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title="Eliú ben Barajel el Buzita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eliú ben Barajel el Buzita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_(Kitab_Ayub)" title="Elihu (Kitab Ayub) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elihu (Kitab Ayub)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אליהוא בן ברכאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליהוא בן ברכאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu" title="Elihu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elihu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95_(%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8)" title="エリフ (聖書) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリフ (聖書)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeliuy" title="Yeliuy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yeliuy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu" title="Elihu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elihu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Елиуй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елиуй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu" title="Elihu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elihu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elihu_(biblical_figure)" title="Special:EditPage/Elihu (biblical figure)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure">"Elihu" biblical figure</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elihu%22+biblical+figure&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg/260px-The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg/390px-The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg/520px-The_Wrath_of_Elihu_Butts_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3019" /></a><figcaption><i>The Wrath of Elihu</i> (1805) by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>; one of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_Illustrations_of_the_Book_of_Job" title="William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job">his series of illustrations of the Book of Job</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elihu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלִיהוּא</span> <i>’Ĕlīhū’</i>, 'my God is he') is a critic of <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and his three friends in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>. He is said to have been the son of Barachel and a descendant of Buz, who may have been from the line of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 22:20–21 mentions Buz as a nephew of Abraham). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elihu's_monologues"><span id="Elihu.27s_monologues"></span>Elihu's monologues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elihu's monologues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elihu is introduced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+32:2&version=nkjv">Job 32:2</a>, towards the end of the book. His speeches comprise chapters 32-37,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he opens his discourse with more modesty than displayed by the other comforters. Elihu addresses Job by name (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+33:1&version=nkjv">Job 33:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+33:31&version=nkjv">33:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+37:14&version=nkjv">37:14</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his words differ from those of the three friends in that his monologues discuss <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>, which he insists is full of wisdom and mercy. </p><p> The narrator's preface <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+32:4–5&version=nkjv">Job 32:4–5</a> and Elihu's own words in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+32:11&version=nkjv">Job 32:11</a> indicate that he has been listening intently to the conversation between Job and the other three men. He also admits his status as one who is not an elder (32:6–7). As Elihu's monologue reveals, his anger against the three older men was so strong he could not contain himself (32:2–4). An "angry young man",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is critical of both Job and his friends:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have words for a reply to you and your friends as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Davidson" title="Andrew B. Davidson">Andrew B. Davidson</a> argues that the "friends" or companions in this verse are not his three friends <a href="/wiki/Bildad" title="Bildad">Bildad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliphaz_(Job)" title="Eliphaz (Job)">Eliphaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zophar" title="Zophar">Zophar</a>, but "most probably Job is considered here the centre of a circle of persons who cherished the same irreligious doubts in regard to God’s providence as he did".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elihu claims that the righteous have their share of prosperity in this life, no less than the wicked. He teaches that God is supreme, and that one must acknowledge and submit to that supremacy because of God's wisdom. He draws instances of benignity from, for example, the constant wonders of creation and of the seasons. </p><p>Elihu's speeches finish abruptly, and he disappears "without a trace",<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of Chapter 37. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_pseudonymity_of_the_character">Possible pseudonymity of the character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Possible pseudonymity of the character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The speeches of Elihu (who is not mentioned in the prologue) contradict the fundamental opinions expressed by the 'friendly accusers' in the central body of the text, that it is impossible that the righteous should suffer, all pain being a punishment for some sin. Elihu states that suffering may be decreed for the righteous as a protection against greater sin, for moral betterment and warning, and to elicit greater trust and dependence on a merciful, compassionate God in the midst of adversity. </p><p>Some writers question the status of Elihu's interruption and didactic sermon because of his sudden appearance and disappearance from the text.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even scholars who regard the Book of Job as a literary composition by a single author tend to see in Elihu's speeches an early addition or commentary to the original book.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is not mentioned in Job 2:11, in which Job's friends are introduced, nor is he mentioned at all in the epilogue, 42:7–10, in which God expresses anger at Job's friends. His speech contains more <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaisms</a> than the rest of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_about_authorship">Theories about authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theories about authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early scholarship by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Barnes_(theologian)" title="Albert Barnes (theologian)">Albert Barnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">John Lightfoot</a> sometimes attributed authorship of the Book of Job to Elihu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bildad" title="Bildad">Bildad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliphaz_(Job)" title="Eliphaz (Job)">Eliphaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zophar" title="Zophar">Zophar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_(biblical_figure)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Crenshaw" title="James L. Crenshaw">Crenshaw, James L.</a>, <i>17. Job</i> in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43">The Oxford Bible Commentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43">Archived</a> 2017-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Davidson" title="Andrew B. Davidson">Davidson, A. B.</a> (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/job/33.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> on Job 33, accessed 20 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Job%2032:2–6">Job 32:2–6</a>: <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyer, M. C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsbchurch.com/Sermons/2019_02_03_AngryYoungMan.pdf">Angry Young Man</a>, Good Shepherd Baptist Church, published 2 March 2019, accessed 23 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+35:4&version=nabre">Job 35:4</a>: NABRE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, A. B. (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/job/35.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> on Job 35, accessed 23 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley, John E. <i>The Book of Job</i>, Pages 28–29. (Wm. B. Eerdman Publishing Company, 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz47AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37"><i>Notes, critical, illustrative and practical, on the Book of Job: With a new translation, and an introductory dissertation by Albert Barnes: Carefully revised and compared with the last American edition by John Cumming</i></a>. Routledge. 1847. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes%2C+critical%2C+illustrative+and+practical%2C+on+the+Book+of+Job%3A+With+a+new+translation%2C+and+an+introductory+dissertation+by+Albert+Barnes%3A+Carefully+revised+and+compared+with+the+last+American+edition+by+John+Cumming&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWz47AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElihu+%28biblical+figure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Job" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Job" title="Template:Book of Job"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Job" title="Template talk:Book of Job"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Job" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Job"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Job" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">In rabbinic literature</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prologue (<a href="/wiki/Job_1" title="Job 1">Job 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_2" title="Job 2">2</a>)</li> <li>Dialogue (<a href="/wiki/Job_3" title="Job 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_4" title="Job 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_5" title="Job 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_6" title="Job 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_7" title="Job 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_8" title="Job 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_9" title="Job 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_10" title="Job 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_11" title="Job 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_12" title="Job 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_13" title="Job 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_14" title="Job 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_15" title="Job 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_16" title="Job 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_17" title="Job 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_18" title="Job 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_19" title="Job 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_20" title="Job 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_21" title="Job 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_22" title="Job 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_23" title="Job 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_24" title="Job 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_25" title="Job 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_26" title="Job 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_27" title="Job 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_28" title="Job 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_29" title="Job 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_30" title="Job 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_31" title="Job 31">31</a>)</li> <li>Verdicts (<a href="/wiki/Job_32" title="Job 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_33" title="Job 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_34" title="Job 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_35" title="Job 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_36" title="Job 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_37" title="Job 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_38" title="Job 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_39" title="Job 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_40" title="Job 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_41" title="Job 41">41</a>)</li> <li>Epilogue (<a href="/wiki/Job_42" title="Job 42">42</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Job's family members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_wife" title="Job's wife">Job's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemima_(Bible)" title="Jemima (Bible)">Jemima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keziah" title="Keziah">Keziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keren-happuch" title="Keren-happuch">Keren-happuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Job's friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bildad" title="Bildad">Bildad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_(Job)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elihu (Job)">Elihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zophar" title="Zophar">Zophar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliphaz_(Job)" title="Eliphaz (Job)">Eliphaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Chaldeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobab_ben_Zerah" title="Jobab ben Zerah">Jobab ben Zerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Tema" title="Land of Tema">Tema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teman_(Edom)" title="Teman (Edom)">Teman (Edom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Uz" title="Land of Uz">Uz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases/Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Eloah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_(Bible)" title="Chol (Bible)">Chol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_14:14" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezekiel 14:14">14:14</a><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_14:20" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezekiel 14:20">–20</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2049:9&version=nrsvae">49:9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_5:11" class="mw-redirect" title="James 5:11">5:11</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3522" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3522</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia_in_Job" title="Moralia in Job">Moralia in Job</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moralia_in_Job_(British_Library,_Add_MS_31031)" title="Moralia in Job (British Library, Add MS 31031)">Add MS 31031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralia_in_Job_of_945" title="Moralia in Job of 945">of 945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Moralia_in_Job" title="Cîteaux Moralia in Job">Cîteaux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Apples" title="Adam's Apples">Adam's Apples</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Serious_Man" title="A Serious Man">A Serious Man</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend_(film)" title="The Reverend (film)">The Reverend</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(2014_film)" title="Leviathan (2014 film)">Leviathan</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shift_(2023_film)" title="The Shift (2023 film)">The Shift</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(novel)" title="Job (novel)">Job</a></i> (1930 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(radio_play)" title="Job (radio play)">Job</a></i> (1939 radio play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Masque_of_Reason" title="A Masque of Reason">A Masque of Reason</a></i> (1945 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silverlock" title="Silverlock">Silverlock</a></i> (1949 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Answer_to_Job" title="Answer to Job">Answer to Job</a></i> (1952 analysis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J.B._(play)" title="J.B. (play)">J.B.</a></i> (1958 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Favorite" title="God's Favorite">God's Favorite</a></i> (1974 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_Passion" title="Job's Passion">Job's Passion</a></i> (1981 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a></i> (1984 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_Wife" title="Job's Wife">Job's Wife</a></i> (2002 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job_in_Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts">Byzantine illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(Shea)" title="Job (Shea)"><i>Job</i></a> (Bronze sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Shea" title="Judith Shea">Judith Shea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_Illustrations_of_the_Book_of_Job" title="William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job">William Blake's <i>Illustrations of the Book of Job</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Job" title="Tomb of Job">Tomb of Job</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:איוב ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CF%8E%CE%B2" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Ιώβ">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Job" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Job">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Job" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Job">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Job" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Job">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Job" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Job">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313746705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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