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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Traditional authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudonymous_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudonymous_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pseudonymous authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonymous_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_and_surviving_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_and_surviving_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dating and surviving manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_and_surviving_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anointing_of_the_sick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anointing_of_the_sick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Anointing of the sick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anointing_of_the_sick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works,_deeds_and_care_for_the_poor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works,_deeds_and_care_for_the_poor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Works, deeds and care for the poor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works,_deeds_and_care_for_the_poor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_observance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_observance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Torah observance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Latter Day Saint history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Canonicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epistle of James</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_van_Jakobus" title="Brief van Jakobus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brief van Jakobus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="رسالة يعقوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسالة يعقوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A5%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%92" title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܝܥܩܘܒ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A1-kok-su" title="Ngá-kok-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngá-kok-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ліст Якава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліст Якава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пасланьне Якава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пасланьне Якава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Съборно послание на свети апостол Иакова – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съборно послание на свети апостол Иакова" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briaf_vom_Jakobus" title="Briaf vom Jakobus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Briaf vom Jakobus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizher_Sant_Jakez" title="Lizher Sant Jakez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizher Sant Jakez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_de_Jaume" title="Carta de Jaume – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carta de Jaume" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Jakub%C5%AFv" title="List Jakubův – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="List Jakubův" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythyr_Iago" title="Llythyr Iago – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythyr Iago" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobs_Brev" title="Jakobs Brev – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakobs Brev" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_des_Jakobus" title="Brief des Jakobus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brief des Jakobus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakobuse_kiri" title="Jaakobuse kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaakobuse kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Επιστολή Ιακώβου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστολή Ιακώβου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Santiago" title="Epístola de Santiago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epístola de Santiago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolo_de_Jakobo" title="Epistolo de Jakobo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epistolo de Jakobo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakueren_Gutuna" title="Jakueren Gutuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakueren Gutuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="نامه یعقوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه یعقوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_de_Jacques" title="Épître de Jacques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épître de Jacques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_fan_Jakobus" title="Brief fan Jakobus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brief fan Jakobus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letare_di_Jacum" title="Letare di Jacum – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Letare di Jacum" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litir_Naomh_S%C3%A9amas" title="Litir Naomh Séamas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litir Naomh Séamas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जाकब आचें पत्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जाकब आचें पत्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2-kok-s%C3%BB" title="Ngâ-kok-sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngâ-kok-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EA%B3%A0%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%98_%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%80" title="야고보의 편지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야고보의 편지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հակոբոս առաքյալի ընդհանրական նամակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակոբոս առաքյալի ընդհանրական նամակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakovljeva_poslanica" title="Jakovljeva poslanica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakovljeva poslanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Yakobus" title="Surat Yakobus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat Yakobus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/EkaJakobe" title="EkaJakobe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="EkaJakobe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettera_di_Giacomo" title="Lettera di Giacomo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettera di Giacomo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91" title="איגרת יעקב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגרת יעקב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_Yakobus" title="Layang Yakobus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Layang Yakobus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B._%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ეპისტოლე წმ. მოციქულისა იაკობისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპისტოლე წმ. მოციქულისა იაკობისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urwandiko_rwa_Yakobo" title="Urwandiko rwa Yakobo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Urwandiko rwa Yakobo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraka_wa_Yakobo" title="Waraka wa Yakobo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waraka wa Yakobo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistula_Iacobi" title="Epistula Iacobi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epistula Iacobi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93kaba_v%C4%93stule" title="Jēkaba vēstule – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēkaba vēstule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jok%C5%ABbo_lai%C5%A1kas" title="Jokūbo laiškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jokūbo laiškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letera_de%27l_Giagum" title="Letera de'l Giagum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Letera de'l Giagum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakab_levele" title="Jakab levele – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jakab levele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Послание на апостол Јаков – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Послание на апостол Јаков" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistily_nosoratan%27_i_Jak%C3%B4ba" title="Epistily nosoratan' i Jakôba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epistily nosoratan' i Jakôba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="യാക്കോബ്‌ എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യാക്കോബ്‌ എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8" title="رسالة يعقوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسالة يعقوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Yakobus" title="Surat Yakobus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surat Yakobus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81-g%C3%A1uk_C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Ngā-gáuk Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngā-gáuk Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A9%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="ရှင်ယာကုပ်ဩဝါဒစာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှင်ယာကုပ်ဩဝါဒစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_van_Jakobus" title="Brief van Jakobus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brief van Jakobus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99" title="ヤコブの手紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤコブの手紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobs_brev" title="Jakobs brev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakobs brev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Jakuba" title="List Jakuba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="List Jakuba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Tiago" title="Epístola de Tiago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epístola de Tiago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistola_soborniceasc%C4%83_a_lui_Iacov" title="Epistola sobornicească a lui Iacov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epistola sobornicească a lui Iacov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santyagup_qillqasqan" title="Santyagup qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Santyagup qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Послание Иакова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Послание Иакова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_tusi_a_Iakopo" title="O le tusi a Iakopo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le tusi a Iakopo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epistle of James" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakubov_list" title="Jakubov list – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakubov list" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobovo_pismo" title="Jakobovo pismo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jakobovo pismo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Посланица Јаковљева – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Посланица Јаковљева" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakovljeva_poslanica" title="Jakovljeva poslanica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jakovljeva poslanica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakobin_kirje" title="Jaakobin kirje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakobin kirje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobsbrevet" title="Jakobsbrevet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakobsbrevet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_ni_Santiago" title="Sulat ni Santiago – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat ni Santiago" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="யாக்கோபு (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாக்கோபு (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="จดหมายของนักบุญยากอบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จดหมายของนักบุญยากอบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakup%27un_Mektubu" title="Yakup'un Mektubu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yakup'un Mektubu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Послання Якова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Послання Якова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="یعقوب کا خط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یعقوب کا خط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%87%D9%BE_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ياقۇپ يازغان خەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياقۇپ يازغان خەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_c%E1%BB%A7a_Giac%C3%B4b%C3%AA" title="Thư của Giacôbê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư của Giacôbê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%C3%A1t_ni_Santiago" title="Surát ni Santiago – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Surát ni Santiago" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E4%B9%A6" title="雅各书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book of the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Chapter numbers redirect here; for the kings, see: <a href="/wiki/James_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James I (disambiguation)">James I (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_II_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James II (disambiguation)">James II (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_III_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James III (disambiguation)">James III (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca" title="James IV of Majorca">James IV of Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">New Testament manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template talk:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library,_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2,26%E2%80%933,9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg/220px-Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg/330px-Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg/440px-Papyrus_20_-_Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1171_-_Princeton_University_Library%2C_AM_4117_-_Epistle_of_James_2%2C26%E2%80%933%2C9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="4050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_20" title="Papyrus 20">Papyrus 20</a> (3rd century AD), with part of James 2 and 3</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG/220px-F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG/330px-F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG/440px-F%C3%BClep_Lajos_Baja.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to <a href="/wiki/Lajos_F%C3%BClep" title="Lajos Fülep">Lajos Fülep</a>, quoting James 3:17, "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_(1886)_(14727352766).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg/220px-Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg/330px-Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg/440px-Bible_beasts_and_birds_-_a_new_edition_of_illustrations_of_scripture_by_an_animal_painter_%281886%29_%2814727352766%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3575" /></a><figcaption>1886 drawing by <a href="/wiki/Jemima_Blackburn" title="Jemima Blackburn">Jemima Blackburn</a>, quoting James 3:3–6</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Epistle of James</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">general epistle</a> and one of the 21 <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> letters) in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. It was written originally in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_1" class="mw-redirect" title="James 1">James 1:1</a> identifies the author as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" who is writing to "the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">twelve tribes</a> scattered abroad". Traditionally, the epistle is attributed to <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the brother of Jesus</a> (James the Just),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the audience is considered generally to be <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>, who were dispersed outside Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Framing his letter within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and <a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">temptations</a>, James writes in order to encourage his readers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ. He condemns various <a href="/wiki/Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins">sins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">favouritism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Defamation#Slander" title="Defamation">slander</a>. He encourages and implores believers to live humbly by godly, rather than worldly, wisdom; he encourages <a href="/wiki/Prayer#Christianity" title="Prayer">prayer</a> in all situations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> considered the epistle to be among the <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon#New_Testament_"disputed_books":_Hebrews,_James,_Jude,_and_Revelation" title="Luther's canon">sidelined it to an appendix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he cited it in his <a href="/wiki/Large_Catechism" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epistle aims to reach a wide Jewish audience.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last decades, the epistle of James has attracted increasing scholarly interest due to a surge in the quest for the historical James,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his role within the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Jesus movement</a>, his beliefs, and his relationships and views. This James revival is also associated with an increasing level of awareness of the Jewish grounding of both the epistle and the early Jesus movement.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a>; <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a>; and <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James the Less</a></div> <p>The author is identified as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (James 1:1). James (<a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יַעֲקֹב</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ya'aqov</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ιάκωβος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iakobos</i></span>) was an extremely common name in antiquity, and a number of early Christian figures are named James, including: James the son of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">Zebedee</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James the Less</a>, James the son of <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the brother of Jesus</a> (reported to also be the son of Alphaeus). Of these, James the brother of Jesus has the most prominent role in the early church, and is often understood as either the author of the epistle,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the implied author. </p><p>The earliest recorded references to the Epistle of James highlight the contentious nature of the epistle's authorship. <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> may be the first person to link the epistle to "James the brother of Lord",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this is only preserved in <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>'s Latin translation of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> writes that "James, who is said to be the author of the first of the so-called catholic epistles. But it is to be observed that it is disputed".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerome reported that the Epistle of James "is claimed by some to have been published by some one else under his name, and gradually, as time went on, to have gained authority".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_authorship">Traditional authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The link between James the brother of Jesus and the epistle continued to strengthen, and is now considered the traditional view on the authorship of the work. The traditional view can be divided into at least three further positions that relate also to the date of the epistle:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The historical James wrote the letter prior to the Galatians controversy (Galatians 2:11–14), and prior to the Jerusalem council (Acts 15);</li> <li>The historical James wrote the letter in response to Paulinism of some sort;</li> <li>The historical James wrote his letter after the events recorded in Galatians and Acts, but is not in dialogue with Paul or Paulinism.</li></ol> <p>Many who affirm traditional authorship think James had a sufficient proficiency in Greek education to write the letter himself.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that James the brother of Jesus made use of an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, which explains the quality of Greek in the letter. Dan McCartney notes this position has garnered little support.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have advocated for a two-stage composition theory, in which many sayings in the epistle originate with James the brother of Jesus. They were collected by James' disciples and redacted into the current form of the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and others suggested that the author was the James, son of Alphaeus, who is referred to as James the Less (often identified as James the "brother" of Jesus). The Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> denied it was the work of an <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">apostle</a> and termed it an "epistle of straw".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Holy Tradition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> teaches that the Book of James was "written not by either of the apostles, but by the 'brother of the Lord' who was the first bishop of the Church in Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-OCA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudonymous_authorship">Pseudonymous authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pseudonymous authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></div> <p>A prevalent view within scholarship considers the Epistle of James to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonymous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The real author chose to write under the name James, intending that the audience perceive James the brother of Jesus as the author. Scholars who maintain pseudonymous authorship differ on whether this was a deceitful<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or pious<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> practice. </p><p>The following arguments are often cited in support of pseudepigraphy: </p> <ol><li>The Greek in the Epistle of James is rather accomplished, leading many scholars to believe that it could not have been written by Jesus’ brother. While it has been noted that James's hometown of Galilee was sufficiently Hellenised by the first century CE to produce figures such as the rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Gadara" title="Theodorus of Gadara">Theodorus</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Meleager_of_Gadara" title="Meleager of Gadara">Meleager</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no evidence (outside the Epistle of James) to suggest that James attained a Greek education.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Epistle of James appears to borrow from <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a>, and if this is the case, James must be dated after 1 Peter (often dated between 70 and 100 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If the Epistle envisages a conflict with later Paulinism, this would likewise presuppose a time after the death of James.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_surviving_manuscripts">Dating and surviving manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dating and surviving manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original manuscript of the Epistle of James is lost. The earliest extant <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> of James date to the mid-to-late 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-McCartney2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCartney2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#"James,_the_brother_of_Jesus"_passage" title="Josephus on Jesus">According to Josephus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James the brother of Jesus was killed in 62 CE, during the high priesthood of Ananus,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> provide a different account of James' death, c. 69 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who hold to traditional authorship date the epistle to sometime before 62 CE, in the forties or fifties, making it one of the earliest writings of the New Testament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Those who maintain that the epistle is pseudonymous generally date the epistle later, from the late first to mid-second century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based on a number of considerations, including the epistle's potential dependence on 1 Peter, potential response to Paul's writings or Paul's later followers, late attestation in the historical record, and the 3rd and 4th century disputes concerning the epistle's authorship. </p><p>The historiographic debate currently seems to be leaning to the side of those in favor of early dating, although not through irrefutable evidence but through indications and probabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the oldest surviving manuscripts that contain some or all of this letter include:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_20" title="Papyrus 20">Papyrus 20</a> (early 3rd century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_23" title="Papyrus 23">Papyrus 23</a> (~AD 250)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_100" title="Papyrus 100">Papyrus 100</a> (late 3rd century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (325–350)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (330–360)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (400–440)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_54" title="Papyrus 54">Papyrus 54</a> (5th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">Papyrus 74</a> (7th century)</li></ul> <p>An ancient manuscript containing this chapter in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">Papyrus 6</a> (~AD 350).<sup id="cite_ref-Aland_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aland-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin, the epistle is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_palimpsest" title="León palimpsest">León palimpsest</a> (7th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Metzger_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzger-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre">Genre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Epistle of James is a public letter (<a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a>), and includes an epistolary prescript that identifies the sender ("James") and the recipients ("to the twelve tribes in the diaspora") and provides a greeting (James 1:1). The epistle resembles the form of a Diaspora letter,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written to encourage Jewish-Christian communities living outside of Israel amid the hardships of diaspora life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James stands in the tradition of the Jewish genre of "Letters to the Diaspora", including the letters of the members of the family of Gamaliel, the one preserved in 2 Maccabees 1:1–9, or some copied by Josephus, all of which are characterised by a double opening and an abrupt ending.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many consider James to have affinities to Jewish <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>: "like <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epistle also has affinities with many of the sayings of Jesus which are found in the gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> (i.e., those attributed to the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a>). Some scholars have argued that the author of James is familiar with a version of Q rather than Luke or Matthew.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars have noted the epistle's affinities with Greco-Roman philosophical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author's use and transformation of Q materials resembles the Hellenistic practice of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aemueelatio</i></span>, in which the author must "rival and vie [<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aemulatio</i></span>] with the original in the expression of the same thoughts".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have analysed sections of James in light of Greco-Roman rhetorical conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline: "James may have simply grouped together small 'thematic essays' without having more linear, Greco-Roman structures in mind."<sup id="cite_ref-Blomberg_2008_23_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blomberg_2008_23-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be a true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom literature</a>, formulated as a letter for circulation. The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> says, "the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various; moreover, St. James not infrequently, whilst elucidating a certain point, passes abruptly to another, and presently resumes once more his former argument."<sup id="cite_ref-newadvent_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newadvent-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others view the letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure. They generally organize James under three (in the views of Ralph Martin)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to seven (in the views of Luke Johnson)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> general key themes or segments. </p><p>A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter, linking each paragraph theologically and thematically: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>James, like the gospel writers, can be seen as a purposeful theologian, carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Blomberg and Kamell<sup id="cite_ref-Blomberg_2008_23_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blomberg_2008_23-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The third view of the structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as "New Testament wisdom literature, like a small book of proverbs" or "like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourth group uses modern <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">discourse analysis</a> or Greco-Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Bible_Societies" title="United Bible Societies">United Bible Societies</a>' <i>Greek New Testament</i> divides the letter into the following sections: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td valign=""> <ul><li><i>Salutation</i> (1:1)</li> <li><i>Faith and Wisdom</i> (1:2–8)</li> <li><i>Poverty and Riches</i> (1:9-11)</li> <li><i>Trial and Temptation</i> (1:12–18)</li> <li><i>Hearing and Doing the Word</i> (1:19–27)</li> <li><i>Warning against Partiality</i> (2:1–13)</li> <li><i>Faith and Works</i> (2:14–26)</li></ul> </td> <td valign=""> <ul><li><i>The Tongue</i> (3:1–12)</li> <li><i>The Wisdom from Above</i> (3:13–18)</li> <li><i>Friendship with the World</i> (4:1–10)</li> <li><i>Judging a Brother</i> (4:11–12)</li> <li><i>Warning against Boasting</i> (4:13–17)</li> <li><i>Warning to the Rich</i> (5:1–6)</li> <li><i>Patience and Prayer</i> (5:7–20)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact historical circumstances that occasioned the epistle are unknown. Those who understand James 2 as a polemic against Paul or Paul's followers suggest an occasion for the letter aimed at opposing Pauline justification.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that James' discussion on faith and works does not have Pauline categories in view.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have suggested that the epistle was written to both Christian and non-Christian Jews, who continued to worship together before the parting of the ways between Christianity and Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warning against cursing people (James 3:9–10) has been read in light of this historical reconstruction, and Dale Allison has argued that "James reflects an environment in which some Jews, unhappy with Jewish Christians, were beginning to use the <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Birkat_haMinim" title="Birkat haMinim">Birkat ha-minim</a></i></span> or something very much like it" to curse Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poverty and wealth are key concerns throughout the epistle, and these issues are likely to reflect the epistle's historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author shows concern for vulnerable and marginalised groups, such as "orphans and widows" (James 1:27), believers who are "poorly clothed and lacking in daily food" (James 2:15), and the oppressed waged-worker (James 5:4). He writes strongly against the rich (James 1:10; 5:1–6) and those who show partiality towards them (James 2:1–7).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification">Justification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification (theology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></div> <p>The epistle contains the following famous passage concerning <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and justification: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith but does not have works? Can that faith save him? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food, 16 and one of you says to them, "Go in peace, be warmed and filled," without giving them the things needed for the body, what good is that? So also faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead. But someone will say, "You have faith and I have works." Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works. You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe—and shudder! </p><p>Do you want to be shown, you foolish person, that faith apart from works is useless? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar? You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by his works; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says, "Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness"—and he was called a friend of God. You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone. </p><p> And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way? For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, so also faith apart from works is dead.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Epistle of James</i> 2:14-26<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This passage has been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification. Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One issue in the debate is the meaning of the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δικαιόω</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dikaiόō</i></span>, 'render righteous or such as he ought to be'),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> have historically argued that the passage disproves simplistic versions of the doctrine of justification by faith alone (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Protestants resolved the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One modern American Protestant explanation pre-supposes that James taught <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sola fide</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error. The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God's favor. Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law (Galatians 2:16; Romans 3:21–22). Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive, showing thanks to God in deeds of love (Galatians 5:6 ['...since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything – only faith working through love.']). James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they didn't need to show love by a life of faith (James 2:14–17). James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive, showing itself to be so by deeds of love (James 2:18,26). James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Faith and Works</i>, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod<sup id="cite_ref-WELS_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WELS-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a>, differences exist between the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostle</a> Paul and James, but both used the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">law of Moses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity#Teachings,_parables_and_miracles" title="Jesus in Christianity">teachings of Jesus</a> and other Jewish and non-Jewish sources, and "Paul was not anti-law any more than James was a <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-BWIII_2004_Brother_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWIII_2004_Brother-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157–158">: 157–158 </span></sup> A more recent article suggests that the current confusion regarding the Epistle of James about faith and works resulted from <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s anti-<a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist</a> polemic in the early fifth century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach reconciles the views of Paul and James on faith and works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anointing_of_the_sick">Anointing of the sick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anointing of the sick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">anointing of the sick</a>. James wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Epistle of James</i> 5:14,15<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/G._A._Wells" title="G. A. Wells">G. A. Wells</a> suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle, on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>) indicated a considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation "whereas in Paul's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately (I Corinthians, XII:9)."<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1971_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1971-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works,_deeds_and_care_for_the_poor"><span id="Works.2C_deeds_and_care_for_the_poor"></span>Works, deeds and care for the poor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works, deeds and care for the poor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James and the <a href="/wiki/M_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="M Source">M Source</a> material in Matthew are unique in the canon in their stand against the rejection of works and deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sanders, traditional Christian theology wrongly divested the term "works" of its ethical grounding, part of the effort to characterize Judaism as legalistic.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for James and for all Jews, faith is alive only through Torah observance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Epistle_of_James#Dubious" title="Talk:Epistle of James">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In other words, belief demonstrates itself through practice and manifestation. For James, claims about belief are empty, unless they are alive in action, works and deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not merely listen to the word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says. Anyone who listens to the word but does not do what it says is like someone who looks at his face in a mirror and, after looking at himself, goes away and immediately forgets what he looks like. But whoever looks intently into the perfect law that gives freedom, and continues in it—not forgetting what they have heard, but doing it—they will be blessed in what they do.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Epistle of James</i> 1:22–25<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Epistle of James</i> 1:27<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Speak and act as those who are going to be judged by the law that gives freedom, because judgment without mercy will be shown to anyone who has not been merciful. Mercy triumphs over judgment.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Epistle of James</i> 2:12–13<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The epistle emphasizes the importance of acts of charity or works to go along with having the Christian faith by means the following three verses in chapter 2: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What shall it profit, my brethren, if a man say he hath faith, but hath not works? Shall faith be able to save him?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James 2:14</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But some man will say: Thou hast faith, and I have works. Shew me thy faith without works; and I will shew thee, by works, my faith.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James 2:18</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith without works is dead?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>James 2:20<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_observance">Torah observance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Torah observance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James is unique in the canon by its explicit and wholehearted support of Torah observance (<a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">the Law</a>). According to Bibliowicz, not only is this text a unique view into the milieu of the Jewish founders – its inclusion in the canon signals that as canonization began (fourth century onward) Torah observance among believers in Jesus was still authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to modern scholarship James, Q, Matthew, the Didache, and the pseudo-Clementine literature reflect a similar ethos, ethical perspective, and stand on, or assume, Torah observance. James call to Torah observance (James 1:22-27) ensures salvation (James 2:12–13, 14–26).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hartin is supportive of the focus on Torah observance and concludes that these texts support faith through action and sees them as reflecting the milieu of the Jewish followers of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hub van de Sandt sees Matthew's and James' Torah observance reflected in a similar use of the Jewish Two Ways theme which is detectable in the Didache too (Didache 3:1–6). McKnight thinks that Torah observance is at the heart of James's ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong message against those advocating the rejection of Torah observance characterizes, and emanates from, this tradition: "Some have attempted while I am still alive, to transform my words by certain various interpretations, in order to teach the dissolution of the law; as though I myself were of such a mind, but did not freely proclaim it, which God forbid! For such a thing were to act in opposition to the law of God which was spoken by Moses, and was borne witness to by our Lord in respect of its eternal continuance; for thus he spoke: 'The heavens and the earth shall pass away, but one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James seem to propose a more radical and demanding interpretation of the law than mainstream Judaism. According to Painter, there is nothing in James to suggest any relaxation of the demands of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "No doubt James takes for granted his readers' observance of the whole law, while focusing his attention on its moral demands."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter_Day_Saint_history">Latter Day Saint history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach, and it will be given to him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=James+1:5&version=nkjv">James 1:5</a> NKJV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>James 1:5 has particular importance in the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> claims that the reading and contemplation of this verse inspired him to ask God for wisdom, leading to his <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a>, and thus what his followers consider to be the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">Restoration</a>—the creation of the LDS church.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></div> <p>The first explicit references to the Epistle of James are found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (e.g. <i>Comm. on John.,</i> 19.23) in the third century. Scholars have generally rejected the possible second-century allusions to James in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither is James mentioned by Tertullian (c. 155–220 CE) or Cyprian (c. 210–258 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its authenticity of the epistle doubted by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> (c. 350–428 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia ecclesiae</a></i> 2.23.25, Eusebius classes James among the <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a> or disputed works, stating <i>it is to be observed that it is disputed; at least, not many of the ancients have mentioned it, as is the case likewise with the epistle that bears the name of Jude, which is also one of the seven so-called catholic epistles. Nevertheless we know that these also, with the rest, have been read publicly in very many churches.</i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its late recognition in the Church, especially in the West, was a consequence primarily of its sparse attestation by earlier Christian authors and its disputed authorship. Jerome reported that the Epistle of James "is claimed by some to have been published by some one else under his name, and gradually, as time went on, to have gained authority" (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De viris illustribus</a></i> 2). </p><p>The Epistle of James is missing from the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> (poss. 2nd to 4th century), the Cheltenham list (c. 360 CE), but was listed with the twenty-seven New Testament books by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> in his <i>Thirty-Ninth Festal Epistle</i> (367 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently affirmed by the Councils of Laodicea (c. 363 CE), of Rome (382 CE) and of Carthage (397 and 419).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> era, Martin Luther took issue with the epistle on theological grounds, finding James' description of faith and works incompatible with his understanding of justification. Reportedly, he once went as far as to assert "I almost feel like throwing Jimmy<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the stove", a metaphor for his being tempted to remove the Epistle of James from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther nonetheless chose to include James in his German translation of the Bible, though he moved it (along with Hebrews, Jude, and Revelation) to the end of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">Abrogation of Old Covenant laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jacob (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Epistle_of_James" title="Textual variants in the Epistle of James">Textual variants in the Epistle of James</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book is sometimes called the <b>Letter of James</b>, <b>Book of James</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>James</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is also its most common form of abbreviation;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἰάκωβος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iakōbos</i></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jimmy" is short for "James", which is how the Epistle of James is often referred to.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living Translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiPouAEACAAJ"><i>ESV Pew Bible</i></a>. Illinois: Crossway. 2018. p. 1011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-6343-0"><bdi>978-1-4335-6343-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603093159/https://www.google.com/books/edition/ESV_Pew_Bible_Black/HiPouAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Pew+Bible&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pages=1011&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-6343-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiPouAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">"Bible Book Abbreviations"</a>. <i>Logos Bible Software</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421100743/https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logos+Bible+Software&rft.atitle=Bible+Book+Abbreviations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logos.com%2Fbible-book-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/seriespage/20-james-introduction-outline-and-argument">20. James: Introduction, Outline, and Argument. Bible.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids1982" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Peter H (1982). <i>The Epistle of James: A Commentary on the Greek Text</i>. New International Greek Testament Commentary (Repr. ed.). Michigan: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802823882" title="Special:BookSources/0802823882"><bdi>0802823882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+James%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Text&rft.place=Michigan&rft.series=New+International+Greek+Testament+Commentary&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0802823882&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Peter+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A (2005). Craig A Evans (ed.). <i>Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John, Hebrews-Revelation</i>. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Victor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781442281" title="Special:BookSources/0781442281"><bdi>0781442281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Knowledge+Background+Commentary%3A+John%2C+Hebrews-Revelation&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Victor&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0781442281&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newadvent_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamerlynck1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Camerlynck, Achille (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08275b.htm">"Epistle of St James"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epistle+of+St+James&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Camerlynck&rft.aufirst=Achille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08275b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine-scripture/new-testament/letters-of-saint-james">"Letters of Saint James."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a></i>, OCA, (n.d.). Accessed 11 Dec. 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, L. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2ct-_trNUgC"><i>Brother of Jesus, Friend of God</i></a>. Eerdman's Publishing. pp. 41, 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802809863" title="Special:BookSources/0802809863"><bdi>0802809863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brother+of+Jesus%2C+Friend+of+God&rft.pages=41%2C+86&rft.pub=Eerdman%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0802809863&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=L.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2ct-_trNUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookofconcord.org/large-catechism/lords-prayer/#0122">7th Petition, 122-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2005" class="citation book cs1">Painter, John (2005). <i>James and Peter models of leadership and mission in Chilton Bruce & Evans Craig The Missions of James, Peter, and Paul</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004141618" title="Special:BookSources/9004141618"><bdi>9004141618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+Peter+models+of+leadership+and+mission+in+Chilton+Bruce+%26+Evans+Craig+The+Missions+of+James%2C+Peter%2C+and+Paul&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004141618&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton_B._and_Evans_C._A._Eds.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chilton B. and Evans C. A. Eds. (2005). "James and the Gentiles in The Missions of James, Peter, and Paul: Tensions in Early Christianity". <i>Supplements to Novum Testamentum</i> (115): 91–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplements+to+Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=James+and+the+Gentiles+in+The+Missions+of+James%2C+Peter%2C+and+Paul%3A+Tensions+in+Early+Christianity&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=91-142&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Chilton+B.+and+Evans+C.+A.+Eds.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibliowicz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29628872"><i>Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)</i></a>. WA: Mascarat. pp. 70–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1513616483" title="Special:BookSources/978-1513616483"><bdi>978-1513616483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Christian+Relations+%E2%80%93+The+First+Centuries+%28Mascarat%2C+2019%29&rft.place=WA&rft.pages=70-72&rft.pub=Mascarat&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1513616483&rft.aulast=Bibliowicz&rft.aufirst=Abel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29628872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy (1996). <i>The Letter of James</i>. New York: Doubleday. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300139907" title="Special:BookSources/9780300139907"><bdi>9780300139907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+James&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780300139907&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen, <i>Commentary on Romans</i> 4.8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, James A. (2000). "Introduction to James". <i>Southwestern Journal of Theology</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 13 n. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+James&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13+n.+9&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia ecclesiae</a></i> 2.23.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De viris illustribus</a></i> 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2009" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Dan (2009). <i>James, Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament</i>. Michigan: Baker Academic. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801026768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801026768"><bdi>978-0801026768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James%2C+Baker+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0801026768&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1999" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1999). <i>James: Wisdom of James, disciple of Jesus the sage</i>. London: Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415103701" title="Special:BookSources/9780415103701"><bdi>9780415103701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James%3A+Wisdom+of+James%2C+disciple+of+Jesus+the+sage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415103701&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCartney, <i>James</i>, 28-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2001" class="citation book cs1">Davids, P. H. (2001). "James's Message: The Literary Record". <i>The Brother of Jesus: James the Just and His Mission</i>. Kentucky: John Knox Press. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664222994" title="Special:BookSources/0664222994"><bdi>0664222994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James%27s+Message%3A+The+Literary+Record&rft.btitle=The+Brother+of+Jesus%3A+James+the+Just+and+His+Mission&rft.place=Kentucky&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0664222994&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">"HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+CHRISTIAN+CHURCH%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhistory%2F7_ch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins201219ff_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2012">Perkins 2012</a>, pp. 19ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). <i>Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</i>. New York: HarperOne. pp. 192–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062012623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062012623"><bdi>978-0062012623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=192-99&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0062012623&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R.2009" class="citation book cs1">David R., Nienhuis (2009). "James as Canon-Conscious Pseudepigraph". <i>The Catholic Epistles and Apostolic Tradition: A New Perspective on James and Jude, ed. Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr and Robert W. Wall</i>. Texas: Baylor University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602582156" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602582156"><bdi>978-1602582156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+as+Canon-Conscious+Pseudepigraph&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Epistles+and+Apostolic+Tradition%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+James+and+Jude%2C+ed.+Karl-Wilhelm+Niebuhr+and+Robert+W.+Wall&rft.place=Texas&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1602582156&rft.aulast=David+R.&rft.aufirst=Nienhuis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2012" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (2012). <i>The Jewish Teachers of Jesus, James, and Jude: What Earliest Christianity Learned from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195329001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195329001"><bdi>978-0195329001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Teachers+of+Jesus%2C+James%2C+and+Jude%3A+What+Earliest+Christianity+Learned+from+the+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0195329001&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson-McCabe2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson-McCabe, Matt (2009). "The Politics of Pseudepigraphy and the Letter of James". In Frey, Jörg (ed.). <i>Pseudepigraphie und Verfasserfiktion in frühchristlichen Briefen</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150042-8"><bdi>978-3-16-150042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Pseudepigraphy+and+the+Letter+of+James&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphie+und+Verfasserfiktion+in+fr%C3%BChchristlichen+Briefen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-16-150042-8&rft.aulast=Jackson-McCabe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2013" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Dale C. (2013). <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of James</i>. New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. pp. 67–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistle+of+James&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67-70&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel1966" class="citation book cs1">Kümmel, W. G. (1966). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>. London. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=291&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCartney2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCartney2009_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2009" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Dan G (2009). Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein (ed.). <i>Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: James</i>. Michigan: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801026768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801026768"><bdi>978-0801026768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baker+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament%3A+James&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0801026768&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Dan+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Jewish Antiquities</i> 20.197–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1999" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (1999). "For what offence was James put to death?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42201146"><i>James the Just and Christian origins</i></a>. Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 199–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11550-1"><bdi>90-04-11550-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42201146">42201146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+what+offence+was+James+put+to+death%3F&rft.btitle=James+the+Just+and+Christian+origins&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=199-232&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42201146&rft.isbn=90-04-11550-1&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42201146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Eusebius <i>Hist. Eccl.</i> II, Ch. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibelius1988" class="citation book cs1">Dibelius, Martin (1988). <i>James</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6006-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-6006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6006-2&rft.aulast=Dibelius&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel M. Gallarte & Jesús Peláez. (2016). In mari via tua. Philological Studies in Honour of Antonio Piñero. Ediciones El Almendro de Córdoba, S.L. pp. 611-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613014854/http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/nt-transcripts">"The New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room, Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF), Münster"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/nt-transcripts">the original</a> on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Virtual+Manuscript+Room%2C+Institute+for+New+Testament+Textual+Research+%28INTF%29%2C+M%C3%BCnster.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntvmr.uni-muenster.de%2Fnt-transcripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesner20071255_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiesner2007">Riesner 2007</a>, p. 1255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aland-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aland_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlandAland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pYDsAhUOxAC"><i>The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism</i></a>. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Editions+and+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Modern+Textual+Criticism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Aland%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pYDsAhUOxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce M. Metzger, <i>The Early Versions of the New Testament</i>, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoering2005" class="citation book cs1">Doering, Lutz (2005). "Jeremiah and the 'Diaspora Letters' of Ancient Judaism: Epistolary Communication with the Golah as Medium for Dealing with the Present". <i>Reading the Present in the Qumran Library: The Perception of the Contemporary by Means of Scriptural Interpretations</i>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13761-5"><bdi>978-90-04-13761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jeremiah+and+the+%27Diaspora+Letters%27+of+Ancient+Judaism%3A+Epistolary+Communication+with+the+Golah+as+Medium+for+Dealing+with+the+Present&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Present+in+the+Qumran+Library%3A+The+Perception+of+the+Contemporary+by+Means+of+Scriptural+Interpretations&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13761-5&rft.aulast=Doering&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hearon, Holly E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ixtheo.de/Record/1643494015">"To the Twelve Tribes in the Diaspora': Faith and Faithfulness in the Letter of James"</a>. <i>Biblical Research</i>. <b>61</b>: 27–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=To+the+Twelve+Tribes+in+the+Diaspora%27%3A+Faith+and+Faithfulness+in+the+Letter+of+James&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=27-45&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hearon&rft.aufirst=Holly+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fixtheo.de%2FRecord%2F1643494015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.-W. Niebuhr. (1998). "Der Jakobusbrief im Licht frühjüdischer Diasporabriefe". NTS 44, 420-443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.O. Francis. (1970). "The Form and Function of the Opening and Closing Paragraphs of James and 1 John". ZNW 61, 110-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaws1993" class="citation book cs1">Laws, Sophie (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpercollinsstu00wayn/page/2052"><i>The HarperCollins Study Bible</i></a>. San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpercollinsstu00wayn/page/2052">2052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060655267" title="Special:BookSources/0060655267"><bdi>0060655267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+HarperCollins+Study+Bible&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=2052&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0060655267&rft.aulast=Laws&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharpercollinsstu00wayn%2Fpage%2F2052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartin1991" class="citation book cs1">Hartin, Patrick J. (1991). <i>James and the Q Sayings of Jesus</i>. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474230483" title="Special:BookSources/9781474230483"><bdi>9781474230483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+the+Q+Sayings+of+Jesus&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781474230483&rft.aulast=Hartin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson-McCabe2019" class="citation book cs1">Jackson-McCabe, Matt (2019). "The Letter of James and Hellenistic Philosophy". <i>Reading the Epistle of James: A Resource for Students</i>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature Press. pp. 45–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+James+and+Hellenistic+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Epistle+of+James%3A+A+Resource+for+Students&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=45-71&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Jackson-McCabe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenborg2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nt/52/1/article-p37_3.xml">"James 1:2-15 and Hellenistic Psychagogy"</a>. <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 37–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F004810010X12577565604134">10.1163/004810010X12577565604134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=James+1%3A2-15+and+Hellenistic+Psychagogy&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-71&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F004810010X12577565604134&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnt%2F52%2F1%2Farticle-p37_3.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quintilian, <i>Inst</i>. 10.5.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S.2009" class="citation book cs1">John S., Kloppenborg (2009). "The Reception of the Jesus Tradition in James". <i>The Catholic Epistles and Apostolic Tradition: A New Perspective on James and Jude</i>. Texas: Baylor University Press. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reception+of+the+Jesus+Tradition+in+James&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Epistles+and+Apostolic+Tradition%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+James+and+Jude&rft.place=Texas&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=John+S.&rft.aufirst=Kloppenborg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Duane F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0028688500020312/type/journal_article">"James 2 in Light of Greco-Roman Schemes of Argumentation"</a>. <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 94–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500020312">10.1017/S0028688500020312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6885">0028-6885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170259453">170259453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=James+2+in+Light+of+Greco-Roman+Schemes+of+Argumentation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-121&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170259453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-6885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500020312&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Duane+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0028688500020312%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Duane F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nt/35/1/article-p48_4.xml">"The Rhetoric of James 3:1-12 and a Classical Pattern of Argumentation"</a>. <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 48–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853693X00040">10.1163/156853693X00040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+of+James+3%3A1-12+and+a+Classical+Pattern+of+Argumentation&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-64&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853693X00040&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Duane+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnt%2F35%2F1%2Farticle-p48_4.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blomberg_2008_23-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg_2008_23_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blomberg_2008_23_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig (2008). <i>James</i>. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310244028" title="Special:BookSources/9780310244028"><bdi>9780310244028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780310244028&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1988" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ralph (1988). <i>James</i>. Waco, TX: WBC. p. xcviii – civ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James&rft.place=Waco%2C+TX&rft.pages=xcviii+-+civ&rft.pub=WBC&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke (2000). <i>The Letter of James</i>. Grand Rapids: Pillar. pp. 11–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+James&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=11-16&rft.pub=Pillar&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some numerous writers and commentators assume so, like William Barclay, <i>The Daily Study Bible</i>, rev. ed., 17 vols. (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1976), Vol 14, The Letters of James and Peter, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Mark (2006). <i>A Linguistic Investigation into the Discource Structure of James</i>. London: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310244028" title="Special:BookSources/9780310244028"><bdi>9780310244028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Investigation+into+the+Discource+Structure+of+James&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780310244028&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Margaret M. (2007). "The Letter of James as a Document of Paulinism?". <i>Reading James with New Eyes: Methodological Reassessments of the Letter of James</i>. London: T&T Clark. pp. 75–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567279668" title="Special:BookSources/9780567279668"><bdi>9780567279668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+James+as+a+Document+of+Paulinism%3F&rft.btitle=Reading+James+with+New+Eyes%3A+Methodological+Reassessments+of+the+Letter+of+James&rft.place=London&rft.pages=75-98&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780567279668&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFList2020" class="citation journal cs1">List, Nicholas (2020). "Problematising Dependency: Soteriology and Vocabulary in James and Paul". <i>The Expository Times</i>. <b>131</b> (9): 383–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0014524620903678">10.1177/0014524620903678</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213753372">213753372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=Problematising+Dependency%3A+Soteriology+and+Vocabulary+in+James+and+Paul&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=383-391&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0014524620903678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213753372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=List&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Dale C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fids.v49i1.1897">"The Jewish Setting of the Epistle of James"</a>. <i>In die Skriflig</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fids.v49i1.1897">10.4102/ids.v49i1.1897</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+die+Skriflig&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Setting+of+the+Epistle+of+James&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fids.v49i1.1897&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fids.v49i1.1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenborg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2007). "Diaspora Discourse: The Construction of Ethos in James". <i>New Testament Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 242–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688507000148">10.1017/S0028688507000148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143909889">143909889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Diaspora+Discourse%3A+The+Construction+of+Ethos+in+James&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-70&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688507000148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143909889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2011" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Dale C. (2011). "Blessing God and Cursing People: James 3:9-10". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>130</b> (2): 399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41304208">10.2307/41304208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41304208">41304208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161277475">161277475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Blessing+God+and+Cursing+People%3A+James+3%3A9-10&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=399&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161277475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41304208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41304208&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2010" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Paul A. (2010). "The Letter of James". In Aune, David E. (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444318937.ch33">10.1002/9781444318937.ch33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444318937" title="Special:BookSources/9781444318937"><bdi>9781444318937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+James&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444318937.ch33&rft.isbn=9781444318937&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar2001" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, David (2001). <i>Has God Not Chosen the Poor?: The Social Setting of the Epistle of James</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841271828" title="Special:BookSources/9781841271828"><bdi>9781841271828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+God+Not+Chosen+the+Poor%3F%3A+The+Social+Setting+of+the+Epistle+of+James&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781841271828&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/James+2:14">James 2:14–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2011" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Scot (2011). <i>The Letter of James</i>. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. pp. 259–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2627-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+James&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.series=The+New+International+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=259-263&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2627-5&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=1344">"Dikaioo"</a>. <i>Greek Lexicon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Lexicon&rft.atitle=Dikaioo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Flex%2Fgrk%2Fview.cgi%3Fnumber%3D1344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2009_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, D. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRWj6j2Dswc">New Testament History & Literature: 18. Arguing with Paul</a>. Yale University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P66.HTM">"The Theological Virtues: 1815"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. <q>The gift of faith remains in one who has not sinned against it. But 'faith apart from works is dead':[James 2:26] when it is deprived of hope and love, faith does not fully unite the believer to Christ and does not make him a living member of his Body.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theological+Virtues%3A+1815&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F_P66.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1877" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.v.vii.html">"The Synod of Jerusalem and the Confession of Dositheus, A.D. 1672: Article XIII"</a>. <i>Creeds of Christendom</i>. Harper & Brothers. <q>Man is justified, not by faith alone, but also by works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Synod+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Confession+of+Dositheus%2C+A.D.+1672%3A+Article+XIII&rft.btitle=Creeds+of+Christendom&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fcreeds1.v.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom45.vi.iii.vii.html">"James 2:20–26"</a>. <i>Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles</i>. <q>When, therefore, the Sophists set up James against Paul, they go astray through the ambiguous meaning of a term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+2%3A20%E2%80%9326&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Catholic+Epistles&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Fcalcom45.vi.iii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WELS_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220114120/http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl%401518cutopic_topicid19cuitem_itemid6343.htm">"Faith and Works"</a>. <i>WELS Topical Q&A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=6343">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D19%26cuItem_itemID%3D6343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWIII_2004_Brother-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BWIII_2004_Brother_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnDSKgmm4gEC&q=james%20was%20a%20legalist&pg=PP1">Shanks, Hershel and Witherington III, Ben. (2004). <i>The Brother of Jesus: The Dramatic Story & Meaning of the First Archaeological Link to Jesus & His Family</i>.</a> HarperSanFrancisco, CA. Retrieved September 18, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060581176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060581176">978-0060581176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Kenneth (2020). "Reading James 2:18–20 with Anti-Donatist Eyes: Untangling Augustine's Exegetical Legacy". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>139</b> (2): 389–410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Reading+James+2%3A18%E2%80%9320+with+Anti-Donatist+Eyes%3A+Untangling+Augustine%27s+Exegetical+Legacy&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-410&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%205:14–15&version=nrsv">James 5:14–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells1971-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wells1971_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1971" class="citation book cs1">Wells, George Albert (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofearlych00well/page/152"><i>The Jesus of Early Christians</i></a></span>. London: Pemberton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofearlych00well/page/152">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0301710147" title="Special:BookSources/0301710147"><bdi>0301710147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+of+Early+Christians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Pemberton&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0301710147&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=George+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusofearlych00well%2Fpage%2F152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagner2007" class="citation book cs1">Hagner, Donald A. (2007). <i>Paul as a Jewish Believer in Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik, eds., Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 96–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+as+a+Jewish+Believer+in+Skarsaune+and+Reidar+Hvalvik%2C+eds.%2C+Jewish+Believers+in+Jesus%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=96-120&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Hagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1977" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, P. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781506438146"><i>Paul and Palestinian Judaism</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1506438148" title="Special:BookSources/1506438148"><bdi>1506438148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+Palestinian+Judaism&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1506438148&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisbnsearch.org%2Fisbn%2F9781506438146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartin, Patrick J. (2015). "The Letter of James: Faith Leads to Action". <i>Word & World</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+%26+World&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+James%3A+Faith+Leads+to+Action&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hartin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:James%201:22–25">James 1:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:James%201:27">James 1:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:James%202:12–13">James 2:12–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/catholic-epistle-of-st-james-the-apostle-12348">"Catholic Epistle of St. James the Apostle | EWTN"</a>. <i>EWTN Global Catholic Television Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN+Global+Catholic+Television+Network&rft.atitle=Catholic+Epistle+of+St.+James+the+Apostle+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fcatholic-epistle-of-st-james-the-apostle-12348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibliowicz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29628872"><i>Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)</i></a>. Washington: Mascarat. pp. 70–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1513616483" title="Special:BookSources/978-1513616483"><bdi>978-1513616483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Christian+Relations+%E2%80%93+The+First+Centuries+%28Mascarat%2C+2019%29&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=70-73&rft.pub=Mascarat&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1513616483&rft.aulast=Bibliowicz&rft.aufirst=Abel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29628872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2007). <i>James and the Jerusalem Community in Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik, eds., Jewish Believers in Jesus: The Early Centuries</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 64–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+the+Jerusalem+Community+in+Skarsaune+and+Reidar+Hvalvik%2C+eds.%2C+Jewish+Believers+in+Jesus%3A+The+Early+Centuries&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=64-95&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartin2008" class="citation book cs1">Hartin, Patrick J. (2008). <i>Law and Ethics in Matthew's Antitheses and James's Letter van de Sandt, Huub and Zangenberg, eds. Introduction in Matthew, James and the Didache</i>. Atlanta, Georgia: SBL. p. 315,365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589833586" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589833586"><bdi>978-1589833586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Ethics+in+Matthew%27s+Antitheses+and+James%27s+Letter+van+de+Sandt%2C+Huub+and+Zangenberg%2C+eds.+Introduction+in+Matthew%2C+James+and+the+Didache&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=315%2C365&rft.pub=SBL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1589833586&rft.aulast=Hartin&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2011" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Scot (2011). <i>The Letter of James in New International Commentary on the New Testament</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. pp. 34–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802826275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802826275"><bdi>978-0802826275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+James+in+New+International+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=34-6&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802826275&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton_B._and_Evans_C._A._Eds.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chilton B. and Evans C. A. Eds. (2005). "James and the Gentiles in The Missions of James, Peter, and Paul: Tensions in Early Christianity". <i>Supplements to Novum Testamentum</i> (115): 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplements+to+Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=James+and+the+Gentiles+in+The+Missions+of+James%2C+Peter%2C+and+Paul%3A+Tensions+in+Early+Christianity&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Chilton+B.+and+Evans+C.+A.+Eds.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2001" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2001). <i>James and Jesus in The brother of Jesus in James the Just and his mission, eds. Chilton Bruce and Neusner Jacob</i>. Louisville, Kentuckt: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 1105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664222994" title="Special:BookSources/0664222994"><bdi>0664222994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+Jesus+in+The+brother+of+Jesus+in+James+the+Just+and+his+mission%2C+eds.+Chilton+Bruce+and+Neusner+Jacob&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentuckt&rft.pages=1105&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0664222994&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.12-13?lang=eng">"Joseph Smith—History 1"</a>. <i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">The Pearl of Great Price</a><i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%E2%80%94History+1&rft.btitle=The+Pearl+of+Great+Price&rft.pub=Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fpgp%2Fjs-h%2F1.12-13%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint" class="citation web cs1">Flint, B. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420182348/http://www.churchofchrist-tl.org/mormon.html#how">"The Book of Mormon (From <i>What about the Book of Mormon?</i>)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Church of Christ (Temple Lot)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofchrist-tl.org/mormon.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Mormon+%28From+What+about+the+Book+of+Mormon%3F%29&rft.pub=Church+of+Christ+%28Temple+Lot%29&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofchrist-tl.org%2Fmormon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2017/01/youth/james-1-5-6?lang=eng">"James 1:5–6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=James+1%3A5%E2%80%936&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F2017%2F01%2Fyouth%2Fjames-1-5-6%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202174038/https://www.cofchrist.org/common/cms/resources/Documents/Lectionary%20Lessons/CHILDREN-Lessons-YearB-Dec2017-Feb2018..pdf">"Community of Christ Lessons— Children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>. 3 December 2017. pp. 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cofchrist.org/common/cms/resources/Documents/Lectionary%20Lessons/CHILDREN-Lessons-YearB-Dec2017-Feb2018..pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+of+Christ+Lessons%E2%80%94+Children&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Community+of+Christ&rft.date=2017-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofchrist.org%2Fcommon%2Fcms%2Fresources%2FDocuments%2FLectionary%2520Lessons%2FCHILDREN-Lessons-YearB-Dec2017-Feb2018..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2013" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Dale C. (2013). <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of James</i>. London: T&T Clark. pp. 17, 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472556165">10.5040/9781472556165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-7740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-7740-0"><bdi>978-0-5670-7740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistle+of+James&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17%2C+20-23&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472556165&rft.isbn=978-0-5670-7740-0&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagner1973" class="citation book cs1">Hagner, Donald (1973). <i>The Use of the Old and New Testaments in Clement of Rome</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 248–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03636-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03636-9"><bdi>978-90-04-03636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments+in+Clement+of+Rome&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=248-256&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03636-9&rft.aulast=Hagner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1965" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Robert (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofnewte0000gran/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Formation of the New Testament</i></a>. London: Hutchinson University Library. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Hutchinson+University+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofnewte0000gran%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppenborg2022" class="citation book cs1">Kloppenborg, John S. (2022). <i>James (New Testament Guides)</i>. London: T&T Clark. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567481405" title="Special:BookSources/9780567481405"><bdi>9780567481405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+%28New+Testament+Guides%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780567481405&rft.aulast=Kloppenborg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of James</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation web cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/732">"Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History"</a>. <i>ToposText</i>. The Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ToposText&rft.atitle=Eusebius%2C+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggs1991" class="citation book cs1">Griggs, C Wilfred (1991). <i>Early Egyptian Christianity</i> (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094075" title="Special:BookSources/9004094075"><bdi>9004094075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Egyptian+Christianity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=173&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004094075&rft.aulast=Griggs&rft.aufirst=C+Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRopes1916" class="citation book cs1">Ropes, James Hardy (1916). <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of Saint James</i>. Edinburgh: Clark. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781359167477" title="Special:BookSources/9781359167477"><bdi>9781359167477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistle+of+Saint+James&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Clark&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9781359167477&rft.aulast=Ropes&rft.aufirst=James+Hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther, Career of the Reformer IV, ed. Helmut T. Lehmann and Lewis W. Spitz, Luther’s Works 34 (St. Louis: Concordia, 1960), 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/the-epistle-of-straw-reflections-on-luther-and-the-epistle-of-james/">"The "Epistle of Straw": Reflections on Luther and the Epistle of James"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Epistle+of+Straw%22%3A+Reflections+on+Luther+and+the+Epistle+of+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fthemelios%2Farticle%2Fthe-epistle-of-straw-reflections-on-luther-and-the-epistle-of-james%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.iv.iv.html"><i>History of the Reformation</i></a>. <q>The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3:28 (allein durch den Glauben), by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification, on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness.464 But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James, who says (James 2:24), "by works a man is justified, and not only by faith" ("nicht durch den Glauben allein"). It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article, and characterized the Epistle of James as an "epistle of straw," because it had no evangelical character ("keine evangelische Art").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Reformation&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc7.ii.iv.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1986" class="citation journal cs1">George, Timothy (1986). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Right Strawy Epistle': Reformation Perspectives on James". <i>Review & Expositor</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003463738608300303">10.1177/003463738608300303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13308580">13308580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+%26+Expositor&rft.atitle=%27A+Right+Strawy+Epistle%27%3A+Reformation+Perspectives+on+James&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003463738608300303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13308580%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Davids" title="Peter H. Davids">Davids, Peter H.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DibaaS_A4EgC"><i>The Epistle of James: a commentary on the Greek text</i></a>. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802823885" title="Special:BookSources/9780802823885"><bdi>9780802823885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+James%3A+a+commentary+on+the+Greek+text&rft.series=The+New+International+Greek+Testament+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780802823885&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDibaaS_A4EgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Timothy_Johnson" title="Luke Timothy Johnson">Johnson, Luke Timothy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zwqAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Letter of James</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Commentaries</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300139907" title="Special:BookSources/9780300139907"><bdi>9780300139907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+James&rft.series=Anchor+Bible+Commentaries&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780300139907&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zwqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=It58APyHyPsC&q=%22This+gospel+makes+use+of+Mark%22&pg=PA19"><i>Reading the New Testament: An Introduction</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809147861" title="Special:BookSources/9780809147861"><bdi>9780809147861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780809147861&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt58APyHyPsC%26q%3D%2522This%2Bgospel%2Bmakes%2Buse%2Bof%2BMark%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiesner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Riesner" title="Rainer Riesner">Riesner, Rainer</a> (2007). "76. James". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a> (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1255–1263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"><bdi>978-0199277186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=76.+James&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pages=1255-1263&rft.edition=first+%28paperback%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199277186&rft.aulast=Riesner&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJdVkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+James" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Epistle_of_James" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=66&chapter=1">Multiple bible versions at <i>Bible Gateway</i></a> (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=1&b=20&c=1">English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617010726/http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=1&b=20&c=1">Archived</a> 2019-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=James+1"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a> (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=NT+20:+James&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Bible: James</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> Various versions</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Epistle of James"><i>Epistle of James</i></a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Epistle of James </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistle</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></small><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Peter</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistle_of_James" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistle_of_James" title="Template:Epistle of James"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistle_of_James" title="Template talk:Epistle of James"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms/phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Epistle_of_James" title="Textual variants in the Epistle of James">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Ιακώβου">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Iacobi" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Iacobi">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/James" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/James">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/James" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/James">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/James" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/James">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/James" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/James">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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