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{"work":{"id":88145882,"created_at":"2022-10-08T22:36:28.605-07:00","from_world_paper_id":217010420,"updated_at":"2024-11-22T21:04:05.685-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"The widespread occurrence of sexual reproduction despite the twofold disadvantage of producing males, is still an unsolved mystery in evolutionary biology. One explanatory theory, called the 'Red Queen' hypothesis, states that sex is an adaptation to escape from parasites. A more recent hypothesis, the mate selection hypothesis, assumes that non-random mating, possible only with sex, accelerates the evolution of beneficial traits. This paper tests these two hypotheses, using an agent-based or 'microanalytic' evolutionary algorithm where host-parasite interaction is simulated adhering to biological reality. While previous simpler models testing the 'Red Queen' hypothesis considered mainly haploid hosts, stable population density, random mating and simplified expressions of fitness, our more realistic model allows diploidy, mate selection and variable population densities. Results suggest that the two hypotheses tested seem to explain partially but not exhaustively the adaptive value of sex. However, mate selection seems to be crucial in explaining the adaptive value of sex.","publication_date":"1999,,","publication_name":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"92178310"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"On Sex, Mate Selection and the Red Queen","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [233299295]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":92178310,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “On Sex, Mate Selection and the Red Queen”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/92178310/mini_magick20221009-1-1inv2cz.png?1665293943" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">On Sex, Mate Selection and the Red Queen</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="233299295" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GabrielaOchoa135"><img alt="Profile image of Gabriela Ochoa" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/233299295/89352934/78065359/s65_gabriela.ochoa.jpeg" />Gabriela Ochoa</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1999, Journal of Theoretical Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">12 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 88145882; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The widespread occurrence of sexual reproduction despite the twofold disadvantage of producing males, is still an unsolved mystery in evolutionary biology. One explanatory theory, called the 'Red Queen' hypothesis, states that sex is an adaptation to escape from parasites. A more recent hypothesis, the mate selection hypothesis, assumes that non-random mating, possible only with sex, accelerates the evolution of beneficial traits. This paper tests these two hypotheses, using an agent-based or 'microanalytic' evolutionary algorithm where host-parasite interaction is simulated adhering to biological reality. While previous simpler models testing the 'Red Queen' hypothesis considered mainly haploid hosts, stable population density, random mating and simplified expressions of fitness, our more realistic model allows diploidy, mate selection and variable population densities. Results suggest that the two hypotheses tested seem to explain partially but not exhaustively the adaptive value of sex. However, mate selection seems to be crucial in explaining the adaptive value of sex.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":92178310,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/88145882/On_Sex_Mate_Selection_and_the_Red_Queen"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":92178310,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/88145882/On_Sex_Mate_Selection_and_the_Red_Queen"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="92178310" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/88145882/On_Sex_Mate_Selection_and_the_Red_Queen" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2738673" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738673/Opposites_attract_Mate_choice_for_parasite_evasion_and_the_evolutionary_stability_of_sex">Opposites attract? Mate choice for parasite evasion and the evolutionary stability of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411724" href="https://mtsu.academia.edu/RStephenSteveHoward">R. Stephen (Steve) Howard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract If sex is naturally selected as a way to combat parasites, then sexual selection for disease resistance might increase the overall strength of selection for outcrossing. In the present study, we compared how two forms of mate choice affect the evolutionary stability of outcrossing in simultaneous hermaphrodites. In the first form, individuals preferred to mate with uninfected individuals (condition-dependent choice).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Opposites attract? Mate choice for parasite evasion and the evolutionary stability of sex","attachmentId":30714358,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2738673/Opposites_attract_Mate_choice_for_parasite_evasion_and_the_evolutionary_stability_of_sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738673/Opposites_attract_Mate_choice_for_parasite_evasion_and_the_evolutionary_stability_of_sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="17352107" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex">The red queen coupled with directional selection favours the evolution of sex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37073031" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HodgsonEmma">Emma E Hodgson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Why sexual reproduction has evolved to be such a widespread mode of reproduction remains a major question in evolutionary biology. Although previous studies have shown that increased sex and recombination can evolve in the presence of host-parasite interactions (the 'Red Queen hypothesis' for sex), many of these studies have assumed that multiple loci mediate infection vs. resistance. Data suggest, however, that a major locus is typically involved in antigen presentation and recognition. Here, we explore a model where only one locus mediates host-parasite interactions, but a second locus is subject to directional selection. Even though the effects of these genes on fitness are independent, we show that increased rates of sex and recombination are favoured at a modifier gene that alters the rate of genetic mixing. This result occurs because of selective interference in finite populations (the 'Hill-Robertson effect'), which also favours sex. These results suggest that the Red Queen hypothesis may help to explain the evolution of sex by contributing a form of persistent selection, which interferes with directional selection at other loci and thereby favours sex and recombination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The red queen coupled with directional selection favours the evolution of sex","attachmentId":39461598,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17352107/The_red_queen_coupled_with_directional_selection_favours_the_evolution_of_sex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37138880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37138880/The_Agent_Based_Model_and_Simulation_of_Sexual_Selection_and_Pair_Formation_Mechanisms">The Agent-Based Model and Simulation of Sexual Selection and Pair Formation Mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="87968011" href="https://agh.academia.edu/RafalDrezewski">Rafal Drezewski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, the agent-based simulation model of sexual selection and pair formation mechanisms is proposed. Sexual selection is a mechanism that occurs when the numbers of individuals of both sexes are almost identical, while reproduction costs for one of the sexes are much higher. The mechanism of creating pairs allows individuals to form stable, reproducing pairs. Simulation experiments carried out using the proposed agent-based model, and several fitness landscapes were aimed at verifying whether sexual selection and the mechanism of pair formation can trigger sympatric speciation and whether they can promote and maintain population diversity. Experiments were mainly focused on the mechanism of pair formation and its impact on speciation and population diversity. Results of conducted experiments show that sexual selection can start speciation processes and maintain the population diversity. The mechanism of creating pairs, when it occurs along with sexual selection, has a significant impact on the course of speciation and maintenance of population diversity.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Agent-Based Model and Simulation of Sexual Selection and Pair Formation Mechanisms","attachmentId":57089042,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37138880/The_Agent_Based_Model_and_Simulation_of_Sexual_Selection_and_Pair_Formation_Mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37138880/The_Agent_Based_Model_and_Simulation_of_Sexual_Selection_and_Pair_Formation_Mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="47228296" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47228296/Genetic_models_of_sexual_selection">Genetic models of sexual selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41610378" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LazarusJohn">John Lazarus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioural Processes, 1981</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic models of sexual selection","attachmentId":66432360,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47228296/Genetic_models_of_sexual_selection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47228296/Genetic_models_of_sexual_selection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1239163" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1239163/Debating_Sexual_Selection_and_Mating_Strategies">Debating Sexual Selection and Mating Strategies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31764980" href="https://ualberta.academia.edu/PeterHurd">Peter L Hurd</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60331" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/SashaDall">Sasha Dall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Debating Sexual Selection and Mating Strategies","attachmentId":40042616,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1239163/Debating_Sexual_Selection_and_Mating_Strategies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1239163/Debating_Sexual_Selection_and_Mating_Strategies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13472984" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13472984/A_Guide_to_Sexual_Selection_Theory">A Guide to Sexual Selection Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32694017" href="https://uec.academia.edu/BramKuijper">Bram Kuijper</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mathematical models have played an important role in the development of sexual selection theory. These models come in different flavors and they differ in their assumptions, often in a subtle way. Similar questions can be addressed by modeling frameworks from population genetics, quantitative genetics, evolutionary game theory, or adaptive dynamics, or by individualbased simulations. Confronted with such diversity, nonspecialists may have difficulties judging the scope and limitations of the various approaches. Here we review the major modeling frameworks, highlighting their pros and cons when applied to different research questions. We also discuss recent developments, where classical models are enriched by including more detail regarding genetics, behavior, demography, and population dynamics. It turns out that some seemingly well-established conclusions of sexual selection theory are less general than previously thought. Linking sexual selection to other processes such as sex-ratio evolution or speciation also reveals that enriching the theory can lead to surprising new insights. 287 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2012.43:287-311. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Groningen on 11/12/12. For personal use only.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Guide to Sexual Selection Theory","attachmentId":45300167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13472984/A_Guide_to_Sexual_Selection_Theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13472984/A_Guide_to_Sexual_Selection_Theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2738664" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738664/The_maintenance_of_sex_by_parasitism_and_mutation_accumulation_under_epistatic_fitness_functions">The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="411724" href="https://mtsu.academia.edu/RStephenSteveHoward">R. Stephen (Steve) Howard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The mutation accumulation hypothesis predicts that sex functions to reduce the population mutational load, while the Red Queen hypothesis holds that sex is adaptive as a defense against coevolving pathogens. We used computer simulations to examine the combined and separate effects of selection against deleterious mutations and host-parasite coevolution on the spread of a clone into an outcrossing sexual population.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The maintenance of sex by parasitism and mutation accumulation under epistatic fitness functions","attachmentId":30714360,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2738664/The_maintenance_of_sex_by_parasitism_and_mutation_accumulation_under_epistatic_fitness_functions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2738664/The_maintenance_of_sex_by_parasitism_and_mutation_accumulation_under_epistatic_fitness_functions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7043501" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7043501/Male_male_competition_female_mate_choice_and_their_interaction_determining_total_sexual_selection">Male-male competition, female mate choice and their interaction: determining total sexual selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12029320" href="https://univ-bpclermont.academia.edu/AllenMoore">Allen Moore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Empirical studies of sexual selection typically focus on one of the two mechanisms of sexual selection without integrating these into a description of total sexual selection, or study total sexual selection without quantifying the contributions of all of the mechanisms of sexual selection. However, this can provide an incomplete or misleading view of how sexually selected traits evolve if the mechanisms of sexual selection are opposing or differ in form. Here, we take a two-fold approach to advocate a direction for future studies of sexual selection. We first show how a quantitative partitioning and examination of sexual selection mechanisms can inform by identifying illustrative studies that describe both male–male competition and female mate choice acting on the same trait. In our sample, the most common trait where this occurred was body size, and selection was typically linear. We found that male–male competition and female mate choice can be reinforcing or opposing, although the former is most common in the literature. The mechanisms of sexual selection can occur simultaneously or sequentially, and we found they were more likely to be opposing when the mechanisms operated sequentially. The degree and timing that these mechanisms interact have important implications for the operation of sexual selection and needs to be considered in designing studies. Our examples highlight where empirical data are needed. We especially lack standardized measures of the form and strength of selection imposed by each mechanism of sexual selection and how they combine to determine total sexual selection. Secondly, using quantitative genetic principles, we outline how the selection imposed by individual mechanisms can be measured and combined to estimate the total strength and form of sexual selection. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of combining the mechanisms of sexual selection and interpreting total sexual selection. We suggest how this approach may result in empirical progress in the field of sexual selection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Male-male competition, female mate choice and their interaction: determining total sexual selection","attachmentId":48621719,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7043501/Male_male_competition_female_mate_choice_and_their_interaction_determining_total_sexual_selection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7043501/Male_male_competition_female_mate_choice_and_their_interaction_determining_total_sexual_selection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="23897135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23897135/The_evolution_of_sexual_reproduction_A_model_which_assumes_individual_selection">The evolution of sexual reproduction: A model which assumes individual selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46087658" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelTreisman">Michel Treisman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1976</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is commonly thought that sexual reproduction evolved and is maintained because the more rapid production of recombinant genotypes is of advantage to the species, but this advantage is long-term and is maintained by group selection while the individual committed to sexual reproduction is at an immediate disadvantage. However, and have recently put forward models for the evolution of sexuality which derive it from individual and not group selection. These are reviewed below and certain limitations pointed out. An alternative, more general model is described. This accounts for the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction by processes of individual selection, but does not require to assume enormous fecundity, hyperintense selection, or special life-history features. It is suggested that the present model is sufficiently general to apply to most or all cases of the evolution of sexual reproduction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of sexual reproduction: A model which assumes individual selection","attachmentId":44286735,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23897135/The_evolution_of_sexual_reproduction_A_model_which_assumes_individual_selection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23897135/The_evolution_of_sexual_reproduction_A_model_which_assumes_individual_selection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="9109592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9109592/Concordance_of_the_predictions_of_a_simulation_model_for_the_evolutionary_advantage_of_sex_with_observational_evidence">Concordance of the predictions of a simulation model for the evolutionary advantage of sex with observational evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8621313" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiacintoLibertini">Giacinto Libertini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">WebmedCentral, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Evolutionary advantage of sex is a widely discussed topic with multiple and clashing theories. A simulation model is proposed, based on the “classic” hypothesis that sex is advantageous because it allows faster attainment of favourable genetic combinations. The model shows the substitution of 2 (or 3) genes with advantageous alleles and calculates in which conditions a further gene allowing recombination is advantaged or disadvantaged in comparison with an allele not allowing recombination. With no epistasis, in infinite population sex results neutral, while in finite populations, in particular if the population is divided in demes, sex results advantageous. Considering the disadvantages caused by mating necessities, “classic” theory predicts the trends of ecological conditions in which sexual/asexual species of the same taxonomic group (or sexual/asexual stages of the same species) will prevail. Predictions of the “classic” theory with the above-mentioned specifications are compared with predictions of other hypotheses and data from natural observation: only the “classic” theory is confirmed by empirical evidence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Concordance of the predictions of a simulation model for the evolutionary advantage of sex with observational evidence","attachmentId":35402839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9109592/Concordance_of_the_predictions_of_a_simulation_model_for_the_evolutionary_advantage_of_sex_with_observational_evidence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9109592/Concordance_of_the_predictions_of_a_simulation_model_for_the_evolutionary_advantage_of_sex_with_observational_evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":92178310,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":92178310,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_92178310" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/49148239/The_evolution_of_phenotypes_and_genetic_parameters_under_preferential_mating"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="9023091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9023091/A_functional_approach_to_sexual_selection">A functional approach to sexual selection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20317501" href="https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/RaoulVanDamme">Raoul Van Damme</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Functional Ecology, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/DeborahMcLennan">Deborah McLennan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Parasites and Sexual Selection: A Macroevolutionary Perspective","attachmentId":108009317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110080573/Parasites_and_Sexual_Selection_A_Macroevolutionary_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110080573/Parasites_and_Sexual_Selection_A_Macroevolutionary_Perspective"><span 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data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="28194195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28194195/Sexual_selection_in_complex_environments">Sexual selection in complex environments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="398438" href="https://lu.academia.edu/ErikSvensson">Erik Svensson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sexual selection in complex environments","attachmentId":48505810,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28194195/Sexual_selection_in_complex_environments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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