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We used computer simulations to examine the combined and separate effects of selection against deleterious mutations and host-parasite coevolution on the spread of a clone into an outcrossing sexual population.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"R. 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reduce the population mutational load, while the Red Queen hypothesis holds that sex is adaptive as a defense against coevolving pathogens. We used computer simulations to examine the combined and separate effects of selection against deleterious mutations and host-parasite coevolution on the spread of a clone into an outcrossing sexual population.","journal_name":"Evolution","publication_date":"1998,4,1"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [411724]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30714360,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30714360/mini_magick20190426-8658-1m9602j.png?1556321765" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411724" href="https://mtsu.academia.edu/RStephenSteveHoward"><img alt="Profile image of R. Stephen (Steve) Howard" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />R. Stephen (Steve) Howard</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1998</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The mutation accumulation hypothesis predicts that sex functions to reduce the population mutational load, while the Red Queen hypothesis holds that sex is adaptive as a defense against coevolving pathogens. We used computer simulations to examine the combined and separate effects of selection against deleterious mutations and host-parasite coevolution on the spread of a clone into an outcrossing sexual population.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":30714360,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2738664/The_maintenance_of_sex_by_parasitism_and_mutation_accumulation_under_epistatic_fitness_functions"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":30714360,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2738664/The_maintenance_of_sex_by_parasitism_and_mutation_accumulation_under_epistatic_fitness_functions"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex">The red queen coupled with directional selection favours the evolution of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37073031" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HodgsonEmma">Emma E Hodgson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The red queen coupled with directional selection favours the evolution of sex","attachmentId":39461598,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="68372540" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68372540/The_evolution_of_sex_and_recombination_in_response_to_abiotic_or_coevolutionary_fluctuations_in_epistasis">The evolution of sex and recombination in response to abiotic or coevolutionary fluctuations in epistasis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48909677" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SylvainGandon">Sylvain Gandon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of sex and recombination in response to abiotic or coevolutionary fluctuations in epistasis","attachmentId":78870258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68372540/The_evolution_of_sex_and_recombination_in_response_to_abiotic_or_coevolutionary_fluctuations_in_epistasis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68372540/The_evolution_of_sex_and_recombination_in_response_to_abiotic_or_coevolutionary_fluctuations_in_epistasis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="90474484" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90474484/Sexual_reproduction_as_an_adaptation_to_resist_parasites_a_review_">Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="207991889" href="https://umich.academia.edu/RobertAxelrod">Robert Axelrod</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1990</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Darwinian theory has yet to explain adequately the fact of sex. If males provide little or no aid to offspring, a high (up to 2-fold) extra average fitness has to emerge as a property of a sexual parentage if sex is to be stable. The advantage must presumably come from recombination but has been hard to identify. It may well lie in the necessity to recombine defenses to defeat numerous parasites. A model demonstrating this works best for contesting hosts whose defense polymorphisms are constrained to low mutation rates. A review of the literature shows that the predictions of parasite coevolution fit well with the known ecology of sex. Moreover, parasite coevolution is superior to previous models of the evolution of sex by supporting the stability of sex under the following challenging conditions: very low fecundity, realistic patterns of genotype fitness and changing environment, and frequent mutation to parthenogenesis, even while sex pays the full 2-fold cost.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review)","attachmentId":94027905,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90474484/Sexual_reproduction_as_an_adaptation_to_resist_parasites_a_review_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90474484/Sexual_reproduction_as_an_adaptation_to_resist_parasites_a_review_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="2738682" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738682/The_ratchet_and_the_Red_Queen_the_maintenance_of_sex_in_parasites">The ratchet and the Red Queen: the maintenance of sex in parasites</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411724" href="https://mtsu.academia.edu/RStephenSteveHoward">R. Stephen (Steve) Howard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Theories regarding mutation clearance fall into two general categories: stochastic and deterministic. Under the deterministic model, asexual populations have a lower mean fitness at mutation-selection balance than sexual populations (Kimura & Maruyama, 1966; Crow, 1970). The difference can be enough to maintain sex if there are strongly synergistic effects among deleterious mutations and the rate of mutation is greater that 1–2 per genome per generation (Kondrashov, 1982, 1988; Charlesworth, 1990; Howard, 1994).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The ratchet and the Red Queen: the maintenance of sex in parasites","attachmentId":30714359,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2738682/The_ratchet_and_the_Red_Queen_the_maintenance_of_sex_in_parasites","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738682/The_ratchet_and_the_Red_Queen_the_maintenance_of_sex_in_parasites"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="77832199" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77832199/The_evolutionary_advantage_of_condition_dependent_recombination_in_a_Red_Queen_model_with_diploid_antagonists">The evolutionary advantage of condition-dependent recombination in a Red Queen model with diploid antagonists</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32115814" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/AbrahamKorol">Abraham Korol</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Antagonistic interaction, like those between a host and its parasite, are known to cause oscillations in genetic structure of both species, usually referred to as Red Queen dynamics (RQD). The RQD is believed to be a plausible explanation for the evolution of sex/recombination, although numerous theoretical models showed that this may happen only under rather restricted parameter values (selection intensity, epistasis, etc.). Here, we consider two diploid antagonists, each with either two or three selected loci; the interaction is based on matching phenotypes model. We use the RQD, whenever it emerges in this system, as a substrate to examine the evolution of one recombination feature, condition dependence in diploids, which still remains an underexplored question. We consider several forms of condition-dependent recombination, with recombination rates in the host being sensitive either to the parasite&#39;s mean fitness, or to the host&#39;s infection status, or to the host&#39;s g...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolutionary advantage of condition-dependent recombination in a Red Queen model with diploid antagonists","attachmentId":85088670,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77832199/The_evolutionary_advantage_of_condition_dependent_recombination_in_a_Red_Queen_model_with_diploid_antagonists","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77832199/The_evolutionary_advantage_of_condition_dependent_recombination_in_a_Red_Queen_model_with_diploid_antagonists"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="18454289" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18454289/Evolutionary_traction_the_cost_of_adaptation_and_the_evolution_of_sex">Evolutionary traction: the cost of adaptation and the evolution of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8981820" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/MarcusFeldman">Marcus Feldman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary traction: the cost of adaptation and the evolution of sex","attachmentId":40072262,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18454289/Evolutionary_traction_the_cost_of_adaptation_and_the_evolution_of_sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18454289/Evolutionary_traction_the_cost_of_adaptation_and_the_evolution_of_sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="30155947" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test">Sex Allocation in a Polyembryonic Parasitoid with Female Soldiers: An Evolutionary Simulation and an Experimental Test</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57604630" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TamarKeasar">Tamar Keasar</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57396142" href="https://mq.academia.edu/PolychronisRempoulakis">Polychronis Rempoulakis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sex Allocation in a Polyembryonic Parasitoid with Female Soldiers: An Evolutionary Simulation and an Experimental Test","attachmentId":50613139,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30155947/Sex_Allocation_in_a_Polyembryonic_Parasitoid_with_Female_Soldiers_An_Evolutionary_Simulation_and_an_Experimental_Test"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="2738673" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738673/Opposites_attract_Mate_choice_for_parasite_evasion_and_the_evolutionary_stability_of_sex">Opposites attract? Mate choice for parasite evasion and the evolutionary stability of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411724" href="https://mtsu.academia.edu/RStephenSteveHoward">R. Stephen (Steve) Howard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract If sex is naturally selected as a way to combat parasites, then sexual selection for disease resistance might increase the overall strength of selection for outcrossing. In the present study, we compared how two forms of mate choice affect the evolutionary stability of outcrossing in simultaneous hermaphrodites. In the first form, individuals preferred to mate with uninfected individuals (condition-dependent choice).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Opposites attract? 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href="https://www.academia.edu/83807072/Strategies_for_the_evolution_of_sex">Strategies for the evolution of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48002396" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AErzan">A. Erzan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Physical Review E, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Strategies for the evolution of sex","attachmentId":89033673,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83807072/Strategies_for_the_evolution_of_sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83807072/Strategies_for_the_evolution_of_sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div 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