Immigrants: The Global Origins of the American People</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814775356" title="Special:BookSources/9780814775356"><bdi>9780814775356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Immigrants%3A+The+Global+Origins+of+the+American+People&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft.isbn=9780814775356&rft.aulast=Reimers&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06HVt0Ft7GYC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, John L. (August 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-22-me-founders22-story.html">"Diversity gave birth to L.A."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Diversity+gave+birth+to+L.A.&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-aug-22-me-founders22-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npca.org/articles/2840-the-lost-history-of-los-pobladores">"The Lost History of Los Pobladores"</a>. <i>National Parks Conservation Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.la.ca.us/elp/elphis6.htm">the original</a> on April 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African-Americans+and+the+Early+Pueblo+of+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=City+of+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.la.ca.us%2Felp%2Felphis6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanfordp7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanfordp7_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanford, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c-9yAKqIcYC&pg=PA7">7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518021611/https://books.google.com/books?id=1c-9yAKqIcYC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> 2021-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2012" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, Kelly (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/history-society/the-great-migration-creating-a-new-black-identity-in-los-angeles">"The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles"</a>. <i>KCET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=The+Great+Migration%3A+Creating+a+New+Black+Identity+in+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fhistory-society%2Fthe-great-migration-creating-a-new-black-identity-in-los-angeles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/from-the-south-to-compton">"From the South to Compton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KCET" title="KCET">KCET</a>. August 15, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430061729/https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/from-the-south-to-compton">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+the+South+to+Compton&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fshows%2Fdepartures%2Ffrom-the-south-to-compton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallianatos2019" class="citation news cs1">Vallianatos, Mark (April 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/livable-city/la-oe-vallianatos-sb-827-housing-zoning-20180402-story.html">"L.A.'s land use rules were born out of racism and segregation. They're not worth fighting for"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425073234/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/livable-city/la-oe-vallianatos-sb-827-housing-zoning-20180402-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=L.A.%27s+land+use+rules+were+born+out+of+racism+and+segregation.+They%27re+not+worth+fighting+for&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Vallianatos&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Flivable-city%2Fla-oe-vallianatos-sb-827-housing-zoning-20180402-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2012_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_Kelly2012" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Kelly (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/history-society/the-great-migration-creating-a-new-black-identity-in-los-angeles">"The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KCET" title="KCET">KCET</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430061432/https://www.kcet.org/history-society/the-great-migration-creating-a-new-black-identity-in-los-angeles">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Now he's gone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229054909/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-02-02/he-kept-a-key-piece-of-l-a-s-black-history-alive-now-hes-gone">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A New Documentary Celebrates Her Life"</a>. <i>Esquire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145849/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a34063596/who-was-latasha-harlin-a-love-song-netflix/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Magic+Johnson+Signs+%2425+Million+Contract&rft.date=1981-06-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F26%2Fsports%2Fmagic-johnson-signs-25-million-contract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman1998" class="citation news cs1">Longman, Jere (September 22, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/22/sports/florence-griffith-joyner-38-champion-sprinter-is-dead.html">"Florence Griffith Joyner, 38, Champion Sprinter, Is Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Florence+Griffith+Joyner%2C+38%2C+Champion+Sprinter%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1998-09-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Jere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F09%2F22%2Fsports%2Fflorence-griffith-joyner-38-champion-sprinter-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2001" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Robert (December 2, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/nyregion/worth-noting-carl-lewis-takes-honors-but-not-at-his-home-track.html">"Worth Noting; Carl Lewis Takes Honors, But Not at His Home Track"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Worth+Noting%3B+Carl+Lewis+Takes+Honors%2C+But+Not+at+His+Home+Track&rft.date=2001-12-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F02%2Fnyregion%2Fworth-noting-carl-lewis-takes-honors-but-not-at-his-home-track.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qctimes.com/tim-moore/image_4d3b1cd4-eda3-11e4-872f-bba119b0c76d.html">"Tim Moore"</a>. <i>The Quad-City Times</i>. April 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Quad-City+Times&rft.atitle=Tim+Moore&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqctimes.com%2Ftim-moore%2Fimage_4d3b1cd4-eda3-11e4-872f-bba119b0c76d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgis2019" class="citation web cs1">Giorgis, Hannah (April 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/nipsey-hussle-la-rappers-eritrean-american-dream/586474/">"Nipsey Hussle's Eritrean American Dream"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Nipsey+Hussle%27s+Eritrean+American+Dream&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Giorgis&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2019%2F04%2Fnipsey-hussle-la-rappers-eritrean-american-dream%2F586474%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBricklin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bricklin, Julia (February 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article-abstract/95/1/54/33465/Georgia-Ann-Hill-RobinsonThe-LAPD-s-First-African?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Georgia Ann Hill RobinsonThe LAPD's First African American Policewoman"</a>. <i>California History</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 54–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fch.2018.95.1.54">10.1525/ch.2018.95.1.54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2897">0162-2897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423021132/https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article-abstract/95/1/54/33465/Georgia-Ann-Hill-RobinsonThe-LAPD-s-First-African?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+History&rft.atitle=Georgia+Ann+Hill+RobinsonThe+LAPD%27s+First+African+American+Policewoman&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-61&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fch.2018.95.1.54&rft.issn=0162-2897&rft.aulast=Bricklin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fch%2Farticle-abstract%2F95%2F1%2F54%2F33465%2FGeorgia-Ann-Hill-RobinsonThe-LAPD-s-First-African%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00068002.html">Proudly Eritrean, Tiffany Haddish Finally Gets Her Citizenship</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson-Jacobs2020" class="citation web cs1">Robinson-Jacobs, Karen (February 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate/story/2020-02-06/architect-paul-williams-documentary">"This architect of classic Hollywood gets his own star turn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2165-1736">2165-1736</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=This+architect+of+classic+Hollywood+gets+his+own+star+turn&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.issn=2165-1736&rft.aulast=Robinson-Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Freal-estate%2Fstory%2F2020-02-06%2Farchitect-paul-williams-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moore, Mignon R. "Black and Gay in L.A.: The Relationships Black Lesbians and Gay Men Have to Their Racial and Religious Communities" (Chapter 7). In: <a href="/wiki/Darnell_Hunt" title="Darnell Hunt">Hunt, Darnell</a> and Ana-Christina Ramon (editors). <i>Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities</i>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>, April 19, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814773060" title="Special:BookSources/0814773060">0814773060</a>, 9780814773062.</li> <li>Stanford, Karin L. <i>African Americans in Los Angeles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738580945" title="Special:BookSources/0738580945">0738580945</a>, 9780738580944.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_reading">Other reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Flamming, Douglas. <i>Bound for Freedom: Black Los Angeles in Jim Crow America</i> (The George Gund Foundation imprint in African American studies). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, August 1, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520249909" title="Special:BookSources/0520249909">0520249909</a>, 9780520249905.</li> <li>Hunt, Darnell and Ana-Christina Ramón (editors). <i>Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities</i>. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>, April 19, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814773060" title="Special:BookSources/0814773060">0814773060</a>, 9780814773062.</li> <li>Kurashige, Scott. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shifting_Grounds_of_Race:_Black_and_Japanese_Americans_in_the_Making_of_Multiethnic_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shifting Grounds of Race: Black and Japanese Americans in the Making of Multiethnic Los Angeles">The Shifting Grounds of Race: Black and Japanese Americans in the Making of Multiethnic Los Angeles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, March 15, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400834007" title="Special:BookSources/1400834007">1400834007</a>, 9781400834006.</li> <li>Pulido, Laura. <i>Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles</i> (Volume 19 of American crossroads). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, January 1, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520245202" title="Special:BookSources/0520245202">0520245202</a>, 9780520245204.</li> <li>Sides, Josh. <i>L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, June 1, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520248309" title="Special:BookSources/0520248309">0520248309</a>, 9780520248304.</li> <li>Sonenshein, Raphael. <i>Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691025487" title="Special:BookSources/0691025487">0691025487</a>, 9780691025483.</li> <li>Tolbert, Emory J. <i>The UNIA and Black Los Angeles: ideology and community in the American Garvey movement</i> (Volume 3 of A CAAS monograph series, Volume 3 of Afro-American culture and society). Center for Afro-American Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934934045" title="Special:BookSources/0934934045">0934934045</a>, 9780934934046.</li> <li>Widener, Daniel. <i>Black Arts West: Culture and Struggle in Postwar Los Angeles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, January 1, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caamuseum.org/learn/600state/black-history/blackhistory-in-early-february-1781-settlers-of-african-indian-and-spanish-ancestry-set-out-for-california-from-mexico-seven-months-later-they-would-found-los-angeles">#blackhistory: In February, 1781, settlers of African, Indian, and Spanish ancestry set out for what will become Los Angeles from Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhslacounty.org/impacting-black-history-black-people-make-up-8-of-l-a-population-and-34-of-its-homeless/">Impacting Black History: Black People Make Up 8% Of L.A. Population And 34% Of Its Homeless.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/ethnicity/black/neighborhood/list/index.html">"Black Ranking"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. December 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Ranking&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.latimes.com%2Fneighborhoods%2Fethnicity%2Fblack%2Fneighborhood%2Flist%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanfordCalifornia_State_University2010" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, K.L.; California State University, N.I.A.M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c-9yAKqIcYC"><i>African Americans in Los Angeles</i></a>. Images of America. Arcadia Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-8094-4"><bdi>978-0-7385-8094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles&rft.series=Images+of+America&rft.pub=Arcadia+Pub.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-8094-4&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft.au=California+State+University%2C+N.I.A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1c-9yAKqIcYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+African+Americans+in+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Los Angeles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Los Angeles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Los Angeles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Los_Angeles" title="Ethnic groups in Los Angeles">Ethnic groups in Los Angeles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Latin American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Central Americans in Los Angeles">Central Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_diaspora_in_Los_Angeles" title="Salvadoran diaspora in Los Angeles">Salvadorans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguans" title="Nicaraguans">Nicaraguans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondurans" title="Hondurans">Hondurans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the City of Los Angeles"><img alt="Seal of the City of Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg/100px-Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg/150px-Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg/200px-Seal_of_Los_Angeles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asian">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadians">Trinidadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South Africans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bangladesh,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Bangladesh, Los Angeles">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Filipinotown,_Los_Angeles" title="Historic Filipinotown, Los Angeles">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Japanese in Los Angeles">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans_in_Greater_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans in Greater Los Angeles">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Taiwanese Americans in Los Angeles">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Middle Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinians_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Palestinians in Los Angeles">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israelis_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Israelis in Los Angeles">Israelis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Native Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Jews in Los Angeles">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eritrean_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eritrean_Community" title="Template:Eritrean Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eritrean_Community" title="Template talk:Eritrean Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eritrean_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eritrean Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eritrean_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Eritrean diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Australians" title="Eritrean Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Canadians" title="Eritrean Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Denmark" title="Eritreans in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Germany" title="Eritreans in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Italy" title="Eritreans in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Norway" title="Eritreans in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Sweden" title="Eritreans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Eritreans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopian_community" title="Template:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopian_community" title="Template talk:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian_community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ethiopian diaspora</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Denmark" title="Ethiopians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy" title="Ethiopians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Norway" title="Ethiopians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Sweden" title="Ethiopians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethiopians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian American">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopian_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of Ethiopian Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Ethiopians in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles" title="Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles">Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Los_Angeles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Los_Angeles" title="Template:Los Angeles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Los_Angeles" title="Template talk:Los Angeles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Los_Angeles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Los Angeles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_Los_Angeles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_Los_Angeles%2C_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_California" title="List of municipalities in California">City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Los_Angeles" title="History of Los Angeles">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Los_Angeles" title="Timeline of Los Angeles">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_Los_Angeles" title="Outline of the history of Los Angeles">Outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Los_Angeles" title="Transportation in Los Angeles">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Los_Angeles" title="Culture of Los Angeles">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_the_Los_Angeles_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Los_Angeles" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Los_Angeles" title="List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Los_Angeles" title="Demographics of Los Angeles">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Los_Angeles" title="Crime in Los Angeles">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Los_Angeles" title="Sports in Los Angeles">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Los_Angeles" title="Media in Los Angeles">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Los_Angeles" title="Music of Los Angeles">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Los_Angeles" title="List of people from Los Angeles">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Los_Angeles_topics" title="Lists of Los Angeles topics">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_of_Los_Angeles" title="Murals of Los Angeles">Murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FCC200;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles" title="Government of Los Angeles">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Los_Angeles" title="Flag of Los Angeles">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="Los Angeles City Council">City Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="President of the Los Angeles City Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council" title="Los Angeles Common Council">Common Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_officials_in_Los_Angeles" title="List of elected officials in Los Angeles">Other elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Water_and_Power" title="Los Angeles Department of Water and Power">DWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department" title="Los Angeles Fire Department">Fire Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District" title="Los Angeles Unified School District">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Public_Library" title="Los Angeles Public Library">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles" title="Port of Los Angeles">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Transportation" title="Los Angeles Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #eee;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_and_neighborhoods_in_Los_Angeles" title="List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles">Regions</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crescenta_Valley" title="Crescenta Valley">Crescenta Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastside_Los_Angeles" title="Eastside Los Angeles">Eastside</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Harbor_Region" title="Los Angeles Harbor Region">Harbor Area</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles#Geography" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Greater Hollywood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Los_Angeles" title="Northeast Los Angeles">Northeast LA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Los_Angeles" title="Northwest Los Angeles"> Northwest LA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South LA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Westside_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Westside (Los Angeles County)">Westside</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Los_Angeles" title="Central Los Angeles">Central Los Angeles & Wilshire area</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&oldid=1251953637">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&oldid=1251953637</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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