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(PDF) Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine | lotfi AARAB - Academia.edu
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The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/29410216/Journal_of_Medicinal_Plants_Research_In_vitro_anticancer_activity_of_some_plants_used_in_Moroccan_traditional_medicine" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Over time, cancer remains a world public health problem. The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://on.academia.edu/lotfiAARAB" /> <meta name="description" content="Over time, cancer remains a world public health problem. The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In" /> <title>(PDF) Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine | lotfi AARAB - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/29410216/Journal_of_Medicinal_Plants_Research_In_vitro_anticancer_activity_of_some_plants_used_in_Moroccan_traditional_medicine" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'c7c923e13c2d00b99cbe85c9159af2026a636b1c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732700849000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732700849000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Over time, cancer remains a world public health problem. The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In this context, we are interested to search for bioactive natural substances for cancer therapy used in Moroccan traditional medicine. Based on ethnopharmacological study, we selected four plants with an important therapy against cancer in Moroccan traditional medicine; these are Aristolochia longa (L), Citrullus colocynthis (L), Piper cubeba (L) and Delphinium Staphisagria (L). In the pharmacological study, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity of selected Moroccan plants on five different cancer cell lines namely MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at a dose of 500 µg/ml; lyophilized extracts after 24 h of treatment showed that two plants possess significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, such as MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS. P. cubeba (L) extract showed the inhibition of 98.64 and 91.59% against MCF7 lines and HT29 cell lines, and for C. colocynthis (L), 91.84 and 85.58%, respectively. C. colocynthis (L) showed a dose-dependent effect on MCF7 and HT29 cell lines with an IC 50 of 22.0 and 32.5 µg/ml, respectively. This cytotoxicity is induced probably by apoptosis.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"lotfi AARAB"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-10-25","dateModified":"2016-10-25","datePublished":null,"headline":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Food Safety","Cancer Immunology","Food Allergies","antioxidant of natural substances"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/29410216/Journal_of_Medicinal_Plants_Research_In_vitro_anticancer_activity_of_some_plants_used_in_Moroccan_traditional_medicine","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"on"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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remains a world public health problem. The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In this context, we are interested to search for bioactive natural substances for cancer therapy used in Moroccan traditional medicine. Based on ethnopharmacological study, we selected four plants with an important therapy against cancer in Moroccan traditional medicine; these are Aristolochia longa (L), Citrullus colocynthis (L), Piper cubeba (L) and Delphinium Staphisagria (L). In the pharmacological study, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity of selected Moroccan plants on five different cancer cell lines namely MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at a dose of 500 µg/ml; lyophilized extracts after 24 h of treatment showed that two plants possess significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, such as MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS. P. cubeba (L) extract showed the inhibition of 98.64 and 91.59% against MCF7 lines and HT29 cell lines, and for C. colocynthis (L), 91.84 and 85.58%, respectively. C. colocynthis (L) showed a dose-dependent effect on MCF7 and HT29 cell lines with an IC 50 of 22.0 and 32.5 µg/ml, respectively. This cytotoxicity is induced probably by apoptosis."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [51082570]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49852495,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49852495/mini_magick20190130-2205-fqjh0n.png?1548871447" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Journal of Medicinal Plants Research In vitro anticancer activity of some plants used in Moroccan traditional medicine</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51082570" href="https://on.academia.edu/lotfiAARAB"><img alt="Profile image of lotfi AARAB" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />lotfi AARAB</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Over time, cancer remains a world public health problem. The use of traditional medicine as alternative treatments of cancer was recognized in 1950s by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) under the leadership of the late Dr. Jonathan Hartwell. In this context, we are interested to search for bioactive natural substances for cancer therapy used in Moroccan traditional medicine. Based on ethnopharmacological study, we selected four plants with an important therapy against cancer in Moroccan traditional medicine; these are Aristolochia longa (L), Citrullus colocynthis (L), Piper cubeba (L) and Delphinium Staphisagria (L). In the pharmacological study, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity of selected Moroccan plants on five different cancer cell lines namely MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at a dose of 500 µg/ml; lyophilized extracts after 24 h of treatment showed that two plants possess significant cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, such as MCF7, HT29, N2A, H5-6 and VCREMS. P. cubeba (L) extract showed the inhibition of 98.64 and 91.59% against MCF7 lines and HT29 cell lines, and for C. colocynthis (L), 91.84 and 85.58%, respectively. C. colocynthis (L) showed a dose-dependent effect on MCF7 and HT29 cell lines with an IC 50 of 22.0 and 32.5 µg/ml, respectively. This cytotoxicity is induced probably by apoptosis.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49852495,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29410216/Journal_of_Medicinal_Plants_Research_In_vitro_anticancer_activity_of_some_plants_used_in_Moroccan_traditional_medicine"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49852495,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/29410216/Journal_of_Medicinal_Plants_Research_In_vitro_anticancer_activity_of_some_plants_used_in_Moroccan_traditional_medicine"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" 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Sciences, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic potential of leaves and seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., fruit juice of Phyllanthus emblica, rhizomes of Dryopteris cochleata and flowers of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston along with the chemical profiling of the most toxic extract through Gas-mass spectroscopy-MS technique. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the selected crude drugs was prepared by maceration method and the extracts were undergone through phytochemical analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract was performed against four cancer cell lines i.e. liver (HepG2), breast (MCF7), prostate (PC-3) and leukemia (HL60) using sulphorhodamine B assay. The hydroalcoholic extract of Caesalpinia decapetala flowers was profiled through using gas mass spectroscopy. Results: The results confirmed that Phyllanthus emblica inhibited HL60 cancer cells at the dose of 35.6 µg/ml and show dose-dependent growth inhibition. The flowers of Caesalpinia decapetala inhibited nearly fifty percent of HL60 cancer cells at very low dose i. e 10 µg/ml. The analysis of Caesalpinia decapetala flowers shows the presence of diterpenoid furanolactones, bufadienolides, polycyclic enones, and androsterone. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/23914252/Cytotoxic_Activity_of_Selected_Iranian_Traditional_Medicinal_Plants_on_Colon_Colorectal_and_Breast_Cancer_Cell_Lines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="5276305" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5276305/Cytotoxic_Activity_of_Four_Mexican_Medicinal_Plants">Cytotoxic Activity of Four Mexican Medicinal Plants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6110059" href="https://uam-mx.academia.edu/AdolfoEspejoSerna">Adolfo Espejo-Serna</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div 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data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="23620125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23620125/In_vitro_cytotoxic_and_cytostatic_activities_of_plants_used_in_traditional_Arabic_herbal_medicine_to_treat_cancer_in_Palestine">In vitro cytotoxic and cytostatic activities of plants used in traditional Arabic herbal medicine to treat cancer in Palestine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45670732" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnRussellSuguitan">John Russell Suguitan</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro cytotoxic and cytostatic activities of plants used in traditional Arabic herbal medicine to treat cancer in Palestine","attachmentId":44034345,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23620125/In_vitro_cytotoxic_and_cytostatic_activities_of_plants_used_in_traditional_Arabic_herbal_medicine_to_treat_cancer_in_Palestine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23620125/In_vitro_cytotoxic_and_cytostatic_activities_of_plants_used_in_traditional_Arabic_herbal_medicine_to_treat_cancer_in_Palestine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="83354871" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83354871/In_vitro_cytotoxic_effects_of_selected_Nigerian_medicinal_plant_extracts_on_cancer_cell_lines">In vitro cytotoxic effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plant extracts on cancer cell lines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4459971" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LucindaBaatjies">Lucinda Baatjies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro cytotoxic effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plant extracts on cancer cell lines","attachmentId":88726555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83354871/In_vitro_cytotoxic_effects_of_selected_Nigerian_medicinal_plant_extracts_on_cancer_cell_lines","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83354871/In_vitro_cytotoxic_effects_of_selected_Nigerian_medicinal_plant_extracts_on_cancer_cell_lines"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="112916343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112916343/A_Review_of_Medicinal_Plants_Effective_in_the_Treatment_or_Apoptosis_of_Cancer_Cells">A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in the Treatment or Apoptosis of Cancer Cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="285311046" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Niloufarkarami3">Niloufar karami</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Cancer Press, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in the Treatment or Apoptosis of Cancer Cells","attachmentId":110012308,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112916343/A_Review_of_Medicinal_Plants_Effective_in_the_Treatment_or_Apoptosis_of_Cancer_Cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112916343/A_Review_of_Medicinal_Plants_Effective_in_the_Treatment_or_Apoptosis_of_Cancer_Cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="104109807" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104109807/CYTOTOXICITY_OF_FIVE_PLANT_EXTRACTS_AGAINST_DIFFERENT_HUMAN_CANCER_CELL_LINES_AND_THEIR_MOLECULAR_MECHANISM">CYTOTOXICITY OF FIVE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST DIFFERENT HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="263511221" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsianJournalofPharmaceuticalandClinicalResearch">Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: Five methanol plant extracts namely, Euphorbia hierosolymitana, Dracaena marginata, Cordyline terminalis, and Sapium sebifera were screened in vitro for their cytotoxic effect on human tumor cell lines; namely, PC-3, HepG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 (prostate, liver, colon, and breast cancer) and human normal cell lines, namely, BJ-1. Methods: E. hierosolymitana (extract A) selectively inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation with IC 50 of 4.22 µg/ml, both Dracaena marginata (extract B) (bark, leaves, and branches) showed moderate cytotoxicity on MCF-7 with IC 50 of 22.4 and 48.2 µg/ml, respectively. The remaining two extracts showed minimal to insignificant percentage inhibition on all cell lines. Results: E. hierosolymitana extract was selected for further studying, where the effect of the extract on the HCT116 cells showed a downregulation of her2 and Bcl-2 gene and overexpression of the Bax gene. Flow cytometry analysis was also performed to understand the effect of E. hierosolymitana on the apoptosis induction and the cell cycle. The results showed the induction of early and late apoptosis by 5.81 and 10.01%, respectively. Conclusion: Our results infer that E. hierosolymitana has a promising chance in fighting colorectal cancer due to its high cytotoxic effects on HCT116 cancer cells while having minimal effects on the BJ-1 normal cell lines.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CYTOTOXICITY OF FIVE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST DIFFERENT HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISM","attachmentId":103924139,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104109807/CYTOTOXICITY_OF_FIVE_PLANT_EXTRACTS_AGAINST_DIFFERENT_HUMAN_CANCER_CELL_LINES_AND_THEIR_MOLECULAR_MECHANISM","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104109807/CYTOTOXICITY_OF_FIVE_PLANT_EXTRACTS_AGAINST_DIFFERENT_HUMAN_CANCER_CELL_LINES_AND_THEIR_MOLECULAR_MECHANISM"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49852495,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49852495,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49852495" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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