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By providing the first full-scale reception history of Wollstonecraft in continental Europe in the long nineteenth century—drawing on rare book research, translations of understudied primary sources, and Wollstonecraft scholarship from the nineteenth century to the present—this article applies a revised Rezeptionsgeschichte approach to tracing her intellectual influence on the woman question and organized feminism in Europe. Although the Memoirs and post-revolutionary politics everywhere dampened and even drove underground the reception of her persona and ideas in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Wollstonecraft’s reception in nineteenth-century continental Europe, like the United States, was more positive and sustained in comparison to the public backlash she faced as a “fallen woman” in her homeland of Britain through the bulk of the Victorian era. Keywords: Wollstonecraft, Women\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;s Rights, Feminism, Comparative Political Thought, Reception History, Europe \u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Eileen M . Hunt"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-01-22","dateModified":"2024-06-28","datePublished":"2013-01-01","headline":"Wollstonecraft in Europe, 1792–1904: A Revisionist Reception History","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["European Studies","Philosophy","Feminist Philosophy","Feminism","Wollstonecraft","European intellectual history","Comparative History of Political Thought"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"History of European Ideas","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Routledge"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/20549920/Wollstonecraft_in_Europe_1792_1904_A_Revisionist_Reception_History","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"nd"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20549920%2FWollstonecraft_in_Europe_1792_1904_A_Revisionist_Reception_History%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":49844893,"identifier":"Attachment_49844893","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":20549920,"created_at":"2016-01-22T07:30:44.186-08:00","from_world_paper_id":146605169,"updated_at":"2022-06-27T01:53:21.446-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"\u0026amp;quot;\u0026amp;quot;It has often been repeated that Wollstonecraft was not read for a century after her death in 1797 due to the negative impact of her husband William Godwin’s Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798) on her posthumous reputation. By providing the first full-scale reception history of Wollstonecraft in continental Europe in the long nineteenth century—drawing on rare book research, translations of understudied primary sources, and Wollstonecraft scholarship from the nineteenth century to the present—this article applies a revised Rezeptionsgeschichte approach to tracing her intellectual influence on the woman question and organized feminism in Europe. Although the Memoirs and post-revolutionary politics everywhere dampened and even drove underground the reception of her persona and ideas in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Wollstonecraft’s reception in nineteenth-century continental Europe, like the United States, was more positive and sustained in comparison to the public backlash she faced as a “fallen woman” in her homeland of Britain through the bulk of the Victorian era. Keywords: Wollstonecraft, Women\u0026amp;#x27;s Rights, Feminism, Comparative Political Thought, Reception History, Europe \u0026amp;quot;\u0026amp;quot;\u0026amp;quot;\u0026amp;quot;","publication_date":"2013,,","publication_name":"History of European Ideas"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Wollstonecraft in Europe, 1792–1904: A Revisionist Reception History","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [190404]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49844893,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Wollstonecraft in Europe, 1792–1904: A Revisionist Reception History”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49844893/mini_magick20190130-20719-1j0pk2y.png?1548873033" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Wollstonecraft in Europe, 1792–1904: A Revisionist Reception History</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="190404" href="https://nd.academia.edu/EileenHuntBotting"><img alt="Profile image of Eileen M . Hunt" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/190404/46120/29236827/s65_eileen_hunt.botting.jpg" />Eileen M . Hunt</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2013, History of European Ideas</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">&amp;quot;&amp;quot;It has often been repeated that Wollstonecraft was not read for a century after her death in 1797 due to the negative impact of her husband William Godwin’s Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798) on her posthumous reputation. By providing the first full-scale reception history of Wollstonecraft in continental Europe in the long nineteenth century—drawing on rare book research, translations of understudied primary sources, and Wollstonecraft scholarship from the nineteenth century to the present—this article applies a revised Rezeptionsgeschichte approach to tracing her intellectual influence on the woman question and organized feminism in Europe. Although the Memoirs and post-revolutionary politics everywhere dampened and even drove underground the reception of her persona and ideas in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Wollstonecraft’s reception in nineteenth-century continental Europe, like the United States, was more positive and sustained in comparison to the public backlash she faced as a “fallen woman” in her homeland of Britain through the bulk of the Victorian era. Keywords: Wollstonecraft, Women&amp;#x27;s Rights, Feminism, Comparative Political Thought, Reception History, Europe &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49844893,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/20549920/Wollstonecraft_in_Europe_1792_1904_A_Revisionist_Reception_History"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49844893,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/20549920/Wollstonecraft_in_Europe_1792_1904_A_Revisionist_Reception_History"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="49844893" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/20549920/Wollstonecraft_in_Europe_1792_1904_A_Revisionist_Reception_History" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="30860766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution">The Roots of Modern Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58734283" href="https://hitit.academia.edu/FatihDuman">Fatih Duman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), attributing a particular importance to " woman "-in the narrow sense-and to all oppressed groups-in the broad sense-, has a peculiar position in the history of political thoughts. Taking a position different from the modern male thinkers in her era, she expanded such ideas as " reason " , " natural rights " , " social contract " towards relations between genders and patriarchal authority of the family. These ideas of Wollstonecraft, who applied basic arguments of Enlightenment to the family, woman and private sphere, have constituted the foundation of modern feminism. Wollstonecraft produced classical writings that integrated political theory with gender roles and private relations. In this sense, relations that she made among freedom, equality, virtue, reason and genders and her criticism towards the societies of her era are important. The present study that has focused on Wollstonecraft's perception about " woman " and her thoughts about the French Revolution will investigate the topic in three basic phases. The first phase will try to present her methodological point of view and her basic thoughts by moving from her book " A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) ". The second phase will investigate the concepts and analysis that cover basic arguments of the modern feminist thought by focusing on her book " A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) ". The third and the final phase will discuss the results of Wollstonecraft's basic concepts on political theory, especially in relation with the French Revolution where these concepts have been expressed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Roots of Modern Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution","attachmentId":51286284,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30860766/The_Roots_of_Modern_Feminism_Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_the_French_Revolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="52266368" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Remembering Marv Wollstonecraft on the Bicentenary of the Publication of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142558730" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/STomaselli">Sylvana Tomaselli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Remembering Marv Wollstonecraft on the Bicentenary of the Publication of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman","attachmentId":69611191,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52266368/Remembering_Marv_Wollstonecraft_on_the_Bicentenary_of_the_Publication_of_a_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="39632418" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto">"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman": Mary Wollstonecraft's feminist Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PDF-PowerPoint presentation of the talk I gave on Sunday, 26th August 2018 at the 2018 Societas Ethica Annual Conference, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 23th – 26th August 2018. Abstract In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I will also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We will see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, education tending to strengthening sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’ view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men are reason, and women are sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed. I shall point out, furthermore, Wollstonecraft’s connections with the religious environment of her time. The religious roots of Mary Wollstonecraft’s thought will be, therefore, investigated in order to demonstrate that her thought was profoundly influenced by the religious background of that time: I will show that Wollstonecraft’s meditation cannot be interpreted without its connections with the positions of the radical dissenters. Moreover, utopian components are not extraneous to her theological conceptions. My analysis will, furthermore, concentrate on the reconstruction of Wollstonecraft’s polemical issues: therefore, I shall analyse Wollstonecraft’s criticism of, for instance, Rousseau’s and of Milton’s conception of the woman. As regards the connections of Mary Wollstonecraft with the feminist movement, the main question I shall propose in my contribution will consist in analysing whether the feminism model of Mary Wollstonecraft does or does not contain in itself a tension or even a contradiction between a possible radical feminism component and a more traditional component. Through her radical feminist component, Wollstonecraft undoubtedly denounces many forms of oppression of women. On the other hand, due to her traditional component, Wollstonecraft apparently binds the role of women, for instance, to the role of mothers, thus reaffirming the diversity, as to social duties and social self-realization, between men and women. In other words, the question will be whether Mary Wollstonecraft oscillates between models of radical, anti-patriarchal feminism and models of acceptance of separate spheres for male and women. The bibliographical studies on Mary Wollstonecraft will help in the analysis of the presence (or not) of this dilemma in her works.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\": Mary Wollstonecraft's feminist Manifesto","attachmentId":59792248,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6004106" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6004106/_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_reunification_of_domestic_and_political_spheres_in_Geschlechterordnung_und_Staat_Legitimationsfiguren_der_politischen_Philosophie_1600_1850_Marion_Heinz_and_Sabine_Doy%C3%A9_eds_Deutsche_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Philosophie_Beiheft_2012">‘Mary Wollstonecraft: The reunification of domestic and political spheres’ in Geschlechterordnung und Staat. Legitimationsfiguren der politischen Philosophie (1600-1850), Marion Heinz and Sabine Doyé (eds.), Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, Beiheft, 2012</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5558194" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/SylvanaTomaselli">Sylvana Tomaselli</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"‘Mary Wollstonecraft: The reunification of domestic and political spheres’ in Geschlechterordnung und Staat. Legitimationsfiguren der politischen Philosophie (1600-1850), Marion Heinz and Sabine Doyé (eds.), Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, Beiheft, 2012","attachmentId":33582269,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6004106/_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_reunification_of_domestic_and_political_spheres_in_Geschlechterordnung_und_Staat_Legitimationsfiguren_der_politischen_Philosophie_1600_1850_Marion_Heinz_and_Sabine_Doy%C3%A9_eds_Deutsche_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Philosophie_Beiheft_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6004106/_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_reunification_of_domestic_and_political_spheres_in_Geschlechterordnung_und_Staat_Legitimationsfiguren_der_politischen_Philosophie_1600_1850_Marion_Heinz_and_Sabine_Doy%C3%A9_eds_Deutsche_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Philosophie_Beiheft_2012"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="29405073" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29405073/Wollstonecrafts_Philosophical_Impact_on_Nineteenth_Century_American_Womens_Rights_Advocates">Wollstonecraft's Philosophical Impact on Nineteenth-Century American Women's Rights Advocates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55559993" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineCarey">Christine Carey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="190404" href="https://nd.academia.edu/EileenHuntBotting">Eileen M . Hunt</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wollstonecraft's Philosophical Impact on Nineteenth-Century American Women's Rights Advocates","attachmentId":49844914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29405073/Wollstonecrafts_Philosophical_Impact_on_Nineteenth_Century_American_Womens_Rights_Advocates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29405073/Wollstonecrafts_Philosophical_Impact_on_Nineteenth_Century_American_Womens_Rights_Advocates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109695030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172830017" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/DrBirbalSaha">Dr. Birbal Saha</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174856751" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/AnasuyaAdhikari">Anasuya Adhikari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this research work we have examined A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft. The reflection aims to convey the conflict between revolt and conformity that permeates the author's existence. Mary Wollstonecraft's personal struggles as a woman in a patriarchal society shaped her viewpoint and motivated her to speak out for other women. In an attempt to reach her modern audience, Wollstonecraft wrote this text in conventional language even as it pushed the limits of customary thinking. Wollstonecraft battled the traditional beliefs she was raised with in England throughout her writing career and her life, as well as those she adopted in response to her surroundings, primarily in France during her protracted relationships and the French Revolution. This contradiction, which Wollstonecraft herself identifies as a root cause of women's wastefulness as a valuable resource in society, is tied to her own conflict between compliance and revolt. She developed a tension as a result of this fight that is evident in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","attachmentId":107742630,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="105836653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy">""A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason" - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PowerPoint of the 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, held at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, on 20th-21rd January 2020; Theme: The Canon Revisited: Women Philosophers. I gave a talk at the Colloquium on 20th January 2020. The title of the talk was: "“”A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason". Presentation: In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I shall also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform of the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We shall see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, an education stirring sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’s view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men should be reason, and women should be sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society through a precise kind of education: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed through a complete reform of the education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"\"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason\" - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy","attachmentId":105194514,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="109598437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109598437/The_Female_Philosopher_and_her_Afterlives_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_British_Novel_and_the_Transformations_of_Feminism_1796_1811">The Female Philosopher and her Afterlives: Mary Wollstonecraft, The British Novel, and the Transformations of Feminism, 1796-1811</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="142558730" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/STomaselli">Sylvana Tomaselli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nineteenth-century Contexts, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Female Philosopher and her Afterlives: Mary Wollstonecraft, The British Novel, and the Transformations of Feminism, 1796-1811","attachmentId":107675039,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109598437/The_Female_Philosopher_and_her_Afterlives_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_British_Novel_and_the_Transformations_of_Feminism_1796_1811","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109598437/The_Female_Philosopher_and_her_Afterlives_Mary_Wollstonecraft_The_British_Novel_and_the_Transformations_of_Feminism_1796_1811"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="3845786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization">Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4732947" href="https://coruna.academia.edu/InternationalPeerReviewedAcademicJournalANGLISTICUMJulyedition2013">ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mohamed Gariti, Sabrina Zerar, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization","attachmentId":31490999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="73840127" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73840127/A_Lost_Feminist_Vision_The_Case_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_reivew_of_Erika_Bachiochis_Rights_of_Women_">A Lost Feminist Vision? The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft [A reivew of Erika Bachiochi's Rights of Women]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3031181" href="https://isluportal.academia.edu/EmilyDumlerWinckler">Emily J Dumler-Winckler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A Lost Feminist Vision? The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The feminist debates about how best to memorialize Wollstonecraft are reminiscent of the Revolution debates of the 1790s, which Wollstonecraft helped to ignite. Yet, the two models and subsequent disputes resemble the philosophical views that she refused: the more conservative and traditionalist garb of Edmund Burke and the ancien régime, on the one hand, and the revolutionary Jacobins who would strip France of all such garb, on the other. Wollstonecraft adapted Burke’s metaphor of the wardrobe of a moral imagination in order to tailor, redesign, discard, and supplement garb in the inherited wardrobe. She did not wish to discard the virtues that sustain the common life of families, social institutions, or political economies. But she did reject so-called sexed virtues, altering what counts as virtuous and its implications for gender norms and educational, legal, political, and economic reform and revolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Lost Feminist Vision? The Case of Mary Wollstonecraft [A reivew of Erika Bachiochi's Rights of Women]","attachmentId":82208590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73840127/A_Lost_Feminist_Vision_The_Case_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_reivew_of_Erika_Bachiochis_Rights_of_Women_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73840127/A_Lost_Feminist_Vision_The_Case_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_A_reivew_of_Erika_Bachiochis_Rights_of_Women_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49844893,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49844893,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49844893" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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