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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>During the First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Inter-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_on_World_War_II:_1939–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_on_World_War_II:_1939–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Writers on World War II: 1939–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_on_World_War_II:_1939–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_on_Cold_War_era:_1945–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_on_Cold_War_era:_1945–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Writers on Cold War era: 1945–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_on_Cold_War_era:_1945–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writers_of_other_nationalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_of_other_nationalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4.1</span> <span>Writers of other nationalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_of_other_nationalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Post–Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–9/11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–9/11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Post–9/11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–9/11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insider_spy_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insider_spy_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Insider spy fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insider_spy_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spy_television_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spy_television_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spy television and cinema</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spy_television_and_cinema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spy television and cinema subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spy_television_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_children_and_adolescents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_children_and_adolescents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>For children and adolescents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-For_children_and_adolescents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle For children and adolescents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-For_children_and_adolescents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Books and novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Films and shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games,_tabletop_roleplaying_games_and_theme_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games,_tabletop_roleplaying_games_and_theme_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Video games, tabletop roleplaying games and theme parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games,_tabletop_roleplaying_games_and_theme_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subgenres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable writers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_writers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable writers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deceased" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceased"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Deceased</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceased-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Living</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spy fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أدب الجاسوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب الجاسوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffuglen_ysb%C3%AFo" title="Ffuglen ysbïo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffuglen ysbïo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy-fiction" title="Spy-fiction – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spy-fiction" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficci%C3%B3n_de_espionaje" title="Ficción de espionaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ficción de espionaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="داستان جاسوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داستان جاسوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spionaazjefiksje" title="Spionaazjefiksje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spionaazjefiksje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiksi_mata-mata" title="Fiksi mata-mata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fiksi mata-mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura_di_spionaggio" title="Letteratura di spionaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura di spionaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%90%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جاسوسی فِکشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاسوسی فِکشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C4%83_de_spionaj" title="Literatură de spionaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatură de spionaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C" title="خەیاڵی سیخوڕی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەیاڵی سیخوڕی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="உளவுப்புனைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உளவுப்புனைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="جاسوسی ادب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاسوسی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%9C%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="諜報小說 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諜報小說" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20664331#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Len Deighton novel, see <a href="/wiki/Spy_Story_(novel)" title="Spy Story (novel)">Spy Story (novel)</a>. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Spy_Fiction" title="Spy Fiction">Spy Fiction</a>. For the subgenre that includes elements of science fiction, see <a href="/wiki/Spy-fi_(subgenre)" title="Spy-fi (subgenre)"><i>Spy-Fi (subgenre)</i></a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Spy fiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spy+fiction%22">"Spy fiction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spy+fiction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spy+fiction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spy+fiction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spy+fiction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spy+fiction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg/241px-L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg/362px-L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg/482px-L%27espion_-_Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Painting of French spy captured during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Neuville" title="Alphonse de Neuville">Alphonse de Neuville</a>, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Spy fiction</b> is a genre of literature involving <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> as an important context or plot device. It emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">major powers</a>, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, continued to develop during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rogue_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue states">rogue states</a>, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a genre, spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda" title="The Prisoner of Zenda">The Prisoner of Zenda</a></i>, 1894, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel">The Scarlet Pimpernel</a></i>, 1905), the thriller (such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace" title="Edgar Wallace">Edgar Wallace</a>) and the politico-military thriller (<i>The Schirmer Inheritance</i>, 1953, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quiet_American" title="The Quiet American">The Quiet American</a></i>, 1955).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentator William Bendler noted that "Chapter 2 of the Hebrew Bible's <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> might count as the first Spy Story in world literature. (...) Three thousand years before <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)" title="Goldfinger (novel)">James Bond</a> seduced <a href="/wiki/Pussy_Galore" title="Pussy Galore">Pussy Galore</a> and turned her into his ally against <a href="/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger" title="Auric Goldfinger">Goldfinger</a>, the spies sent by General <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> into the city of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> did much the same with <a href="/wiki/Rahab" title="Rahab">Rahab</a> the Harlot.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spy fiction as a genre started to emerge during the 19th Century. Early examples of the espionage novel are <i>The Spy</i> (1821) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bravo" title="The Bravo">The Bravo</a></i> (1831), by American novelist <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>. <i>The Bravo</i> attacks European anti-<a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, by depicting <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> as a city-state where a ruthless <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> wears the mask of the "serene republic". </p><p>In nineteenth-century France, the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> (1894–99) contributed much to public interest in <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some twelve years (ca. 1894–1906), the Affair, which involved elements of international espionage, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, dominated French politics. The details were reported by the world press: an Imperial German <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">penetration agent</a> betraying to Germany the secrets of the <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>; the French <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> riposte of sending a <a href="/wiki/Charwoman" title="Charwoman">charwoman</a> to rifle the trash in the German Embassy in Paris, were news that inspired successful spy fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories have clear espionage themes. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Naval_Treaty" title="The Adventure of the Naval Treaty">The Adventure of the Naval Treaty</a></i>, Holmes recovers the text of a secret Naval Treaty between Britain and Italy, stolen by a daring spy. In <i><a href="/wiki/His_Last_Bow_(short_story)" title="His Last Bow (short story)">His Last Bow</a></i>, Holmes himself acts as a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a>, providing Germany with a lot of false information on the eve of <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major themes of a spy in the lead-up to the First World War were the continuing rivalry between the European colonial powers for dominance in Asia, the growing threat of conflict in Europe, the domestic threat of revolutionaries and anarchists, and historical romance. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></i> (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> concerns the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Anglo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">Great Game</a>", which consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> rivalry and strategic warfare for supremacy in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, usually in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Agent" title="The Secret Agent">The Secret Agent</a></i> (1907) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> examines the psychology and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> motivating the socially marginal men and women of a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> cell. A diplomat from an unnamed (but clearly Russian) embassy forces a double-agent, Verloc, to organise a failed attempt to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Observatory">Greenwich Observatory</a> in the hope that the revolutionaries will be blamed. Conrad's next novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Western_Eyes_(novel)" title="Under Western Eyes (novel)">Under Western Eyes</a></i> (1911), follows a reluctant spy sent by the Russian Empire to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Was_Thursday" title="The Man Who Was Thursday">The Man Who Was Thursday</a></i> (1908) is a metaphysical thriller ostensibly based on the infiltration of an anarchist organisation by detectives, but the story is actually a vehicle for exploring society's power structures and the nature of suffering. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">fictional detective</a> <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, served as a SpyHunter for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> in the stories "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Second_Stain" title="The Adventure of the Second Stain">The Adventure of the Second Stain</a>" (1904), and "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Bruce-Partington_Plans" title="The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans">The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans</a>" (1912). In "<a href="/wiki/His_Last_Bow_(story)" class="mw-redirect" title="His Last Bow (story)">His Last Bow</a>" (1917), he served Crown and country as a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a>, transmitting false intelligence to Imperial Germany on the eve of the Great War. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel">The Scarlet Pimpernel</a></i> (1905) by <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Orczy" title="Baroness Orczy">Baroness Orczy</a> chronicled an English <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrat</a>'s derring-do in rescuing French aristocrats from the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–99). </p><p>But the term "spy novel" was defined by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands" title="The Riddle of the Sands">The Riddle of the Sands</a></i> (1903) by Irish author <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Childers_(author)" title="Erskine Childers (author)">Erskine Childers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Riddle of the Sands</i> described two British yachtsman cruising off the North Sea coast of Germany who turned amateur spies when they discover a secret German plan to invade Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success created a market for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_literature" title="Invasion literature">invasion literature</a> subgenre, which was flooded by imitators. <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Queux" title="William Le Queux">William Le Queux</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._Phillips_Oppenheim" title="E. Phillips Oppenheim">E. Phillips Oppenheim</a> became the most widely read and most successful British writers of spy fiction, especially of invasion literature. Their prosaic style and formulaic stories, produced voluminously from 1900 to 1914, proved of low <a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary merit">literary merit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_First_World_War">During the First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During the First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the War, <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> became the pre-eminent British spy novelist. His well-written stories portray the Great War as a "clash of civilisations" between Western <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarism</a>. His notable novels are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thirty-nine_Steps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thirty-nine Steps">The Thirty-nine Steps</a></i> (1915), <i><a href="/wiki/Greenmantle" title="Greenmantle">Greenmantle</a></i> (1916) and sequels, all featuring the heroic Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hannay" title="Richard Hannay">Richard Hannay</a>. In France <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Leroux" title="Gaston Leroux">Gaston Leroux</a> published the spy thriller <i>Rouletabille chez Krupp</i> (1917), in which a detective, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rouletabille" title="Joseph Rouletabille">Joseph Rouletabille</a>, engages in espionage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inter-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution (1917)</a>, the quality of spy fiction declined, perhaps because the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> enemy won the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–23). Thus, the inter-war spy story usually concerns combating the Red Menace, which was perceived as another "clash of civilizations". </p><p>Spy fiction was dominated by British authors during this period, initially former <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officers</a> and agents writing from inside the trade. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Ashenden:_Or_the_British_Agent" title="Ashenden: Or the British Agent">Ashenden: Or the British Agent</a></i> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, which accurately portrays spying in the First World War, and <i>The Mystery of Tunnel 51</i> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(writer_and_spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Wilson (writer and spy)">Alexander Wilson</a> whose novels convey an uncanny portrait of the first head of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Smith-Cumming" title="Mansfield Smith-Cumming">Mansfield Smith-Cumming</a>, the original 'C'. </p><p>In the book <i>Literary Agents</i> (1987), Anthony Masters wrote: "Ashenden's adventures come nearest to the real-life experiences of his creator"'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Le Carré described Ashenden stories as a major influence on his novels as praised Maugham as "the first person to write anything about espionage in a mood of disenchantment and almost prosaic reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a more popular level, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Charteris" title="Leslie Charteris">Leslie Charteris</a>' popular and long-running <i>Saint</i> series began, featuring Simon Templar, with <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Tiger" title="Meet the Tiger">Meet the Tiger</a></i> (1928). <i><a href="/wiki/Water_on_the_Brain" title="Water on the Brain">Water on the Brain</a></i> (1933) by former intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a> was the first successful spy novel <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolific author <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a> also wrote his first spy novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eunuch_of_Stamboul" title="The Eunuch of Stamboul">The Eunuch of Stamboul</a></i> (1935) during this period. </p><p>In the sham state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, spies often featured in stories published in its government-sponsored magazines as villains threatening Manchukuo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014171_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014171-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchukuo had been presented since its founding in 1931 as an idealistic Pan-Asian experiment, where the officially designated "five races" of the Japanese, Han Chinese, Manchus, Koreans and Mongols had come together to build a utopian society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchukuo also had a substantial Russian minority who initially been considered as the "sixth race", but had been excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" by the writer Ding Na often linked the willingness to serve as spies with having a mixed Russian-Han heritage; the implication being that people of "pure" descent from one of the "five races" of Manchukuo would not betray it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014169-170_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014169-170-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "A Mixed Race Woman", the villain initially appears to Mali, the eponymous character who has a Russian father and a Han mother, but she ultimately is revealed to be blackmailed by the story's true villain, the foreign spy Baoerdun, and she proves to be loyal to Manchukuo after all as she forces the gun out of Baoerdun's hand at the story's climax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014170_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014170-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ding's story also states that Baoerdun would not dare to have attempted his blackmail scheme against a Han woman and that he targeted Mali because she was racially mixed and hence "weak".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014178_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014178-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Japan invaded China in 1937 and even more so in 1941, the level of repression and propaganda in Manchukuo was increased as the state launched a "total war" campaign to mobilise society for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the "total war" campaign, the state warned people to be vigilant at all times for spies; alongside this campaign went a mania for spy stories, which likewise warned people to be vigilant against spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novels and films with a counterespionage theme became ubiquitous in Manchukuo from 1937 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014174-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the intensely patriarchal values of Manchukuo, the counter-spy campaign targeted women who were encouraged to report anyone suspicious to the police with one slogan saying, "Women defend inside and men defend outside".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" often had female protagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "A Mixed Race Woman", it is two ordinary women who break up the spy ring instead of the Manchukuo police as might be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014170_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014170-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Korean scholar Bong InYoung noted stories such as "A Mixed Race Woman" were part of the state's campaign to take over "...the governance of private and family life, relying on the power of propaganda literature and the nationwide mobilization of the social discourse of counterespionage".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014174-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, she noted "A Mixed Race Woman" with its intelligent female protagonists seemed to challenge the patriarchal values of Manchukuo which portrayed women as the weaker sex in need of male protection and guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014174-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bong noted that the true heroine of "A Mixed Race Woman", Shulan is presented as superior to Mali as she is Han and the story is one "...of female disempowerment in that Mali is completely subordinate to the racial order Shulan sets".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014181_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014181-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growing support of fascism in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, and the imminence of war, attracted quality writers back to spy fiction. </p><p>British author <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a> brought a new realism to spy fiction. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Frontier" title="The Dark Frontier">The Dark Frontier</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_for_a_Spy" title="Epitaph for a Spy">Epitaph for a Spy</a></i> (1938), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Dimitrios" title="The Mask of Dimitrios">The Mask of Dimitrios</a></i> (US: <i>A Coffin for Dimitrios</i>, 1939), and <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Fear_(novel)" title="Journey into Fear (novel)">Journey into Fear</a></i> (1940) feature amateurs entangled in espionage. The politics and ideology are secondary to the personal story that involved the hero or heroine. Ambler's <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a>–period <i>œuvre</i> has a left-wing perspective about the personal consequences of "big picture" politics and ideology, which was notable, given spy fiction's usual <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> tilt in defence of <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> attitudes. Ambler's early novels <i>Uncommon Danger</i> (1937) and <i>Cause for Alarm</i> (1938), in which <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> spies help the amateur <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> survive, are especially remarkable among English-language spy fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Above_Suspicion_(Helen_MacInnes_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Above Suspicion (Helen MacInnes novel) (page does not exist)">Above Suspicion</a></i> (1939) by <a href="/wiki/Helen_MacInnes" title="Helen MacInnes">Helen MacInnes</a>, about an anti-Nazi husband and wife spy team, features literate writing and fast-paced, intricate, and suspenseful stories occurring against contemporary historical backgrounds. MacInnes wrote many other spy novels in the course of a long career, including <i>Assignment in Brittany</i> (1942), <i>Decision at Delphi</i> (1961), and <i>Ride a Pale Horse</i> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manning_Coles" title="Manning Coles">Manning Coles</a> published <i>Drink to Yesterday</i> (1940), a grim story occurring during the Great War, which introduces the hero <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elphinstone_Hambledon" title="Thomas Elphinstone Hambledon">Thomas Elphinstone Hambledon</a>. However, later novels featuring Hambledon were lighter-toned, despite being set either in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or Britain during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> (1939–45). After the War, the Hambledon adventures fell to formula, losing <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">critical</a> and popular interest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Needle_(novel)" title="Eye of the Needle (novel)">Eye of the Needle</a></i> (1978); <a href="/wiki/Alan_Furst" title="Alan Furst">Alan Furst</a>, <i>Night Soldiers</i> (1988); and <a href="/wiki/David_Downing" title="David Downing">David Downing</a>, the Station series, beginning with <i>Zoo Station</i> (2007).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_on_World_War_II:_1939–1945"><span id="Writers_on_World_War_II:_1939.E2.80.931945"></span>Writers on World War II: 1939–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writers on World War II: 1939–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Author(s)</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Publisher</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mashbir" title="Sidney Mashbir">Mashbir, Sidney</a> </td> <td>I Was an American Spy: published 1953, republished as 65th Anniversary Edition in 2019 </td> <td>Horizon Productions </td> <td>1953, republished 2019 </td> <td>American intelligence agent who played a significant role in both WWI and WWII. Colonel Mashbir is included in the Army Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame. He is a pioneer of military intelligence and is one of two men who first created the framework for the C.I.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constance_Babington_Smith" title="Constance Babington Smith">Babington-Smith, Constance</a> </td> <td><i> Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moe_Berg" title="Moe Berg">Berg, Moe</a></td> <td><i>The Catcher Was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg</i></td> <td>Vintage Books</td> <td>1994</td> <td>— Major league baseball player and OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Yugoslavia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bryden, John</td> <td><i>Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War</i></td> <td>Lester</td> <td>1993</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helias_Doundoulakis" title="Helias Doundoulakis">Doundoulakis, Helias</a></td> <td><i>Trained to be an OSS Spy</i></td> <td>Xlibris</td> <td>2014</td> <td>OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Greece </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Hall, Virginia</a></td> <td><i>The Spy with the Wooden Leg: The Story of Virginia Hall</i></td> <td>Alma Little</td> <td>2012</td> <td>SOE and OSS spy in France </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Hinsley, F. H.</a> and Alan Stripp</td> <td><i>Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2001</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hinsley, F. H.</td> <td><i>British Intelligence in the Second World War</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1996</td> <td>Abridged version of multivolume official history. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinz_H%C3%B6hne" title="Heinz Höhne">Hohne, Heinz</a></td> <td><i>Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1979</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Jones, R. V.</a></td> <td><i>The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1978</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)" title="David Kahn (writer)">Kahn, David</a></td> <td><i>Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1978</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kahn, David</td> <td><i>Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1991</td> <td>FACE </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kitson" title="Simon Kitson">Kitson, Simon</a></td> <td><i>The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2008</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Leigh Fermor, Patrick</a></td> <td><i>Abducting a General: The Kreipe Operation in Crete</i></td> <td>New York Review Books</td> <td>2015</td> <td>SOE spy who abducted General Kreipe from Crete </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lewin, Ronald</td> <td><i>The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1982</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Masterman" title="John Cecil Masterman">Masterman, J. C.</a></td> <td><i>The Double-Cross System in the War of 1935 to 1945</i></td> <td>Yale</td> <td>1972</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persico,_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Persico, Joseph">Persico, Joseph</a></td> <td><i>Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2001</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persico, Joseph</td> <td><i>Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1991</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pinck, Dan</td> <td><i>Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China</i></td> <td>US Naval Institute Press</td> <td>2003</td> <td>OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Hong Kong, China, during WWII </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ronnie, Art</td> <td><i>Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1995</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-733-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-733-3">1-55750-733-3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sayers, Michael & <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Kahn" title="Albert E. Kahn">Albert E. Kahn</a></td> <td><i>Sabotage! The Secret War Against America</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1942</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Smith, Richard Harris</td> <td><i>OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2005</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stanley, Roy M.</td> <td><i>World War II Photo Intelligence</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1981</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Wark" title="Wesley Wark">Wark, Wesley</a></td> <td><i>The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1985</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wark, Wesley</td> <td>"Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War" in <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 22</td> <td>—</td> <td>1987</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Allason" title="Rupert Allason">West, Nigel</a></td> <td><i>Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1992</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F._W._Winterbotham" title="F. W. Winterbotham">Winterbotham, F. W.</a></td> <td><i>The Ultra Secret</i></td> <td>Harper & Row</td> <td>1974</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winterbotham, F. W.</td> <td><i>The Nazi Connection</i></td> <td>Harper & Row</td> <td>1978</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cowburn" title="Benjamin Cowburn">Cowburn, B.</a></td> <td><i>No Cloak No Dagger</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Watson">Brown Watson, Ltd</a>.</td> <td>1960</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter" title="Roberta Wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta</a></td> <td><i>Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1962</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. <i><a href="/wiki/Atomsk_(novel)" title="Atomsk (novel)">Atomsk</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Linebarger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Linebarger">Paul Linebarger</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Cordwainer_Smith" title="Cordwainer Smith">Cordwainer Smith</a>), written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> The "secret world" of espionage allowed a situation when writers could project anything they wanted onto the "secret world". The author Bruce Page complained in his 1969 book <i>The Philby Conspiracy</i>: </p><blockquote><p>"The trouble is that a man can hold almost any theory he cares to about the secret world, and defend it against large quantities of hostile evidence by the simple expedient of retreating behind further and further screens of postulated inward mystery. Secret services have in common with Freemasons and <i>mafiosi</i> that they inhabit an intellectual twilight-a kind of ambiguous gloom in which it is hard to distinguish with certainty between the menacing and the merely ludicrous. In such circumstances the human affinity for myth and legend easily gets out of control".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998500_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998500-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> This inability to know for certain about what is going on in the "secret world" of intelligence-gathering affected both non-fiction and fiction books about espionage. The Cold War and the struggle between Soviet intelligence-known as the KGB from 1954 onward-vs. the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> and MI6 made the subject of espionage a popular one for novelists to write about.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the spy novels of the Cold War were really action thrillers with little resemblance to the actual work of spies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> who had worked as a spy in World War Two commented that thriller writers in the Cold War took to writing about espionage "as easily as the mentally unstable become psychiatrists or the impotent pornographers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city that was considered to be the "capital of the Cold War" was Berlin, owing to its post-war status as the city was divided between the two German states while Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States all had occupations zones in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Berlin was a beehive of espionage during the Cold War with the city full of American, British, East German, French, Soviet and West German spies; it was estimated that there was an average of about 8,000 spies in Berlin at any given moment during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Berlin was a center of espionage, the city was frequently a setting for spy novels and films.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 made the wall into a symbol of Communist tyranny, which further increased the attraction for Western writers of setting a Cold War spy novel in Berlin. Perhaps the most memorable story set in Berlin was <i>The Spy Who Came In From The Cold</i> which in both the novel and the film ended with disillusioned British spy Alec Leamas and his lover, the naïve young woman Liz Gold being shot down while trying to cross the Berlin Wall from East Berlin into West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="British">British</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <i>Secret Ministry</i> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Cory" title="Desmond Cory">Desmond Cory</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Fedora" title="Johnny Fedora">Johnny Fedora</a>, the secret agent with a <a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">licence to kill</a>, the government-sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, a former member of naval intelligence, followed swiftly with the glamorous <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>, secret agent 007 of the British Secret Service, a mixture of counter-intelligence officer, assassin and playboy. Perhaps the most famous fictional spy, Bond was introduced in <i><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(novel)" title="Casino Royale (novel)">Casino Royale</a></i> (1953). After Fleming's death the franchise continued under other British and American authors, including <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wood_(writer)" title="Christopher Wood (writer)">Christopher Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_(British_writer)" title="John Gardner (British writer)">John Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Benson" title="Raymond Benson">Raymond Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Faulks" title="Sebastian Faulks">Sebastian Faulks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Deaver" title="Jeffery Deaver">Jeffery Deaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a>. The Bond novels, which were extremely popular in the 1950s, inspired an even more popular series of films starting in 1962. The success of the Bond novels and films has greatly influenced popular images of the work of spies even though the character of Bond is more of an assassin than a spy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998381_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998381-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Despite the commercial success of Fleming's extravagant novels, <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a>, himself a former spy, created <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-heroic</a> protagonists who struggled with the ethical issues involved in espionage and sometimes resorted to immoral tactics. Le Carré depicted spies as living a morally grey world having to constantly make morally dubious decisions in an essentially amoral struggle where lies, paranoia and betrayal are the norm for both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In le Carré best known novel, <i>The Spy Who Came In From The Cold</i> (1963), the hero Alec Leamas views himself as serving in "...a war fought on a tiny scale, at close range" and complained that he has seen too many "people cheated and misled, whole lives thrown away, people shot and in prison, whole groups and classes of men written off for nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Carré's middle-class hero <a href="/wiki/George_Smiley" title="George Smiley">George Smiley</a> is a middle-aged spy burdened with an unfaithful, upper-class wife who publicly <a href="/wiki/Cuckoldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuckoldry">cuckolds</a> him for sport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998230_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998230-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American scholars Norman Polmar and Thomas Allen described Smiley as the fictional spy most likely to be successful as a real spy, citing le Carré's description of him in <i>A Murder of Quality</i>: </p><blockquote><p>"Obscurity was his nature, as well as his profession. The byways of espionage are not populated by the brash and colorful adventurers of fiction. A man who, like Smiley has lived and worked for years among his country's enemies learns only one prayer: that he may never, never be noticed. Assimilation is his highest aim, he learns to love the crowds who pass him in the street without a glance; he clings to them for his anonymity and his safety. His fear makes him servile—he could embrace the shoppers who jostle him in their impatience and force him from the pavement. He could adore the officials, the police, the bus conductors, for the terse indifference of their attitudes.<br />But this fear, this servility, this dependence had developed in Smiley a perception for the colour of human beings: a swift, feminine sensitivity to their characters and motives. He knew mankind as a huntsman knows his cover, as a fox the woods. For a spy must hunt while he is hunted, and the crowd is his estate. He could collect their gestures, record the interplay of glance and movement, as a huntsman can record the twisted bracken and broken twig, or as a fox detects the signs of danger".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998229-230_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998229-230-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Like Le Carré, former British Intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Greene (writer)">Graham Greene</a> also examined the <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> of espionage in left-wing, anti-imperialist novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Heart_of_the_Matter" title="The Heart of the Matter">The Heart of the Matter</a></i> (1948), set in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seriocomedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seriocomedy">seriocomic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Man_in_Havana" title="Our Man in Havana">Our Man in Havana</a></i> (1959) occurring in Cuba under the regime of dictator <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a> before his deposition in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> (1953–59), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Factor_(novel)" title="The Human Factor (novel)">The Human Factor</a></i> (1978) about a MI6 agent's attempts to uncover a mole in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene had worked as a MI6 agent in Freetown, an important British naval base during World War Two, searching for German spies who would radio information about the movements of ships to the <i>Kriegsmarine</i>, experiences which inspired <i>The Heart of the Matter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene's case officer during World War Two was Harold "Kim" Philby, who was later revealed in 1963 to be a long time Soviet spy, who had been recruited by Soviet intelligence in the early 1930s while he was an undergraduate at Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene's best known spy novel <i>The Quiet American</i> (1955), set in 1952 Vietnam featured a thinly disguised version of the real American intelligence officer, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a> as the villain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene had covered the Vietnam war in 1951-52 as a newspaper correspondent where he met Lansdale who appears in <i>The Quiet American</i> as Alden Pyle while the character of Thomas Fowler, a cynical, but goodhearted British journalist in Saigon was partly based on himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MI6 was outraged by <i>Our Man In Havana</i> with its story of James Wormold, a British vacuum cleaner salesman in Cuba, recruited to work for MI6 who bamboozles his employers by selling them diagrams of vacuum cleaners, which he persuades MI6 are really diagrams of Soviet missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MI6 pressed for Greene to be prosecuted for violating the Official Secrets Act, claiming that he revealed too much about MI6's methods in <i>Our Man in Havana</i>, but it decided against charging Greene out of the fear that prosecuting him would suggest the unflattening picture of MI6 in <i>Our Man in Havana</i> was based on reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene's older brother, Herbert, a professional con-man had briefly worked as a spy for the Japanese in the 1930s before his employers realised that the "secrets" that he was selling them was merely information culled from the newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bumbling vacuum cleaner salesman Wormold in <i>Our Man in Havana</i> seems to been inspired by Herbert Greene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Human Factor</i>, Greene portrayed MI6 again in a highly unsympathetic light, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> as supporting the <i><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a></i> regime of South Africa because it was pro-Western while the book's protagonist, the MI6 officer Maurice Castle, married to a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> South African woman, provides information to the KGB to thwart MI6 operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the plot of <i>The Human Factor</i> concerned a secret plan by the British, American and West German governments to buy up South African gold in bulk in order to stabilise the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">economy of South Africa</a>, which Greene presented as fundamentally amoral, arguing that the Western powers were betraying their values by supporting the <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a> South African government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much controversy ensued when shortly after the publication of <i>The Human Factor</i> it emerged that such a plan had in fact been carried out, which led to much speculation about whether this was a coincidence or whether Greene had more access to secret information than he let on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also much speculation that the character of Maurice Castle was inspired by Philby, but Greene consistently denied this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other novelists followed a similar path. <a href="/wiki/Len_Deighton" title="Len Deighton">Len Deighton</a>'s anonymous spy protagonist of <i><a href="/wiki/The_IPCRESS_File" title="The IPCRESS File">The IPCRESS File</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Horse_Under_Water" title="Horse Under Water">Horse Under Water</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_in_Berlin" title="Funeral in Berlin">Funeral in Berlin</a></i> (1964), and others, is a working-class man with a negative view of "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997337_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997337-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable examples of espionage fiction during this period were also built around recurring characters. These include <a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_(writer)" title="James Mitchell (writer)">James Mitchell</a>'s 'John Craig' series, written under his pseudonym 'James Munro', beginning with <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Who_Sold_Death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Man Who Sold Death (page does not exist)">The Man Who Sold Death</a></i> (1964); and <a href="/wiki/Elleston_Trevor" title="Elleston Trevor">Trevor Dudley-Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quiller" title="Quiller">Quiller</a> spy novel series written under the pseudonym 'Adam Hall', beginning with <i>The Berlin Memorandum</i> (US: <i>The Quiller Memorandum</i>, 1965), a hybrid of glamour and dirt, Fleming and Le Carré; and <a href="/wiki/William_Garner_(novelist)" title="William Garner (novelist)">William Garner</a>'s fantastic Michael Jagger in <i>Overkill</i> (1966), <i>The Deep, Deep Freeze</i> (1968), <i>The Us or Them War</i> (1969) and <i>A Big Enough Wreath</i> (1974).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Padraig <a href="/wiki/Manning_O%27Brine" title="Manning O'Brine">Manning O'Brine</a>, <i>Killers Must Eat</i> (1951); <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gilbert" title="Michael Gilbert">Michael Gilbert</a>, <i>Be Shot for Sixpence</i> (1956); <a href="/wiki/Alistair_MacLean" title="Alistair MacLean">Alistair MacLean</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Frontier_(novel)" title="The Last Frontier (novel)">The Last Frontier</a></i> (1959); <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cleeve" title="Brian Cleeve">Brian Cleeve</a>, <i>Assignment to Vengeance</i> (1961); <a href="/wiki/Jack_Higgins" title="Jack Higgins">Jack Higgins</a>, <i>The Testament of Caspar Schulz</i> (1962); and <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Skirrow" title="Desmond Skirrow">Desmond Skirrow</a>, <i>It Won't Get You Anywhere</i> (1966). <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a>'s 'Gregory Sallust' (1934-1968) and 'Roger Brook' (1947-1974) series were also largely written during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable recurring characters from this era include <a href="/wiki/Adam_Diment" title="Adam Diment">Adam Diment</a>'s Philip McAlpine as a long-haired, <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>-smoking <a href="/wiki/Fop" title="Fop">fop</a> in the novels <i>The Dolly Dolly Spy</i> (1967), <i>The Great Spy Race</i> (1968), <i>The Bang Bang Birds</i> (1968) and <i>Think, Inc.</i> (1971); <a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_(writer)" title="James Mitchell (writer)">James Mitchell</a>'s 'David Callan' series, written in his own name, beginning with <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_File_for_Callan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red File for Callan (page does not exist)">Red File for Callan</a></i> (1969); <a href="/wiki/William_Garner_(novelist)" title="William Garner (novelist)">William Garner</a>'s John Morpurgo in <i>Think Big, Think Dirty</i> (1983), <i>Rats' Alley</i> (1984), and <i>Zones of Silence</i> (1986); and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hone" title="Joseph Hone">Joseph Hone</a>'s 'Peter Marlow' series, beginning with <i>The Private Sector</i> (1971), set during Israel's <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967) against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. In all of these series the writing is literary and the tradecraft believable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Noteworthy examples of the journalistic style and successful integration of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> characters with historical events were the politico-military novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Jackal" title="The Day of the Jackal">The Day of the Jackal</a></i> (1971) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Needle_(novel)" title="Eye of the Needle (novel)">Eye of the Needle</a></i> (1978) by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>. With the explosion of technology, <a href="/wiki/Craig_Thomas_(author)" title="Craig Thomas (author)">Craig Thomas</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">techno-thriller</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_(novel)" title="Firefox (novel)">Firefox</a></i> (1977), describing the Anglo–American theft of a superior Soviet jet aeroplane.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mackintosh" title="Ian Mackintosh">Ian Mackintosh</a>, <i>A Slaying in September</i> (1967); <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Benton" title="Kenneth Benton">Kenneth Benton</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Level" title="Twenty-fourth Level">Twenty-fourth Level</a></i> (1969); <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Bagley" title="Desmond Bagley">Desmond Bagley</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Running_Blind_(Desmond_Bagley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Running Blind (Desmond Bagley novel)">Running Blind</a></i> (1970); <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Price" title="Anthony Price">Anthony Price</a>, <i>The Labyrinth Makers</i> (1971); <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Seymour" title="Gerald Seymour">Gerald Seymour</a>, <i>Harry's Game</i> (1975); <a href="/wiki/Brian_Freemantle" title="Brian Freemantle">Brian Freemantle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie M">Charlie M</a></i> (1977); <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a>, <i>Familiar Strangers</i> (1979); <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hill" title="Reginald Hill">Reginald Hill</a>, <i>The Spy's Wife</i> (1980); and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Harold_Sawkins" title="Raymond Harold Sawkins">Raymond Harold Sawkins</a>, writing as Colin Forbes, <i>Double Jeopardy</i> (1982). </p><p>Philip Gooden provides an analysis of British spy fiction in four categories: professionals, amateurs, dandies and literary types.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="American">American</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a> wrote his first spy novel, <i>East of Farewell</i> (1943). In 1949 he joined the recently created CIA and continued to write spy fiction for many years. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Linebarger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Linebarger">Paul Linebarger</a>, a China specialist for the CIA, published <i><a href="/wiki/Atomsk_(novel)" title="Atomsk (novel)">Atomsk</a></i>, the first novel of the Cold War, in 1949. During the 1950s, most of American spy stories were not about the CIA, instead being about agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who tracked down and arrested Soviet spies. The popular American image of the FBI was as "coolly efficient super-cop" who always successful in performing his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998205_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998205-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI director, <a href="/wiki/J.E._Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Hoover">J.E. Hoover</a>, had long cultivated the American press and Hollywood to promote a favorable image of the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998268_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998268-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Aarons" title="Edward S. Aarons">Edward S. Aarons</a> began publishing the Sam Durell CIA "Assignment" series, which began with <i>Assignment to Disaster</i> (1955). <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hamilton" title="Donald Hamilton">Donald Hamilton</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Citizen" title="Death of a Citizen">Death of a Citizen</a></i> (1960) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wrecking_Crew_(novel)" title="The Wrecking Crew (novel)">The Wrecking Crew</a></i> (1960), beginning the series featuring <a href="/wiki/Matt_Helm" title="Matt Helm">Matt Helm</a>, a CIA assassin and counter-intelligence agent. </p><p>Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a>, a charismatic intelligence officer who was widely credited with having masterminded the defeat of the Communist Huk rebellion in the Philippines inspired several fictional versions of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides for <i>The Quiet American</i>, he appeared as Colonel Edwin Barnum in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_American_(film)" title="The Ugly American (film)">The Ugly American</a></i> (1958) by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Lederer" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Lederer">William J. Lederer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Burdick" title="Eugene Burdick">Eugene Burdick</a> and as Colonel Lionel Teryman in the novel <i>La Mal Jaune</i> (1965) by the French writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lart%C3%A9guy" title="Jean Lartéguy">Jean Lartéguy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Ugly American</i> was written as a rebuttal to <i>The Quiet American</i> under which the idealistic Colonel Barnum operating in the fictional Vietnam-like Southeast Asian nation of Sarkhan shows the way to defeat Communist guerillas by understanding local people in just the same way that Lansdale with his understanding and sympathy for ordinary Filipinos was credited with defeating the Communist Huk guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Ugly American</i> was greatly influenced by the modernization theory, which held Communism was something alike to a childhood disease as the modernization theory held that as Third World nations modernized that this created social-economic tensions which a ruthless minority of Communists exploited to seize power; what was required from the United States were experts who knew the local concerns in order to defeat the Communists until the modernization process was completed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nick_Carter-Killmaster" title="Nick Carter-Killmaster">Nick Carter-Killmaster</a> series of spy novels, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Avallone" title="Michael Avallone">Michael Avallone</a> and Valerie Moolman, but authored anonymously, ran to over 260 separate books between 1964 and the early 1990s and invariably pitted American, Soviet and Chinese spies against each other. With the proliferation of male protagonists in the spy fiction genre, writers and book packagers also started bringing out spy fiction with a female as the protagonist. One notable spy series is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baroness_(novels)" title="The Baroness (novels)">The Baroness</a></i>, featuring a sexy female superspy, with the novels being more action-oriented, in the mould of Nick Carter-Killmaster. </p><p>Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include <a href="/wiki/Ross_Thomas_(author)" title="Ross Thomas (author)">Ross Thomas</a>, <i>The Cold War Swap</i> (1966). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlatti_Inheritance" title="The Scarlatti Inheritance">The Scarlatti Inheritance</a></i> (1971) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ludlum" title="Robert Ludlum">Robert Ludlum</a> is usually considered the first American modern (glamour and dirt) spy thriller weighing action and reflection. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a>, the director-general of the CIA from 1966 to 1973 loathed le Carré's morally grey spy novels, which he felt damaged the image of the CIA, and encouraged Hunt to write spy novels as a rebuttal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-338_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-338-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helms had hopes that Hunt might write an "American James Bond" novel, which would be adopted by Hollywood and do for the image of the CIA what Fleming's Bond novels did for the image of MI6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, former CIA man <a href="/wiki/Charles_McCarry" title="Charles McCarry">Charles McCarry</a> began the Paul Christopher series with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miernik_Dossier" title="The Miernik Dossier">The Miernik Dossier</a></i> (1973) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tears_of_Autumn" title="The Tears of Autumn">The Tears of Autumn</a></i> (1978), which were well written, with believable tradecraft. McCarry was a former CIA agent who worked as an editor for <i>National Geographic</i> and his hero Christopher likewise is an American spy who works for a thinly disguised version of the CIA while posing as a journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing under the pen name <a href="/wiki/Trevanian" title="Trevanian">Trevanian</a>, Roger Whitaker published a series of brutal spy novels starting with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eiger_Sanction_(novel)" title="The Eiger Sanction (novel)">The Eiger Sanction</a></i> (1972) featuring an amoral art collector/CIA assassin who ostensibly kills for the United States, but in fact kills for money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitaker followed up <i>The Eiger Sanction</i> with <i>The Loo Sanction</i> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Shibumi_(novel)" title="Shibumi (novel)"><i>Shibumi</i></a> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1976 with his novel <i>Saving the Queen</i>, the conservative American journalist and former CIA agent <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley">William F. Buckley</a> published the first of his Blackford Oakes novels featuring a CIA agent whose politics were the same as the author's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackford Oakes was portrayed as a "sort of an American James Bond" who ruthlessly dispatches villainous KGB agents with much aplomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first American techno-thriller was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October" title="The Hunt for Red October">The Hunt for Red October</a></i> (1984) by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>. It introduced CIA deskman (analyst) <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(Tom_Clancy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy)">Jack Ryan</a> as a field agent; he reprised the role in the sequel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cardinal_of_the_Kremlin" title="The Cardinal of the Kremlin">The Cardinal of the Kremlin</a></i> (1987). </p><p>Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Littell_(author)" title="Robert Littell (author)">Robert Littell</a>, <i>The Defection of A. J. Lewinter</i> (1973); <a href="/wiki/James_Grady_(author)" title="James Grady (author)">James Grady</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_of_the_Condor" title="Six Days of the Condor">Six Days of the Condor</a></i> (1974); <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_the_Queen" title="Saving the Queen">Saving the Queen</a></i> (1976); <a href="/wiki/Nelson_DeMille" title="Nelson DeMille">Nelson DeMille</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Talbot_Odyssey" title="The Talbot Odyssey">The Talbot Odyssey</a></i> (1984); <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Griffin" title="W. E. B. Griffin">W. E. B. Griffin</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Men_at_War_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Men at War (series)">Men at War</a></i> series (1984–); <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Coonts" title="Stephen Coonts">Stephen Coonts</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Intruder_(novel)" title="Flight of the Intruder (novel)">Flight of the Intruder</a></i> (1986); Canadian-American author <a href="/wiki/David_Morrell" title="David Morrell">David Morrell</a>, <i>The League of Night and Fog</i> (1987); <a href="/wiki/David_Hagberg" title="David Hagberg">David Hagberg</a>, <i>Without Honor</i> (1989); Noel Hynd, <i>False Flags</i> (1990); and Richard Ferguson, <i>Oiorpata</i> (1990). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet">Soviet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The culture of Imperial Russia was deeply influenced by the culture of France, and traditionally spy novels in France had a very low status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of the French influence on Russian culture was that the subject of espionage was usually ignored by Russian writers during the Imperial period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the subject of espionage was treated in the Soviet Union as a story of villainous foreign spies threatening the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation established to hunt down German spies in 1943, SMERSH, was an acronym for the wartime slogan <i>Smert shpionam!</i> ("Death to Spies!"), which reflected the picture promoted by the Soviet state of spies as a class of people who deserved to be killed without mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unfavorable picture of spies ensured that before the early 1960s there were no novels featuring Soviet spies as the heroes as espionage was portrayed as a disreputable activity that only the enemies of the Soviet Union engaged in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in Britain and the United States, where the achievements of Anglo-American intelligence during the Second World War were to a certain extent publicized soon after the war such as the fact that the Americans had broken the Japanese naval codes (which came out in 1946) and the British deception operation of 1943, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a> (which was revealed in 1953), there was nothing equivalent in the Soviet Union until the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet novels prior to the 1960s to the extent that espionage was portrayed at all concerned heroic scouts in the Red Army who during the Great Patriotic War as the war with Germany is known in the Soviet Union who go on dangerous missions deep behind the Wehrmacht's lines to find crucial information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scout stories were more action-adventure stories than espionage stories proper and significantly always portrayed Red Army scouts rather than <i>Chekisty</i> ("Chekists") as secret policemen are always called in Russia as their heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protagonists of the scout stories always almost ended being killed at the climax of the stories, giving up their lives up to save the Motherland from the German invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1961, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Semichastny</a> became the chairman of the KGB and sent out to improve the image of the <i>Chekisty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acronym KGB (<i>Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti</i>-Committee of State Security) was adopted in 1954, but the organisation had been founded in 1917 as the Cheka. The frequent name changes for the secret police made no impression with the Russian people who still call any secret policeman a <i>Chekisty</i>. Semichastny felt that the legacy of the <i>Yezhovshchina</i> ("Yezhovz times") of 1936-1939 had given the KGB a fearsome reputation that he wanted to erase as wanted ordinary people to have a more favorable and positive image of the <i>Chekisty</i> as the protectors and defenders of the Soviet Union instead of torturers and killers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Semichastny encouraged the publication of a series of spy novels that featured heroic <i>Chekisty</i> defending the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during Semichastny's time as KGB chairman that the cult of the "hero spies" began in the Soviet Union as publications lionised the achievements of Soviet spies such as Colonel Rudolf Abel, Harold "Kim" Philby, Richard Sorge and of the men and women who served in the <i>Rote Kapelle</i> spy network.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing the great popularity of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels in Britain and the United States, Soviet spy novels of the 1960s used the Bond novels as inspiration for both their plots and heroes, through Soviet prurience about sex ensured that the <i>Chekisty</i> heroes did not engage in the sort of womanising that Bond did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Bond-style novel was <i>The Zakhov Mission</i> (1963) by the Bulgarian writer <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gulyashki" title="Andrei Gulyashki">Andrei Gulyashki</a> who had commissioned by Semichastny and was published simultaneously in Russian and Bulgarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of <i>The Zakhov Mission</i> led to a follow-up novel, <i>Zakhov vs. 007</i>, where Gulyashki freely violated English copyright laws by using the James Bond character without the permission of the Fleming estate (he had asked for permission in 1966 and was denied).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Zakhov vs. 007</i>, the hero Avakoum Zakhov defeats James Bond, who is portrayed in an inverted fashion to how Fleming portrayed him; in <i>Zakhov vs. 007</i>, Bond is portrayed as a sadistic killer, a brutal rapist and an arrogant misogynist, which stands in marked contrast to the kindly and gentle Zakhov who always treats women with respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zakhov is described as a spy, he more of a detective and unlike Bond, his tastes are modest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the Soviet writer <a href="/wiki/Yulian_Semyonov" title="Yulian Semyonov">Yulian Semyonov</a> published a novel set in the Russian Civil War featuring a Cheka agent Maxim Maximovich Isaуev as its hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by its success, the KGB encouraged Semyonov to write a sequel, <i>Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny</i> ("Seventeen Moments of Spring"), which proved to one of the most popular Soviet spy novels when it was serialized in <i>Pravda</i> in January–February 1969 and then published as a book later in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Seventeen Moments of Spring</i>, the story is set in the Great Patriotic War as Isayev goes undercover, using the alias of a Baltic German nobleman <a href="/wiki/Stierlitz" title="Stierlitz">Max Otto von Stierlitz</a> to infiltrate the German high command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plot of <i>Seventeen Moments of Spring</i> takes place in Berlin between January–May 1945 during the last days of the Third Reich as the Red Army advances onto Berlin and the Nazis grew more desperate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, <i>Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny</i> was turned into a television mini-series, which was extremely popular in the Soviet Union and turned the Isayev character into a cultural phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isayev character plays a role in Russian culture, even today, that is analogous to the role James Bond plays in modern British culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As aspect of <i>Seventeen Moments of Spring</i>, both as a novel and the TV mini-series that has offended Westerners who are more accustomed to seeing spy stories via the prism of the fast-paced Bond stories is the way that Isayev spends much time interacting with ordinary Germans despite the fact these interactions do nothing to advance the plot and are merely superfluous to the story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the point of these scenes are to show that Isayev is still a moral human being, who remains sociable and kind to all people, including the citizens of the state that his country is at war with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Bond, Isayev is devoted to his wife who he deeply loves and despite spending at least ten years as a spy in Germany and having countless chances to sleep with attractive German women remains faithful towards her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201743_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201743-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Isayev is a spy for the NKVD as the Soviet secret police was known from 1934 to 1946, it is stated quite explicitly in <i>Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny</i> (which is set in 1945) that he left the Soviet Union to go undercover in Nazi Germany "more than ten years ago", which means that Isayev was not involved in the <i>Yezhovshchina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201742_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201742-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later">Later</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The June 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> between Israel and its neighbours introduced new themes to espionage fiction - the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, against the backdrop of continuing Cold War tensions, and the increasing use of terrorism as a political tool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writers_on_Cold_War_era:_1945–1991"><span id="Writers_on_Cold_War_era:_1945.E2.80.931991"></span>Writers on Cold War era: 1945–1991</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writers on Cold War era: 1945–1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Author(s)</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Publisher</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a></td> <td><i>Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1981–</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a></td> <td><i>The Sword and the Shield: The <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a> and the Secret History of the KGB</i></td> <td>Basic Books</td> <td>1991, 2005</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00311-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00311-7">0-465-00311-7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky</td> <td><i>KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1990</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aronoff, Myron J.</td> <td><i>The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1999</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Bissell_Jr." title="Richard M. Bissell Jr.">Bissell, Richard</a></td> <td><i>Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1996</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lori_Lyn_Bogle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lori Lyn Bogle (page does not exist)">Bogle, Lori</a>, ed.</td> <td><i>Cold War Espionage and Spying</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2001–</td> <td>essays </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin</td> <td><i>The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin</td> <td><i>The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West</i></td> <td>Gardners Books</td> <td>2000</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028487-4">978-0-14-028487-4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colella, Jim</td> <td><i>My Life as an Italian Mafioso Spy</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2000</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Craig, R. Bruce</td> <td><i>Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter Spy Case</i></td> <td>University Press of Kansas</td> <td>2004</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1311-3">978-0-7006-1311-3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorril" title="Stephen Dorril">Dorril, Stephen</a></td> <td><i>MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2000</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dziak, John J.</td> <td><i>Chekisty: A History of the KGB</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1988</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Gates, Robert M.</a></td> <td><i>From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1997</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton</td> <td><i>Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments</i></td> <td>Doubleday Canada</td> <td>1994</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></td> <td><i>Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1999</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Helms, Richard</a></td> <td><i>A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>2003</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Koehler, John O.</td> <td><i>Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1999</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Persico" title="Joseph E. Persico">Persico, Joseph</a></td> <td><i>Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1991</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Murphy_(CIA)" title="David Murphy (CIA)">Murphy</a>, David E., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Kondrashev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Kondrashev (page does not exist)">Sergei A. Kondrashev</a>, and George Bailey</td> <td><i>Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1997</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prados, John</td> <td><i>Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1996</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rositzke, Harry.</td> <td><i>The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action</i></td> <td>—</td> <td>1988</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Srodes" title="James Srodes">Srodes, James</a></td> <td><i>Allen Dulles: Master of Spies</i></td> <td>Regnery</td> <td>2000</td> <td>CIA head to 1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sontag Sherry, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Drew_(journalist)" title="Christopher Drew (journalist)">Christopher Drew</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Blind_Man%27s_Bluff:_The_Untold_Story_of_American_Submarine_Espionage" title="Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage">Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage</a></i></td> <td>Harper</td> <td>1998</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations</i></td> <td>Greenwood Press<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td>2004</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Anderson, Nicholas <i>NOC</i> Enigma Books 2009 – Post-Cold War era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Jones" title="Ishmael Jones">Ishmael Jones</a> <i>The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture</i>, Encounter Books 2008, rev. 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Writers_of_other_nationalities">Writers of other nationalities</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Writers of other nationalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ross_(Mossad_officer)" title="Michael Ross (Mossad officer)">Michael Ross</a>, <i>The Volunteer: The Incredible True Story of an Israeli Spy on the Trail of International Terrorists</i> McClelland & Stewart 2007, rev. 2008</li> <li>Jean-Marie Thiébaud, <i>Dictionnaire Encyclopédique International des Abréviations, Singles et Acronyms, Armée et armament, Gendarmerie, Police, Services de renseignement et Services secrets français et étrangers, Espionage, Counterespionage, Services de Secours, Organisations révolutionnaires et terrorists</i>, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2015, 827 pFrench journalist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Villiers" title="Gérard de Villiers">Gérard de Villiers</a> began to write his <i>SAS</i> series in 1965. The franchise now extends to 200 titles and 150 million books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Semyonov">Julian Semyonov</a> was an influential spy novelist, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, whose range of novels and novel series featured a <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Russian</a> spy in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stierlitz" title="Stierlitz">Max Otto von Stierlitz</a>, a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> in the Nazi High Command, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>. In his novels, Semyonov covered much Soviet intelligence history, ranging from the Russian Civil War (1917–1923), through the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (1941–45), to the Russo–American Cold War (1945–91).</li> <li>Swedish author <a href="/wiki/Jan_Guillou" title="Jan Guillou">Jan Guillou</a> also began to write his <i><a href="/wiki/Coq_Rouge_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coq Rouge (novel)">Coq Rouge</a></i> series, featuring Swedish spy Carl Hamilton, during this period, beginning in 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Cold_War"></span>Post–Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the Cold War in 1991 mooted the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> countries as credible enemies of democracy, and the US Congress even considered disestablishing the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. Espionage novelists found themselves at a temporary loss for obvious <a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">nemeses</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> ceased publishing a spy novel review column. Nevertheless, counting on the aficionado, publishers continued to issue spy novels by writers popular during the Cold War era, among them <i><a href="/wiki/Harlot%27s_Ghost" title="Harlot's Ghost">Harlot's Ghost</a></i> (1991) by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>. </p><p>In the US, the new novels <i>Moscow Club</i> (1991) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Finder" title="Joseph Finder">Joseph Finder</a>, <i>Coyote Bird</i> (1993) by Jim DeFelice, <i>Masquerade</i> (1996) by <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Lynds" title="Gayle Lynds">Gayle Lynds</a>, and <i>The Unlikely Spy</i> (1996) by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Silva_(novelist)" title="Daniel Silva (novelist)">Daniel Silva</a> maintained the spy novel in the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> world. Other important American authors who first became active in spy fiction during this period include <a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a>, <i>Agents of Innocence</i> (1997); <a href="/wiki/David_Baldacci" title="David Baldacci">David Baldacci</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Saving Faith">Saving Faith</a></i> (1999); and <a href="/wiki/Vince_Flynn" title="Vince Flynn">Vince Flynn</a>, with <i>Term Limits</i> (1999) and a series of novels featuring counter-terrorism expert Mitch Rapp. </p><p>In 1993, the American novelist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> published <i>Operation Shylock</i>, an account of his supposed work as a Mossad spy in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was published as a novel, but Roth insisted that the book was not a novel as he argued that the book was presented only as a novel in order to give it deniability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the book, the character of Philip Roth is ordered to publish the account as a novel, and it ends with Roth the character saying: "And I became quite convinced that it was my interest to do that...I'm just a good Mossadnik".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> entered the spy genre with <i><a href="/wiki/Enigma_(novel)" title="Enigma (novel)">Enigma</a></i> (1995). Other important British authors who became active during this period include <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gun_Seller" title="The Gun Seller">The Gun Seller</a></i> (1996); <a href="/wiki/Andy_McNab" title="Andy McNab">Andy McNab</a>, <i>Remote Control</i> (1998); <a href="/wiki/Henry_Porter_(journalist)" title="Henry Porter (journalist)">Henry Porter</a>, <i>Remembrance Day</i> (2000); and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cumming" title="Charles Cumming">Charles Cumming</a>, <i>A Spy By Nature</i> (2001). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–9/11"><span id="Post.E2.80.939.2F11"></span>Post–9/11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post–9/11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terrorist attacks against the US on 11 September 2001, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>, reawakened interest in the peoples and politics of the world beyond its borders. Espionage genre elders such as John le Carré, Frederick Forsyth, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Littell_(author)" title="Robert Littell (author)">Robert Littell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_McCarry" title="Charles McCarry">Charles McCarry</a> resumed work, and many new authors emerged. </p><p>Important British writers who wrote their first spy novels during this period include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leather" title="Stephen Leather">Stephen Leather</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Landing_(novel)" title="Hard Landing (novel)">Hard Landing</a></i> (2004); and <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Restless_(novel)" title="Restless (novel)">Restless</a></i> (2006). </p><p>New American writers include <a href="/wiki/Brad_Thor" title="Brad Thor">Brad Thor</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lions_of_Lucerne_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lions of Lucerne (novel)">The Lions of Lucerne</a></i> (2002); <a href="/wiki/Ted_Bell" title="Ted Bell">Ted Bell</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hawke_(novel)" title="Hawke (novel)">Hawke</a></i> (2003); <a href="/wiki/Alex_Berenson" title="Alex Berenson">Alex Berenson</a>, with John Wells appearing for the first time in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faithful_Spy" title="The Faithful Spy">The Faithful Spy</a></i> (2006); <a href="/wiki/Brett_Battles" title="Brett Battles">Brett Battles</a>, <i>The Cleaner</i> (2007); Ellis Goodman, <i>Bear Any Burden</i> (2008); <a href="/wiki/Olen_Steinhauer" title="Olen Steinhauer">Olen Steinhauer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tourist_(novel)" title="The Tourist (novel)">The Tourist</a></i> (2009); and Richard Ferguson, <i>Oiorpata</i> (2012). A number of other established writers began to write spy fiction for the first time, including <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Mills_(author)" title="Kyle Mills (author)">Kyle Mills</a>, <i>Fade</i> (2005) and <a href="/wiki/James_Patterson" title="James Patterson">James Patterson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Private_(novel)" title="Private (novel)">Private</a></i> (2010). </p><p>Swede <a href="/wiki/Stieg_Larsson" title="Stieg Larsson">Stieg Larsson</a>, who died in 2004, was the world's second best-selling author for 2008 due to his <i><a href="/wiki/Millennium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium series">Millennium series</a></i>, featuring Lisbeth Salander, published posthumously between 2005 and 2007. Other authors of note include Australian <a href="/wiki/James_Clancy_Phelan" title="James Clancy Phelan">James Phelan</a>, beginning with <i>Fox Hunt</i> (2010). </p><p>Recognising the importance of the thriller genre, including spy fiction, <a href="/wiki/International_Thriller_Writers" title="International Thriller Writers">International Thriller Writers</a> (ITW) was established in 2004, and held its first conference in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insider_spy_fiction">Insider spy fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Insider spy fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many authors of spy fiction have themselves been intelligence officers working for British agencies such as MI5 or MI6, or American agencies such as the OSS or its successor, the CIA. 'Insider' spy fiction has a special claim to authenticity and overlaps with biographical and other documentary accounts of secret service. </p><p>The first insider fiction emerged after World War 1 as the thinly disguised reminiscences of former British intelligence officers such as <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(writer_and_spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Wilson (writer and spy)">Alexander Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a>. The tradition continued during World War II with <a href="/wiki/Helen_MacInnes" title="Helen MacInnes">Helen MacInnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manning_Coles" title="Manning Coles">Manning Coles</a>. </p><p>Notable British examples from the Cold War period and beyond include <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cleeve" title="Brian Cleeve">Brian Cleeve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mackintosh" title="Ian Mackintosh">Ian Mackintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Benton" title="Kenneth Benton">Kenneth Benton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_McNab" title="Andy McNab">Andy McNab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Ryan" title="Chris Ryan">Chris Ryan</a>. Notable American examples include <a href="/wiki/Charles_McCarry" title="Charles McCarry">Charles McCarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Griffin" title="W. E. B. Griffin">W. E. B. Griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hagberg" title="David Hagberg">David Hagberg</a>. </p><p>Many post-<a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> period novels are written by insiders.<sup id="cite_ref-spywise_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spywise-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the CIA, the number of manuscripts submitted for pre-publication vetting doubled between 1998 and 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American examples include <a href="/wiki/Barry_Eisler" title="Barry Eisler">Barry Eisler</a>, <i>A Clean Kill in Tokyo</i> (2002); Charles Gillen, <i>Saigon Station</i> (2003); <a href="/wiki/R_J_Hillhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="R J Hillhouse">R J Hillhouse</a>, <i>Rift Zone</i> (2004); Gene Coyle, <i>The Dream Merchant of Lisbon</i> (2004) and <i>No Game For Amateurs</i> (2009); <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Murphy_(author)" title="Thomas F. Murphy (author)">Thomas F. Murphy</a>, <i>Edge of Allegiance</i> (2005); Mike Ramsdell, <i>A Train to Potevka</i> (2005); <a href="/wiki/T._H._E._Hill" title="T. H. E. Hill">T. H. E. Hill</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voices_Under_Berlin:_The_Tale_of_a_Monterey_Mary_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voices Under Berlin: The Tale of a Monterey Mary (novel) (page does not exist)">Voices Under Berlin</a></i> (2008); Duane Evans, <i>North from Calcutta</i> (2009); <a href="/wiki/Jason_Matthews_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason Matthews (author)">Jason Matthews</a>, <i>Red Sparrow</i> (2013).;<sup id="cite_ref-spywise_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spywise-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=T.L._Williams_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T.L. Williams (author) (page does not exist)">T.L. Williams</a>, <i>Zero Day: China's Cyber Wars</i> (2017). </p><p>British examples include <i>The Code Snatch</i> (2001) by <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_Bletchley_Park" title="List of people associated with Bletchley Park">Alan Stripp</a>, formerly a cryptographer at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>; <i>At Risk</i> (2004), <i>Secret Asset</i> (2006), <i>Illegal Action</i> (2007), and <i>Dead Line</i> (2008), by <a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Dame Stella Rimington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_MI5" title="Director General of MI5">Director General of MI5</a> from 1992 to 1996); and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dunn_(author)" title="Matthew Dunn (author)">Matthew Dunn</a>'s <i>Spycatcher</i> (2011) and sequels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spy_television_and_cinema">Spy television and cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spy television and cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much spy fiction was adapted as <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy films</a> in the 1960s, ranging from the fantastical <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond in film">James Bond series</a> to the realistic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Came_in_from_the_Cold_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (film)">The Spy Who Came in from the Cold</a></i> (1965), and the hybrid <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quiller_Memorandum" title="The Quiller Memorandum">The Quiller Memorandum</a></i> (1966). While Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Matt_Helm" title="Matt Helm">Matt Helm</a> novels were adult and well written, their cinematic interpretations were adolescent <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>. This phenomenon spread widely in Europe in the 1960s and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Eurospy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurospy">Eurospy</a> genre. </p><p>English-language <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy films</a> of the 2000s include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_(2002_film)" title="The Bourne Identity (2002 film)">The Bourne Identity</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film)" title="Mission: Impossible (film)">Mission: Impossible</a></i> (1996); <i><a href="/wiki/Munich_(2005_film)" title="Munich (2005 film)">Munich</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Syriana" title="Syriana">Syriana</a></i> (2005), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Gardener_(film)" title="The Constant Gardener (film)">The Constant Gardener</a></i> (2005). </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy films</a> focusing on espionage are 1974's <i><a href="/wiki/S*P*Y*S" title="S*P*Y*S">S*P*Y*S</a></i>, 1985's <i><a href="/wiki/Spies_Like_Us" title="Spies Like Us">Spies Like Us</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers" title="Austin Powers">Austin Powers</a></i> film series starring <a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American adaptation of <i>Casino Royale</i> (1954) featured Jimmy Bond in an episode of the <i><a href="/wiki/Climax!" title="Climax!">Climax!</a></i> anthology series. The narrative tone of television espionage ranged from the drama of <i><a href="/wiki/Danger_Man" title="Danger Man">Danger Man</a></i> (1960–68) to the sardonicism of <i><a href="/wiki/Man_from_UNCLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Man from UNCLE">The Man from U.N.C.L.E</a></i> (1964–68) and the flippancy of <i><a href="/wiki/I_Spy_(1965_TV_series)" title="I Spy (1965 TV series)">I Spy</a></i> (1965–68) until the exaggeration, akin to that of William Le Queux and E. Phillips Oppenheim before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> (1914–18), degenerated to the parody of <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Smart" title="Get Smart">Get Smart</a></i> (1965–70). </p><p>In 1973, Semyonov's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Moments_of_Spring" title="Seventeen Moments of Spring">Seventeen Moments of Spring</a></i> (1968) was adapted to television as a twelve-part mini-series about the Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Isaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksim Isaev">Maksim Isaev</a> operating in wartime <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as Max Otto von Stierlitz, charged with preventing a separate peace between Nazi Germany and America which would exclude the USSR. The programme <i><a href="/wiki/TASS_Is_Authorized_to_Declare..." title="TASS Is Authorized to Declare...">TASS Is Authorized to Declare...</a></i> also derives from his work. </p><p>However, the circle closed in the late 1970s when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandbaggers" title="The Sandbaggers">The Sandbaggers</a></i> (1978–80) presented the grit and bureaucracy of espionage. </p><p>In the 1980s, US television featured the light espionage programmes <i><a href="/wiki/Airwolf" title="Airwolf">Airwolf</a></i> (1984–87) and <i><a href="/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)" title="MacGyver (1985 TV series)">MacGyver</a></i> (1985–92), each rooted in the Cold War yet reflecting American citizens' distrust of their government, after the crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> Government (the internal, political espionage of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate Scandal">Watergate Scandal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>) were exposed. The spy heroes were independent of government; MacGyver, in later episodes and post-DXS employment, works for a non-profit, private <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, and aviator Hawke and two friends work free-lance adventures. Although each series features an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a>, the DXS in <i>MacGyver</i>, and the FIRM, in <i>Airwolf</i>, its agents could alternately serve as adversaries as well as allies for the heroes. </p><p>Television espionage programmes of the late 1990s to the early 2010s include <i><a href="/wiki/La_Femme_Nikita_(TV_series)" title="La Femme Nikita (TV series)">La Femme Nikita</a></i> (1997–2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)" title="Alias (TV series)">Alias</a></i> (2001–2006), <i><a href="/wiki/24_(TV_series)" title="24 (TV series)">24</a></i> (2001–2010, 2014), <i><a href="/wiki/Spooks_(TV_series)" title="Spooks (TV series)">Spooks</a></i> in the UK (release as <i>MI-5</i> in the US and Canada) (2002-2011), <i><a href="/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)" title="NCIS (TV series)">NCIS</a></i> (2003–present), CBBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Show" title="The Secret Show">The Secret Show</a></i> (2006-2011), NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuck (TV Series)">Chuck</a></i> (2007-2012), FX's <i><a href="/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)" title="Archer (2009 TV series)">Archer</a></i> (2009–2023), <i><a href="/wiki/Burn_Notice" title="Burn Notice">Burn Notice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Covert_Affairs" title="Covert Affairs">Covert Affairs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Americans" title="The Americans">The Americans</a></i> and ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D." title="Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.">Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.</a></i> (2013-2020). </p><p>In 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_83" title="Deutschland 83">Deutschland 83</a></i> is a German television series starring a 24-year-old native of East Germany who is sent to the West as an undercover spy for the HVA, the foreign intelligence agency of the Stasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_children_and_adolescents">For children and adolescents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: For children and adolescents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_novels">Books and novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books and novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In every medium, spy thrillers introduce children and adolescents to deception and espionage at earlier ages. The genre ranges from action-adventure, such as <a href="/wiki/Chris_Ryan" title="Chris Ryan">Chris Ryan</a>'s <i>Alpha Force</i> series, through the historical espionage dramas of Y. S. Lee, to the girl orientation of <a href="/wiki/Ally_Carter" title="Ally Carter">Ally Carter</a>'s <i>Gallagher Girls</i> series, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Tell_You_I_Love_You,_But_Then_I%27d_Have_to_Kill_You" title="I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You">I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You</a></i>. </p><p>Leading examples include the <i><a href="/wiki/Agent_Cody_Banks" title="Agent Cody Banks">Agent Cody Banks</a></i> film, the <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rider" title="Alex Rider">Alex Rider</a> adventure novels by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/CHERUB" title="CHERUB">CHERUB</a> series, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muchamore" title="Robert Muchamore">Robert Muchamore</a>. Ben Allsop, one of England's youngest novelists, also writes spy fiction. His titles include <i>Sharp</i> and <i>The Perfect Kill</i>. </p><p>Other authors writing for adolescents include <a href="/wiki/A._J._Butcher" title="A. J. Butcher">A. J. Butcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Craig_(writer)" title="Joe Craig (writer)">Joe Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Higson" title="Charlie Higson">Charlie Higson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_McNab" title="Andy McNab">Andy McNab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francine_Pascal" title="Francine Pascal">Francine Pascal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_shows">Films and shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Films and shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spy-related films that are aimed towards younger audiences include movies such as the <a href="/wiki/Spy_Kids_(film)" title="Spy Kids (film)">Spy Kids</a> series of films and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Next_Door" title="The Spy Next Door">The Spy Next Door</a></i>. Shows and series in this category also include a <a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">subplot</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb" title="Phineas and Ferb">Phineas and Ferb</a></i> following <a href="/wiki/Perry_the_Platypus" title="Perry the Platypus">Perry the Platypus</a> in his attempt to sabotage <a href="/wiki/Dr._Heinz_Doofenshmirtz" title="Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz">Doofenshmirtz's</a> plans to take over the geographically ambiguous <a href="/wiki/Tri-state_area" title="Tri-state area">Tri-state area</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> show <i><a href="/wiki/Codename:_Kids_Next_Door" title="Codename: Kids Next Door">Codename: Kids Next Door</a></i> is solely focused on the eponymous Kids Next Door organization, consisting of child spies and <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldier">child soldiers</a> fighting and spying on adult and <a href="/wiki/Teenage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenage">teenage</a> villains, who are <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a> of the things children dislike while growing up (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">grounding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homework" title="Homework">homework</a>, going to the <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a>, going to <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding" title="Force-feeding">force-fed</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, getting banned from drinking <a href="/wiki/Soft_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft drinks">soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">helicopter parenting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano_lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano lesson">piano lessons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">spanking</a>), and whilst not being traditional government sponsored intelligence, the Kids Next Door market themselves as so. Another example of a kids' show in the spy genre is <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kim_Possible" title="Kim Possible">Kim Possible</a></i>, which centers on the <a href="/wiki/Kim_Possible_(character)" title="Kim Possible (character)">eponymous protagonist</a> as she fights megalomaniac villains in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>, while foiling the evil plans of the main antagonist of the show, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Drakken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Drakken">Dr. Drakken</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games,_tabletop_roleplaying_games_and_theme_parks"><span id="Video_games.2C_tabletop_roleplaying_games_and_theme_parks"></span>Video games, tabletop roleplaying games and theme parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Video games, tabletop roleplaying games and theme parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary digital video games, the player can be a vicarious spy, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal Gear (series)">Metal Gear series</a></i>, especially in the series' third installment, <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(1998_video_game)" title="Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)">Metal Gear Solid</a></i>, unlike the games of the <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person shooter</a> genre, <i><a href="/wiki/Syphon_Filter" title="Syphon Filter">Syphon Filter</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Splinter_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter Cell">Splinter Cell</a></i>. The games feature complex stories and cinematic images. Games such as <i><a href="/wiki/No_One_Lives_Forever" class="mw-redirect" title="No One Lives Forever">No One Lives Forever</a></i> and the sequel <i><a href="/wiki/No_One_Lives_Forever_2" class="mw-redirect" title="No One Lives Forever 2">No One Lives Forever 2</a>: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way</i> humorously combine espionage and 1960s design. <i><a href="/wiki/Evil_Genius_(video_game)" title="Evil Genius (video game)">Evil Genius</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> game and contemporary of the <i>No One Lives Forever</i> series, allows the player to take on the role of the villain in a setting heavily influenced by spy thriller fiction like the <i>James Bond</i> series. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex" title="Deus Ex">Deus Ex</a></i> series, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Human_Revolution" title="Deus Ex: Human Revolution">Deus Ex: Human Revolution</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Mankind_Divided" title="Deus Ex: Mankind Divided">Deus Ex: Mankind Divided</a></i>, are also examples of spy fiction. Protagonist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jensen_(Deus_Ex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Jensen (Deus Ex)">Adam Jensen</a> must frequently use spycraft and stealth to obtain sensitive information for a variety of clients and associates. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Secret_(role-playing_game)" title="Top Secret (role-playing game)">Top Secret</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/TSR,_Inc." title="TSR, Inc.">TSR, Inc.</a>, (1980) is a <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary</a> espionage-themed <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing game</a><sup id="cite_ref-history_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_007_(role-playing_game)" title="James Bond 007 (role-playing game)">James Bond 007</a></i>: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Games_(Avalon_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Games (Avalon Hill)">Victory Games</a> (1983), is a <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_roleplaying_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabletop roleplaying game">tabletop roleplaying game</a> based on Flemming's 007 novels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Spycraft:_The_Great_Game" title="Spycraft: The Great Game">Spycraft: The Great Game</a></i> (1996), notable for the collaboration with former CIA director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a> and former KGB Major-General <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin" title="Oleg Kalugin">Oleg Kalugin</a>, who also appear in the game as themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Namco_Bandai" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Bandai">Namco Bandai</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Crisis" title="Time Crisis">Time Crisis</a></i> series of <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">light gun shooters</a> centers on the exploits of a fictional multinational <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> called the VSSE (Vital Situation, Swift Elimination), whose agents, armed with a <a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">license to kill</a>, must stop terrorists and megalomaniac villains in a similar manner to <i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible" title="Mission: Impossible">Mission: Impossible</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_James_Bond_in_film" title="Portrayal of James Bond in film"><i>James Bond</i> movies</a>. </p><p>The <i>Spyland</i> espionage theme park, in the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Scala" title="Gran Scala">Gran Scala</a> pleasure dome, in Zaragoza province, Spain, opened in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spy comedy: usually <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> the <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp</a> elements characteristic to the espionage genre.</li> <li>Spy horror: spy fiction with <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-fi</a>: spy fiction with elements of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>.</li> <li>Spy thriller: the most common subgenre of spy fiction</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_writers">Notable writers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deceased">Deceased</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Deceased"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Aarons" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Aarons">Edward Aarons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Bagley" title="Desmond Bagley">Desmond Bagley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Benton" title="Kenneth Benton">Kenneth Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Charteris" title="Leslie Charteris">Leslie Charteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Childers_(author)" title="Erskine Childers (author)">Erskine Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Britton" title="Andrew Britton">Andrew Britton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Cleeve" title="Brian Cleeve">Brian Cleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manning_Coles" title="Manning Coles">Manning Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_de_Shalit" title="Jonathan de Shalit">Jonathan de Shalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Cory" title="Desmond Cory">Desmond Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Flynn" title="Vince Flynn">Vince Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Forbes" title="Bryan Forbes">Bryan Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hagberg" title="David Hagberg">David Hagberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Harold_Sawkins" title="Raymond Harold Sawkins">Colin Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_(thriller_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner (thriller writer)">John Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garner_(novelist)" title="William Garner (novelist)">William Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gilbert" title="Michael Gilbert">Michael Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Greene (writer)">Graham Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elleston_Trevor" title="Elleston Trevor">Adam Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hamilton" title="Donald Hamilton">Donald Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Higgins" title="Jack Higgins">Jack Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hill" title="Reginald Hill">Reginald Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieg_Larsson" title="Stieg Larsson">Stieg Larsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Leroux" title="Gaston Leroux">Gaston Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Linebarger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Linebarger">Paul Linebarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ludlum" title="Robert Ludlum">Robert Ludlum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McCarry" title="Charles McCarry">Charles McCarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_MacInnes" title="Helen MacInnes">Helen MacInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mackintosh" title="Ian Mackintosh">Ian Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_MacLean" title="Alistair MacLean">Alistair MacLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Munro_(British_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Munro (British author)">James Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manning_O%27Brine" title="Manning O'Brine">Manning O'Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Phillips_Oppenheim" title="E. Phillips Oppenheim">E. Phillips Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroness_Orczy" title="Baroness Orczy">Baroness Orczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Price" title="Anthony Price">Anthony Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_le_Queux" class="mw-redirect" title="William le Queux">William le Queux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn-e-Safi" title="Ibn-e-Safi">Ibn-e-Safi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Harold_Sawkins" title="Raymond Harold Sawkins">Raymond Harold Sawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Skirrow" title="Desmond Skirrow">Desmond Skirrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordwainer_Smith" title="Cordwainer Smith">Cordwainer Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Thomas_(author)" title="Craig Thomas (author)">Craig Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Thomas_(author)" title="Ross Thomas (author)">Ross Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Villiers" title="Gérard de Villiers">Gérard de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a></li> <li>Alexander Wilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Flowers" title="Charlie Flowers">Charlie Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Griffin" title="W. E. B. Griffin">W. E. B. Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Matthews_(novelist)" title="Jason Matthews (novelist)">Jason Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Bell" title="Ted Bell">Ted Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Anwar_Hussain" title="Qazi Anwar Hussain">Qazi Anwar Hussain</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living">Living</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Living"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Baldacci" title="David Baldacci">David Baldacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Battles" title="Brett Battles">Brett Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Benson" title="Raymond Benson">Raymond Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Berenson" title="Alex Berenson">Alex Berenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean_Buckley(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sean Buckley(author) (page does not exist)">Sean Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Butcher" title="A. J. Butcher">A. J. Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ally_Carter" title="Ally Carter">Ally Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Coonts" title="Stephen Coonts">Stephen Coonts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Coyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene Coyle (page does not exist)">Gene Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Craig_(writer)" title="Joe Craig (writer)">Joe Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cumming" title="Charles Cumming">Charles Cumming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Deaver" title="Jeffery Deaver">Jeffery Deaver</a></li> <li>Jim DeFelice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Deighton" title="Len Deighton">Len Deighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_DeMille" title="Nelson DeMille">Nelson DeMille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Diment" title="Adam Diment">Adam Diment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Downing" title="David Downing">David Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dunn_(author)" title="Matthew Dunn (author)">Matthew Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsuya_Endo" title="Tatsuya Endo">Tatsuya Endo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Eisler" title="Barry Eisler">Barry Eisler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duane_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duane Evans (page does not exist)">Duane Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Finder" title="Joseph Finder">Joseph Finder</a></li> <li>Richard Ferguson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Freemantle" title="Brian Freemantle">Brian Freemantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Furst" title="Alan Furst">Alan Furst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Gillen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Gillen (page does not exist)">Charles E. Gillen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis Goodman (page does not exist)">Ellis Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grady_(author)" title="James Grady (author)">James Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Griffiths_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Griffiths (author) (page does not exist)">John Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guillou" title="Jan Guillou">Jan Guillou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Herron" title="Mick Herron">Mick Herron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Higson" title="Charlie Higson">Charlie Higson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._E._Hill" title="T. H. E. Hill">T. H. E. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_J_Hillhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="R J Hillhouse">R J Hillhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hone" title="Joseph Hone">Joseph Hone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Horowitz" title="Anthony Horowitz">Anthony Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noel_Hynd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noel Hynd (page does not exist)">Noel Hynd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kanon" title="Joseph Kanon">Joseph Kanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Laurie" title="Hugh Laurie">Hugh Laurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leather" title="Stephen Leather">Stephen Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y._S._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y. S. Lee (page does not exist)">Y. S. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Littell_(author)" title="Robert Littell (author)">Robert Littell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Lynds" title="Gayle Lynds">Gayle Lynds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_McNab" title="Andy McNab">Andy McNab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Mills_(author)" title="Kyle Mills (author)">Kyle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Morrell" title="David Morrell">David Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muchamore" title="Robert Muchamore">Robert Muchamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Murphy_(author)" title="Thomas F. Murphy (author)">Thomas F. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patterson" title="James Patterson">James Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clancy_Phelan" title="James Clancy Phelan">James Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Porter_(journalist)" title="Henry Porter (journalist)">Henry Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Ramsdell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Ramsdell (page does not exist)">Mike Ramsdell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Stella Rimington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Ryan" title="Chris Ryan">Chris Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Seymour" title="Gerald Seymour">Gerald Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Silva_(novelist)" title="Daniel Silva (novelist)">Daniel Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olen_Steinhauer" title="Olen Steinhauer">Olen Steinhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Stripp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Stripp (page does not exist)">Alan Stripp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaled_Talib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaled Talib (page does not exist)">Khaled Talib</a> (<i>Smokescreen</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Terpening" title="Ron Terpening">Ron Terpening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Thor" title="Brad Thor">Brad Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T.L._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T.L. Williams (page does not exist)">T.L. Williams</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_espionage" title="History of espionage">History of espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy-fi_(neologism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-fi (neologism)">Spy-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_secret_agents" title="List of fictional secret agents">List of fictional secret agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thriller_writers" title="List of thriller writers">List of thriller writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List of genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spy_films" title="Category:Spy films">Category:Spy films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Espionage_television_series" title="Category:Espionage television series">Category:Espionage television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Espionage_television_series_by_country" title="Category:Espionage television series by country">Category:Espionage television series by country</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brett F. Woods, <i>Neutral Ground: A Political History of Espionage Fiction</i> (2008)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuddon, J. A. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory</i>, Third Edition (1991) pp. 908–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drabble, Margaret. <i>The Oxford Companion to English Literature</i>, Sixth Edition (2000) pp. 962–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Bendler, "The Bible as Literature", p. 55, 87, referencing The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>, Ch. 2 and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(novel)" title="Goldfinger (novel)">Golfinger</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Chris. <i>Dictionary of Historical Terms</i> (1983) p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby Miller, <i>Spyscreen: Espionage on Film and TV from the 1930s to the 1960s</i> Oxford University Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815952-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815952-8">0-19-815952-8</a> p. 40-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1997336_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1997">Polmar & Allen 1997</a>, p. 336.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPolmarAllen1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998336_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/m/compton-mackenzie/water-on-brain.htm">" Water On the Brain"</a>. Fantastic Fiction. Retrieved 24 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014171-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014171_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014137-138_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 137-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014169-170-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014169-170_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 169-170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014170-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014170_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014170_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014178-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014178_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014174-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014174_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014172-173_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 172-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBong2014181-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBong2014181_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBong2014">Bong 2014</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kyle Wishart (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbit.openlibhums.org/article/id/448/">"Pre Cold War British spy fiction, the "albatross of self" and lines of flight in Gravity's Rainbow"</a>. <i>Orbit (Brighton, England)</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbit+%28Brighton%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Pre+Cold+War+British+spy+fiction%2C+the+%22albatross+of+self%22+and+lines+of+flight+in+Gravity%27s+Rainbow.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kyle+Wishart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbit.openlibhums.org%2Farticle%2Fid%2F448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998500-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998500_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199860_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen199861_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998381-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998381_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998332_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998230-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998230_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998229-230-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998229-230_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 229-230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998242_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998243_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/graham-greene/human-factor/">"Review of The Human Factor"</a>. Kirkus Reviews. 1 March 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Shadowing Bond." <i>The Book Collector</i> 72 (Summer): 173-187. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998205-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998205_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998268-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998268_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-338-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998337-338_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 337-338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmarAllen1998338_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmarAllen1998">Polmar & Allen 1998</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201739-40_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 39-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201738-40_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 38-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201740-41_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 40-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201743-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201743_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens201742-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens201742_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens2017">Jens 2017</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spywise-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spywise_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spywise_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719102038/http://spywise.net/trend.html">"Wes Britton's SpyWise"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spywise.net/trend.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wes+Britton%27s+SpyWise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspywise.net%2Ftrend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2005" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott (15 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/15/books/15spyb.html?_r=0">"Ex-Spies Tell It All"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Spies+Tell+It+All&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F15%2Fbooks%2F15spyb.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180856/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-53-no.-3/pdfs/U-%20Bookshelf%2028-Sep2009-web.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-53-no.-3/pdfs/U-%20Bookshelf%2028-Sep2009-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol.-53-no.-3%2Fpdfs%2FU-%2520Bookshelf%252028-Sep2009-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924195557/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp">"The History of TSR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp">the original</a> on 24 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+TSR&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wizards.com%2Fdnd%2FDnDArchives_History.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchick1991" class="citation book cs1">Schick, Lawrence (1991). <i>Heroic Worlds: A History and Guide to Role-Playing Games</i>. New York: Prometheus Books. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879756536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879756536"><bdi>978-0879756536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Worlds%3A+A+History+and+Guide+to+Role-Playing+Games&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0879756536&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aronoff, Myron J. <i>The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics</i> (1999).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bong, InYoung (Spring 2014). "A "White Race" without Supremacy: Russians, Racial Hybridity, and Liminality in the Chinese Literature of Manchukuo". <i>Modern Chinese Literature and Culture</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 137–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Chinese+Literature+and+Culture&rft.atitle=A+%22White+Race%22+without+Supremacy%3A+Russians%2C+Racial+Hybridity%2C+and+Liminality+in+the+Chinese+Literature+of+Manchukuo&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-190&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bong&rft.aufirst=InYoung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Britton, Wesley. <i>Spy Television</i>. The Prager Television Collection. Series Ed. David Bianculli. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98163-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98163-0">0-275-98163-0</a>.</li> <li>Britton, Wesley. <i>Beyond Bond: Spies in Fiction and Film</i>. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98556-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98556-3">0-275-98556-3</a>.</li> <li>Britton, Wesley. <i>Onscreen & Undercover: The Ultimate Book of Movie Espionage</i>. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99281-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99281-0">0-275-99281-0</a>.</li> <li>Cawelti, John G. <i>The Spy Story</i> (1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jens, Erik (June 2017). "Cold War Spy Fiction in Russian Popular Culture: From Suspicion to Acceptance via <i>Seventeen Moments of Spring</i>". <i>Studies in Intelligence</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 37–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Cold+War+Spy+Fiction+in+Russian+Popular+Culture%3A+From+Suspicion+to+Acceptance+via+Seventeen+Moments+of+Spring&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-47&rft.date=2017-06&rft.aulast=Jens&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmarAllen1998" class="citation book cs1">Polmar, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1998). <i>The Spy Book The Encyclopedia of Espionage</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70249-0"><bdi>0-375-70249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Book+The+Encyclopedia+of+Espionage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-375-70249-0&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Allen%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Priestman, Martin, ed. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction</i> (2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley2017" class="citation book cs1">Ripley, Mike (2017). <i>Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang: The Boom in British Thrillers from Casino Royale to The Eagle Has Landed</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780008172237" title="Special:BookSources/9780008172237"><bdi>9780008172237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss+Kiss%2C+Bang+Bang%3A+The+Boom+in+British+Thrillers+from+Casino+Royale+to+The+Eagle+Has+Landed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780008172237&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpy+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spy_fiction&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crime_fiction" title="Template:Crime fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crime_fiction" title="Template talk:Crime fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crime_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crime fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Detective,_mystery,_and_crime_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">mystery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crime_fiction" title="History of crime fiction">History of crime fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_writers" title="List of crime writers">Crime writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caper_story" title="Caper story">Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circle_of_suspects" title="Closed circle of suspects">Closed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_detective_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl detective (genre)">girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">Hardboiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_detective_story" title="Inverted detective story">Inverted detective story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_mystery" title="Cozy mystery">cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked-room_mystery" title="Locked-room mystery">locked room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noir_fiction" title="Noir fiction">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_noir" title="Nordic noir">Nordic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan_Noir" title="Tartan Noir">Tartan Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tart_Noir" title="Tart Noir">Tart Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">historical mystery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">Police procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_drama" title="Procedural drama">Procedural drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Character</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">Fictional detectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_detective_characters" title="List of male detective characters">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_detective_characters" title="List of female detective characters">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_police_detectives" title="List of fictional police detectives">police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_private_investigators" title="List of fictional private investigators">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_historical_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional historical detectives">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_detective_teams" title="List of fictional detective teams">teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">science fiction and fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_fictional_agents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Template:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Template talk:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fictional_espionage_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fictional espionage navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_fictional_agents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of fictional agents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_espionage_organizations" title="List of fictional espionage organizations">Espionage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_secret_police_and_intelligence_organizations" title="List of fictional secret police and intelligence organizations">Secret police and intelligence organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_detectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional detectives">Detectives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_amateur_detectives" title="Category:Fictional amateur detectives">Amateur detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_detective_teams" title="List of fictional detective teams">Detective teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_detective_characters" title="List of female detective characters">Female detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery#List_of_fictional_historical_detectives" title="Historical mystery">Historical detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_male_detective_characters" title="List of male detective characters">Male detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_police_detectives" title="List of fictional police detectives">Police detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_private_investigators" title="List of fictional private investigators">Private investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">Science fiction and fantasy detectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Sherlock_Holmes_characters#Inspectors" title="Minor Sherlock Holmes characters"><i>Sherlock Holmes</i> inspectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secret agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_double_agents" title="List of fictional double agents">Double agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_secret_agents" title="List of fictional secret agents">Secret agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spymasters" title="List of fictional spymasters">Spymasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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