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Similarities and differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Similarities_and_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holy_Spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holy_Spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Holy Spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holy_Spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Salvation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_and_Medieval_Christian_writers_on_Islam_and_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_Medieval_Christian_writers_on_Islam_and_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early and Medieval Christian writers on Islam and Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_and_Medieval_Christian_writers_on_Islam_and_Muhammad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early and Medieval Christian writers on Islam and Muhammad subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_and_Medieval_Christian_writers_on_Islam_and_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>John of Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theophanes_the_Confessor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theophanes_the_Confessor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Theophanes the Confessor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theophanes_the_Confessor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niketas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niketas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Niketas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niketas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>11th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Divine_Comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Divine_Comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>The Divine Comedy</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Divine_Comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Catholic Church and Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catholic_Church_and_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Catholic Church and Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council_and_Nostra_aetate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Vatican_Council_and_Nostra_aetate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Second Vatican Council and <i>Nostra aetate</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council_and_Nostra_aetate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_Catholic-Islamic_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_Catholic-Islamic_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent Catholic-Islamic controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_Catholic-Islamic_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protestantism and Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mormonism_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormonism_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mormonism and Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormonism_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Artistic influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity and Islam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإسلام والمسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام والمسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ইসলাম ও খ্রিস্টধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলাম ও খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich-islamischer_Dialog" title="Christlich-islamischer Dialog – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlich-islamischer Dialog" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مسیحیت و اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت و اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EC%99%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B5%90" title="기독교와 이슬람교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교와 이슬람교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Islam_dengan_Kekristenan" title="Hubungan Islam dengan Kekristenan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Islam dengan Kekristenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_e_islam" title="Cristianesimo e islam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo e islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტიანობა და ისლამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტიანობა და ისლამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ислам және христиандық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам және христиандық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ms_un_kristiet%C4%ABba" title="Islāms un kristietība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāms un kristietība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_%C3%A9s_az_iszl%C3%A1m" title="A kereszténység és az iszlám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A kereszténység és az iszlám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99" title="キリスト教とイスラム教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教とイスラム教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اسلام تے مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلام تے مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="اسلام او عيسويت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلام او عيسويت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinismul_%C8%99i_Islamul" title="Creștinismul și Islamul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinismul și Islamul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_ve_Hristiyanl%C4%B1k" title="İslam ve Hristiyanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam ve Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اسلام اور مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلام اور مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="伊斯蘭教同基督教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯蘭教同基督教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">Self-denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_world,_the_flesh,_and_the_devil" title="The world, the flesh, and the devil">The world, the flesh, and the devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Views on alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-reformation">Counter-reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">Contemptus mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation#Christianity" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">Redemption (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absence_of_good" title="Absence of good">Absence of good</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:15.5em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam<br />and other religions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;"> <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Abrahamic religions</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Sabians" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;"> Other religions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Pagan Sabianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;"> Islam and...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;;padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #348017;border-bottom:1px solid #348017;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_templates" title="Category:Islam templates">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Template:Islam and other religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Template talk:Islam and other religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_and_other_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam and other religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Geuzenpenning,_halve_maan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg/220px-3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg/330px-3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg/440px-3_Geuzenpenning%2C_halve_maan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>A Dutch crescent-shaped <a href="/wiki/Geuzen_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geuzen medal">Geuzen medal</a> at the time of the anti-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, with the slogan <i>"<a href="/wiki/Liever_Turks_dan_Paaps" title="Liever Turks dan Paaps">Liver Turcx dan Paus</a>"</i> ("Rather Turkish than Pope (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">Papist</a>)"), 1570.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Christianity and Islam</b> are the two largest religions in the world, with approximately 2.3 billion and 1.8 billion adherents, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_Research_Center-1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both religions are <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, having originated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">developed</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> in the 1st century CE. It is founded on the life, teachings, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Jesus">death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, and those who follow it are called <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> developed in the 7th century CE. It is founded on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>, as an expression of surrendering to the <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">will of God</a>. Those who follow it are called <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (meaning "submitters to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims view Christians to be <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, and also regard them as <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafirs</a> (unbelievers) committing <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a> (polytheism) because of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, and thus, contend that they must be <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a> (religious taxpayers) under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christians similarly possess a wide range of views about Islam</a>. The majority of Christians view Islam as a <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">false religion</a> because its adherents reject the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">divinity of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">the Crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a>. </p><p>Like Christianity, Islam considers Jesus to be <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah#Islam" title="Messiah">al-Masih</a></i> (Arabic for the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>) who was sent to guide the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrā'īl</a> (Arabic for Children of Israel) with a new revelation: <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">al-Injīl</a></i> (Arabic for "the <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Understanding_Islam_and_Christianity:_Beliefs_That_Separate_Us_and_How_to_Talk_About_Them_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Islam_and_Christianity:_Beliefs_That_Separate_Us_and_How_to_Talk_About_Them-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But while belief in Jesus is a fundamental tenet of both, a critical distinction far more central to most Christian faiths is that Jesus is the incarnated God, specifically, one of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Triune God</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>. </p><p>While Christianity and Islam hold their recollections of Jesus's teachings as gospel and share narratives from the first five books of the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible), the sacred text of Christianity also includes the later additions to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> while the primary sacred text of Islam instead is the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Muslims believe that <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">al-Injīl</a></i> was distorted or altered to form the Christian New Testament. Christians, on the contrary, do not have a univocal understanding of the Quran, though most believe that it is fabricated or <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> work. There are similarities in both texts, such as accounts of the life and works of Jesus and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>; yet still, some Biblical and Quranic accounts of these events differ. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_and_differences">Similarities and differences</h2></div> <p>In the Islamic tradition, Christians and Jews are believed to worship the same God that Muslims worship.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to some, there are many different opinions in the discussion of whether <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> worship the same <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h3></div><p> The Christian Bible is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The Old Testament was written over a period of two millennia prior to the birth of Christ. The New Testament was written in the decades following the death of Christ. Historically, Christians universally believed that the entire Bible was the divinely inspired Word of God. However, the rise of harsher criticism during the Enlightenment has led to a diversity of views concerning the authority and inerrancy of the Bible in different denominations. Christians consider the Quran to be a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran#Skeptical_scholars" title="History of the Quran">non-divine</a> set of texts.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/162px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/243px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/324px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/122px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/183px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Quran_rzabasi1.JPG/244px-Quran_rzabasi1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2394" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Bible (left) and the Quran (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The Quran dates from the early 7th century or decades thereafter. Muslims believe it was revealed to Muhammad, gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivRlgP3382_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivRlgP3382-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QuranC17V1062_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuranC17V1062-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran is written mostly in <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parabolically</a> and not in form of a linear process of history. However, the stories often involve Biblical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that, the Quran assumes that the audience is familiar with their associated narratives. Sometimes, stories featuring in the Bible are summarized, dwelled at length, and sometimes entirely different.<sup id="cite_ref-sanigosian_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanigosian-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another difference in style is that the Bible offers a linear set of time, from the beginning of the narrative to its end, while the Quran implies a cyclical pattern, in which the main narrative of the Quran unfolds repeatedly at the time of each prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims believe that Jesus was given the <a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Injil</a> (Greek <i>evangel</i>, or <i>Gospel</i>) by God, however that parts or the entirety of these teachings were lost or distorted (<i><a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">tahrif</a></i>) to produce the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the Christian <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The majority of Muslims consider the Quran to be the only <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Holy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Holy Books">revealed book</a> that has been protected by God from <a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">distortion or corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus">Jesus</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div> <p>Muslims and Christians both believe that Jesus was born to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both also believe that Jesus is the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they differ on other key issues regarding Jesus. Almost all Christians believe that Jesus was the incarnated Son of God, divine, and sinless. Islam teaches that Jesus was the penultimate and one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets of God</a>, but not the Son of God, not divine, and not part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Trinity</a>. Rather, Muslims believe the creation of Jesus was similar to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Adam">Adem</a>). </p><p>Christianity and Islam also differ in their fundamental views related to the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus#Islam" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>. Christianity teaches that Jesus was condemned to death by the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a>, and after three days, resurrected. Islam teaches that Jesus was a human prophet who, like the other prophets, tried to bring his people to worship the one true God, termed <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i>. Muslims also believe that Jesus was condemned to crucifixion and then miraculously <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">saved from execution</a>, and was raised to the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islam, instead of Jesus being crucified, his lookalike was crucified.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Christians and Muslims believe in the Second Coming of Jesus. Christianity does not state where will Jesus return, while the Hadith in Islam states that Jesus will return at a white minaret at the east of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Minaret of Isa">Minaret of Isa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>), and will <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Jesus_praying_behind_Mahdi" title="Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi">pray behind</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians believe that Jesus will return to kill the Antichrist and similarly Muslims believe that Jesus will return to kill <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a>. Many Christians believe that Jesus would then rule for 1,000 years, while Muslims believe Jesus will rule for forty years, marry, have children and will be buried at the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad">Muhammad</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Muhammad's views on Christians</a></div> <p>Muslims believe that Muhammad was a prophet who received revelations (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) by God through the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> (<i>Jibril</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually over a period of approximately 23 years, beginning on 22 December 609,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LivRlgP3382_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivRlgP3382-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QuranC17V1062_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuranC17V1062-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad, a proof of his prophethood.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims revere Muhammad as the embodiment of the perfect believer and take his actions and sayings as a model of ideal conduct. Unlike Jesus, who Christians believe was God's son, Muhammad was a mortal, albeit with extraordinary qualities. Today many Muslims believe that it is wrong to represent Muhammad, but this was not always the case. At various times and places pious Muslims represented Muhammad although they never worshiped these images.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the lifetime of Muhammad, he had many <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">interactions with Christians</a>. One of the first Christians who met Muhammad was <a href="/wiki/Waraqah_ibn_Nawfal" title="Waraqah ibn Nawfal">Waraqah ibn Nawfal</a>, a Christian priest of ancient Arabia. He was one of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">hanifs</a></i> to believe in the prophecy of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad also met the <a href="/wiki/Christian_community_of_Najran" title="Christian community of Najran">Najrani Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">made peace with them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest recorded comments of a Christian reaction to Muhammad can be dated to only a few years after Muhammad's death. As stories of the Arab prophet spread to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christian Syria</a>, an old man who was asked about the "prophet who has appeared with the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>" responded: "He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Trinity" title="Islamic view of the Trinity">Islamic view of the Trinity</a></div> <p>In Christianity, the most common name of God is <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. In Islam, the most common name of God is <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Eloah" class="mw-redirect" title="Eloah">Eloah</a> in the Old Testament. The vast majority of the world's Christians adhere to the doctrine of the Trinity, which in creedal formulations states that God is three <i><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">the Father</a>, the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Spirit</a>) in one <i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i> (substance). In Islam, this concept is deemed to be a denial of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, and thus a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is considered to be a major 'al-Kaba'ir' sin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran itself refers to Trinity in <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27ida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'ida">Al-Ma'ida 5:73</a> which says "<i>They have certainly disbelieved who say, "Allah is the third of three." And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam has the concept of <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> which is the concept of a single, indivisible God, who has no partners.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holy_Spirit">The Holy Spirit</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit in Islam">Holy Spirit in Islam</a></div> <p>Christians and Muslims have differing views about the Holy Spirit. Most Christians believe that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> is God, and the third member of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit is generally believed to be the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most Christians believe that the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, who was manifested on the day of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, is the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some Islamic scholars believe that the reference to the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> is a prophecy of the coming of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the key verses concerning the Paraclete is John 16:7: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Nevertheless I tell you the truth: It is expedient for you that I go away; for if I go not away, the Comforter[Paraclete] will not come unto you; but if I go, I will send him unto you."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation in Christianity</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, the official doctrine document released by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, has this to say regarding Muslims: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The Church's relationship with the Muslims.</i> "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i><sup id="cite_ref-CCC2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Protestant theology mostly emphasizes the necessity of faith in Jesus as a savior for <a href="/wiki/Salvation#Christianity" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. Muslims may receive salvation in theologies relating to <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a>, but will not according to most Protestant theologies based on <a href="/wiki/Sola_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Fide">justification through faith</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31)." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some modern Muslim scholars critique the doctrinal aspects of Christianity. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi"> Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi</a>, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ethics_(book)" title="Christian Ethics (book)"> Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas</a></i>, argues that Christianity has incorporated various influences that diverge from Jesus' original teachings. He emphasizes the need for what he considers a rational and coherent ethical framework, contrasting Christian concepts like peccatism (inherent human sinfulness) and saviorism (belief in Jesus as the redeemer) with Islamic views. This perspective includes a critique of Christian theological paradoxes and advocates for a rational and coherent ethical framework.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran explicitly promises <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> for all those righteous Christians who were there before the arrival of Muhammad: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Surah Al-Baqara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=62">2:62</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Quran also makes it clear that Christians will be nearest in love to those who follow the Quran and praises Christians for being humble and wise: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You will surely find the most bitter towards the believers to be the Jews and polytheists and the most gracious to be those who call themselves Christian. That is because there are priests and monks among them and because they are not arrogant. When they listen to what has been revealed to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears for recognizing the truth. They say, “Our Lord! We believe, so count us among the witnesses. Why should we not believe in Allah and the truth that has come to us? And we long for our Lord to include us in the company of the righteous.” So Allah will reward them for what they said with Gardens under which rivers flow, to stay there forever. And that is the reward of the good-doers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah">Surah Al-Ma'idah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=82">5:82–84</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_Medieval_Christian_writers_on_Islam_and_Muhammad">Early and Medieval Christian writers on Islam and Muhammad</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg/220px-Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg/330px-Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg/440px-Mohammed_by_gustave_dore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, a Christian, and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> looking at Muhammad who suffers in hell as a <a href="/wiki/Schismatic_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schismatic (religion)">schismatic</a>, an illustration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>. During the Middle Ages, Islam was often seen as a Christological heresy and Muhammad as a false prophet.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_of_Damascus">John of Damascus</h3></div> <p>In 746, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> (sometimes St. John of Damascus) wrote the <i>Fount of Knowledge</i> part two of which is entitled <i>Heresies in Epitome: How They Began and Whence They Drew Their Origin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, John makes extensive reference to the Quran and, in John's opinion, its failure to live up to even the most basic scrutiny. The work is not exclusively concerned with the <i>Ismaelites</i> (a name for the Muslims as they claimed to have descended from Ismael) but all heresy. The <i>Fount of Knowledge</i> references several suras directly often with apparent incredulity. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From that time to the present a false prophet named Mohammed has appeared in their midst. This man, after having chanced upon the Old and New Testaments and likewise, it seems, having conversed with an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> monk, devised his own <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. Then, having insinuated himself into the good graces of the people by a show of seeming piety, he gave out that a certain book had been sent down to him from heaven. He had set down some ridiculous compositions in this book of his and he gave it to them as an object of veneration. ... There are many other extraordinary and quite ridiculous things in this book which he boasts was sent down to him from God. But when we ask: 'And who is there to testify that God gave him the book? And which of the prophets foretold that such a prophet would rise up?' – they are at a loss. And we remark that Moses received the Law on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, with God appearing in the sight of all the people in cloud, and fire, and darkness, and storm. And we say that all the Prophets from Moses on down foretold the coming of Christ and how Christ God (and incarnate Son of God) was to come and to be crucified and die and rise again, and how He was to be the judge of the living and dead. Then, when we say: 'How is it that this prophet of yours did not come in the same way, with others bearing witness to him? And how is it that God did not in your presence present this man with the book to which you refer, even as He gave the Law to Moses, with the people looking on and the mountain smoking, so that you, too, might have certainty?' – they answer that God does as He pleases. 'This,' we say, 'We know, but we are asking how the book came down to your prophet.' Then they reply that the book came down to him while he was asleep.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theophanes_the_Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> (died c.822) wrote a series of chronicles (284 onwards and 602–813 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based initially on those of the better known <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>. Theophanes reports about Muhammad thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the beginning of his advent the misguided Jews thought he was the Messiah. ... But when they saw him eating camel meat, they realized that he was not the one they thought him to be, ... those wretched men taught him illicit things directed against us, Christians, and remained with him.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whenever he came to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> he consorted with Jews and Christians and sought from them certain scriptural matters. He was also afflicted with epilepsy. When <a href="/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadijah bint Khuwaylid">his wife</a> became aware of this, she was greatly distressed, inasmuch as she, a noblewoman, had married a man such as he, who was not only poor, but also an epileptic. He tried deceitfully to placate her by saying, 'I keep seeing a vision of a certain angel called <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and being unable to bear his sight, I faint and fall down.'</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niketas">Niketas</h3></div> <p>In the work <i>A History of Christian-Muslim Relations,</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh Goddard mentions both John of Damascus and Theophanes and goes on to consider the relevance of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niketas_Byzantios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niketas Byzantios (page does not exist)">Niketas Byzantios</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who formulated replies to letters on behalf of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (842-867). Goddard sums up Niketas' view: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In short, Muhammad was an ignorant charlatan who succeeded by imposture in seducing the ignorant barbarian <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> into accepting a gross, blaspheming, idolatrous, demoniac religion, which is full of futile errors, intellectual enormities, doctrinal errors and moral aberrations.</p></blockquote> <p>Goddard further argues that Niketas demonstrates in his work a knowledge of the entire Quran, including an extensive knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Suras" class="mw-redirect" title="Suras">Suras</a> 2–18. Niketas' account from behind the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> frontier apparently set a strong precedent for later writing both in tone and points of argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3></div> <p>Knowledge and depictions of Islam continued to be varied within the Christian West during the 11th century. For instance, the author(s) of the 11th century <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">Song of Roland</a></i> evidently had little actual knowledge of Islam. As depicted in this epic poem, Muslims erect statues of Mohammed and worship them, and Mohammed is part of an "Unholy Trinity" together with the Classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Termagant" title="Termagant">Termagant</a>, a completely fictional deity. This view, evidently confusing Islam with the pre-Christian Graeco-Roman Religion, appears to reflect misconceptions prevalent in Western Christian society at the time. </p><p>On the other hand, ecclesiastic writers such as <a href="/wiki/Amatus_of_Montecassino" title="Amatus of Montecassino">Amatus of Montecassino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Malaterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Malaterra">Geoffrey Malaterra</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Norman Southern Italy</a>, who occasionally lived among Muslims themselves, would depict at times Muslims in a negative way but would depict equally any other (ethnic) group that was opposed to the Norman rule such as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Italian Lombards</a>. Often the depictions would depend on context: when writing about neutral events, Muslims would be called according to geographical terms such as "Saracens" or "Sicilians, when reporting events where Muslims came into conflict with Normans, Muslims would be called "pagans" or "infidels".<sup id="cite_ref-Smit_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smit-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarities were occasionally acknowledged such as by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> wrote in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid</a> emir <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ibn_Alnas" title="Nasir ibn Alnas">an-Nasir</a> that both Christians and Muslims "worship and confess the same God though in diverse forms and daily praise".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Divine_Comedy"><i>The Divine Comedy</i></h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, Muhammad is in the ninth ditch of <a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Malebolge</a>, the eighth realm, designed for those who have caused schism; specifically, he was placed among the Sowers of Religious Discord. Muhammad is portrayed as split in half, with his entrails hanging out, representing his status as a <a href="/wiki/Heresiarch" title="Heresiarch">heresiarch</a> (Canto 28). </p><p>This scene is frequently shown in illustrations of the <i>Divine Comedy</i>. Muhammad is represented in a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></i> by Giovanni da Modena and drawing on Dante, in the <a href="/wiki/San_Petronio_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="San Petronio Basilica">San Petronio Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fresco_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fresco-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in artwork by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronicle_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_Church_and_Islam">Catholic Church and Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholic Church and Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council_and_Nostra_aetate">Second Vatican Council and <i>Nostra aetate</i></h3></div> <p>The question of Islam was not on the agenda when <i><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a></i> was first drafted, or even at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. However, as in the case of the question of Judaism, several events came together again to prompt a consideration of Islam. By the time of the Second Session of the Council in 1963, reservations began to be raised by bishops of the Middle East about the inclusion of this question. The position was taken that either the question will not be raised at all, or if it were raised, some mention of the Muslims should be made. <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximos_IV_Sayegh" title="Maximos IV Sayegh">Maximos IV</a> was among those pushing for this latter position. </p><p>Early in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea">Cardinal Bea</a> notified <a href="/wiki/Amleto_Giovanni_Cicognani" title="Amleto Giovanni Cicognani">Cardinal Cicognani</a>, President of the Council's Coordinating Commission, that the Council fathers wanted the Council to say something about the great monotheistic religions, and in particular about Islam. The subject, however, was deemed to be outside the competence of Bea's <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity</a>. Bea expressed willingness to "select some competent people and with them to draw up a draft" to be presented to the Coordinating Commission. At a meeting of the Coordinating Commission on 16–17 April Cicognani acknowledged that it would be necessary to speak of the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period between the first and second sessions saw the change of <a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontiff</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, who had been a member of the circle (the <i>Badaliya</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>. Pope Paul VI chose to follow the path recommended by Maximos IV and he therefore established commissions to introduce what would become paragraphs on the Muslims in two different documents, one of them being <i>Nostra aetate</i>, paragraph three, the other being <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>, paragraph 16.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text of the final draft bore traces of Massignon's influence. The reference to <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a>, for example, resulted from the intervention of Monsignor Descuffi, the Latin archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> with whom Massignon collaborated in reviving the cult of Mary at Smyrna. The commendation of Muslim prayer may reflect the influence of the Badaliya.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Lumen gentium</i>, the Second Vatican Council declares that the plan of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> also includes Muslims, due to their professed monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_Catholic-Islamic_controversies">Recent Catholic-Islamic controversies</h3></div> <ul><li>For the controversy surrounding Muslim prayer in Spain, see <a href="/wiki/Muslim_campaign_at_C%C3%B3rdoba_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral">Muslim campaign at Córdoba Cathedral</a></li> <li>For criticism of interfaith dialogue with Muslims, see <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claverie#Relations_with_Islam" title="Pierre Claverie">Pierre Claverie#Relations with Islam</a></li> <li>For the controversy over whether Islam is a religion or a political system, see <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke#Islam_and_immigration" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Raymond Leo Burke#Islam and immigration</a></li> <li>For the controversy over advice not to marry a Muslim and move to an Islamic country, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Policarpo#Marriages_with_Muslim_men" title="José Policarpo">José Policarpo#Marriages with Muslim men</a></li> <li>For the controversy over whether Catholics may call God "Allah" if they want to, see <i><a href="/wiki/Titular_Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Kuala_Lumpur_v_Menteri_Dalam_Negeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri">Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v Menteri Dalam Negeri</a></i></li> <li>For the controversy over remarks by Pope Benedict XVI, see <a href="/wiki/Regensburg_lecture" title="Regensburg lecture">Regensburg lecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI_and_Islam" title="Pope Benedict XVI and Islam">Pope Benedict XVI and Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestantism_and_Islam">Protestantism and Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a> entered into contact during the 16th century, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> movements in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> coincided with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a>. As both were in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, numerous exchanges occurred, exploring religious similarities and the possibility of trade and military alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations became more conflictual in the early modern and modern periods, although recent attempts have been made at <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mormonism_and_Islam">Mormonism and Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Islam">Mormonism and Islam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and Islam have been compared to one another ever since the earliest origins of the former in the nineteenth century, often by detractors of one religion or the other—or both.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, the founding <a href="/wiki/Prophet#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Prophet">prophet</a> of Mormonism, was referred to as "the modern <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mahomet</a>" by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after his <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">murder</a> in June 1844. This epithet repeated a comparison that had been made from Smith's earliest career,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one that was not intended at the time to be complimentary. Comparison of the Mormon and Muslim prophets still occurs today, sometimes for derogatory or polemical reasons<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also for more scholarly and neutral purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Mormonism and Islam certainly have many similarities, there are also significant, fundamental differences between the two religions. Mormon-Muslim relations have historically been cordial;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recent years have seen increasing <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between adherents of the two faiths, and cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charitable endeavors</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Christian influences on the Islamic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/220px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/330px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG/440px-ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess.JPG 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Games">Book of Games</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso X">Alfonso X</a> (c. 1285).</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars and intellectuals agree <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Christians have made significant contributions</a> to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_scientists_and_scholars_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world">Eastern Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>) contributed to the Arab <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic civilization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Ummayads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> periods by translating works of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophers">Greek philosophers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and afterwards to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also excelled in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a> played an important and crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_contributions_to_the_Islamic_world" title="Greek contributions to the Islamic world">transmission of classical knowledge</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> was at its cultural peak, <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">supplying information and ideas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Europe</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader kingdoms">Crusader kingdoms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics" title="Transmission of the Greek Classics">the Greek Classics</a> and of Arabic texts in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">medicine</a>. Translation of Arabic philosophical texts into Latin "led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world", with a particularly strong influence of Muslim philosophers being felt in natural philosophy, psychology and metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-standford_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standford-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic world also influenced other aspects of medieval European culture, partly by <a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">original innovations</a> made during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, including various fields such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">pottery</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_influences">Artistic influences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_in_Islam#Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian influences in Islam">Christian influences in Islam § Art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic influences on Christian art">Islamic influences on Christian art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">culture</a> have both influenced and been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christendom#Classical_culture" title="Christendom">culture</a>. Some arts have received such influence strongly, particularly religious architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture#Byzantine_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swartley_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swartley-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrislam_(Yoruba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrislam (Yoruba)">Chrislam (Yoruba)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretist religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian influences in Islam">Christian influences in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christianity and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and war">Christianity and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Divisions of the world in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Muhammad's views on Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Research_Center-1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Research_Center-1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/05/christians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe/">"World's 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+religion+by+population+is+still+Christianity&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Fchristians-remain-worlds-largest-religious-group-but-they-are-declining-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Library/Christianity.html">"Christianity"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2FLibrary%2FChristianity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardet,_L.J._Jomier2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, L.; J. Jomier (2012). "Islām". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). 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Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101906" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101906"><bdi>9780759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+with+introduction+by+Huston+Smith&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pages=239&rft.edition=%C3%89dition+r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e.&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_Islam_and_Christianity:_Beliefs_That_Separate_Us_and_How_to_Talk_About_Them-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Islam_and_Christianity:_Beliefs_That_Separate_Us_and_How_to_Talk_About_Them_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell,_JimWalker2002" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Jim, Josh; Walker, Jim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfvgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12"><i>Understanding Islam and Christianity: Beliefs That Separate Us and How to Talk About Them</i></a>. Euguen, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736949910" title="Special:BookSources/9780736949910"><bdi>9780736949910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islam+and+Christianity%3A+Beliefs+That+Separate+Us+and+How+to+Talk+About+Them&rft.place=Euguen%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780736949910&rft.aulast=McDowell%2C+Jim&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Walker%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfvgAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>, p.158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-ankabut/46">"Surah Al-'Ankabut – 46"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+Christi&rft.atitle=Response+to+Bridges+and+Van+Inwagen&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fpc201517225&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F328856087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <i>Chronology of Prophetic Events</i>, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p. 50 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. <ul><li>Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=105">17:105</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran">"Qurʾān"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F487666%2FQuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivRlgP3382-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivRlgP3382_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivRlgP3382_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths</i>, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuranC17V1062-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuranC17V1062_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuranC17V1062_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=106">17:106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagen, G. (2009). "From Haggadic Exegesis To Myth: Popular Stories Of The Prophets In Islam". Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qur’an as Literature and Culture. Leiden, Niederlande: Brill. p. 302. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004177529.i-536.65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanigosian-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanigosian_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation book cs1">Nigosian, S.A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65"><i>Islam: its history, teaching and practices</i></a> ([New ed.]. ed.). Indiana Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo/page/65">65–80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21627-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21627-3"><bdi>0-253-21627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+its+history%2C+teaching+and+practices&rft.pages=65-80&rft.edition=%5BNew+ed.%5D.&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-253-21627-3&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamitshistoryt0000nigo%2Fpage%2F65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <i>Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis</i>. Continuum. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4956-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-4956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+exegesis&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4956-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dakake, Maria M. "Myth and History in Islamic Thought: A Comparison with the Jewish and Christian Traditions." Buddhist-Christian Studies 42.42 (2022): 279-298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Understanding the Qurán – Page xii, Ahmad Hussein Sakr – 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (31 July 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA12"><i>Christ in Islam and Christianity</i></a>. New York: State University of New York Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791405598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791405598"><bdi>978-0791405598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0791405598&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht1hpisBQF0C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahniser2008" class="citation book cs1">Zahniser, Mathias (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55"><i>The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity (Faith Meets Faith Series)</i></a>. New York: Orbis Books. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570758072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570758072"><bdi>978-1570758072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+and+Death+of+Jesus+in+Islam+and+Christianity+%28Faith+Meets+Faith+Series%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1570758072&rft.aulast=Zahniser&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVxAZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qurano.com/en/4-an-nisa/verse-157/">"Surah An-Nisa' Verse 157 | 4:157 النساء - Quran O"</a>. <i>qurano.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qurano.com&rft.atitle=Surah+An-Nisa%27+Verse+157+%7C+4%3A157+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+-+Quran+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqurano.com%2Fen%2F4-an-nisa%2Fverse-157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2020/12/jesus-in-islam-your-questions-answered-in-quran-and-hadith">"7 Things Muslims Should Know about Prophet 'Isa (as) | Muslim Hands UK"</a>. <i>muslimhands.org.uk</i>. 25 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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WestBow Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449760137" title="Special:BookSources/9781449760137"><bdi>9781449760137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leaders+Are+Coming%21&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781449760137&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsV0mAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Drew-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Drew_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_H._WilliamsMichael_R._Drew2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mygRHh6p40kC&pg=PA143"><i>Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future</i></a>. Vanguard Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593157067" title="Special:BookSources/9781593157067"><bdi>9781593157067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pendulum%3A+How+Past+Generations+Shape+Our+Present+and+Predict+Our+Future&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781593157067&rft.au=Roy+H.+Williams&rft.au=Michael+R.+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmygRHh6p40kC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><i>Chronology of Prophetic Events</i>, Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p. 50 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/17:105">Quran 17:105</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran">"Qurʾān"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monotheistsjewsc01pete/page/12">12–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11461-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11461-7"><bdi>0-691-11461-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+and+Will+of+God&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-11461-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonotheistsjewsc01pete%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilesmuhammed.html">"Muhammad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Fprofilesmuhammed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, Online ed., "Waraqah bin. 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(January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2105686">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We Will Make Peace With You": The Christians of Najrān in Muqātil's Tafsir"</a>. <i>Collectanea Christiana Orientalia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10396%2F4112">10396/4112</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collectanea+Christiana+Orientalia&rft.atitle=%22We+Will+Make+Peace+With+You%22%3A+The+Christians+of+Najr%C4%81n+in+Muq%C4%81til%27s+Tafsir&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10396%2F4112&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Gordon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2105686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/36491521/Al-Mizan-al-i-Imran">"Al-Mizan (Al I Imran) | PDF | Quran | Islam"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Al-Mizan+%28Al+I+Imran%29+%7C+PDF+%7C+Quran+%7C+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F36491521%2FAl-Mizan-al-i-Imran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA191315729&asid=0c4dc9ace2eac67d6dc013701641207f">"Christianity face to face with Islam"</a>. <i>First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life</i> (Journal Article): 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-5141">1047-5141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things%3A+A+Monthly+Journal+of+Religion+and+Public+Life&rft.atitle=Christianity+face+to+face+with+Islam&rft.issue=Journal+Article&rft.pages=19-&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1047-5141&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DGPS%26sw%3Dw%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA191315729%26asid%3D0c4dc9ace2eac67d6dc013701641207f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> – via General OneFile <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasséSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=shirk+Islam&pg=PA429"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101906" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101906"><bdi>9780759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9780759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26q%3Dshirk%2BIslam%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui,_Mohammad_Moinuddin,_(translator);_M._al_Selek_(editor)1993" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Mohammad Moinuddin, (translator); M. al Selek (editor) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401010933/http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b2448.html"><i>The Major Sins : Arabic Text and English Translation of "Al Kaba'ir" (Muhammad Bin Uthman Adh Dhahabi)</i></a>. Kazi Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56744-489-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56744-489-X"><bdi>1-56744-489-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicbookstore.com/b2448.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Sins+%3A+Arabic+Text+and+English+Translation+of+%22Al+Kaba%27ir%22+%28Muhammad+Bin+Uthman+Adh+Dhahabi%29&rft.pub=Kazi+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-56744-489-X&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+Mohammad+Moinuddin%2C+%28translator%29%3B+M.+al+Selek+%28editor%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicbookstore.com%2Fb2448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jannah.org/articles/sins.html">"The Major Sins: Al-Kaba'r"</a>. <i>Jannah.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jannah.org&rft.atitle=The+Major+Sins%3A+Al-Kaba%27r&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jannah.org%2Farticles%2Fsins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=5&verse=73">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+%E2%80%93+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D5%26verse%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620064714/http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html">"The Fundamentals of Tawhid (Islamic Monotheism)"</a>. ICRS (Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies. 2010-10-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icrs.ugm.ac.id/book/35/the-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+of+Tawhid+%28Islamic+Monotheism%29&rft.pub=ICRS+%28Indonesian+Consortium+of+Religious+Studies&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficrs.ugm.ac.id%2Fbook%2F35%2Fthe-fundamentals-of-tawhid-islamic-monotheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708115615/http://concordances.org/p/paraclete.htm">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasurella1983" class="citation book cs1">Casurella, Anthony (1 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3LIqIq9628C"><i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der biblischen Exegese</i></a>. Mohr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161446481" title="Special:BookSources/9783161446481"><bdi>9783161446481</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+der+biblischen+Exegese&rft.pub=Mohr&rft.date=1983-01-01&rft.isbn=9783161446481&rft.aulast=Casurella&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3LIqIq9628C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, Sean (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12230900">"Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq's (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>79</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X16000458">10.1017/S0041977X16000458</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163407787">163407787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%2C+Mena%E1%B8%A5em%2C+and+the+Paraclete%3A+new+light+on+Ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q%27s+%28d.+150%2F767%29+Arabic+version+of+John+15%3A+23%E2%80%9316%3A+1&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X16000458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163407787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12230900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCC2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. April 16, 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574551099" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574551099"><bdi>978-1574551099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2000-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1574551099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm"><i>The Church and non-Christians</i> #841</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdrisi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Idrisi, Fathiyyatunnur (January 2022). "Christian Ethics: A Review from the Perspective of Al-Faruqi". <i>Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, Special Edition</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fatwa+Management+and+Research%2C+Special+Edition&rft.atitle=Christian+Ethics%3A+A+Review+from+the+Perspective+of+Al-Faruqi&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2022-01&rft.aulast=Idrisi&rft.aufirst=Fathiyyatunnur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohd2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mohd, Siti Hadija (2023). "A Structured Critical Analysis of Al-Faruqi's Christian Ethics". <i>Preprint</i>. Kuala Lumpur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preprint&rft.atitle=A+Structured+Critical+Analysis+of+Al-Faruqi%27s+Christian+Ethics&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Mohd&rft.aufirst=Siti+Hadija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shehu, Fatmir (2023). "Investigating Ismāʿīl Rājī al-Fārūqī's Methodology in the Study of Christianity through Selected Textual Analysis from His Christian Ethics". <i>Intellectual Discourse</i>. <b>31</b> (1). International Islamic University Malaysia Press: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31436%2Fid.v31i1.1913">10.31436/id.v31i1.1913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Discourse&rft.atitle=Investigating+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABl+R%C4%81j%C4%AB+al-F%C4%81r%C5%ABq%C4%AB%27s+Methodology+in+the+Study+of+Christianity+through+Selected+Textual+Analysis+from+His+Christian+Ethics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31436%2Fid.v31i1.1913&rft.aulast=Shehu&rft.aufirst=Fatmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx">"St. John of Damascus: Critique of Islam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+John+of+Damascus%3A+Critique+of+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Fstjohn_islam.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx">"St. John of Damascus: Critique of Islam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+John+of+Damascus%3A+Critique+of+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fgeneral%2Fstjohn_islam.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/?p=2098">Theophanes in English, on Mohammed</a> gives an excerpt with all pertinent text as translated by Cyril Mango</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284–813). Translated with introduction and commentary by Cyril Mango and Geoffrey Greatrex, Oxford 1997. An updated version of the roger-pearse.com citation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/1938.html">The Chronicle of Theophanes Anni Mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813)</a> a more popularised but less rigorously studied translation of Theophanes chronicles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2000" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Hugh (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMOU3UoNysQC"><i>A History of Christian-Muslim Relations</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748610099" title="Special:BookSources/9780748610099"><bdi>9780748610099</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9780748610099&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMOU3UoNysQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smit-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smit_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmit2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smit, Timothy (2009). "Pagans and Infidels, Saracens and Sicilians: Identifying Muslims in the Eleventh-Century Chronicles of Norman Italy". <i>The Haskin Society Journal</i>. <b>21</b>: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Pagans+and+Infidels%2C+Saracens+and+Sicilians%3A+Identifying+Muslims+in+the+Eleventh-Century+Chronicles+of+Norman+Italy&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Smit&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerton1979" class="citation book cs1">Emerton, Ephraim (trslt.) (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof0000cath/mode/2up"><i>The correspondence of Pope Gregory VII : selected letters from the Registrum</i></a>. New York: Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374925658" title="Special:BookSources/0374925658"><bdi>0374925658</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+Pope+Gregory+VII+%3A+selected+letters+from+the+Registrum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0374925658&rft.aulast=Emerton&rft.aufirst=Ephraim+%28trslt.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorrespondenceof0000cath%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fresco-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fresco_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Willan2002" class="citation news cs1">Philip Willan (2002-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,11711,742914,00.html">"Al-Qaida plot to blow up Bologna church fresco"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Al-Qaida+plot+to+blow+up+Bologna+church+fresco&rft.date=2002-06-24&rft.au=Philip+Willan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0%2C11711%2C742914%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronicle-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chronicle_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Akram2006" class="citation web cs1">Ayesha Akram (2006-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/02/11/MNGRCH6UQK1.DTL">"What's behind Muslim cartoon outrage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=What%27s+behind+Muslim+cartoon+outrage&rft.date=2006-02-11&rft.au=Ayesha+Akram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F02%2F11%2FMNGRCH6UQK1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>History of Vatican II</i>, pp. 142–43)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Robinson, p. 195)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html"><i>Lumen gentium</i>, 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> September 6, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/eras/files/2012/07/jerkins-islam.pdf">"Monash Arts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monash+Arts&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsonline.monash.edu.au%2Feras%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F07%2Fjerkins-islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909024821/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0567">"Muslim-Christian Dialogue – Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0567">the original</a> on September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Dialogue+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintswithouthalos.com/w/1838_tbmoh.phtml">Thomas Marsh and Orson Hyde Affidavit</a>, for example; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/prologue.html">PBS's American Prophet: Prologue</a> and Todd J. Harris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">A Comparison of Muhammad and Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114102601/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young University in 2007, footnotes on pages 1 and 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/prologue.html">PBS's American Prophet: Prologue</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintswithouthalos.com/w/1838_tbmoh.phtml">Thomas Marsh and Orson Hyde Affidavit</a>, also Todd J. Harris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">A Comparison of Muhammad and Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114102601/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young University in 2007, footnotes on pages 1 and 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inplainsite.org/html/smith_and_muhammed.html">Joseph Smith and Muhammad: The Similarities</a>, and Eric Johnson,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/booklist/titles/josephsmithandmuhammad_xb183.htm">Joseph Smith and Muhammad</a>, a book published by the "Mormonism Research Ministry" and offered for sale by the anti-Mormon "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/">Utah Lighthouse Ministries</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Todd J. Harris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">A Comparison of Muhammad and Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114102601/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2067.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young University in 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldane2008" class="citation web cs1">Haldane, David (2 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-02-me-morlims2-story.html">"U.S. Muslims share friendship, similar values with Mormons"</a> – via LA Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Muslims+share+friendship%2C+similar+values+with+Mormons&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Haldane&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-apr-02-me-morlims2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmuslimcongress.blogspot.com/2008/04/mormons-muslims.html">World Muslim Congress: Mormons and Muslims</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bycommonconsent.com/2007/09/10/mormon-muslim-interfaith-ramadan-dinner-in-washington-dc-area/">Mormon-Muslim Interfaith Ramadan Dinner</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Donald. <i>Islamic Science and Engineering</i>. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3">0-7486-0455-3</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague,_Rémi2009" class="citation book cs1">Brague, Rémi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YjEkLPXNYC"><i>The Legend of the Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07080-3"><bdi>978-0-226-07080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07080-3&rft.au=Brague%2C+R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8YjEkLPXNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1998" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Andrea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310101859/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.pages=38%2C+55&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Ellis2017" class="citation book cs1">C. Ellis, Kail (2017). <i>Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East</i>. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351510721" title="Special:BookSources/9781351510721"><bdi>9781351510721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Antisemitism%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351510721&rft.aulast=C.+Ellis&rft.aufirst=Kail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2018" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (2018). <i>Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant</i>. Springer. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351510721" title="Special:BookSources/9781351510721"><bdi>9781351510721</bdi></a>. <q>Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Nationalism+and+Citizenship+in+Muslim+Countries%3A+Arab+Christians+in+the+Levant&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351510721&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto7_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Donald. <i>Islamic Science and Engineering</i>. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0455-3">0-7486-0455-3</a>, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrague,_Rémi2009" class="citation book cs1">Brague, Rémi (2009-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YjEkLPXNYC&q=House+of+Wisdom"><i>The Legend of the Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226070803" title="Special:BookSources/9780226070803"><bdi>9780226070803</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Feb</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.isbn=9780226070803&rft.au=Brague%2C+R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8YjEkLPXNYC%26q%3DHouse%2Bof%2BWisdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Kitty <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trM7NJz011oC&dq=preserve+ancient+knowledge+syria&pg=PT100">Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe</a> Walker Publishing Company, New York, 2008, (page number not available – occurs toward end of Chapter 13, "The Wrap-up of Antiquity"). "It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rémi Brague, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm">Archived</a> 2013-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorian">Nestorian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Saliba2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">George Saliba</a> (2006-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=3883">"Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629204411/https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=3883">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Islamic+Science+and+the+Making+of+Renaissance+Europe&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft.au=George+Saliba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fcyberlc%2Ffeature_wdesc.php%3Frec%3D3883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standford-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standford_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDag_Nikolaus_Hasse2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dag Nikolaus Hasse (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/">"Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Arabic+and+Islamic+Philosophy+on+the+Latin+West&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Dag+Nikolaus+Hasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Farabic-islamic-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffettFazioWodehouse2004" class="citation book cs1">Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrzPlqLjR1MC"><i>A World History of Architecture</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071417518" title="Special:BookSources/9780071417518"><bdi>9780071417518</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Architecture&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9780071417518&rft.aulast=Moffett&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.au=Fazio%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Wodehouse%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrzPlqLjR1MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swartley-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swartley_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartley2005" class="citation book cs1">Swartley, Keith E. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ezhbAk_OeIC"><i>Encountering the World of Islam</i></a>. Biblica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932805246" title="Special:BookSources/9781932805246"><bdi>9781932805246</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+World+of+Islam&rft.pub=Biblica&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=9781932805246&rft.aulast=Swartley&rft.aufirst=Keith+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ezhbAk_OeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+and+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Abdiyah Akbar Abdul-Haqq, <i>Sharing Your [Christian] Faith with a Muslim</i>, Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87123-553-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87123-553-6">0-87123-553-6</a></li> <li>Giulio Basetti-Sani, <i>The Koran in the Light of Christ: a Christian Interpretation of the Sacred Book of Islam</i>, trans. by W. Russell-Carroll and Bede Dauphinee, Chicago, Ill.: Franciscan Herald Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8199-0713-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8199-0713-8">0-8199-0713-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Arnaldez" title="Roger Arnaldez">Roger Arnaldez</a>, <i>Jésus: Fils de Marie, prophète de l'Islam</i>, coll. <i>Jésus et Jésus-Christ</i>, no 13, Paris: Desclée, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7189-0186-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7189-0186-1">2-7189-0186-1</a></li> <li>Kenneth Cragg, <i>The Call of the Minaret</i>, Third ed., Oxford: Oneworld [sic] Publications, 2000, xv, 358 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-210-4">1-85168-210-4</a></li> <li>Maria Jaoudi, <i>Christian & Islamic Spirituality: Sharing a Journey</i>, Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1992. iii, 103 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3426-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3426-8">0-8091-3426-8</a></li> <li>Jane Dammen McAuliffe, <i>Qur'anic Christians: An Analysis of Classical and Modern Exegesis</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36470-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36470-1">0-521-36470-1</a></li> <li>Frithjof Schuon, <i>Christianity/Islam: Essays on Esoteric Ecumenicism</i>, in series, <i>The Library of Traditional Wisdom</i>, Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom Books, cop. 1985. vii, 270 p. <i>N.B</i>.: Trans. from French. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941532-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-941532-05-4">0-941532-05-4</a>; the ISBN on the verso of the t.p. surely is erroneous.</li> <li>Mark D. Siljander and John David Mann, <i>A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide</i>, New York: Harper One, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8">978-0-06-143828-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Spencer (author)">Robert Spencer</a>, <i>Not Peace But a Sword: The Great Chasm Between Christianity and Islam.</i> Catholic Answers. March 25, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938983283" title="Special:BookSources/978-1938983283">978-1938983283</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, David, <i>Muhammad in Medieval Christian-Muslim Relations (Medieval Islam),</i> in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. I, pp. 392–400. 1610691776</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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