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1942–60: Eastern Cape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942–60:_Eastern_Cape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–62:_Johannesburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–62:_Johannesburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1960–62: Johannesburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–62:_Johannesburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Exile and early career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile_and_early_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exile and early career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1962–69:_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1962–69:_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1962–69: England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1962–69:_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969–71:_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969–71:_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1969–71: Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969–71:_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–75:_Lusaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–75:_Lusaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1971–75: Lusaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–75:_Lusaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–76:_Swaziland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–76:_Swaziland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1975–76: Swaziland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–76:_Swaziland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976–78:_Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976–78:_Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1976–78: Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976–78:_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1978–80:_Political_secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978–80:_Political_secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 1978–80: Political secretary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978–80:_Political_secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1980s: Negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_the_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_the_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rise to the presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_the_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rise to the presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_the_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1993:_ANC_chairperson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993:_ANC_chairperson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1993: ANC chairperson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993:_ANC_chairperson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994:_Deputy_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994:_Deputy_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1994: Deputy president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994:_Deputy_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997:_ANC_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997:_ANC_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1997: ANC president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997:_ANC_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency of South Africa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency of South Africa subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Global South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quiet_diplomacy_in_Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quiet_diplomacy_in_Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quiet_diplomacy_in_Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power-sharing_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power-sharing_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Power-sharing negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sharing_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 HIV/AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policy_and_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_and_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Policy and treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_and_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_denialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_denialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Association with denialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_denialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIFA_World_Cup_bid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIFA_World_Cup_bid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 FIFA World Cup bid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIFA_World_Cup_bid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Electricity crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_xenophobic_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_xenophobic_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 2008 xenophobic attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_xenophobic_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Succession </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Succession subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polokwane_conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polokwane_conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Polokwane conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polokwane_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_court_finding_and_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_court_finding_and_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 High court finding and appeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_court_finding_and_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Party politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_mediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_mediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 International mediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_mediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Philanthropy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personality and public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1999_Arms_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_Arms_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 1999 Arms Deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_Arms_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_with_Archbishop_Tutu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_with_Archbishop_Tutu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Debate with Archbishop Tutu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_with_Archbishop_Tutu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_commentary_post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_commentary_post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Political commentary post-presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_commentary_post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Orders and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Patronages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Foreign honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thabo Mbeki</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="تابو إيمبيكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تابو إيمبيكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabo_Mbeki" title="Tabo Mbeki – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تابو امبکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تابو امبکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Таба Мбэкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таба Мбэкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Табо Мбеки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Табо Мбеки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Τάμπο Μπέκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάμπο Μπέκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تابو امبکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابو امبکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B3%B4_%EC%9D%8C%EB%B2%A0%ED%82%A4" title="타보 음베키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타보 음베키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Տաբո Մբեկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տաբո Մբեկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="थाबो म्वूयेलवा म्बेकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाबो म्वूयेलवा म्बेकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99" title="תאבו מבקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאבו מבקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ტაბო მბეკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაბო მბეკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabo_Mbeki" title="Tabo Mbeki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="താബോ എംബെക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താബോ എംബെക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="थाबो म्बेकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थाबो म्बेकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="تابو ايمبيكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تابو ايمبيكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%99%E3%82%AD" title="タボ・ムベキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タボ・ムベキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تھابو مبیکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھابو مبیکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="تابو امبېکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تابو امبېکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Мбеки, Табо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мбеки, Табо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%86_%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تابۆ مبێکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تابۆ مبێکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Табо Мбеки – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Табо Мбеки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="தாபோ உம்பெக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாபோ உம்பெக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ทาบอ อึมแบกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาบอ อึมแบกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Табо Мбеки – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Табо Мбеки" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mvuyelwa_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Табо Мбекі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Табо Мбекі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تھابو مبیکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھابو مبیکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%9A%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%B4%9D%E5%9F%BA" title="塔博·姆贝基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塔博·姆贝基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E8%B2%9D%E5%9F%BA" title="姆貝基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="姆貝基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%8D%9A%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E8%B4%9D%E5%9F%BA" title="塔博·姆贝基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔博·姆贝基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Thabo Mbeki" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thabo Mbeki</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg/330px-SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg/440px-SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="902" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Mbeki in October 2003</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 June 1999 – 24 September 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (1999–2005)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a> (2005–2008)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Matsepe-Casaburri" title="Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri">Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri</a> (acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_African_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the African National Congress">President of the African National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 December 1997 – 18 December 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_African_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy President of the African National Congress">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Zuma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Mandela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Zuma</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik Willem de Klerk</a> until 30 June 1996</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Mandela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Schlebusch" title="Alwyn Schlebusch">Alwyn Schlebusch</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa" title="Vice State President of South Africa">Vice State President</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Zuma</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_African_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy President of the African National Congress">Deputy President of the African National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 December 1994 – 20 December 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Mandela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Zuma</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">Member of the National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 May 1994 – 20 December 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Chairperson of the African National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 April 1993 – 20 December 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Zuma </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Additional offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>1999‍–‍present</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement">Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 June 1999 – 31 October 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 July 2002 – 10 July 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Joaquim Chissano</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">Chancellor of the University of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 8 December 2016</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice-Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puleng_LenkaBula" title="Puleng LenkaBula">Puleng LenkaBula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ngoepe" title="Bernard Ngoepe">Bernard Ngoepe</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki</div> (1942-06-18) 18 June 1942 (age 82) <a href="/wiki/Mbewuleni" title="Mbewuleni">Mbewuleni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zanele_Dlamini_Mbeki" title="Zanele Dlamini Mbeki">Zanele Dlamini</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1974)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monwabisi_Kwanda_Mbeki" title="Monwabisi Kwanda Mbeki">Kwanda Mbeki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Epainette_Mbeki" title="Epainette Mbeki">Epainette Mbeki</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moeletsi_Mbeki" title="Moeletsi Mbeki">Moeletsi Mbeki</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>economist</li><li>activist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thabo Mbeki's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg/128px-Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg/192px-Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg/256px-Thabo_Mbeki_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="41" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Xhosa: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[tʰaɓɔ ʼmbɛːki]</a>; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served as the 2nd democratic <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president of South Africa</a> from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008, when he resigned at the request of his party, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC).<a href="#cite_note-gcis-profile2004-1">[1]</a> Before that, he was <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">deputy president</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> from 1994 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The son of <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a>, a renowned ANC intellectual, Mbeki has been involved in ANC politics since 1956, when he joined the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a>, and has been a member of the party's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a> since 1975. Born in the <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, he left South Africa aged twenty to attend university in England, and spent almost three decades in exile abroad, until the ANC was unbanned in 1990. He rose through the organisation in its information and publicity section and as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>'s protégé, but he was also an experienced diplomat, serving as the ANC's official representative in several of its African outposts. He was an early advocate for and leader of the diplomatic engagements which led to the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid</a>. After South Africa's <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first democratic elections</a> in 1994, he was appointed national deputy president. In subsequent years, it became apparent that he was Mandela's chosen successor, and he was elected unopposed as ANC president in 1997, enabling his rise to the presidency as the ANC's candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999 elections</a>. While deputy president, Mbeki had been regarded as a steward of the government's <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programs_in_South_Africa#Growth,_Employment_and_Redistribution_(GEAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare programs in South Africa">Growth, Employment and Redistribution</a> policy, introduced in 1996, and as president he continued to subscribe to relatively conservative, market-friendly macroeconomic policies. During his presidency, South Africa experienced falling <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">public debt</a>, a narrowing <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">budget deficit</a>, and consistent, moderate economic growth. However, despite his retention of various <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> programmes, and notable expansions to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">black economic empowerment</a> programme, critics often regarded Mbeki's economic policies as <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a>, with insufficient consideration for developmental and redistributive objectives. On these grounds, Mbeki grew increasingly alienated from the left wing of the ANC, and from the leaders of the ANC's <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a> partners, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a>. It was these leftist elements which supported <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> over Mbeki in the political rivalry that erupted after Mbeki removed the latter from his post as deputy president in 2005. As president, Mbeki had an apparent predilection for foreign policy and particularly for <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> and vision for an "<a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African renaissance</a>" are central parts of his political persona, and commentators suggest that he secured for South Africa a role in African and global politics that was disproportionate to the country's size and historical influence.<a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a> He was the central architect of the <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> and, as the inaugural chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, spearheaded the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA Dialogue Forum</a> was launched in 2003, his government collaborated with India and Brazil to lobby for reforms at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, advocating for a stronger role for developing countries. Among South Africa's various <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> commitments during his presidency, Mbeki was the primary mediator in the conflict between <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU-PF</a> and the Zimbabwean opposition in the 2000s. However, he was frequently criticised for his policy of "quiet diplomacy" in Zimbabwe, under which he refused to condemn <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s regime or institute sanctions against it. Also highly controversial worldwide was Mbeki's <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a> policy. His government did not introduce a national <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">mother-to-child transmission</a> prevention programme until 2002, when it was mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>, nor did it make <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral therapy</a> available in the public <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">healthcare system</a> until late 2003. Subsequent studies have estimated that these delays caused hundreds of thousands of preventable deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Dugger-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chigwedere-2008-7">[7]</a> Mbeki himself, like his Health Minister <a href="/wiki/Manto_Tshabalala-Msimang" title="Manto Tshabalala-Msimang">Manto Tshabalala-Msimang</a>, has been described as an <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">AIDS denialist</a>, "dissident," or sceptic. Although he did not explicitly deny the causal link between HIV and AIDS, he often posited a need to investigate alternate causes of and alternative treatments for AIDS, frequently suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a> was the indirect result of poverty. His political descent began at the ANC's <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">Polokwane conference</a> in December 2007, when he was replaced as ANC president by Zuma. His term as national president was not due to expire until June 2009, but, on 20 September 2008, he announced that he would resign at the request of the ANC National Executive Committee. The ANC's decision to "recall" Mbeki was understood to be linked to a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">high court</a> judgement, handed down earlier that month, in which judge <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robert_Nicholson" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Robert Nicholson">Chris Nicholson</a> had alleged improper political interference in the <a href="/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority" title="National Prosecuting Authority">National Prosecuting Authority</a> and specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">corruption charges against Zuma</a>. Nicholson's judgement was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> in January 2009, by which time Mbeki had been replaced as president by <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942–60:_Eastern_Cape">1942–60: Eastern Cape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1942–60: Eastern Cape">edit</a>]</div> Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Mbewuleni" title="Mbewuleni">Mbewuleni</a>, a small village in the former <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">homeland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>. The second of four siblings, he had one sister, Linda (born 1941, died 2003), and two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Moeletsi_Mbeki" title="Moeletsi Mbeki">Moeletsi</a> (born 1945) and Jama (born 1948, died 1982).<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 54 <a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2014-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Epainette_Mbeki" title="Epainette Mbeki">Epainette</a> (died 2014), a trained teacher, and <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan</a> (died 2001), a shopkeeper, teacher, journalist, and senior activist in the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> (SACP). Both Epainette and Govan came from educated, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, land-owning families, and Govan's father was Sikelewu Mbeki, a colonially appointed <a href="/wiki/Head-man" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-man">headman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 4  The couple had met in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, where Epainette had become the second black woman to join the SACP (then still called the Communist Party of South Africa). However, while Mbeki was a child, his family was separated when Govan moved alone to <a href="/wiki/Ladismith" title="Ladismith">Ladismith</a> for a teaching job.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2014-9">[9]</a> Mbeki has said that he was "born into <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">the struggle</a>," and recalls that his childhood home was decorated with portraits of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-2007-12">[12]</a> Indeed, Govan named him after senior South African communist <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Edwin_Mofutsanyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana">Thabo Mofutsanyana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lovedale_(South_Africa)" title="Lovedale (South Africa)">Lovedale</a>, where Mbeki attended high school, in the 1900s.</figcaption></figure> Mbeki began attending school in 1948, the same year that the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> was elected with a mandate to legislate <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 58–59  The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" title="Bantu Education Act, 1953">Bantu Education Act</a> was implemented towards the end of his school career, and in 1955 he arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Lovedale_(South_Africa)" title="Lovedale (South Africa)">Lovedale Institute</a>, an eminent <a href="/wiki/Mission_school" title="Mission school">mission school</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Alice,_South_Africa" title="Alice, South Africa">Alice</a>, as part of the last class which would be permitted to follow the same curriculum as white students. At Lovedale, he was a year behind <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a>, his future colleague and rival in the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 95  Mbeki joined the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> at age fourteen<a href="#cite_note-NPR-2007-12">[12]</a> and in 1958 became the secretary of its Lovedale branch. Shortly afterwards, at the start of his final year of high school, he was identified as one of the leaders of a March 1959 <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of classes, and was summarily expelled from Lovedale.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 101–2  He nonetheless sat for <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_in_South_Africa" title="Matriculation in South Africa">matric</a> examinations and obtained a second-class pass.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 113  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–62:_Johannesburg">1960–62: Johannesburg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960–62: Johannesburg">edit</a>]</div> In June 1960, Mbeki moved to <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, where he lived in the home of ANC secretary general <a href="/wiki/Duma_Nokwe" title="Duma Nokwe">Duma Nokwe</a> and where he intended to sit for <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-level</a> examinations. The ANC had recently been banned in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a>, but Mbeki remained highly politically active, becoming national secretary of the African Students' Association, a new (and short-lived) youth movement envisaged as replacing the now illegal ANC Youth League. It was also during this period that Nokwe recruited Mbeki into the SACP.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 129–48  Thus the ANC instructed him to join the growing cohort of cadres who were leaving South Africa to evade police attention, receive training, and establish the overt ANC structures that were now illegal inside the country. Mbeki was detained twice by the police while attempting to leave the country, first in <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenberg</a>, when the group he was travelling with failed to pass themselves off as a touring football team, and then in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 169–70  He arrived at the ANC's new headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania, in November 1962, and left shortly afterwards for England.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 174–75  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_early_career">Exile and early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile and early career">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govanmbekimugshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Govanmbekimugshot.jpg/140px-Govanmbekimugshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Govanmbekimugshot.jpg/210px-Govanmbekimugshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Govanmbekimugshot.jpg/280px-Govanmbekimugshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a> during the raid on <a href="/wiki/Liliesleaf_Farm" title="Liliesleaf Farm">Liliesleaf Farm</a>, July 1963.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962–69:_England">1962–69: England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1962–69: England">edit</a>]</div> While at Sussex, Mbeki was involved in ANC work and in broader organising for the English <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a>. Months after his arrival, his father was arrested during a <a href="/wiki/Security_Branch_(South_Africa)" title="Security Branch (South Africa)">Security Branch</a> raid at <a href="/wiki/Liliesleaf_Farm" title="Liliesleaf Farm">Liliesleaf Farm</a> in July 1963. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>, Mbeki appeared before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/UN_Special_Committee_on_Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Special Committee on Apartheid">Special Committee on Apartheid</a> and later led a student march from Brighton to London, a distance of fifty miles.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 202–12  At the conclusion of the trial, Govan and seven other ANC leaders, among them <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a>, were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>. Mbeki completed his bachelor's degree in economics in May 1965 but, at the exhortation of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">O. R. Tambo</a>, enrolled for a Master's in economics and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> instead of returning to Africa to join <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a> (MK), the ANC's armed wing. His Master's dissertation was in <a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">economic geography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 198, 223  In addition to this and his political organising, he developed a deep fondness for <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 195 After completing his Master's, in October 1966 he moved to London to work full-time for the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> section of the ANC's English headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 251 He remained active in the SACP, which was very closely allied to the ANC, and in 1967 he was appointed to the editorial board of its official magazine, the <a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 221  Throughout his time in England, Mbeki was the ward of O. R. Tambo and his wife <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a> – in the absence of his parents, it was Adelaide and senior communist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harmel" title="Michael Harmel">Michael Harmel</a> who attended Mbeki's graduation ceremony in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 218  O. R. Tambo later became the ANC's longest-serving president, and he acted as Mbeki's "political mentor and patron" until his death in 1993. Other friends Mbeki made in England, including <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Kasrils" title="Ronnie Kasrils">Ronnie Kasrils</a> and brothers <a href="/wiki/Essop_Pahad" title="Essop Pahad">Essop Pahad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Pahad" title="Aziz Pahad">Aziz Pahad</a>, were also among his key political allies in his later career.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 166, 181, 221–22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969–71:_Soviet_Union">1969–71: Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1969–71: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> In February 1969, Mbeki was sent to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to receive <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> political and ideological training – a fairly common practice, and even a rite of passage, among young people identified as belonging to the future generation of ANC and SACP political leaders. He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Marx%E2%80%93Engels%E2%80%93Lenin_Institute" title="Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute">Lenin Institute</a>, where, because of the secrecy required, he went by the alias "Jack Fortune."<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 266–71  He excelled at the institute and in June 1970 was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_South_African_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the South African Communist Party">Central Committee</a> of the SACP, alongside Chris Hani.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 277  The last part of his training entailed military training, also a rite of passage, including in intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> tactics, and weaponry. However, his biographer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gevisser" title="Mark Gevisser">Mark Gevisser</a> adduces that he was "not the ideal candidate for military life," and <a href="/wiki/Max_Sisulu" title="Max Sisulu">Max Sisulu</a>, who trained alongside him, says that he always regarded Mbeki as better suited to political leadership than military leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 278–80  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–75:_Lusaka">1971–75: Lusaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1971–75: Lusaka">edit</a>]</div> In April 1971, having been pulled out from military training, Mbeki was sent to <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia, where the ANC-in-exile had set up its new headquarters under acting president Tambo. He was to fill the post of administrative secretary to the ANC <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress#Revolutionary_Council" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">Revolutionary Council</a>, a body newly established to coordinate the political and military efforts of the ANC and SACP.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 289  He was later moved to the propaganda section, but continued to attend the council's meetings, and in 1975 he (again alongside Hani) was elected onto the ANC's top decision-making organ, the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 296, 317  It was during this period that he began to <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwrite</a> some of Tambo's speeches and reports, and he accompanied Tambo on important occasions, such as to the infamous December 1972 meeting with <a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a>, the head of <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha</a>, in London.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 327, 415  In 1973, he helped to establish the ANC's office in Botswana, considered a "frontline" country because of its shared border with South Africa, where the ANC was attempting to re-establish its underground.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 317  However, although he travelled frequently in subsequent years, the ANC's Lusaka headquarters remained his central base. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg/215px-MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg/323px-MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg/430px-MoeletsiMbeki1978Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki's brother <a href="/wiki/Moeletsi_Mbeki" title="Moeletsi Mbeki">Moeletsi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in 1978, accepting an award on behalf of their father. The banner calls for Govan's release.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975–76:_Swaziland">1975–76: Swaziland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1975–76: Swaziland">edit</a>]</div> Between 1975 and 1976, Mbeki was instrumental in establishing the ANC's frontline base in Swaziland. He was first sent there to assess the political landscape in January 1975, under the cover of attending a UN conference. As part of this reconnaissance trip, he and his colleague Max Sisulu spent time with <a href="/wiki/S%27bu_Ndebele" title="S'bu Ndebele">S'bu Ndebele</a>, Max's sister <a href="/wiki/Lindiwe_Sisulu" title="Lindiwe Sisulu">Lindiwe Sisulu</a>, and their associates in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness movement</a>, which at the time was ascendent in neighbouring South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 314–15  Mbeki made a positive report to the ANC executive, and he was sent back to Swaziland to begin establishing the base. In Swaziland, he lived at Stanley Mabizela's family home in <a href="/wiki/Manzini,_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzini, Eswatini">Manzini</a>. Working with Albert Dhlomo, Mbeki was responsible for helping to re-establish underground ANC networks in the South African provinces of <a href="/wiki/Natal_(province)" title="Natal (province)">Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a>, which shared a border with Swaziland. His counterpart inside South Africa was MK operative <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>, who ran the Natal underground. According to Gevisser, the pair developed "an unlikely rapport."<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 343–345  Mbeki was also responsible for recruiting new MK operatives, for liaising with South African student and labour activists, and for liaising with Inkatha, which was becoming dominant in Natal.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 316–17, 343–45  However, still another part of his duties was to act as the ANC's official representative in the country, and to maintain good diplomatic relations with the Swazi government. In March 1976, the government discovered that Mbeki was involved in military activity inside Swaziland, and he and Dhlomo – as well as Zuma, who was in the country illegally – were detained and then <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a>, though they managed to negotiate their deportation to the neutral territory of Mozambique rather than to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 341–43  Mbeki's management of the Swaziland base later became a point of contention between him and <a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a>, with whom his relationship has remained acrimonious decades later. In 1978, Maharaj and Mbeki argued at a top-level strategic meeting in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, Angola, when Maharaj, who had been tasked with running the political underground, claimed that Mbeki's records from the Swaziland office were in fact "just an empty folder."<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 348–49  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976–78:_Nigeria">1976–78: Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1976–78: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> After being deported, Mbeki returned to Lusaka, where he was made Duma Nokwe's deputy in the ANC's Department of Information and Propaganda (DIP). In January 1977, he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, Nigeria, where he was to be – as in Swaziland – the ANC's first representative to the country. Although there was some debate about whether the appointment was a signal that he had been sidelined, Gevisser says that Mbeki performed well in Lagos, establishing good relations with <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>'s regime and establishing an ANC presence to eclipse that of its rival <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress</a> (PAC).<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 370–71, 384–85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978–80:_Political_secretary">1978–80: Political secretary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1978–80: Political secretary">edit</a>]</div> When he returned to Lusaka from Lagos in 1978, he was promoted again: he replaced Nokwe as head of DIP, and simultaneously was appointed Tambo's political secretary, an extremely influential position in which he became one of Tambo's closest advisors and confidantes. He also continued to ghostwrite for Tambo, now in a formal capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 385, 415  At DIP, his approach was encapsulated by the change he made to the department's name, replacing "propaganda" with "publicity." He eschewed the secrecy of earlier years and openly gave interviews and access to American journalists, to the disapproval of some hardline communists. According to various sources, he was responsible for reforming the public image of the ANC from that of a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> organisation to that of a "government-in-waiting."<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 394 <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:24%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> When I look at Thabo, I look at my husband's son. Physically, they bear a striking resemblance... They are both perfectionists, but without the intolerance that comes from many who share that quality. They are loyal and true. They are their own harshest critics. They both have the gift to draw people to them... They were <a href="/wiki/Soul_mates" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul mates">soul mates</a>, different generations fusing at that particular time. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a> reflects on Mbeki's relationship with <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo" class="mw-redirect" title="O. R. Tambo">O. R. Tambo</a>, June 2002<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 222 </cite> </div>He established some of his own high-level intelligence networks, with key underground operatives reporting directly to him, and Gevisser claims that these led to the initiation of relationships with many of the domestic activists who later became his political allies. Moreover, he was responsible for innovating some of the vocabulary which became emblematic of the 1980s anti-apartheid struggle, which burgeoned in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">1976 Soweto uprising</a>. Such phrases as "mass democratic movement," "people's power," and the exhortation to "<a href="/wiki/Make_the_country_ungovernable" class="mw-redirect" title="Make the country ungovernable">make the country ungovernable</a>" are attributed to Mbeki, and gained widespread popularity inside South Africa through <a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a> broadcasts written by DIP or by Mbeki personally.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 414, 420  Zuma has said that it was Mbeki's "drafting skills" which enabled his ascendancy in the ANC and ultimately to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 415  In 1980, Mbeki led the ANC's delegation to Zimbabwe, where the party hoped to establish relations with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s newly elected government. This was a sensitive mission, because the ANC had historically been strongly allied to the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</a>, the arch rival of Mugabe's <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU-PF</a>. Working primarily through Mugabe's righthand man, future Zimbabwean president <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a>, Mbeki negotiated an extraordinarily congenial agreement between ZANU-PF and the ANC. The agreement allowed the ANC to open an office in Zimbabwe and to move MK weapons and cadres over Zimbabwean borders; moreover, it committed the Zimbabwean military to assisting the ANC, and the government to providing MK cadres with Zimbabwean identity documents.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 434–36  However, Mbeki handed the running of the <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a> office over to another ANC official, and the deal later collapsed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Negotiations">1980s: Negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1980s: Negotiations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-BLP_sources_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22">"Thabo Mbeki"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thabo+Mbeki%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/PW_Botha" class="mw-redirect" title="PW Botha">PW Botha</a> declared a State of Emergency and gave the army and police special powers. In 1986, the South African Army sent a captain in the South African Defence Force (SADF) to kill Mbeki. The plan was to put a bomb in his house in Lusaka, but the assassin was arrested by the Zambian police before he could go through with the plan.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1985, Mbeki became the ANC's director of the Department of Information and Publicity and coordinated diplomatic campaigns to involve more white South Africans in anti-apartheid activities. In 1989, he rose in the ranks to head the ANC's Department of International Affairs and was involved in the ANC's negotiations with the South African government. Mbeki played a major role in turning the international media against apartheid. Raising the diplomatic profile of the ANC, Mbeki acted as a point of contact for foreign governments and international organisations and he was extremely successful in this position. Mbeki also played the role of ambassador to the steady flow of delegates from the elite sectors of white South Africa. These included academics, clerics, business people and representatives of liberal white groups who travelled to Lusaka to assess the ANC's views on a democratic, free South Africa. Mbeki was seen as pragmatic, eloquent, rational and urbane. He was known for his diplomatic style and sophistication. In the early 1980s, Mbeki, Jacob Zuma and <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Pahad" title="Aziz Pahad">Aziz Pahad</a> were appointed by Tambo to conduct private talks with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> government. Twelve meetings between the parties took place between November 1987 and May 1990, most of them held at <a href="/wiki/Mells_Park_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Mells Park House">Mells Park House</a>, a country house near <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in Somerset, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. By September 1989, the team secretly met with Maritz Spaarwater and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Louw" title="Mike Louw">Mike Louw</a> in a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Known as "Operation Flair", <a href="/wiki/PW_Botha" class="mw-redirect" title="PW Botha">PW Botha</a> was kept informed of all the meetings. At the same time, Mandela and <a href="/wiki/Kobie_Coetzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobie Coetzee">Kobie Coetzee</a>, the Minister of Justice, were also holding secret talks. When Mbeki finally was able to return home to South Africa and was reunited with his own father, the elder Mbeki told a reporter, "You must remember that Thabo Mbeki is no longer my son. He is my comrade!" A news article pointed out that this was an expression of pride, explaining, "For Govan Mbeki, a son was a mere biological appendage; to be called a comrade, on the other hand, was the highest honour."<a href="#cite_note-govan-16">[16]</a> In the late 1970s, Mbeki made a number of trips to the United States in search of support among US corporations. Literate and funny, he made a wide circle of friends in New York City. Mbeki was appointed head of the ANC's information department in 1984 and then became head of the international department in 1989, reporting directly to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>, then President of the ANC. Tambo was Mbeki's long-time mentor. In 1985, Mbeki was a member of a delegation that began meeting secretly with representatives of the South African business community, and in 1989, he led the ANC delegation that conducted secret talks with the South African government. These talks led to the unbanning of the ANC and the release of political prisoners. He also participated in many of the other important <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations</a> between the ANC and the government that eventually led to the democratisation of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-anc-bio1996-17">[17]</a> As a sign of goodwill, de Klerk set free a few of the ANC's top leadership at the end of 1989, among them <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_the_presidency">Rise to the presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise to the presidency">edit</a>]</div> On 2 February 1990, Botha's successor as state president, <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a>, announced that the ANC and other political organisations would be unbanned, and ANC exiles began to return to South Africa. At the same time that it was to <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiate the end of apartheid</a>, the ANC had to implement a significant internal reorganisation, absorbing into its official exile bodies the domestic ANC underground, released political prisoners, and other activists from the trade unions and the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">United Democratic Front</a>. It also had an ageing leadership, meaning that a new generation of leaders had to be prepared for succession.<a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1993-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993:_ANC_chairperson">1993: ANC chairperson</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1993: ANC chairperson">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mbeki's key role in the early negotiations made him a likely contender for top leadership positions in the party, and he was even considered to be in line for the ANC presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1993-18">[18]</a> However, at the ANC's <a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th National Conference</a> in July 1991, its first <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">national elective conference</a> since 1960, Mbeki was not elected to any of the "Top Six" leadership positions. Sisulu was elected ANC deputy president, almost certainly as a compromise candidate, and trade unionist <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> was elected secretary general.<a href="#cite_note-ANC-1997-19">[19]</a> According to historian Tom Lodge, Ramaphosa's election was a putsch carried out by the party's "internal wing," in defiance of the former exiles and political prisoners who had hitherto dominated the ANC's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1993-18">[18]</a> Over the next three years, Ramaphosa also came to eclipse Mbeki as the party's central negotiator when he, not Mbeki, was appointed to lead the ANC's delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Codesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Codesa">CODESA</a> talks. Once SACP leader <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a> was assassinated in April 1993, Ramaphosa became Mbeki's primary competition in the ANC succession battle.<a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1993-18">[18]</a> When Tambo died later the same month, Mbeki succeeded him as ANC national chairperson.<a href="#cite_note-ANC-1997-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994:_Deputy_president">1994: Deputy president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1994: Deputy president">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:19%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Well, I don't imagine that there's any such requirement. I mean, he's got very big feet. The shoes will be too big. What does that mean? Does it mean we start off by going to jail for 27 years and then sort of graduate from there, grow taller, wear strange shirts? It's not a rational expectation. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mbeki in 1997, on filling Mandela's shoes<a href="#cite_note-shoes-20">[20]</a></cite> </div> Following the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 elections</a>, South Africa's first under <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, Mbeki became one of the two national <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">deputy presidents</a> in the ANC-led <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a>, in which Mandela was president. At the ANC's <a href="/wiki/49th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="49th National Conference of the African National Congress">next national conference</a>, held in December that year, Mbeki was elected unopposed to the ANC deputy presidency, also under Mandela.<a href="#cite_note-ANC-2021-21">[21]</a> In June 1996, the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> withdrew from the Government of National Unity and, with the second deputy, de Klerk, having thereby resigned, Mbeki became the sole deputy president.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The same year, as deputy president, Mbeki acted as a peace broker in what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> and the deposition of Zairean president <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ozkan-2013-23">[23]</a> Mbeki also took on increasing domestic responsibilities, including executive powers delegated to him by Mandela, to such an extent that Mandela called him "a de facto president."<a href="#cite_note-Lodge-2006-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandela.org-1997-25">[25]</a> Mandela had made it clear publicly since early 1995 or earlier that he intended to retire after one term in office, and by then Mbeki was already seen as his most likely successor.<a href="#cite_note-Gregson-1995-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997:_ANC_president">1997: ANC president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1997: ANC president">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th National Conference of the African National Congress</a></div> In December 1997, the ANC's <a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th National Conference</a> elected Mbeki unopposed to succeed Mandela as ANC president. On some accounts, the election was not contested because the top leadership had prepared assiduously for the conference, lobbying and negotiating on Mbeki's behalf in the interest of unity and continuity.<a href="#cite_note-Booysen-2011a-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1998-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-shoes-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999 national elections</a>, which the ANC won by a significant majority, Mbeki was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president of South Africa</a>. He was re-elected for a second term in 2002. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_South_Africa">Presidency of South Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidency of South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:19%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Ours is a capitalist society. It is therefore inevitable that, in part – and I repeat, in part – we must address this goal of deracialisation within the context of the property relations characteristic [of] a capitalist economy. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mbeki in 1999<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-2005-30">[30]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> Mbeki had been highly involved in economic policy as deputy president, especially in spearheading the <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programs_in_South_Africa#Growth,_Employment_and_Redistribution_(GEAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare programs in South Africa">Growth, Employment and Redistribution</a> (GEAR) programme, which was introduced in 1996 and remained a cornerstone of Mbeki's administration after 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Bond-2004-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-2020-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a> In comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a> policy which had been the basis of the ANC's platform in 1994, GEAR placed less emphasis on developmental and redistributive imperatives, and subscribed to elements of the liberalisation, deregulation, and privatisation at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>-style reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a> It was therefore viewed by some as a "policy reversal" and embrace of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, and thus as an abandonment of the ANC's <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> principles.<a href="#cite_note-Bond-2004-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webster-2020-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a> Mbeki also emphasised communication between government, business, and labour, establishing four working groups – for big business, black business, trade unions, and commercial agriculture – under which ministers, senior officials, and Mbeki himself met regularly with business and union leaders to build trust and explore solutions to structural economic problems.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-2005-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg/165px-Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg/248px-Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg/330px-Thabo-mbeki-district-six.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki speaks to <a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a> land claimants in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, 2001.</figcaption></figure> Conservative groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> commended Mbeki's macroeconomic policies, which reduced the <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">budget deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">public debt</a> and which according to them likely played a role in increasing economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nolutshungu-2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbst-2005-30">[30]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Market_Foundation" title="Free Market Foundation">Free Market Foundation</a>, during the Mbeki presidency, average annualised quarter-on-quarter GDP growth was 4.2%, and average annual inflation was 5.7%.<a href="#cite_note-Nolutshungu-2019-36">[36]</a> On the other hand, the shift alienated leftists, including inside in the ANC and its <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zwelinzima_Vavi" title="Zwelinzima Vavi">Zwelinzima Vavi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> (COSATU) was an outspoken critic of Mbeki's "market-friendly" economic policies, claiming that Mbeki's "flirtation" with neoliberalism had been "absolutely disastrous" for development, and especially for the labour-intensive development required to address South Africa's high unemployment rate.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The discord between Mbeki and the left was on public display by December 2002, when Mbeki attacked what he called divisive "ultra-leftists" in a speech to the ANC's <a href="/wiki/51st_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="51st National Conference of the African National Congress">51st National Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Battersby-2002-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-ultraleft-39">[39]</a> However, Mbeki clearly never subscribed to undiluted neoliberalism. He retained various <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> programmes and principles, and generally endorsed a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Webster-2020-32">[32]</a> One of the ANC's slogans in the campaign for his <a href="/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election" title="2004 South African general election">2004 re-election</a> was, "A people's contract for growth and development."<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-2005-34">[34]</a> He popularised the concept of a dual or two-track economy in South Africa, with severe underdevelopment in one segment of the population, and, for example in a 2003 newsletter, argued that high growth alone would only benefit the developed segment, without significant <a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">trickle-down benefits</a> for the rest of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Hirsch-2005-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Yet, somewhat paradoxically, he explicitly advocated state support for the creation of a black capitalist class in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-2005-30">[30]</a> The government's <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">black economic empowerment</a> policy, which was expanded and consolidated under his administration, was criticised precisely for benefitting only a small black elite and thereby failing to address <a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg/160px-Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg/240px-Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg/320px-Thabo_mbeki_n_bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with American President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, June 2001.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg/220px-Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg/330px-Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Putin_and_Mahathir_Mohamad_in_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> in June 2003.</figcaption></figure> According to academic and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Olivier" title="Gerrit Olivier">Gerrit Olivier</a>, during his presidency Mbeki "succeeded in placing Africa high on the global agenda."<a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a> He was known for his <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>, having emphasised related themes both in his famous "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_an_African" title="I Am an African">I am an African</a>" speech in 1996 and in his first speech to <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> as president in June 1999, when he foregrounded his trademark ideal of an "<a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African renaissance</a>."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> He advocated for greater solidarity among African countries and, in place of reliance on Western intervention and aid, for greater self-sufficiency for the African continent. Simultaneously, however, he argued for increased <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">developmental aid</a> to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a> He called for Western leaders to address <a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">global apartheid</a> and unequal development, most memorably in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">World Summit on Sustainable Development</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> in August 2002.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Although Mbeki also forged strategic individual relationships with key African leaders, especially the heads of state of Nigeria, Algeria, Mozambique, and Tanzania,<a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-2007-3">[3]</a> perhaps his central foreign policy instrument was <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral cooperation</a>. Mbeki's government, and Mbeki personally, are frequently cited as the single most significant driving force behind the creation in 2001 of the <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> (NEPAD), which aims to develop a framework for accelerating economic development and cooperation in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Vale-2009-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sturman-2004-45">[45]</a> Olivier calls Mbeki the "seminal thinker" behind NEPAD and its "principal author and articulator."<a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a> According to academic Chris Landsberg, NEPAD's central principle – "African leaders holding one another accountable in exchange for the recommitment of the industrialised world to Africa's development" – epitomised Mbeki's strategy in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-2007-3">[3]</a> Mbeki was also involved in the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU), of which he became the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">inaugural chairperson</a> in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and his government spearheaded the introduction of the AU's <a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landsberg-2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He was twice chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC), first from 1999 to 2000 and second, briefly, in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Through these multilateral organisations and by contributing forces to various <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) peacekeeping missions, Mbeki and his government were involved in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> initiatives in African countries including Zimbabwe, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-Ozkan-2013-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_South">Global South</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Global South">edit</a>]</div> Outside Africa, Mbeki was the chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> between 1999 and 2003 and the chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a> + China in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Olivier-2003-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He also pursued <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">South</a>-South solidarity in a coalition with India and Brazil under the <a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA Dialogue Forum</a>, which was launched in June 2003 and held its first summit in September 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Flemes-2009-50">[50]</a> The IBSA countries together pressed for changes in the agricultural subsidy regimes of developed countries at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">2003 World Trade Organisation conference</a>, and also pressed for reforms at the UN which would allow developing countries a stronger role.<a href="#cite_note-Flemes-2009-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Indeed, Mbeki had called for reform at the UN as early as 1999 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBSA-leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBSA-leaders.jpg/220px-IBSA-leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBSA-leaders.jpg/330px-IBSA-leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBSA-leaders.jpg/440px-IBSA-leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> at the second IBSA summit in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, October 2007.</figcaption></figure>In 2007, following a prolonged diplomatic campaign,<a href="#cite_note-Sturman-2004-45">[45]</a> South Africa secured a non-permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> for a two-year term.<a href="#cite_note-Tryens-Fernandes-2018-54">[54]</a> Controversially, in February 2007, South Africa followed Russia and China in voting against a draft resolution calling for an end to political detentions and military attacks against ethnic minorities in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-Tryens-Fernandes-2018-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Mbeki later told the media that the resolution exceeded the Security Council's mandate, and that its tabling had been illegal in terms of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quiet_diplomacy_in_Zimbabwe">Quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="South Africa–Zimbabwe relations">South Africa–Zimbabwe relations</a></div> Mbeki's presidency coincided with an escalating political and economic crisis in South Africa's neighbour, Zimbabwe, under president Mugabe of ZANU-PF. Problems included land invasions under the <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Fast-track_land_reform_and_violence" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">"fast-track" land reform</a> programme, <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> and state-sponsored human rights violations, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Akokpari-2009-57">[57]</a> With SADC's endorsement, Mbeki frequently acted as a mediator between ZANU-PF and the Zimbabwean opposition. However, controversially, his policy towards the Mugabe regime was one of non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" and "constructive engagement": he refused to condemn Mugabe and instead attempted to persuade him to accept gradual political reforms.<a href="#cite_note-McKinley-2004-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akokpari-2009-57">[57]</a> He was firmly opposed to forcible or manufactured <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> in Zimbabwe, and also opposed the use of sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters1-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">Economist</a> posited an "Mbeki doctrine" holding that South Africa "cannot impose its will on others, but it can help to deal with instability in African countries by offering its resources and its leadership to bring rival groups together, and to keep things calm until an election is safely held."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Mbeki said in 2004:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...the critical role we should play is to assist the Zimbabweans to find each other, really to agree among themselves about the political, economic, social, other solutions that their country needs. We could have stepped aside from that task and then shouted, and that would be the end of our contribution... They would shout back at us and that would be the end of the story. I'm actually the only head of government that I know anywhere in the world who has actually gone to Zimbabwe and spoken publicly very critically of the things that they are doing.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></blockquote>The motives behind Mbeki's Zimbabwe policy have been interpreted in various ways: for example, some suggest that he was attempting to maintain economic stability in Zimbabwe and therefore to protect South African economic interests, while others cite his attachment to ideals of African solidarity and opposition to what he perceived as quasi-<a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> Western interference in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Akokpari-2009-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKinley-2004-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-MGkhampepe-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In any case, Mbeki's policy on Zimbabwe attracted widespread criticism both domestically and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-clewlow-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-News24-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Some also questioned Mbeki's neutrality in his role as mediator.<a href="#cite_note-24.com1-71">[71]</a> After a South African <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">observer mission</a> endorsed the result of the Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/2002_Zimbabwean_presidential_election" title="2002 Zimbabwean presidential election">presidential election of 2002</a>, in which Mugabe was re-elected,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-2014-73">[73]</a> Zimbabwean opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a> accused Mbeki of being a "dishonest broker" and his government of becoming "part of the Zimbabwe problem because its actions are worsening the crisis."<a href="#cite_note-McKinley-2004-58">[58]</a> Commentators later said that Mbeki's soft stance on Mugabe during this period permanently damaged relations between South Africa and the Zimbabwean opposition.<a href="#cite_note-MGkhampepe-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allison-2014-74">[74]</a> A South African government observer mission also endorsed the result of the Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/2005_Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Zimbabwean parliamentary election">parliamentary elections of 2005</a>, apparently leading Tsvangirai's party, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(1999%E2%80%932005)" title="Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</a> (MDC), to effectively sever relations with Mbeki's administration.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-2005-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_South_Africa_5-6_September_2006-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Cape Town, September 2006.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power-sharing_negotiations">Power-sharing negotiations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Power-sharing negotiations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations</a></div> Following <a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_general_election" title="2008 Zimbabwean general election">another contested election</a> in Zimbabwe – after which Mbeki controversially denied that there was a "crisis" in Zimbabwe<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> – the MDC and ZANU-PF <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">entered into negotiations</a> towards the formation of a power-sharing government, with talks beginning in July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Mbeki mediated the negotiations and brokered the resulting power-sharing agreement, signed on 15 September 2008, which retained Mugabe as president but diluted his executive power across posts to be held by opposition leaders.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS in South Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policy_and_treatment">Policy and treatment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Policy and treatment">edit</a>]</div> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herbst" title="Jeffrey Herbst">Jeffrey Herbst</a>, Mbeki's HIV/AIDS policies were "bizarre at best, severely negligent at worst."<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-2005-30">[30]</a> In 2000, amid a burgeoning <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> epidemic in South Africa, Mbeki's government launched the HIV/AIDS/<a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STD</a> Strategic Plan for South Africa, 2000–2005, a "multi-sectoral" plan which was criticised by HIV/AIDS activists for lacking concrete timeframes and failing to commit to <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral treatment</a> programmes.<a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-79">[79]</a> Indeed, according to economist <a href="/wiki/Nicoli_Nattrass" title="Nicoli Nattrass">Nicoli Nattrass</a>, resistance to the roll-out of antiretroviral drugs for prevention and treatment became central to the HIV/AIDS policy of Mbeki's government in subsequent years.<a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a> A national <a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">mother-to-child transmission</a> prevention programme was not introduced until 2002, when it was mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a> in response to a successful legal challenge by the <a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Similarly, chronic highly active antiretroviral therapy for AIDS-sick people was not introduced in the public <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">healthcare system</a> until late 2003, reportedly at the insistence of some members of <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Thabo_Mbeki" title="First Cabinet of Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki's cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a> According to Nattrass, better access to antiretroviral drugs in South Africa could have prevented about 171,000 HIV infections and 343,000 deaths between 1999 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a> In November 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> study estimated that more than 330,000 people died between 2000 and 2005 due to insufficient antiretroviral programmes under Mbeki's government.<a href="#cite_note-Chigwedere-2008-7">[7]</a> Even after these programmes were introduced, Mbeki's appointee as Minister of Health, <a href="/wiki/Manto_Tshabalala-Msimang" title="Manto Tshabalala-Msimang">Manto Tshabalala-Msimang</a>, continued to advocate publicly for unproven alternative treatments in place of antiretrovirals, leading to continual calls by civil society for her dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a> In late 2006, <a href="/wiki/Second_Cabinet_of_Thabo_Mbeki" title="Second Cabinet of Thabo Mbeki">the cabinet</a> transferred responsibility for AIDS policy from Tshabalala-Msimang to Deputy President <a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a>, who subsequently spearheaded a new draft National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-Nattrass-2008-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Association_with_denialism">Association with denialism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Association with denialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg/180px-Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg/270px-Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg/360px-Aids_Conference_Durban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Protest poster at the <a href="/wiki/XIII_International_AIDS_Conference,_2000" title="XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000">XIII International AIDS Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, July 2000.</figcaption></figure> While president, Mbeki was also criticised for his public messaging on HIV/AIDS. He was viewed as sympathetic to or influenced by the views of a small minority of scientists who challenged the scientific consensus that HIV caused AIDS and that antiretroviral drugs were the most effective means of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In an April 2000 letter to UN secretary-general <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> and the heads of state of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France, Mbeki pointed to differences in how the AIDS epidemic had manifested in Africa and in the West, and committed to "the search for specific and targeted responses to the specifically African incidence of HIV-AIDS."<a href="#cite_note-Frontline-2020-84">[84]</a> He also defended scientists who had challenged the scientific consensus on AIDS: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Not long ago, in our own country, people were killed, tortured, imprisoned and prohibited from being quoted in private and in public because the established authority believed that their views were dangerous and discredited. We are now being asked to do precisely the same thing that the racist apartheid tyranny we opposed did, because, it is said, there exists a scientific view that is supported by the majority, against which dissent is prohibited... People who otherwise would fight very hard to defend the critically important rights of freedom of thought and speech occupy, with regard to the HIV-AIDS issue, the frontline in the campaign of intellectual intimidation and terrorism...<a href="#cite_note-Frontline-2020-84">[84]</a> </blockquote>The letter was leaked to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and caused controversy.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> During the same period, Mbeki convened a panel to investigate the cause of AIDS, staffed by researchers who believed that AIDS was caused by malnutrition and parasites as well as by orthodox researchers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In July 2000, opening the <a href="/wiki/XIII_International_AIDS_Conference,_2000" title="XIII International AIDS Conference, 2000">13th International AIDS Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, he proposed that the "disturbing phenomenon of the <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">collapse of immune systems</a> among millions of our people" was the result of various factors, especially poverty, and that "we could not blame everything on a single virus."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> It was characteristic of Mbeki's stance on HIV/AIDS to draw attention to socioeconomic differences between the West and Africa, emphasising the importance of poverty in poor health outcomes in Africa, and to insist that African countries should not be asked blindly to accept Western scientific theories and policy models. Commentators speculate that his stance was motivated by suspicion of the West and was a response to what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">racist stereotypes</a> of the continent and its people.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-aidsonline-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> For example, in October 2001, in a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">University of Fort Hare</a>, he said of the West: "Convinced that we are but natural-born, promiscuous carriers of germs, unique in the world, they proclaim that our continent is doomed to an inevitable mortal end because of our unconquerable devotion to the sin of lust."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Mbeki announced in October 2000 that he would withdraw from the public debate on HIV/AIDS science,<a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-aidsonline-89">[89]</a> and in 2002 his cabinet staunchly affirmed that HIV causes AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, critics claimed that he continued to influence – and impede – HIV/AIDS policy, a charge which Mbeki denied.<a href="#cite_note-mg2005mar-93">[93]</a> AIDS activist <a href="/wiki/Zackie_Achmat" title="Zackie Achmat">Zackie Achmat</a> said in 2002 that "Mbeki epitomizes leadership in denial and his stand has fuelled government inaction."<a href="#cite_note-aidsonline-89">[89]</a> Gevisser writes that in 2007 Mbeki continued to defend his position on HIV/AIDS, and directed Gevisser to a controversial and anonymous ANC discussion document titled <a href="/wiki/Castro_Hlongwane,_Caravans,_Cats,_Geese,_Foot_%26_Mouth_and_Statistics" title="Castro Hlongwane, Caravans, Cats, Geese, Foot & Mouth and Statistics">Castro Hlongwane, Caravans, Cats, Geese, Foot & Mouth and Statistics: HIV/Aids and the Struggle for the Humanisation of the African</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gucm2007-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Gevisser biography also says that, while Mbeki never explicitly <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">denied the link between HIV and AIDS</a>, he is a "profound sceptic"<a href="#cite_note-gucm2007-94">[94]</a> – as Mbeki himself wrote in 2016, in a newsletter cautioning "great care and caution" in the use of antiretrovirals, he had not denied that HIV caused AIDS but that "a virus [could] cause a syndrome."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> He is generally referred to as an HIV/AIDS "dissident" rather than an outright denialist, although Nattrass questions the value of that distinction.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FIFA_World_Cup_bid">FIFA World Cup bid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: FIFA World Cup bid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup#Host_selection" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup § Host selection</a></div> As president, Mbeki spearheaded South Africa's successful bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. Commentators, and Mbeki himself, frequently linked the bid to his vision for an African renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2015, amid an <a href="/wiki/2015_FIFA_corruption_case" title="2015 FIFA corruption case">American investigation</a> into corruption at <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, soccer administrator <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Blazer" title="Chuck Blazer">Chuck Blazer</a> testified that, between 2004 and 2011, he and other FIFA executives had received <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribes</a> in connection with South Africa's bid.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Mbeki denied any knowledge of the bribes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg/200px-Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg/300px-Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_the_34th_G8_Summit_7-9_July_2008-45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/34th_G8_summit" title="34th G8 summit">34th G8 summit</a>, July 2008.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_crisis">Electricity crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electricity crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_African_energy_crisis" title="South African energy crisis">South African energy crisis</a></div> In late 2007, Mbeki's government announced that the public power utility, <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>, would introduce electricity rationing or rolling blackouts, commonly known in South Africa as <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">loadshedding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In subsequent months, Mbeki publicly apologised, acknowledging that the government had failed to heed Eskom's warnings, offered regularly for several consecutive years, that infrastructure investments were required to avoid energy shortages – in his words, "Eskom was right and government was wrong."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> However, some analysts suggested that insufficient investment was not the hindrance to electricity supply, and that other policy decisions by government and at Eskom, including the implementation of black economic empowerment criteria in coal procurement contracts, had contributed to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In his last <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(South_Africa)" title="State of the Nation Address (South Africa)">State of the Nation</a> address in February 2008, Mbeki repeated the apology and devoted nearly three pages of his speech to government's plans for addressing the energy crisis.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_xenophobic_attacks">2008 xenophobic attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2008 xenophobic attacks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa#May_2008_riots" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">May 2008 xenophobic riots</a></div> In May 2008, a <a href="/wiki/May_2008_riots_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2008 riots in South Africa">series of riots</a> took place in a number of South African <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">townships</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> province, when South African residents violently attacked migrants from other African countries. At least 62 people were killed, several hundred injured, and many thousand displaced.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> To contain the violence, Mbeki deployed <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">the army</a> to affected areas – the first such deployment to a civilian area since the end of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In a televised address towards the end of the saga, Mbeki called the attacks "an absolute disgrace," saying, "Never since the birth of our democracy have we witnessed such callousness."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Some commentators argued that Mbeki's government had failed to acknowledge or sufficiently to address growing <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> in South Africa in the years preceding the attacks. Indeed, the AU's African Peer Review Mechanism had reported in 2006 that xenophobia was an urgent concern in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Adebajo-2017-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crush-2021-112">[112]</a> These criticisms were often linked to criticisms of Mbeki's policy in Zimbabwe, because a large proportion of South Africa's growing foreign-born population were Zimbabwean refugees.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Moreover, when Mbeki argued that the attacks had other motives, both economic and "criminal," some critics accused him of "xenophobia denialism" and of refusing to acknowledge the genuine xenophobic sentiment in parts of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Adebajo-2017-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crush-2021-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Succession">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuma-court-crowd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zuma-court-crowd.jpg/190px-Zuma-court-crowd.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zuma-court-crowd.jpg/286px-Zuma-court-crowd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Zuma-court-crowd.jpg/381px-Zuma-court-crowd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Zuma supporters outside the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg High Court">Johannesburg High Court</a> during <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_rape_trial" title="Jacob Zuma rape trial">Zuma's rape trial</a>, May 2006.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polokwane_conference">Polokwane conference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Polokwane conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd National Conference of the African National Congress</a></div> In June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his post as national deputy president, after Zuma's associate <a href="/wiki/Schabir_Shaik" title="Schabir Shaik">Schabir Shaik</a> was <a href="/wiki/Schabir_Shaik_trial" title="Schabir Shaik trial">convicted</a> of making corrupt payments to Zuma in relation to the 1999 <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacked-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority" title="National Prosecuting Authority">National Prosecuting Authority</a> (NPA) <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">charged Zuma with corruption</a> later that year. However, Zuma remained deputy president of the ANC, and in subsequent years, the rivalry between Zuma and Mbeki and their allies intensified, with Zuma supporters frequently alleging that the charges against Zuma were politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-Booysen-2011-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007-118">[118]</a> By 2007, Zuma had emerged as an apparent contender in the ANC's next presidential elections, to be held at the party's <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd National Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane, Limpopo</a>. By April of that year, it was also clear that Mbeki intended to stand for a third term as ANC president.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Mbeki's term as national president would expire in 2009, and he had said in 2006 that he had no intention of having the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a> changed to permit him a third term in office, saying, "By the end of 2009, I will have been in a senior position in government for 15 years. I think that's too long."<a href="#cite_note-mg2006feb06-120">[120]</a> However, the ANC lacked internal <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a>, and some suspected that he intended to continue to exert substantial influence over the government through the ANC presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Zuma drew substantial support from the left wing of the party, especially through the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> and the ANC's partners in the Tripartite Alliance, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a>, with whom Mbeki's relationship was extremely poor.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007-118">[118]</a> At the elective conference, on 18 December, Mbeki lost the presidential election to Zuma, gaining less than 40% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-officials-122">[122]</a> According to ANC tradition, as ANC president Zuma would become the party's presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009 general election</a>, and therefore, given the ANC's substantial electoral majority, was overwhelmingly likely to succeed Mbeki as national president in 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_court_finding_and_appeal">High court finding and appeal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: High court finding and appeal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges#September_2008:_Charges_declared_unlawful" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">Jacob Zuma corruption charges § Second indictment</a></div> On 12 September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietermaritzburg High Court">Pietermaritzburg High Court</a> judge <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Robert_Nicholson" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Robert Nicholson">Chris Nicholson</a> set aside the corruption charges against Zuma. He found that the charges were unlawful on the procedural grounds that the NPA had not given Zuma adequate opportunity to make representations.<a href="#cite_note-dismiss22-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2008-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orr-2008-125">[125]</a> Nicholson also lent his support to allegations that Zuma's charges had been politically motivated, saying that he was "not convinced that [Zuma] was incorrect when he averred political meddling in his prosecution" and that the case seemed to be part of "some great political contest or game."<a href="#cite_note-dismiss22-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orr-2008-125">[125]</a> Mbeki later applied to the Constitutional Court to appeal the judgement, calling Nicholson's findings about political interference "vexatious, scandalous and prejudicial."<a href="#cite_note-AFP-2008-126">[126]</a> The NPA also appealed, and in January 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> found in its favour and overturned Nicholson's ruling. Partially redeeming Mbeki, the appellate court said that Nicholson's allegations of political interference had been irrelevant to Nicholson's decision and had apparently derived from Nicholson's "own conspiracy theory."<a href="#cite_note-upholdsndpp2-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maughan-2009-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a>]</div> However, shortly after Nicholson delivered his judgement and months before the appeal was heard, the Zuma-aligned ANC National Executive Committee, as elected at the Polokwane conference, "recalled" Mbeki, asking him to resign as national president.<a href="#cite_note-ioltimeline22-129">[129]</a> The National Executive Committee is a party political body and therefore lacked the constitutional authority to remove Mbeki directly, but the ANC-controlled Parliament could have effected his removal had he not acquiesced voluntarily. On 20 September 2008, a spokesman announced that Mbeki would resign.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2008-09-20-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In court papers filed later that week, Mbeki said that it was Nicholson's findings which had "led to my being recalled by my political party, the ANC – a request I have acceded to as a committed and loyal member of the ANC for the past 52 years."<a href="#cite_note-AFP-2008-126">[126]</a> In the aftermath of his announcement, at least 11 cabinet ministers and three deputy ministers – including Deputy President Mlambo-Ngcuka and Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manuel</a> – announced that they would also resign.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Mbeki's resignation took effect on 25 September, and he was replaced as national president by <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a>, who had been elected ANC deputy president at the Polokwane conference.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Post-presidency">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg/330px-Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg/440px-Joe_Biden_with_Thabo_Mbeki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki with American Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">West Wing</a>, April 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg/220px-SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg/330px-SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg/440px-SRSG_James_Swan_Meets_Thabo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki at a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> meeting on Sudan, July 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_politics">Party politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Party politics">edit</a>]</div> After his resignation from the presidency, Mbeki retained his ANC membership but retreated from party politics. In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(South_African_political_party)" title="Congress of the People (South African political party)">Congress of the People</a> (Cope) was founded as a breakaway party, composed largely of former ANC members known to be Mbeki loyalists. There were rumours that Mbeki was involved in Cope and would perhaps defect to it,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> especially after his mother Epainette, widow of ANC stalwart Govan, began attending Cope election rallies in the family's native Eastern Cape.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> According to political analyst Susan Booysen, although Mbeki "would never emerge from the silent, invisible wings onto centre stage... the whole Cope plot carried the 'Mbeki' stamp."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Mbeki began again to appear at ANC events and to comment on ANC politics from around 2011.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Although he has since said that he continued to vote for the ANC in the interim, he did not campaign on its behalf at any time during the Zuma presidency, which lasted between 2009 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In more recent years, he has been fairly vocal in reflecting publicly about perceived problems in the ANC and its leadership<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and about the country's economic problems and policies.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_mediation">International mediation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International mediation">edit</a>]</div> Motlanthe asked Mbeki to remain in his role as mediator in Zimbabwe after his resignation in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and he later returned to Zimbabwe, in 2020, to mediate a further political dispute.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> He also continued to chair the long-serving AU High-level Implementation Panel for Sudan and South Sudan, which in 2016 brokered an agreement between warring Sudanese parties to begin peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Although he remained critical of the UN's interventions in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> he also chaired the UN Economic Commission for Africa High-Level Panel on <a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit Financial Flows</a> from Africa, which was established in collaboration with the AU in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Philanthropy">edit</a>]</div> The Thabo Mbeki Foundation was launched on 10 October 2010, ahead of a three-day conference. Its mission centres around Mbeki's trademark "African renaissance," and the objective of promoting Africa's political, social, economic, and cultural development.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2010-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> It was launched in tandem with the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute, which aims to train leaders capable of contributing to the foundation's objectives.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2010-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_public_image">Personality and public image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Personality and public image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg/180px-Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg/271px-Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg/360px-Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, February 2002.</figcaption></figure> Mbeki has sometimes been characterised as remote and academic, although in his second campaign for the Presidency in 2004, many observers described him as finally relaxing into more traditional ways of campaigning, sometimes dancing at events and even kissing babies.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2004-155">[155]</a> Mbeki used his weekly column in the ANC newsletter <a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anctoday-156">[156]</a> to produce discussions on a variety of topics. He sometimes used his column to deliver pointed invective against political opponents, and at other times used it as a kind of professor of political theory, educating ANC cadres on the intellectual justifications for African National Congress policy. Although these columns were remarkable for their dense prose, they often were used to influence news. Although Mbeki did not generally make a point of befriending or courting reporters, his columns and news events often yielded good results for his administration by ensuring that his message is a primary driving force of news coverage.<a href="#cite_note-themedia-157">[157]</a> Indeed, in initiating his columns, Mbeki stated his view that the bulk of South African media sources did not speak for or to the South African majority, and stated his intent to use ANC Today to speak directly to his constituents rather than through the media.<a href="#cite_note-anctoday-welcome-158">[158]</a> Mbeki appears to have been at ease with the Internet and willing to quote from it. For instance, in a column discussing <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anctoday-katrina-159">[159]</a> he cited <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, quoted at length a discussion of Katrina's lessons on American inequality from the Native American publication <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today" title="Indian Country Today">Indian Country Today</a>,<a href="#cite_note-indiancountry-160">[160]</a> and then included excerpts from a <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a> column in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in a discussion of why the events of Katrina illustrated the necessity for global development and redistribution of wealth. His penchant for quoting diverse and sometimes obscure sources, both from the Internet and from a wide variety of books, made his column an interesting parallel to political blogs although the ANC does not describe it in these terms. His views on AIDS were supported by Internet searching which led him to so-called "<a href="/wiki/AIDS_denialist" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS denialist">AIDS denialist</a>" websites; in this case, Mbeki's use of the Internet was roundly criticised and even ridiculed by opponents.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_Arms_Deal">1999 Arms Deal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1999 Arms Deal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">South African Arms Deal</a></div> There have been rumours and allegations, never proven or prosecuted and denied by Mbeki, that Mbeki was involved in or aware of corruption in the 1999 <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a>, a major defence procurement package negotiated while he was deputy president.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sapa-2003-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson-2014-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> In 2004 President Thabo Mbeki made an attack on commentators who argued that violent crime was out of control in South Africa, calling them white racists who want the country to fail. He alleged that crime was falling and some journalists were distorting reality by depicting black people as "barbaric savages" who liked to rape and kill.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-167">[167]</a> Annual statistics published in September 2004 showed that most categories of crime were down, but some had challenged the figures' credibility and said that South Africa remained extremely dangerous, especially for women. In a column for the African National Congress website, the president rebuked the doubters.<a href="#cite_note-race-rape-row-168">[168]</a> Mr Mbeki did not name journalist Charlene Smith who had championed victims of sexual violence since writing about her own rape, but quoted a recent article in which she said South Africa had the highest rate of rape and referred (apparently sarcastically) to her as an "internationally recognised expert on sexual violence".<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-167">[167]</a> He said: "She was saying our cultures, traditions and religions as Africans inherently make every African man a potential rapist ... [a] view which defines the African people as barbaric savages."<a href="#cite_note-race-rape-row-168">[168]</a> Mr Mbeki also described the newspaper The Citizen, and other commentators who challenged the apparent fall in crime, as pessimists who did not trust black rule.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-167">[167]</a> In January 2007, the <a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a> (APRM) draft report on South Africa was released. This noted that South Africa had the world's second-highest murder rate, with about 50 people a day being killed, and that although serious crime was reported as falling, security analysts said that the use of violence in robberies, and rape, were more common. Mbeki in response said in an interview that fears of crime were exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgreal2007-170">[170]</a> In December 2007 the final African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) report on South Africa, again suggested that there was an unacceptably high level of violent crime in the country.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> President Mbeki said the suggestion of unacceptably high violent crime appeared to be an acceptance by the panel of what he called "a populist view".<a href="#cite_note-M-G-2007-172">[172]</a> He challenged some of the statistics on crime, which he noted may have resulted from a weak information base, leading to wrong conclusions. Although rape statistics had been obtained from the South African Police Service, "this only denotes the incidents of rape that were reported, some of which could have resulted in acquittals" Mbeki indicated.<a href="#cite_note-M-G-2007-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_with_Archbishop_Tutu">Debate with Archbishop Tutu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Debate with Archbishop Tutu">edit</a>]</div> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, criticised President Mbeki for surrounding himself with "yes-men", not doing enough to improve the position of the poor and for promoting economic policies that only benefited a small black elite. He also accused Mbeki and the ANC of suppressing public debate. Mbeki responded that Tutu had never been an ANC member and defended the debates that took place within ANC branches and other public forums. He also asserted his belief in the value of democratic discussion by quoting the Chinese slogan "let a hundred flowers bloom", referring to the brief <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a> within the Chinese Communist Party in 1956–57. The ANC Today newsletter featured several analyses of the debate, written by Mbeki and the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-anctoday-tutu1-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-anctoday-tutu2-174">[174]</a> The latter suggested that Tutu was an "icon" of "white elites", thereby suggesting that his political importance was overblown by the media; and while the article took pains to say that Tutu had not sought this status, it was described in the press as a particularly pointed and personal critique of Tutu. Tutu responded that he would pray for Mbeki as he had prayed for the officials of the apartheid government.<a href="#cite_note-nu-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_commentary_post-presidency">Political commentary post-presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Political commentary post-presidency">edit</a>]</div> On 10 October 2024, Mbeki wrote a letter to Mr Matome Chiloane, Member of the Executive for the <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> Education Department (GED), criticizing the GED's handling of an incident of alleged racism at <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_High_School_for_Girls" title="Pretoria High School for Girls">Pretoria High School for Girls</a>. The letter was copied to the Gauteng Premier, Mr Phanyaza Lesufi.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>The GED had been criticized in the South African media for claiming that there was racism at Pretoria High School for Girls without proof of such.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Personal life and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg/170px-Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg/255px-Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg/340px-Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Mbeki in 2003</figcaption></figure> In October 1959, Mbeki had a son, <a href="/wiki/Monwabisi_Kwanda_Mbeki" title="Monwabisi Kwanda Mbeki">Monwabisi Kwanda</a>, with Olive Mpahlwa, a childhood friend which whom he had struck up a romance while at Lovedale. Kwanda was raised by his mother and later by Mbeki's mother, Epainette.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 110–116  He was last seen by his family in 1981 and is presumed to have died in exile, but the circumstances of his death remain unknown. Olive testified about his disappearance at the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> in 1996, making an impassioned plea for those with information to step forward.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 108  Mbeki's youngest brother, Jama, also disappeared in exile. He had spent his adolescence in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> and was an activist in the <a href="/wiki/Basutoland_Congress_Party" title="Basutoland Congress Party">Basutoland Congress Party</a> (BCP) and its <a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Liberation_Army" title="Lesotho Liberation Army">Lesotho Liberation Army</a>. BCP was much closer to the PAC than to the ANC, and later became an avowed enemy of the latter. Jama disappeared in March 1982, after he skipped <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 448–451  According to an investigation commissioned by his family in the early 1990s, he was informed upon by a comrade, entrapped by security police, and killed on the side of a highway later in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 454  Mbeki's only living sibling, Moeletsi, was also educated abroad and is now a prominent economist. He often publicly criticised the policies of his brother's government.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Mbeki married <a href="/wiki/Zanele_Dlamini_Mbeki" title="Zanele Dlamini Mbeki">Zanele Dlamini Mbeki</a> in 1974, a social worker from <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Gauteng">Alexandra</a> whom he met in London before his departure for Moscow. The wedding ceremony was held on 23 November at <a href="/wiki/Farnham_Castle" title="Farnham Castle">Farnham Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England. Adelaide Tambo and <a href="/wiki/Mendi_Msimang" title="Mendi Msimang">Mendi Msimang</a> stood <a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">in loco parentis</a> for Mbeki, and Essop Pahad was his best man.<a href="#cite_note-Gevisser-2007a-8">[8]</a>: 300–310 <a href="#cite_note-marriage_year2-182">[182]</a> They have no children together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> Mbeki has received many honorary degrees from South African and foreign universities. Mbeki received an honorary doctorate in business administration from the <a href="/wiki/Hult_International_Business_School" title="Hult International Business School">Arthur D Little Institute</a>, Boston, in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-whoswho-183">[183]</a> In 1995, he received honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a> and an honorary doctorate of laws from <a href="/wiki/Sussex_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex University">Sussex University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whoswho-183">[183]</a> Mbeki was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Rand_Afrikaans_University" title="Rand Afrikaans University">Rand Afrikaans University</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-184">[184]</a> In 2000 he was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcdegree-185">[185]</a> In 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in commercial sciences by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stellenbosch">University of Stellenbosch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stellenbosch-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders_and_decorations">Orders and decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Orders and decorations">edit</a>]</div> During Mbeki's official visit to Britain in 2001, he was made an honorary <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> (GCB).<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Bakoyannis" title="Dora Bakoyannis">Dora Bakoyannis</a>, awarded Mbeki with the City of Athens Medal of Honour in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-athens-188">[188]</a> During Mbeki's official visit to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 2005, he was awarded Sudan's Insignia of Honour in recognition of his role in resolving conflicts and working for development in the Continent.<a href="#cite_note-sudanhonour-189">[189]</a> In 2007, Mbeki was made a <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of Saint John">Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem</a> at St George's Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> by the current grand prior, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orderstjohn-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Mbeki was awarded the Good Governance Award in 1997 by the US-based <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Council_on_Africa" title="Corporate Council on Africa">Corporate Council on Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goodgovernance-191">[191]</a> He received the Newsmaker of the year award from Pretoria News Press Association in 2000<a href="#cite_note-timeline-184">[184]</a> and repeated the honour in 2008, this time under the auspices of media research company Monitoring South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In honour of his commitment to democracy in the new South Africa, Mbeki was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>/Johnny Makatini Freedom Award in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-184">[184]</a> Mbeki was awarded the Peace and Reconciliation Award at the Gandhi Awards for Reconciliation in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-peaceaward-193">[193]</a> In 2004, Mbeki was awarded the Good Brother Award by Washington, D.C.'s National Congress of Black Women for his commitment to gender equality and the emancipation of women in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-goodbrother-194">[194]</a> In 2005, he was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Champions_of_the_Earth" title="Champions of the Earth">Champion of the Earth Award</a> by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-champion-195">[195]</a> During the European-wide Action Week Against Racism in 2005, Mbeki was awarded the Rotterdamse Jongeren Raad (RJR) Antidiscrimination Award by the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-racismaward-196">[196]</a> In 2006, he was awarded the Presidential Award for his outstanding service to economic growth and investor confidence in South Africa and Africa and for his role in the international arena by the South African Chambers of Commerce and Industry.<a href="#cite_note-chambersaward-197">[197]</a> In 2007 Mbeki was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a>'s Order of Merit for his contribution to football on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-footballmerit-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronages">Patronages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Patronages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Thabo Mbeki Foundation</li> <li>Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute, an institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a> in partnership with the Thabo Mbeki Foundation</li> <li>Thabo Mbeki Presidential Library</li> <li>Thabo Mbeki School for Public and International Affairs based in UNISA.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Foreign honours">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_(after_1979)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg/70px-CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg/105px-CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg/140px-CUB_Order_of_Jose_Marti_2nd_type_%28after_1979%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> (2001)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/70px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/105px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/140px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Knight Grand Cross with Collar <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (2002)<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png/70px-JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png/105px-JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png/140px-JAM_Order_of_Excellence_sash_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Excellence_(Jamaica)" title="Order of Excellence (Jamaica)">Order of Excellence</a> (2003)<a href="#cite_note-OE-201">[201]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/70px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/105px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg/140px-ZAM_Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eagle_of_Zambia" title="Order of the Eagle of Zambia">Order of the Eagle of Zambia</a> (2003)<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/105px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/140px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon_-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/70px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/105px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg/140px-Order_of_St_John_%28UK%29_ribbon_-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="126" /></a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)" title="Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)">Order of Saint John</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/105px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/140px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-parliament.uk-205">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/48px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/64px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">History of the African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_South_African_presidential_election" title="2008 South African presidential election">2008 South African presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chikane" title="Frank Chikane">Frank Chikane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Netshitenzhe" title="Joel Netshitenzhe">Joel Netshitenzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulelani_Ngcuka" title="Bulelani Ngcuka">Bulelani Ngcuka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gcis-profile2004-1"><a href="#cite_ref-gcis-profile2004_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416053536/http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/president/index.htm">"Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Mr"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.parliament.uk%2FDepositedPapers%2FFiles%2FDEP2009-2154%2FDEP2009-2154.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThabo+Mbeki" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> Short profiles: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/29/southafrica">"The great persuader"</a>. The Guardian. 29 May 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2005/01/20/a-man-of-two-faces">"A man of two faces"</a>. The Economist. 20 January 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0013-0613">0013-0613</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gowers" title="Andrew Gowers">Gowers, Andrew</a> (21 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bf96715a-8442-11d9-ad81-00000e2511c8">"A man in a hurry"</a>. Financial Times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._McNeil_Jr." title="Donald G. McNeil Jr.">McNeil, Donald G.</a> (4 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/060499safrica-mbeki-profile.html">"An intellectual guerrilla: Thabo Mbeki"</a>. New York Times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Russell" title="Alec Russell">Russell, Alec</a> (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/0433e6b6-87d3-11dd-b114-0000779fd18c">"Thabo Mbeki: Aloof leader who fell from grace"</a>. Financial Times.</li></ul> Books: <ul><li>Adebajo, Adekeye (2017). Thabo Mbeki. Ohio University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4605-8">978-0-8214-4605-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gevisser" title="Mark Gevisser">Gevisser, Mark</a> (2007). Thabo Mbeki: The Dream Deferred. Jonathan Ball. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86842-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86842-301-9">978-1-86842-301-9</a>. (Published in the United States as A Legacy of Liberation: Thabo Mbeki and the Future of the South African Dream. 2009. St. Martin's Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62020-9">978-0-230-62020-9</a>.)</li> <li>Glaser, Daryl (2010). Mbeki and After: Reflections on the Legacy of Thabo Mbeki. NYU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77614-144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77614-144-9">978-1-77614-144-9</a>.</li> <li>Gumede, William (2008). Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Zed Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-259-7">978-1-84813-259-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chikane" title="Frank Chikane">Chikane, Frank</a> (2012). Eight Days in September: The Removal of Thabo Mbeki. Picador Africa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77010-221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77010-221-7">978-1-77010-221-7</a>.</li> <li>Jacobs, Sean; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Calland" title="Richard Calland">Calland, Richard</a> (2002). Thabo Mbeki's World: The Politics and Ideology of the South African President. Zed Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-179-2">978-1-84277-179-2</a>.</li> <li>Siko, John (2014). Inside South Africa's Foreign Policy: Diplomacy in Africa from Smuts to Mbeki. I.B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-579-9">978-0-85773-579-9</a>.</li></ul> Publications: <ul><li>Mbeki, Thabo (2002). Africa Define Yourself. Tafelberg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04097-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04097-2">978-0-624-04097-2</a>.</li> <li>Mbeki, Thabo (2022). Future Harbours: Letters from President Mbeki. Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77619-145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77619-145-1">978-1-77619-145-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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<div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thabo_Mbeki" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thabo_Mbeki" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" class="extiw" title="commons:Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?35425">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/liberation-africa/interviews/thabo-mbeki.html">Interview with Tor Sellström</a> (1995)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirco.gov.za/docs/speeches/1998/mbek0813.htm">"African renaissance statement"</a> (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/thabo-mbekis-letter-to-jacob-zuma">Open letter to Zuma</a> (2008)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President of South Africa</a> 1994–1999 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> (1994–1996) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> 1999–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (as President) <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Matsepe-Casaburri" title="Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri">Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri</a> (as Acting President)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement</a> 1999–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">Created at <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1999">1999 CHOGM</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chairperson-in-Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office">Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office</a> 1999–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> 2002–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Joaquim Chissano</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Asmal" title="Kader Asmal">Kader Asmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Bengu" title="Sibusiso Bengu">Sibusiso Bengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawie_de_Villiers" title="Dawie de Villiers">Dawie de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Erwin" title="Alec Erwin">Alec Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fraser-Moleketi" title="Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi">Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hanekom" title="Derek Hanekom">Derek Hanekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallo_Jordan" title="Pallo Jordan">Pallo Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Keys" title="Derek Keys">Derek Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Liebenberg" title="Chris Liebenberg">Chris Liebenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penuell_Maduna" title="Penuell Maduna">Penuell Maduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mavuso" title="John Mavuso">John Mavuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Mboweni" title="Tito Mboweni">Tito Mboweni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McKenzie" title="Patrick McKenzie">Patrick McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membathisi_Mdladlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Membathisi Mdladlana">Membathisi Mdladlana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelf_Meyer" title="Roelf Meyer">Roelf Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Modise" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Modise">Joe Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Valli_Moosa" title="Mohammed Valli Moosa">Mohammed Valli Moosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankie_Mthembi-Nkondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo">Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Mtshali" title="Lionel Mtshali">Lionel Mtshali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mufamadi" title="Sydney Mufamadi">Sydney Mufamadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipo_Mzimela" title="Sipo Mzimela">Sipo Mzimela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Naidoo" title="Jay Naidoo">Jay Naidoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ngubane" title="Ben Ngubane">Ben Ngubane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraai_van_Niekerk" title="Kraai van Niekerk">Kraai van Niekerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Nzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullah_Omar" title="Dullah Omar">Dullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Radebe" title="Jeff Radebe">Jeff Radebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Sigcau" title="Stella Sigcau">Stella Sigcau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zola_Skweyiya" title="Zola Skweyiya">Zola Skweyiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tshwete" title="Steve Tshwete">Steve Tshwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Williams" title="Abe Williams">Abe Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosazana_Dlamini-Zuma" title="Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma">Nkosazana Zuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_Ministers,_Vice_State_President,_and_Deputy_Presidents_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SAVices" title="Template:SAVices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SAVices" title="Template talk:SAVices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SAVices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SAVices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Ministers,_Vice_State_President,_and_Deputy_Presidents_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">Prime Ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa" title="Vice State President of South Africa">Vice State President</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy Presidents of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barry_Munnik_Hertzog" class="mw-redirect" title="James Barry Munnik Hertzog">James Barry Munnik Hertzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">Daniel François Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerhardus_Strijdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom">Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Frensch_Verwoerd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd">Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B. J. Vorster">Balthazar Johannes Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_Botha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Willem Botha">Pieter Willem Botha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa" title="Vice State President of South Africa">Vice State President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Schlebusch" title="Alwyn Schlebusch">Alwyn Schlebusch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phumzile_Mlambo-Ngcuka" title="Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka">Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baleka_Mbete" title="Baleka Mbete">Baleka Mbete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="List of heads of state of South Africa">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">Monarch</a> (1910–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a> (1961–1994) (under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">Charles Robberts Swart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_D%C3%B6nges" title="Eben Dönges">Eben Dönges</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Naud%C3%A9" title="Tom Naudé">Tom Naudé</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Jim Fouché">Jim Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk" title="Jan de Klerk">Jan de Klerk</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Diederichs" title="Nico Diederichs">Nico Diederichs</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> (from 1994) (post-Apartheid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Presidency of Nelson Mandela">1994-1999</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thabo_Mbeki" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Thabo Mbeki">1999-2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Matsepe-Casaburri" title="Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri">Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2008-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacob_Zuma" title="Presidency of Jacob Zuma">2009-2018</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2018-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†Died in office *Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Template talk:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union_chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairpersons_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity_and_the_African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation of African Unity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAMSecretary-General" title="Template talk:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAMSecretary-General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Chair" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gopallawa" title="William Gopallawa">Gopallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Drnovšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Kosti%C4%87" title="Branko Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Ćosić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">F. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">R. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Tantawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_National_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_National_Congress" title="Template:African National Congress"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_National_Congress" title="Template talk:African National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_National_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Leaders" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a> (1912–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefako_Makgatho" title="Sefako Makgatho">Sefako Makgatho</a> (1917–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tshangana_Gumede" title="Josiah Tshangana Gumede">Josiah Tshangana Gumede</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma" title="Alfred Bitini Xuma">Alfred Bitini Xuma</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moroka" title="James Moroka">James Moroka</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a> (1952–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Deputy President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a> (1912–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1952–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1958–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2007–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Secretary-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a> (1912–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selope_Thema" title="Selope Thema">Selope Thema</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Msane" title="Saul Msane">Saul Msane</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li>Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Mweli_Skota" title="TD Mweli Skota">TD Mweli Skota</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Khaile" title="E. J. Khaile">E. J. Khaile</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mdolomba" title="Elijah Mdolomba">Elijah Mdolomba</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Calata" title="James Calata">James Calata</a> (1936–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_Nokwe" title="Duma Nokwe">Duma Nokwe</a> (1958–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Magashule" title="Ace Magashule">Ace Magashule</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">National Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="49th National Conference of the African National Congress">49th</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="51st National Conference of the African National Congress">51st</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="53rd National Conference of the African National Congress">53rd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">54th</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="55th National Conference of the African National Congress">55th</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Structure and wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Working_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Working Committee of the African National Congress">National Working Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Executive_Committees_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress">Provincial Executive Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League" title="African National Congress Women's League">ANC Women's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_College" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Allied organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_National_Congress" title="Category:African National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Kagame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101547#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101547#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101547#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114493254">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79452355">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/395233/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhkFgw4pmFG9YJGp4jG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121478491">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97044780">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15069401q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15069401q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185230148">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99061561">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000564216&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000579552">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz26nm52rjhs5w">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306287405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16318290?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/825270ae-ca38-4402-a3d7-e65fdbc24873">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121478491.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121478491">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069481695">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6668vsf">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&oldid=1257757742">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thabo_Mbeki&oldid=1257757742</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thabo_Mbeki" title="Category:Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_births" title="Category:1942 births">1942 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living 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