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NKVD - Wikipedia

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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yezhov_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yezhov_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Yezhov era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yezhov_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_Directorates_(Departments)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Directorates_(Departments)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Main Directorates (Departments)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Directorates_(Departments)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranking_system_(State_Security)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranking_system_(State_Security)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ranking system (State Security)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranking_system_(State_Security)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NKVD_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NKVD_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>NKVD activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NKVD_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NKVD activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NKVD_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_repressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_repressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Domestic repressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_repressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>International operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spanish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>World War II operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Postwar operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Intelligence activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Soviet economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People&#039;s_Commissars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People&#039;s_Commissars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People's Commissars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People&#039;s_Commissars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NKVD</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المفوضية الشعبية للشؤون الداخلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المفوضية الشعبية للشؤون الداخلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0_Xalq_Daxili_%C4%B0%C5%9Fl%C9%99r_Komissarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="SSRİ Xalq Daxili İşlər Komissarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ Xalq Daxili İşlər Komissarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8.%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87.%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF.%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF)" title="নারোদনি কমিসারিয়াত ভ্নুতরেন্নিখ দিয়াল (এন.কে.ভি.ডি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারোদনি কমিসারিয়াত ভ্নুতরেন্নিখ দিয়াল (এন.কে.ভি.ডি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="СССР Эске эштәр халыҡ комиссариаты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="СССР Эске эштәр халыҡ комиссариаты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народны камісарыят унутраных спраў СССР – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Народны камісарыят унутраных спраў СССР" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Народны камісарыят унутраных справаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Народны камісарыят унутраных справаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Народен комисариат на вътрешните работи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Народен комисариат на вътрешните работи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innenministerium_der_UdSSR" title="Innenministerium der UdSSR – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Innenministerium der UdSSR" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%95%CF%83%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Λαϊκό Επιτροπείο Εσωτερικών Υποθέσεων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκό Επιτροπείο Εσωτερικών Υποθέσεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کمیساریای خلق در امور داخلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیساریای خلق در امور داخلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%AC%B4%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%EB%B6%80" title="내무인민위원부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내무인민위원부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%8D%D5%80%D5%84_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="ԽՍՀՄ Ներքին գործերի ժողովրդական կոմիսարիատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԽՍՀՄ Ներքին գործերի ժողովրդական կոմիսարիատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisariat_Rakyat_untuk_Urusan_Dalam_Negeri" title="Komisariat Rakyat untuk Urusan Dalam Negeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komisariat Rakyat untuk Urusan Dalam Negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissariato_del_popolo_per_gli_affari_interni" title="Commissariato del popolo per gli affari interni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commissariato del popolo per gli affari interni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0.%D7%A7.%D7%95.%D7%93." title="נ.ק.ו.ד. – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נ.ק.ו.ד." data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შინაგან საქმეთა სახალხო კომისარიატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შინაგან საქმეთა სახალხო კომისარიატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%9E_%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="КСРО ішкі істер халық комиссариаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="КСРО ішкі істер халық комиссариаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSRS_Iek%C5%A1lietu_Tautas_komisari%C4%81ts" title="PSRS Iekšlietu Tautas komisariāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PSRS Iekšlietu Tautas komisariāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="എൻ.കെ.വി.ഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻ.കെ.വി.ഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E9%83%A8" title="内務人民委員部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="内務人民委員部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSR_Ichki_ishlar_xalq_komissarligi" title="SSSR Ichki ishlar xalq komissarligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SSSR Ichki ishlar xalq komissarligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="داخلہ امور دی عوامی کمیساریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="داخلہ امور دی عوامی کمیساریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKWD" title="NKWD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NKWD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народный комиссариат внутренних дел СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Народный комиссариат внутренних дел СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodnyj_komissariat_vnutrennich_del" title="Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennich del – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennich del" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84" title="دەسەڵاتدارێتیی کاروباری ناوخۆیی گەل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەسەڵاتدارێتیی کاروباری ناوخۆیی گەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%94" title="НКВД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="НКВД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91_%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="ССРБ эчке эшләр халык комиссарлыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="ССРБ эчке эшләр халык комиссарлыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99" title="กรมการราษฎรฝ่ายกิจการภายใน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรมการราษฎรฝ่ายกิจการภายใน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NKVD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Народний комісаріат внутрішніх справ СРСР – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народний комісаріат внутрішніх справ СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="داخلہ امور کی عوامی کمیساریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="داخلہ امور کی عوامی کمیساریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_D%C3%A2n_%E1%BB%A7y_N%E1%BB%99i_v%E1%BB%A5_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Bộ Dân ủy Nội vụ Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Dân ủy Nội vụ Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E9%83%A8" title="内务人民委员部 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="内务人民委员部" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A2" title="ען קא ווע דע – 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=NKVD&amp;params=55.7606_N_37.6281_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.7606°N 37.6281°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">55.7606; 37.6281</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Secret police of the Soviet Union (1934–1946)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Народный комиссариат внутренних дел</span></span><br /><i>Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/150px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/225px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/300px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">NKVD emblem</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1934<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;90 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">10 July 1934</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">March&#160;15,&#160;1946<span class="noprint">;&#32;79 years ago</span><span style="display: none;">&#160;(<span class="dtend">1946-03-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">Secret police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prison authority</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">11-13 ulitsa Bol. <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> (1934–1936)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> (1936–1938)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> (1938–1946)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> (1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_State_Security_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for State Security (USSR)">Main Directorate for State Security</a> (GUGB)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Main Directorate of Camps</a> (Gulag)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Main Directorate of Militsiya (GURKM)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security (GUPiVO).</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 4px double #CC0000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/70px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/105px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/140px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers&#39; self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen&#39;s Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women&#39;s International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Horner_(trade_unionist)" title="Arthur Horner (trade unionist)">Horner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Palme Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Corval%C3%A1n" title="Luis Corvalán">Corvalán</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Griffiths_(politician)" title="Robert Griffiths (politician)">Griffiths</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism&#32;</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related&#32; topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx&#39;s theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism&#32;portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/40px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #CC0000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_vector_portraits_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/120px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/128px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg/170px-Stalin_vector_portraits_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin&#39;s cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War#Soviet_Union" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War#Soviet_Union" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_the_Korean_War" title="Soviet Union in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors&#39; plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_of_Bolsheviks_(1991)" title="All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1991)">All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers&#39; Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/40px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/40px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism&#32;portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics&#32;portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Народный комиссариат внутренних дел</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">&#91;nɐˈrodnɨj<span class="wrap"> </span>kəmʲɪsərʲɪˈat<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvnutrʲɪnʲɪɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʲel&#93;</a></span>), abbreviated as <b>NKVD</b> (Russian&#58; <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">НКВД</span></span>; <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ec\/Ru-NKVD.ogg\/Ru-NKVD.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;listen&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Ru-NKVD.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Ru-NKVD.ogg/Ru-NKVD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-NKVD.ogg" title="File:Ru-NKVD.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), was the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">interior ministry</a> and secret police of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate</a> (OGPU) <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> organization, and thus had a monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">state security</a> functions.<sup id="cite_ref-huskey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huskey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The NKVD is known for carrying out <a href="/wiki/Soviet_political_repressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet political repressions">political repression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> and other operations on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The head of the NKVD was <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> from 1934 to 1936, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> from 1936 to 1938, <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> from 1938 to 1946, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-semukhina74_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semukhina74-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps.<sup id="cite_ref-huskey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huskey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a <a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">commissariat of the Soviet Union</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the Great Purge in 1936–1938, on Stalin's orders, the NKVD conducted mass arrests, imprisonment, torture, and executions of hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens. The agency sent millions to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> camps and, during World War II, carried out the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">mass deportations</a> of hundreds of thousands of Poles, Balts, and Romanians, and millions of ethnic minorities from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, to remote areas of the country, resulting in millions of deaths. Hundreds of thousands of NKVD personnel served in <a href="/wiki/Internal_troops" title="Internal troops">Internal Troops</a> divisions in defensive battles alongside the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, as well as in "<a href="/wiki/Barrier_troops" title="Barrier troops">blocking formations</a>," preventing retreat. The agency was responsible for foreign assassinations, including that of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Leon_Trotsky" title="Assassination of Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within 1941 and from 1943 to 1946, secret police functions were split into the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB). In March 1946, the People's Commissariats were renamed to Ministries; the NKVD became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), and the NKGB became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MGB). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_structure">History and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/220px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/330px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg/440px-1924_yagoda_menshinsky_dsershinsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Early NKVD leaders, <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a>, then (1924) 1st deputy head of SOU OGPU <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Menzhinsky" title="Vyacheslav Menzhinsky">Vyacheslav Menzhinsky</a> then head of SOU OGPU and deputy head OGPU, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a> chief of OGPU, 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Russian <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> police and set up the <i>People's <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">Militias</a></i>. The subsequent Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 saw a seizure of state power led by <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>, who established a new <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> regime, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR). The Provisional Government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), formerly under <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> (from March 1917) and then under <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Avksentiev" title="Nikolai Avksentiev">Nikolai Avksentiev</a> (from 6 August&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 July&#93;&#160;1917) and Alexei Niketan (from 8 October&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 September&#93;&#160;1917), turned into NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) under a People's Commissar. However, the NKVD apparatus was overwhelmed by duties inherited from MVD, such as the supervision of the local governments and firefighting, and the <i>Workers' and Peasants' Militias</i> staffed by proletarians were largely inexperienced and unqualified. Realizing that it was left with no capable security force, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> of the RSFSR established (20 December&#160;&#91;<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 December&#93;&#160;1917) a secret political police, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></i>, led by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>. It gained the right to undertake quick non-judicial trials and executions if that was deemed necessary in order to "protect the Russian socialist-<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> revolution." </p><p>The <i>Cheka</i> was reorganized in 1922, as the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a>, or GPU, of the NKVD of the RSFSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcher0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcher0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> formed, with the RSFSR as its largest member. The GPU became the <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> (Joint State Political Directorate), under the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> of the USSR. The NKVD of the RSFSR retained control of the <i>militsiya</i> and various other responsibilities. </p><p>In 1934, the NKVD of the RSFSR was transformed into an all-union security force, the NKVD (which the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> leaders soon came to call "the leading detachment of our party"), and the OGPU was incorporated into the NKVD as the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_State_Security_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for State Security (USSR)">Main Directorate for State Security</a> (GUGB); the separate NKVD of the RSFSR was not resurrected until 1946 (as the MVD of the RSFSR). As a result, the NKVD also took over control of all detention facilities (including the forced labor camps, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>), as well as the regular police. At various times, the NKVD had the following Chief Directorates, abbreviated as ""ГУ"ГУ"—Главное управление, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye upravleniye</i></span>. </p> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; float:right; u"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef" colspan="2" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Chronology of Soviet<br />security agencies</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;font-size:smaller"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png/120px-GPU_5th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="285" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/40px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/60px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png/120px-GPU_15th_anniversary_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="272" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NKVD_Emblem_(Solid_Colors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/40px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/60px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg/80px-NKVD_Emblem_%28Solid_Colors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblema_KGB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/40px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/60px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblema_KGB.svg/120px-Emblema_KGB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="291" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1917–22</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People&#39;s Commissars">Sovnarkom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1922–23</b></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></b> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NKVD</a> of the RSFSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1923–34</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a></b> of the Sovnarkom of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Joint State Political Directorate)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1934–41</b><br /><b>1934–41</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NKVD</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs)</span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">GUGB</a></b> of the NKVD of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Main Directorate of State Security)</span> 1934-41</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1941</b><br /><b>1943–46</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a></b> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(People's Commissariat for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1946–53</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)"><b>MGB</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ministry of State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1953–54</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)"><b>MVD</b></a> of the USSR<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ministry of Internal Affairs)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#efefef"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>1954–91</b></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#dfefff"><b><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers of the USSR</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(Committee for State Security)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Template talk:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>ГУГБ – государственной безопасности, of State Security (<a href="/wiki/GUGB" class="mw-redirect" title="GUGB">GUGB</a>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye upravleniye gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУРКМ – рабоче-крестьянской милиции, of Workers and Peasants <i><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></i> (GURKM, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye upravleniye raboče-krest'yanskoi militsyi</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУПВО – пограничной и внутренней охраны, of Border and Internal Guards (GUPVO, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">GU pograničnoi i vnytrennei okhrany</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУПО – пожарной охраны, of Firefighting Services (GUPO, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">GU požarnoi okhrany</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУШосДор – шоссейных дорог, of Highways (GUŠD, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">GU šosseynykh dorog</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУЖД – железных дорог, of Railways (GUŽD, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">GU železnykh dorog</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУЛаг– Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей и колоний, (<a href="/wiki/GULag" class="mw-redirect" title="GULag">GULag</a>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye upravleniye <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lagerey i kolonii</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГЭУ – экономическое, of Economics (GEU, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye ekonomičeskoie upravleniye</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГТУ – транспортное, of Transport (GTU, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye transportnoie upravleniye</i></span>)</dd> <dd>ГУВПИ – военнопленных и интернированных, of <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> and interned persons (<a href="/wiki/GUVPI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUVPI">GUVPI</a>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Glavnoye upravleniye voyennoplennikh i internirovannikh</i></span>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yezhov_era">Yezhov era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Yezhov era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the reorganization begun by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a> with a purge of the regional political police in the autumn of 1936 and formalized by a May 1939 directive of the All-Union NKVD by which all appointments to the local political police were controlled from the center, there was frequent tension between centralized control of local units and the collusion of those units with local and regional party elements, frequently resulting in the thwarting of Moscow's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Yezhov's time in office, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> reached its height. In the years 1937 and 1938 alone, at least 1.3 million were arrested and 681,692 were executed for 'crimes against the state'. The Gulag population swelled by 685,201 under Yezhov, nearly tripling in size in just two years, with at least 140,000 of these prisoners (and likely many more) dying of malnutrition, exhaustion and the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 February 1941, the 4th Department (Special Section, OO) of the GUGB NKVD security service responsible for the Soviet Armed Forces military counterintelligence,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> consisting of 12 sections and one investigation unit, was separated from the GUGB NKVD USSR. </p><p>The official liquidation of OO GUGB within NKVD was announced on 12 February by joint order No. 00151/003 of NKVD and NKGB USSR. The rest of GUGB was abolished, and staff were moved to the newly created <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security</a> (NKGB). Departments of former GUGB were renamed directorates. For example, the foreign intelligence unit known as the Foreign Department (INO) became the Foreign Directorate (INU); the GUGB political police unit represented by the Secret Political Department (SPO) became the Secret Political Directorate (SPU), and so on. The former GUGB 4th Department (OO), was split into three sections. One section, which handled military counterintelligence in NKVD troops (former 11th Section of GUGB 4th Department OO) became the 3rd NKVD Department, or OKR (Otdel KontrRazvedki). The chief of OKR NKVD was Aleksander Belyanov. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a> (June 1941), the NKGB USSR was abolished, and on July 20, 1941, the units that formed the NKGB became part of the NKVD. The military CI was also upgraded from a department to a directorate and put in the NKVD organization as the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Special_Departments_within_NKVD_USSR" title="Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR">Directorate of Special Departments</a>, or UOO NKVD USSR. The NKVMF, however, did not return to the NKVD until January 11, 1942. It returned to NKVD control on January 11, 1942, as UOO 9th Department controlled by P. Gladkov. In April 1943, Directorate of Special Departments was transformed into <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> and transferred to the People's Defense and Commissariates. At the same time, the NKVD was reduced in size and duties again by converting the GUGB to an independent unit named the NKGB. </p><p>In 1946, all Soviet commissariats were renamed "ministries." Accordingly, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD), while the NKGB was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MGB). </p><p>In 1953, after the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a>, the MGB merged back into the MVD. The police and security services finally split in 1954 to become: </p> <ul><li>The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), responsible for the criminal militia and <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">correctional facilities</a>.</li> <li>The USSR Committee for State Security (<a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>), responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Political_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Political police">political police</a>, intelligence, counterintelligence, personal protection (of the leadership), and confidential communications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Directorates_(Departments)"><span id="Main_Directorates_.28Departments.29"></span>Main Directorates (Departments)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Main Directorates (Departments)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">State Security</a></li> <li>Workers-Peasants Militsiya</li> <li>Border and Internal Security</li> <li>Firefighting security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Correction and Labor camps</a></li> <li><i>Other smaller departments</i> <ul><li>Department of Civil Registration</li> <li>Financial (FINO)</li> <li>Administration</li> <li>Human resources</li> <li>Secretariat</li> <li>Special assignment</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranking_system_(State_Security)"><span id="Ranking_system_.28State_Security.29"></span>Ranking system (State Security)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Ranking system (State Security)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935–1945, the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security</a> of NKVD had its own ranking system before it was merged into the Soviet military standardized ranking system. </p> <dl><dt>Top-level commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Commissioner General of State Security (later in 1935)</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 1st Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 2nd Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security, 3rd Class</li> <li>Commissioner of State Security (Senior Major of State Security, before 1943)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Senior commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Colonel of State Security (Major of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Lieutenant Colonel of State Security (Captain of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Major of State Security (Senior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Mid-level commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Captain of State Security (Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Senior Lieutenant of State Security (Junior Lieutenant of State Security, before 1943)</li> <li>Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)</li> <li>Junior Lieutenant of State Security (Sergeant of State Security, before 1942)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Junior commanding staff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Master Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li> <li>Senior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li> <li>Sergeant of Special Service (from 1944)</li> <li>Junior Sergeant of Special Service (from 1943)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NKVD_activities">NKVD activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: NKVD activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main function of the NKVD was to protect the <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">state security</a> of the Soviet Union through massive <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, including authorized murders of many thousands of politicians and citizens, as well as kidnappings, assassinations, and mass deportations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_repressions">Domestic repressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic repressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/250px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg/500px-Yagoda_kanal_Moskva_Volga.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>NKVD chief <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a> (middle) inspecting construction of what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Canal" title="Moscow Canal">Moskva-Volga Canal</a>, 1935. Behind him is <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In implemention of Soviet internal policy towards perceived enemies of the Soviet state ("<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>"), untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps, and hundreds of thousands were executed by the NKVD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Formally, most of these people were convicted by <a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">NKVD troikas</a> ("triplets") – special <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">courts martial</a>. Evidence standards were very low: a tip-off by an anonymous informer was considered sufficient grounds for arrest. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Use of "physical means of persuasion" (torture) was sanctioned by a special decree of the state, which opened the door to numerous abuses, documented in recollections of victims and members of the NKVD themselves. Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves in the Soviet Union">mass graves</a> resulting from such operations were later discovered throughout the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Evidence <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> exists that the NKVD committed mass extrajudicial executions, guided by secret "plans." Those plans established the number and proportion of victims (officially "public enemies") in a given region (e.g., the quotas for clergy, former <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a>, etc., regardless of identity). The families of the repressed, including children, were also automatically repressed according to <a href="/wiki/Order_about_Family_Members_of_Traitors_of_the_Motherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order about Family Members of Traitors of the Motherland">NKVD Order no. 00486</a>. </p><p>The purges were organized in a number of waves according to decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Communist Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Some examples are the campaigns among engineers (<a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Shakhty Trial</a>), party and military elite plots (<a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> with <a href="/wiki/NKVD_Order_No._00447" title="NKVD Order No. 00447">Order 00447</a>), and medical staff ("<a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors&#39; Plot">Doctors' Plot</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Soviet_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet gas van">Gas vans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Soviet_Union" title="Gas chamber">used in the Soviet Union</a> during the Great Purge in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Mass_operations_of_the_NKVD" title="Mass operations of the NKVD">mass operations of the NKVD</a> related to persecution of entire ethnic categories. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD_(1937%E2%80%9338)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)">Polish Operation</a> of the NKVD in 1937–1938 resulted in the execution of 111,091 Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Whole populations of certain ethnicities <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">were forcibly resettled</a>. Foreigners living in the Soviet Union were given particular attention. When disillusioned <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">American citizens</a> in the Soviet Union thronged the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">U.S. embassy in Moscow</a> to plead for new <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">U.S. passports</a> to leave the USSR (their original U.S. passports had been taken for 'registration' purposes years before), none were issued. Instead, the NKVD promptly arrested the Americans, who were all taken to <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubyanka Prison">Lubyanka Prison</a> and later shot.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> American factory workers at the Soviet Ford <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a> plant, suspected by Stalin of being 'poisoned' by Western influences, were dragged off with the others to Lubyanka by the NKVD in the very same Ford <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927-1931)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1927-1931)">Model A</a> cars they had helped build, where they were tortured; nearly all were executed or died in labor camps. Many of the slain Americans were dumped in the mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Yuzhnoye_Butovo_District" title="Yuzhnoye Butovo District">Yuzhnoye Butovo District</a>, near Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, the people of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republics">Soviet Republics</a> were still the majority of NKVD victims. </p><p>The NKVD also served as an arm of the Russian Soviet communist government for lethal mass persecution and destruction of ethnic minorities and religious beliefs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Greek Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and other religious organizations, an operation headed by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tuchkov" title="Yevgeny Tuchkov">Yevgeny Tuchkov</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_operations">International operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: International operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/250px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/330px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg/500px-Lavrenti_Beria_Stalins_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (in background) and Stalin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1930s, the NKVD was responsible for political murders of those Stalin believed opposed him. Espionage networks headed by experienced multilingual NKVD officers such as <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iskhak_Akhmerov" title="Iskhak Akhmerov">Iskhak Akhmerov</a> were established in nearly every major Western country, including the United States. The NKVD recruited agents for its espionage efforts from all walks of life, from unemployed intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zborowski" title="Mark Zborowski">Mark Zborowski</a> to aristocrats such as <a href="/wiki/Martha_Dodd" title="Martha Dodd">Martha Dodd</a>. Besides the gathering of intelligence, these networks provided organizational assistance for so-called <i>wet business</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> where enemies of the USSR either disappeared or were openly liquidated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NKVD's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a></i> (<i>Inostranny Otdel</i>) unit organized overseas assassinations of political enemies of the USSR, such as leaders of nationalist movements, former Tsarist officials, and personal rivals of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Among the officially confirmed victims of such plots were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, a personal political enemy of Stalin and his most bitter international critic, killed in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Konovalets" title="Yevhen Konovalets">Yevhen Konovalets</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalist</a> leader attempting to create a separatist movement in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a>; assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Miller" title="Yevgeny Miller">Yevgeny Miller</a>, former General of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army</a>; in the 1930s, he was responsible for funding anti-communist movements inside the USSR with the support of European governments. Kidnapped in Paris and brought to Moscow, where he was interrogated and executed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Noe Ramishvili</a>, Prime Minister of independent <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, fled to France after the Bolshevik takeover; responsible for funding and coordinating <a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian nationalist</a> organizations and the <a href="/wiki/August_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="August uprising">August uprising</a>, he was assassinated in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a>, a Russian revolutionary and anti-Bolshevik terrorist lured back into Russia and allegedly killed in 1924 by the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Operation">Trust Operation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Reilly" title="Sidney Reilly">Sidney Reilly</a>, a British agent of <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, deliberately entered Russia in 1925, trying to expose the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Operation">Trust Operation</a> to avenge Savinkov's death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kutepov" title="Alexander Kutepov">Alexander Kutepov</a>, former General of the Tsarist (Imperial Russian) Army, was active in organizing anti-communist groups with the support of French and British governments.</li></ul> <p>Prominent political dissidents were also found dead under highly suspicious circumstances, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Sedov" title="Lev Sedov">Lev Sedov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party (KPD)</a> member <a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pro-Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> received NKVD assistance to conduct a purge coinciding with Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in 1937. Sheng and the Soviets alleged a massive <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> conspiracy and a "Fascist Trotskyite plot" to destroy the Soviet Union. Soviet Consul General <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Apresov" title="Garegin Apresov">Garegin Apresoff</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Shaowu" title="Ma Shaowu">Ma Shaowu</a>, Mahmud Sijan, the official leader of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province, Huang Han-chang, and <a href="/wiki/Hoja-Niyaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoja-Niyaz">Hoja-Niyaz</a> were among the 435 alleged conspirators in the plot. Xinjiang came under Soviet influence.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the NKVD ran Section X, coordinating the Soviet intervention on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> NKVD agents acting in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> exercised substantial control over the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> government, using Soviet military aid to further Soviet influence.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The NKVD established numerous secret prisons around Madrid, used to detain, torture, and kill hundreds of the NKVD's enemies, first focusing on <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spanish Nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Spanish Catholics</a>, then after late 1938 increasingly anarchists and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotskyists</a> as objects of persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Nin">Andrés Nin</a>, the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers&#39; Party of Marxist Unification">Trotskyist POUM</a>, and his colleagues were tortured and killed in an NKVD prison in Alcalá de Henares.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_operations">World War II operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: World War II operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gestapo%E2%80%93NKVD_conferences" title="Gestapo–NKVD conferences">Gestapo–NKVD conferences</a></div> <p>Before the German invasion, to accomplish its own goals, the NKVD was prepared to cooperate even with such organizations as the German <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>. In March 1940, representatives of the NKVD and the Gestapo met for a week in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> to coordinate the pacification of Poland. The Soviet Union allegedly deported hundreds of German and Austrian Communists to Nazi territories as unwanted foreigners. According to the work of <span data-sort-value="Mensing, Wilhelm"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mensing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mensing (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Mensing</a></span></span></span>, no evidence that which suggests that the Soviets specifically targeted German and Austrian Communists or others who perceived themselves as "anti-fascists" for deportations to Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many NKVD units later fought the Wehrmacht, for example the <a href="/wiki/10th_NKVD_Rifle_Division" title="10th NKVD Rifle Division">10th NKVD Rifle Division</a>, which fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. </p><p>After the German invasion, the NKVD <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">evacuated and killed prisoners</a>. During World War II, NKVD <a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Troops">Internal Troops</a> were used for rear area security, including preventing the retreat of Soviet army divisions. Though mainly intended for internal security, NKVD divisions were sometimes used at the front, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimean offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zaloga_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaloga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> to stem <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertions</a> under Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a> decrees of 1941 and 1942, which aimed to raise troop morale through brutality and coercion. At the beginning of the war, the NKVD formed 15 rifle divisions, which grew by 1945 to 53 divisions and 28 brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-zaloga_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaloga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the NKVD did not field any armored or mechanized units.<sup id="cite_ref-zaloga_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaloga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In enemy-held territories, the NKVD carried out numerous missions of sabotage. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">fall of Kiev</a>, NKVD agents set fire to the Nazi headquarters and various other targets, eventually burning down much of the city center.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar actions took place across the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">occupied Byelorussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>The NKVD (later the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>) carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions. The targets included both <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborators with Germany</a> and members of non-communist <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> such as the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>, which were trying to separate from the Soviet Union, among others. The NKVD also executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1940–1941, including at the <a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyń massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On November 26, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> issued a declaration acknowledging Stalin's responsibility for the Katyn massacre and the execution of intellectual leaders and 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish POWs</a> by Stalin's NKVD. The declaration stated that archival material "not only unveils the scale of his horrific tragedy but also provides evidence that the Katyn crime was committed on direct orders from Stalin and other Soviet leaders."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>NKVD units were also used to repress the prolonged partisan war in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Baltics</a>, which lasted until the early 1950s. NKVD also faced strong opposition in Poland from the Polish resistance movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_operations">Postwar operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Postwar operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/NKVD" title="Special:EditPage/NKVD">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the death of Stalin in 1953, the new Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> halted NKVD purges. From the 1950s to the 1980s, thousands of victims were legally "rehabilitated," i.e., acquitted with their rights restored. Many of the victims and their relatives refused to apply for rehabilitation, either out of fear or a lack of documents. The rehabilitation was not complete; in most cases, the formulation was "due to lack of evidence of the case of crime." Only a limited number of persons were rehabilitated with the formulation "cleared of all charges.". </p><p>Very few NKVD agents were ever officially convicted of a particular violation of anyone's rights. Legally, those agents executed in the 1930s were also "purged" without a legitimate criminal investigation or court decision. In the 1990s and 2000s, a small number of ex-NKVD agents in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> were convicted of crimes against the local population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_activities">Intelligence activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Intelligence activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These included: </p> <ul><li>Establishment of a widespread spy network through the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.</li> <li>Operations of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Orchestra (spy)">Red Orchestra</a>," <a href="/wiki/Willi_Lehmann" title="Willi Lehmann">Willi Lehmann</a>, and other agents who provided valuable intelligence during World War II.</li> <li>Recruitment of important UK officials as agents in the 1940s.</li> <li>Penetration of British intelligence (<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>) and counterintelligence (<a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>) services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Collection of detailed nuclear weapons design information</a> from the U.S. and Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.</li> <li>Disruption of several confirmed plots to assassinate Stalin.</li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People&#39;s Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> and earlier its communist party along with training activists during World War II. The first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a> after the war was <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, an NKVD agent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_economy">Soviet economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Soviet economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extensive system of labor exploitation in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> made a notable contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a> and the development of remote areas. Colonization of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far East</a> were among the explicitly stated goals in the first laws concerning Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. Mining, construction works (roads, railways, canals, dams, and factories), logging, and other functions of the labor camps were part of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, and the NKVD had its own production plans. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>The most unusual part of the NKVD's achievements was its role in <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Soviet science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">arms development</a>. Many scientists and engineers arrested for political crimes were placed in special prisons, much more comfortable than the gulag, colloquially known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">sharashkas</a></i>. These prisoners continued their work in these prisons and were later released. Some of them became world leaders in science and technology. Among the <i>sharashka</i> were <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolev">Sergey Korolev</a>, head designer of the Soviet rocket program and first human space flight mission in 1961, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tupolev" title="Andrei Tupolev">Andrei Tupolev</a>, the famous airplane designer. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> was also imprisoned in a sharashka and based his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Circle">The First Circle</a></i> on his experiences there. </p><p>After World War II, the NKVD coordinated work on Soviet nuclear weaponry under the direction of General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a>. The scientists were not prisoners, but the project was supervised by the NKVD because of its great importance and the corresponding requirement for absolute security and secrecy. The project also used information obtained by the NKVD from the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People's_Commissars"><span id="People.27s_Commissars"></span>People's Commissars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: People&#39;s Commissars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agency was headed by a people's commissar (minister). His first deputy was the director of State Security Service (GUGB). </p> <ul><li>1934–1936 <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a>, both people's commissar of Interior and director of State Security</li> <li>1936–1938 <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, people's commissar of Interior <ul><li>1936–1937 <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Agranov" title="Yakov Agranov">Yakov Agranov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1937–1938 <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li></ul></li> <li>1938–1945 <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, people's commissar of Interior <ul><li>1938–1941 <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li> <li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov" title="Vsevolod Merkulov">Vsevolod Merkulov</a>, director of State Security (as the first deputy)</li></ul></li> <li>1945–1946 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a>, people's commissar of Interior</li></ul> <p><i>Note: In the first half of 1941 Vsevolod Merkulov transformed his agency into separate commissariat (ministry), but it was merged back to the people's commissariat of Interior soon after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. In 1943 Merkulov once again split his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">agency</a> this time for good.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andrei Zhukov singlehandedly identified every single NKVD officer involved in 1930s arrests and killings by researching a Moscow archive. There are just over 40,000 names on the list.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union §&#160;Terror, famine and the Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_NKVD_Rifle_Division" title="10th NKVD Rifle Division">10th NKVD Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_conspiracy" title="Hitler Youth conspiracy">Hitler Youth conspiracy</a>, an NKVD case pursued in 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD filtration camp">NKVD filtration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49">NKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49</a>, internment camps set up at the end of World War II in eastern Germany (often in former Nazi POW or concentration camps) and other areas under Soviet domination, to imprison those suspected of collaboration with the Nazis, or others deemed to be troublesome to Soviet ambitions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Brigade" title="Mobile Brigade">Mobile Brigade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-huskey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huskey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huskey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuskey2014" class="citation book cs1">Huskey, Eugene (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7n_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA230"><i>Russian Lawyers and the Soviet State: The Origins and Development of the Soviet Bar, 1917–1939</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p.&#160;230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5451-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-5451-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Russian+Lawyers+and+the+Soviet+State%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Soviet+Bar%2C+1917%E2%80%931939&amp;rft.pages=230&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5451-6&amp;rft.aulast=Huskey&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7n_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhlevniuk2015" class="citation book cs1">Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy7CCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA125"><i>Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator</i></a>. Yale University Press. p.&#160;125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16694-1"><bdi>978-0-300-16694-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+New+Biography+of+a+Dictator&amp;rft.pages=125&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-16694-1&amp;rft.aulast=Khlevniuk&amp;rft.aufirst=Oleg+V.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDy7CCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yevgenia Albats, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bg5zAEACAAJ">KGB: The State Within a State</a>. 1995, page 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semukhina74-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-semukhina74_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemukhinaReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1">Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idInAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT74"><i>Understanding the Modern Russian Police</i></a>. CRC Press. p.&#160;74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-1887-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-1887-9"><bdi>978-1-4822-1887-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Modern+Russian+Police&amp;rft.pages=74&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4822-1887-9&amp;rft.aulast=Semukhina&amp;rft.aufirst=Olga+B.&amp;rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Kenneth+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidInAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemukhinaReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1">Semukhina, Olga B.; Reynolds, Kenneth Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAnMBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA58"><i>Understanding the Modern Russian Police</i></a>. CRC Press. p.&#160;58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0349-3"><bdi>978-1-4398-0349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Modern+Russian+Police&amp;rft.pages=58&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4398-0349-3&amp;rft.aulast=Semukhina&amp;rft.aufirst=Olga+B.&amp;rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Kenneth+Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjAnMBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Associated_Press1940" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press" title="Australian Associated Press">Australian Associated Press</a> (23 August 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247535587">"Trotsky, on death bed, blames Stalin"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Sydney. p.&#160;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2025</span> &#8211; via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.atitle=Trotsky%2C+on+death+bed%2C+blames+Stalin&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.date=1940-08-23&amp;rft.au=Australian+Associated+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F247535587&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1980" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Lynn (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.net/trotsky/life/life.htm">"Forty Years Since Leon Trotsky's Assassination"</a>. <i>Marxist.net</i>. Militant International Review, Summer 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Marxist.net&amp;rft.atitle=Forty+Years+Since+Leon+Trotsky%E2%80%99s+Assassination&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Lynn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.net%2Ftrotsky%2Flife%2Flife.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcher0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcher0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blank Pages by G.C.Malcher <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897984-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897984-00-0">978-1-897984-00-0</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ispravitelno-trudovykh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> James Harris, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=CMR_422_0423">Dual subordination&#160;? The political police and the party in the Urals region, 1918–1953</a>", <i>Cahiers du monde russe</i> 22 (2001):423–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, Orlando (2007) <i>The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1">978-0-8050-7461-1</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/gugb">GUGB NKVD.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008005026/http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/gugb">Archived</a> 2020-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> DocumentsTalk.com, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2010/08/02/2213-chelovek-v-kozhanom-fartuke"><bdi lang="ru">Человек в кожаном фартуке</bdi></a>. <i>Новая газета – Novayagazeta.ru</i> (in Russian). 2010-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+Novayagazeta.ru&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5&amp;rft.date=2010-08-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Farticles%2F2010%2F08%2F02%2F2213-chelovek-v-kozhanom-fartuke&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colton_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Colton" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy J. Colton">Timothy J. Colton</a>. <i>Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis.</i> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press#Related_publishers,_imprints,_and_series" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press</a>, 1998. Ù<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58749-6">978-0-674-58749-6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXM2H6tWHskC&amp;pg=PA286">p. 286</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.kr-eho.info/index.php?name=News&amp;op=article&amp;sid=8849">Газовые душегубки: сделано в СССР (Gas vans: made in the USSR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803031853/http://old.kr-eho.info/index.php?name=News">Archived</a> August 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dmitry Sokolov, <i>Echo of Crimea</i>, 09.10.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Григоренко П.Г. В подполье можно встретить только крыс… (<a href="/wiki/Petro_Grigorenko" title="Petro Grigorenko">Petro Grigorenko</a>, "In the underground one can meet only rats") – Нью-Йорк, Издательство «Детинец», 1981, p. 403, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&amp;num=9485">Full text of the book (Russian)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0_HYK8R-8IC&amp;pg=PA217">Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia.</a></i> New York: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19196-8">978-0-521-19196-8</a>. p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzouliadis, Tim, <i>The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia</i> Penguin Press (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4">978-1-59420-168-4</a>: Many of the Americans asking to return home were communists who had voluntarily moved to the Soviet Union, while others moved to Soviet Union as skilled auto workers at the recently constructed GAZ automobile factory built by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>. All were U.S. citizens.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzouliadis, Tim, <i>The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia</i> Penguin Press (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-168-4">978-1-59420-168-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barmine, Alexander, <i>One Who Survived</i>, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), p. 18: NKVD expression for a political murder</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, <i>Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America</i>, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barmine, Alexander, <i>One Who Survived</i>, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlov, Alexander, <i>The March of Time</i>, St. Ermin's Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903608-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903608-05-0">978-1-903608-05-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew, Christopher and Mitrokhin, Vasili, <i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i>, Basic Books (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9">978-0-465-00312-9</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barmine, Alexander, <i>One Who Survived</i>, New York: G. P. Putnam (1945), pp. 17, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean McMeekin, <i>The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg, Moscow's Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917–1940</i>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (2004), pp. 304–305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</i></a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p.&#160;151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&amp;rft.pages=151&amp;rft.pub=CUP+Archive&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&amp;rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691184241-005/html">"4. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)"</a>, <i>Secret Wars</i>, Princeton University Press, p.&#160;115, 2018-12-31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691184241-005">10.1515/9780691184241-005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18424-1"><bdi>978-0-691-18424-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227568935">227568935</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Secret+Wars&amp;rft.atitle=4.+The+Spanish+Civil+War+%281936%E2%80%931939%29&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.date=2018-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227568935%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691184241-005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-18424-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691184241-005%2Fhtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Pringle2015" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Pringle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9RQCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA288"><i>Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence</i></a>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">288–</span>289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5318-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5318-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-5318-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Russian+and+Soviet+Intelligence&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5318-6&amp;rft.au=Robert+W.+Pringle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9RQCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Andrew2000" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TWUAQ7Xof8C&amp;pg=PA73"><i>The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB</i></a>. Basic Books. p.&#160;73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00312-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00312-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sword+and+the+Shield%3A+The+Mitrokhin+Archive+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+KGB&amp;rft.pages=73&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-00312-9&amp;rft.au=Christopher+Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TWUAQ7Xof8C%26pg%3DPA73&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Clay_Large1991" class="citation book cs1">David Clay Large (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_t-7jUEjQi8C&amp;pg=PA308"><i>Between Two Fires: Europe's Path in the 1930s</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p.&#160;308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30757-3"><bdi>978-0-393-30757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Two+Fires%3A+Europe%27s+Path+in+the+1930s&amp;rft.pages=308&amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-393-30757-3&amp;rft.au=David+Clay+Large&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_t-7jUEjQi8C%26pg%3DPA308&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMensing2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mensing, Wilhelm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de/index.php/zfsed/article/view/236">"Eine "Morgengabe" Stalins an den Paktfreund Hitler? Die Auslieferung deutscher Emigranten an das NS-Regime nach Abschluß des Hitler-Stalin-Pakts – eine zwischen den Diktatoren arrangierte Preisgabe von "Antifaschisten"?"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat</i> (in German). <b>20</b> (20). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0948-9878">0948-9878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Forschungsverbundes+SED-Staat&amp;rft.atitle=Eine+%22Morgengabe%22+Stalins+an+den+Paktfreund+Hitler%3F+Die+Auslieferung+deutscher+Emigranten+an+das+NS-Regime+nach+Abschlu%C3%9F+des+Hitler-Stalin-Pakts+%E2%80%93+eine+zwischen+den+Diktatoren+arrangierte+Preisgabe+von+%22Antifaschisten%22%3F&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.issn=0948-9878&amp;rft.aulast=Mensing&amp;rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de%2Findex.php%2Fzfsed%2Farticle%2Fview%2F236&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaloga-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaloga_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, Steven J. <i>The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War, 1941–45</i>, Osprey Publishing, (1989), pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Birstein, Vadim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kg2uAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT589"><i>Smersh: Stalin's Secret Weapon</i></a>. Biteback Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-689-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84954-689-8"><bdi>978-1-84954-689-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Smersh%3A+Stalin%27s+Secret+Weapon&amp;rft.pub=Biteback+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84954-689-8&amp;rft.aulast=Birstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Vadim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkg2uAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT589&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanford2007" class="citation book cs1">Sanford, George (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tV2AAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT16"><i>Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-30299-4"><bdi>978-1-134-30299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Katyn+and+the+Soviet+Massacre+of+1940%3A+Truth%2C+Justice+and+Memory&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-134-30299-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sanford&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtV2AAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115065512/http://www.cdvr.org.ua/content/lviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres">"Lviv museum recounts Soviet massacres | Центр досліджень визвольного руху"</a>. 2019-01-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdvr.org.ua/content/lviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres">the original</a> on January 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lviv+museum+recounts+Soviet+massacres+%7C+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83&amp;rft.date=2019-01-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdvr.org.ua%2Fcontent%2Flviv-museum-recounts-soviet-massacres&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarry2010" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/world/europe/27briefs-katyn.html">"Russia: Stalin Called Responsible for Katyn Killings"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Stalin+Called+Responsible+for+Katyn+Killings&amp;rft.date=2010-11-26&amp;rft.aulast=Barry&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27briefs-katyn.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2017" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Shaun (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/06/stalin-secret-police-killings-crimes-russia-terror-nkvd">"Stalin's secret police finally named but killings still not seen as crimes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+secret+police+finally+named+but+killings+still+not+seen+as+crimes&amp;rft.date=2017-02-06&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Shaun&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fstalin-secret-police-killings-crimes-russia-terror-nkvd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Violence_and_terror" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union §&#160;Violence and terror</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union §&#160;Terror, famine and the Gulag</a></i> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2015). <i>The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945</i> (paperback). London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerrillas+1939%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=William+Collins&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&amp;rft.aulast=Hastings&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANKVD" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKVD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NKVD" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NKVD">NKVD</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>For evidence on Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War, see the full text of Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/alexander-vassilievs-notebooks-and-the-documentation-soviet-intelligence-operations-the-unit-0">from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119113104/http://nkvd.org/">NKVD.org: information site about the NKVD</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219180348/http://mvdinform.ru/index.php?docid=361">MVD: 200-year history of the Ministry</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/history/nkvdfram.htm">Memorial: history of the OGPU/NKVD/MGB/KGB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210120338/http://www.memo.ru/history/nkvdfram.htm">Archived</a> 2016-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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Collegium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frinovsky" title="Mikhail Frinovsky">Mikhail Frinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Belsky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Belsky (page does not exist)">Lev Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Zakovsky" title="Leonid Zakovsky">Leonid Zakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyon_Zhukovsky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyon Zhukovsky (page does not exist)">Semyon Zhukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasiliy_Chernyshov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasiliy Chernyshov (page does not exist)">Vasiliy Chernyshov</a></li> <li>Aleksandr Kovalyov</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasiliy_Karutsky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasiliy Karutsky (page does not exist)">Vasiliy Karutsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NKVD Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Bulanov" title="Pavel Bulanov">Pavel Bulanov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Deich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Deich (page does not exist)">Yakov Deich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Shapiro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Shapiro (page does not exist)">Isaak Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Petrov_(politician)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Petrov (politician) (page does not exist)">Mikhail Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Sharia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Sharia (page does not exist)">Pyotr Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Mamulov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepan Mamulov (page does not exist)">Stepan Mamulov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Camps and Places of Imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Workers' and Peasants' Militia</a></li> <li>Border and Internal Security</li> <li>Fire Security</li> <li>State Filming and Cartography</li> <li>Highways</li> <li>Measurements and Weights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalstroy" title="Dalstroy">Construction at the Far North</a></li> <li>Archives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">State Security</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li>Transportation</li> <li>Jail</li> <li>Border Troops</li> <li>Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure</li> <li>Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance</li> <li>Escort Troops</li> <li>Military Logistics</li> <li>Military Construction</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li> <li>Political Propaganda of Troops</li> <li>Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction</li> <li>Local Anti-Air Defense</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li> <li>Railway Construction Camps</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russia</li> <li>Belorussia</li> <li>Ukraine</li> <li>Georgia</li> <li>Armenia</li> <li>Azerbaijan</li> <li>Estonia</li> <li>Latvia</li> <li>Lithuania</li> <li>Moldavia</li> <li>Kazakhstan</li> <li>Kyrgyzstan</li> <li>Turkmenistan</li> <li>Uzbekistan</li> <li>Tajikistan</li> <li>Karelia-Finland</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secret_police_agencies_in_the_Eastern_Bloc512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secret_police_of_Communist_Europe" title="Template:Secret police of Communist Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate (GPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_State_Security" title="Main Directorate of State Security">Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People&#39;s Commissariat for State Security">People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Ministry of State Security (MGB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">Committee for State Security (KGB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People&#39;s Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People&#39;s Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Bulgaria)" title="Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)">Committee for State Security (DS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StB" title="StB">State Security (StB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Ministry for State Security (Stasi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People&#39;s Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority (ÁVH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_III" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs III">Ministry of Internal Affairs III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People&#39;s Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Service_(Poland)" title="Security Service (Poland)">Security Service (SB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Department of State Security (Securitate)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OZNA" title="OZNA">Department of National Security (OZNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_for_State_Security_(Yugoslavia)" title="Directorate for State Security (Yugoslavia)">Directorate for State Security (UDBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">Counterintelligence Service (KOS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-Union_Government_of_the_Soviet_Union279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_of_the_USSR" title="Template:Departments of the USSR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_the_USSR" title="Template talk:Departments of the USSR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_the_USSR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments of the USSR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-Union_Government_of_the_Soviet_Union279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">All-Union Government of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">All-Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President and Vice President of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation Council of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Federation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Security Council of the Soviet Union">Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ministries of the Soviet Union">Ministries</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministries_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministries of the Soviet Union">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agricultural_Products_Procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agricultural Products Procurement">Agricultural Products Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Food_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Soviet Union)">Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Installation_and_Special_Construction_Works" title="Ministry of Installation and Special Construction Works">Installation and Special Construction Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Armament">Armament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agricultural_Machine_Building" title="Ministry of Agricultural Machine Building">Agricultural Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Aviation Industry">Aviation Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Building_Materials_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Building Materials Industry">Building Materials Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Chemical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Chemical Industry">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Chemical_and_Oil_Machinery_Building&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Chemical and Oil Machinery Building (page does not exist)">Chemical and Oil Machinery Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cellulose_and_Paper_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Cellulose and Paper Industry">Cellulose and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Aviation_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Civil Aviation (Soviet Union)">Civil Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Coal_Industry" title="Ministry of Coal Industry">Coal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Commerce_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Commerce (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communication_Equipment_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Communication Equipment Industry (Soviet Union)">Communication Equipment Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Construction (Soviet Union)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Fuel_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Fuel Industry (page does not exist)">Construction of Fuel Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Heavy_Industry" title="Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry">Construction of Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Oil_and_Gas_Industries" title="Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industries">Construction of Oil and Gas Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Petrochemical_Machinery&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Petrochemical Machinery (page does not exist)">Construction of Petrochemical Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Power_Plants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Power Plants (page does not exist)">Construction of Power Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_of_Road_Building_and_Communal_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines">Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_of_Tool-Machines&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction of Tool-Machines (page does not exist)">Construction of Tool-Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Culture (Soviet Union)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense Industry (Soviet Union)">Defense Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Economy_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Economy (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Education (Soviet Union)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electrical_Power_and_Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electrical Power and Electrification">Electrical Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronic_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Electronic Industry">Electronics Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Electrotechnical_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Electrotechnical Industry (page does not exist)">Electrotechnical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Environmental Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ferrous_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy (Soviet Union)">Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Fishing_Industry" title="Ministry of the Fishing Industry">Fishing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Economic_Relations_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (Soviet Union)">Foreign Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry" title="Ministry of Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Forestry_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Forestry Industry">Forestry Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Fruits_and_Vegetables&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Fruits and Vegetables (page does not exist)">Fruits and Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Gas_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Gas Industry">Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_General_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of General Machine-Building">General Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Geology_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Geology (Soviet Union)">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Grain_Products_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Grain Products (Soviet Union)">Grain Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Housing_and_Architecture&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Housing and Architecture (page does not exist)">Housing and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_Machine_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy Machine Building">Heavy Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Heavy_and_Transport_Machines_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machines Construction">Heavy and Transport Machines Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Higher Education (Soviet Union)">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Industrial_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Industrial Construction (page does not exist)">Industrial Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Installation_and_Special_Construction_Work&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Installation and Special Construction Work (page does not exist)">Installation and Special Construction Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Instrument-Making,_Automation_and_Control_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems">Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Iron_and_Steel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Iron and Steel (page does not exist)">Iron and Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Light_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Light Industry (Soviet Union)">Light Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_Reclamation_and_Water_Resources&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources (page does not exist)">Land Reclamation and Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building (page does not exist)">Machine Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Animal_Husbandry_and_Fodder_Products&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machine_Building_for_Light_and_Food_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machine Building for Light and Food Industry (page does not exist)">Machine Building for Light and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Machine_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry" title="Ministry of Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry">Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Machinery_for_Stock_Raising_and_Feeding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding (page does not exist)">Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manufacture_of_Communication_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Manufacture of Communication Media">Manufacture of Communication Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Meat_and_Dairy_Industry" title="Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry">Meat and Dairy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Medical Industry">Medical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Medical_and_Microbiologiacal_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry (page does not exist)">Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Medium_Machine-Building" title="Ministry of Medium Machine-Building">Medium Machine-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Merchant_Marine_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Merchant Marine (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Mineral_Fertilizer_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Mineral Fertilizer Production">Mineral Fertilizer Production</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Metallurgy_(Soviet_Union)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Metallurgy (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Non-Ferrous_Metallurgy" title="Ministry of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy">Non-Ferrous Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Nuclear_Power_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Nuclear Power Industry (page does not exist)">Nuclear Power Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry" title="Ministry of Oil Industry">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_and_Gas_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry (page does not exist)">Oil and Gas Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Oil_Processing_and_Petrochemical_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry (page does not exist)">Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_and_Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Power and Electrification">Power and Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Pulp_and_Paper_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Pulp and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Radio_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Radio Industry">Radio Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Railways (Soviet Union)">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Rubber_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Rubber Industry (page does not exist)">Rubber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Shipbuilding_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Shipbuilding (Soviet Union)">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Control" title="Ministry of State Control">State Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Farms" title="Ministry of State Farms">State Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Technical_Cultivation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Technical Cultivation (page does not exist)">Technical Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Textile_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Textile Industry (page does not exist)">Textile Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber Industry">Timber Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Timber,_Paper_and_Wood_Processing_Industry" title="Ministry of Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry">Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Tool_and_Tool_Building_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Tool and Tool Building Industry (page does not exist)">Tool and Tool Building Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Trade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Internal Trade (page does not exist)">Internal Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tractors_and_Agricultural_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tractors and Agricultural Machines">Tractors and Agricultural Machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_Construction" title="Ministry of Transport Construction">Transport Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Urban_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Urban Construction (page does not exist)">Urban Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Eastern_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Eastern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Eastern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Far_East_and_Transbaikal_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Northern_and_Western_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Northern and Western Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Northern and Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Southern_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Southern Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Southern Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Construction_in_the_Urals_and_West_Siberian_Regions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions (page does not exist)">Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of the Soviet Union">State Committees</a><br />and commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Building_Materials&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Building Materials (page does not exist)">Building Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Cinematography" title="State Committee for Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Construction" title="State Committee for Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Defense_Technology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Defense Technology (page does not exist)">Defense Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supervisory_Commission_for_Flight_Safety" title="State Supervisory Commission for Flight Safety">Flight Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Fuel_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Fuel Industry (page does not exist)">Fuel Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Labour_and_Social_Issues" title="State Committee for Labour and Social Issues">Labour and Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossnab" title="Gossnab">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Control_Commission" title="People&#39;s Control Commission">People's Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_Prices" title="State Committee on Prices">Prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Publishing" title="State Committee for Publishing">Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_for_Metallurgy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee for Metallurgy (page does not exist)">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Science_and_Technology" title="State Committee for Science and Technology">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosstandart" title="Gosstandart">Standards and Product Quality Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">State Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">State Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goskomstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goskomstat">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Committee of Television and Radio Broadcasting of the Soviet Union">Television and Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Timber_and_Paper_Industry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Timber and Paper Industry (page does not exist)">Timber and Paper Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Committee_of_Transport_Construction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="State Committee of Transport Construction (page does not exist)">Transport Construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138419331">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/42358-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83239288">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131635212">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131635212">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sovětský svaz. Narodnyj komissariat vnutrennich del"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=kn20010711414&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX228108">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97004392">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000100497&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs686z0d42brxbw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268363305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03223905X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=NKVD&amp;params=55.7606_N_37.6281_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.7606°N 37.6281°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">55.7606; 37.6281</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f6c89f4bf‐4p6rf Cached time: 20250401171500 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.010 seconds Real time usage: 1.304 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7678/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 229661/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11107/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 157083/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.604/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17648289/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1084.192 1 -total 21.95% 238.011 1 Template:Reflist 19.56% 212.106 1 Template:Infobox_government_agency 18.96% 205.595 1 Template:Infobox 13.53% 146.702 13 Template:Lang 12.56% 136.171 1 Template:Br_separated_entries 11.06% 119.894 11 Template:Cite_book 10.14% 109.939 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 9.47% 102.654 1 Template:Communism_sidebar 9.24% 100.197 1 Template:Communism --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:42976779:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250401171500 and revision id 1283164006. 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