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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="ريتشارد بايبس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد بايبس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Рычард Пайпс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Пайпс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Ричард Пайпс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Пайпс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="ریچارد پایپس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد پایپس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4" title="리처드 파이프스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 파이프스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1" title="ריצ'רד פייפס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד פייפס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ პაიპსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ პაიპსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="ريتشارد بايبس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد بايبس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9" title="リチャード・パイプス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・パイプス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Пайпс, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пайпс, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Pipes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Річард Пайпс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Пайпс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·派普斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·派普斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian (1923–2018)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Pipes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG/220px-Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG/330px-Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Richard_Pipes_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pipes in 2004</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1923-07-11</span>)</span>July 11, 1923<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 17, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-05-17)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a> (1923–1943)<br />United States (1943–2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskingum College">Muskingum College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Irene Eugenia Roth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Daniel Pipes</a>, Steven Pipes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Karpovich" title="Michael Karpovich">Michael Karpovich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_V._A._Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="John V. A. Fine">John V. A. Fine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Geifman" title="Anna Geifman">Anna Geifman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Gleason" title="Abbott Gleason">Abbott Gleason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Keenan" title="Edward L. Keenan">Edward L. Keenan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lohr" title="Eric Lohr">Eric Lohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stanislawski" title="Michael Stanislawski">Michael Stanislawski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stites" title="Richard Stites">Richard Stites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_In-ho" title="Lee In-ho">Lee In-ho</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Edgar Pipes</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ryszard Pipes</i>; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American historian who specialized in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet history</a>. Pipes was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">foreign affairs</a>. His writings also appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, Pipes taught large courses on <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. In 1976, he headed <a href="/wiki/Team_B" title="Team B">Team B</a>, a team of analysts organized by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes is the father of American historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Daniel Pipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard Pipes was born in <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name had originally been spelled "Piepes" in German spelling, which in pronunciation is the same as the Polish spelling "Pipes" <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">[ˈpipɛs]).</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marek_Pipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marek Pipes (page does not exist)">Marek Pipes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Pipes" class="extiw" title="pl:Marek Pipes">pl</a>]</span> was a businessman and a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (World War I)">Polish legionnaire</a> during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a co-owner of the chocolate factory Dea in Cieszyn, before he moved to Warsaw in 1929. During the time Pipes attended the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagoga_Ahawat_Tora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synagoga Ahawat Tora (page does not exist)">Synagoga Ahawat Tora</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga_Ahawat_Tora_w_Cieszynie" class="extiw" title="pl:Synagoga Ahawat Tora w Cieszynie">pl</a>]</span> on Michejda Street.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German. Aged 16, Pipes saw <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw">Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw</a> during Hitler's victory tour after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pipes family fled occupied Poland in October 1939 and arrived in the United States in July 1940, after seven months passing through Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Romano_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipes became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States in 1943 while serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a>. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskingum College">Muskingum College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. In October 1944, Pipes was sent to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Ritchie" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Ritchie">Camp Ritchie</a>, Maryland, to receive training in psychological warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1958 until his retirement in 1996. He was the director of Harvard's Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and later Baird Professor <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Emeritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Emeritus">Emeritus</a> of History at Harvard University. In 1962 he delivered a series of lectures on Russian intellectual history at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Leningrad State University</a>. He acted as senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978. During the 1970s, he was an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a>. In 1981 and 1982 he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, holding the post of Director of East European and Soviet Affairs under President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thenation2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenation2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became head of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Working_Group" title="Nationalities Working Group">Nationalities Working Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalinovsky_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalinovsky-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipes was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Present_Danger" title="Committee on the Present Danger">Committee on the Present Danger</a> from 1977 until 1992 and belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Foreign Relations">Council of Foreign Relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attended two <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Meetings">Bilderberg Meetings</a>, at both of which he lectured.<sup id="cite_ref-cspan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cspan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, Pipes was a leading critic of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>, which he described as "inspired by intellectual indolence and based on ignorance of one's antagonist and therefore inherently inept".<sup id="cite_ref-two_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Team_B">Team B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Team B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Team_B" title="Team B">Team B</a></div> <p>Pipes was head of the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Team_B" title="Team B">Team B</a>, composed of civilian experts and retired military officers and agreed to by then-CIA director <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> at the urging of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) as a <a href="/wiki/Competitor_analysis" title="Competitor analysis">competitive analysis</a> exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-thenation2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenation2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Team B was created at the instigation of then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as an antagonist force to a group of CIA intelligence officials known as Team A. His hope was that it would produce a much more aggressive assessment of Soviet Union military capabilities. Unsurprisingly, it argued that the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a> on the Soviet Union, generated yearly by the CIA, underestimated both Soviet military strategy and ambition<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions. </p><p>Team B faced criticism. The international relations journalist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Fred Kaplan</a> writes that Team B "turns out to have been wrong on nearly every point."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, as of 1976, maintained "a large and expanding Gross National Product,"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos hindered the USSR's defenses was a ruse on the part of the USSR. One CIA employee called Team B "a kangaroo court".<sup id="cite_ref-boston_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipes called Team B's evidence "soft."<sup id="cite_ref-thenation2004_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenation2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Team B came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed several new weapons, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine fleet that used a system that did not depend on active sonar, and was thus undetectable by existing technology.<sup id="cite_ref-anat_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pipes, "Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours, i.e. the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Assured_Destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Assured Destruction">Mutual Assured Destruction</a> (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally that it was".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, Pipes maintained that Team B contributed to creating more realistic defense estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-comm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what was meant to be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipes told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> in March 1981 that "Soviet leaders would have to choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the direction followed by the West or going to war. There is no other alternative and it could go either way – Détente is dead." Pipes also stated in the interview that Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> was susceptible to pressure from the Russians. It was learned independently that Pipes was the official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' job. The White House and the "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' comments.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1981_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1981-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings_on_Russian_history">Writings on Russian history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings on Russian history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes wrote many books on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian history</a>, including <i>Russia under the Old Regime</i> (1974), <i>The Russian Revolution</i> (1990), and <i>Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime</i> (1994), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">foreign affairs</a>. His writings also appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>. At Harvard, he taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. </p><p>Pipes was the leading expert on philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Struve" title="Peter Struve">Peter Struve</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pipes is known for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>, in a Russian version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every other State in Europe in that it had no concept of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, and that everything was regarded as the property of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke">Grand Duke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. In Pipes's opinion, this separate course undertaken by Russia over the centuries made Russia uniquely open to revolution in 1917. Pipes strongly criticized the values of the radical <i>intelligentsia</i> of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. Pipes stressed that the Soviet Union was an <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> bent on world conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-rpc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known for the thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the Soviet Union at the time, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> was, rather than a popular general uprising, a coup under false slogans foisted upon the majority of the Russians by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of radical intellectuals, who subsequently established a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> dictatorship that was intolerant and <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">repressive</a> from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, Pipes served as an <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of Russia</a>'s trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His writing has provoked discussions in the academic community, for example in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a></i> among several others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among members of this school, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Viola" title="Lynne Viola">Lynne Viola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> write that Pipes focused too narrowly on intellectuals as causal agents. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a>, a former PhD student of Pipes', argued that Pipes approached Soviet history as a prosecutor, intent solely on proving the criminal intent of the defendant, to the exclusion of anything else,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described Pipes as a researcher of "great reputation" but with passionate <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-rusreview_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusreview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other critics have written that Pipes wrote at length about what Pipes described as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s unspoken assumptions and conclusions while neglecting what Lenin actually said.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rabinowitch" title="Alexander Rabinowitch">Alexander Rabinowitch</a> writes that whenever a document can serve Pipes' long-standing crusade to demonize Lenin, Pipes commented on it at length; if the document allows Lenin to be seen in a less negative light, Pipes passed over it without comment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenin_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipes' critics argued that his historical writings perpetuated the Soviet Union as "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">evil empire</a>" narrative in an attempt "to put the clock back a few decades to the times when Cold War demonology was the norm."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diane_P._Koenker" class="mw-redirect" title="Diane P. Koenker">Diane P. Koenker</a> described <i>The Russian Revolution</i> as having a "fundamentally reactionary" perspective that presents a sympathetic view of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">imperial forces</a> and depicted Lenin as a "single-minded, ruthless and cowardly intellectual".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the demise of the USSR, Pipes charged the revisionists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with skewing their research, by means of statistics, to support their preconceived ideological interpretation of events, which made the results of their research "as unreadable as they were irrelevant for the understanding of the subject,"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide intellectual cover for Soviet <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">terror</a> and acting as simpletons and/or communist dupes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that their attempt at "<a href="/wiki/History_from_below" class="mw-redirect" title="History from below">history from below</a>" only obfuscated the fact that "Soviet citizens were the helpless victims of a totalitarian regime driven primarily by a lust for power."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes had an extensive list of honors, including: Honorary Consul of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a>, Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Academy of Learning">Polish Academy of Learning</a> (PAU), Commander's Cross of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Honorary DHL at <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelphi College">Adelphi College</a>, Honorary LLD at <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskingum College">Muskingum College</a>, Doctor Honoris Causa from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Silesia">University of Silesia</a>, Szczecin University, and the University of Warsaw. Honorary Doctor of Political Science from the Tbilisi (Georgia) School of Political Studies. Annual Spring Lecturer of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Nobel</a> Peace Institute, Walter Channing Cabot Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a>, Guggenheim Fellow (twice), Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a> and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/George_Louis_Beer_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="George Louis Beer Prize">George Louis Beer Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the Board of Advisors of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. He served on a number of editorial boards including that of the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. He received one of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medals</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2009 he was awarded both the <a href="/wiki/Truman-Reagan_Medal_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom">Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Brigham%E2%80%93Kanner_Property_Rights_Prize" title="Brigham–Kanner Property Rights Prize">Brigham–Kanner Property Rights Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Law_School" title="William & Mary Law School">William & Mary Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Pipes received the medal "<a href="/wiki/Bene_Merito" class="mw-redirect" title="Bene Merito">Bene Merito</a>" awarded by the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 2010 to 2014, he participated in the annual <a href="/wiki/Valdai_Discussion_Club" title="Valdai Discussion Club">Valdai Discussion Club</a>. </p><p>He was a member of the advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946; the couple had two children, Daniel and Steven. Their son <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Daniel Pipes</a> is a scholar of Middle Eastern affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipes died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 17, 2018, at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1070">"Russia: The More Things Change, The More They Stay the Same." Interview on <i>The Open Mind</i>, 1990.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?76996-1/the-unknown-lenin">Presentation by Pipes on <i>The Unknown Lenin</i>, November 22, 1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?154149-1/property-freedom">Presentation by Pipes on <i>Property and Freedom</i>, December 13, 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?167225-1/communism-history">Interview with Pipes, conducted by William F. Buckley Jr., on <i>Communism: A History</i>, November 1, 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?179455-1/vixi-memoirs-belonger"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Pipes on <i>Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger</i>, December 7, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Author</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/formationofsovie0000pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:formationofsovie0000pipe"><i>The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923</i></a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/socialdemocracys0000pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:socialdemocracys0000pipe"><i>Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885–1897</i></a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/struveliberalonl0001pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:struveliberalonl0001pipe"><i>Struve, Liberal on the Left</i></a> (1970)</li> <li><i>Europe Since 1815</i> (1970)</li> <li><i>Europe Since 1500</i> (1971) With J.H. Hexter and A. Molho</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/russiaunderoldre00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russiaunderoldre00pipe"><i>Russia Under the Old Regime</i></a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/sovietstrategyin00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:sovietstrategyin00pipe"><i>Soviet Strategy in Europe</i></a> (1976)</li> <li><i>Struve, Liberal on the Right, 1905–1944</i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/ussovietrelation0000pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ussovietrelation0000pipe"><i>U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente: a Tragedy of Errors</i></a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/survivalisnoteno00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:survivalisnoteno00pipe"><i>Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future</i></a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/russiaobservedco0000pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russiaobservedco0000pipe"><i>Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History</i></a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russianrevolutio00pipe 0"><i>The Russian Revolution</i></a> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/audiobook/394923550/The-Russian-Revolution">(Audiobook)</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russiaunderbolsh00rich"><i>Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919–1924</i></a> (1993)</li> <li><i>Communism, the Vanished Specter</i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:concisehistoryof00pipe"><i>A Concise History of the Russian Revolution</i></a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/threewhysofrussi00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:threewhysofrussi00pipe"><i>The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution</i></a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/propertyfreedom00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:propertyfreedom00pipe"><i>Property and Freedom</i></a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:communismhistory00pipe"><i>Communism: A History</i></a> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/audiobook/281658428/Communism">(Audiobook)</a></li> <li><i>Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger</i> (2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bk0g"><i>The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia</i></a> (2003)</li> <li><i>Russian Conservatism and Its Critics</i> (2006)</li> <li><i>Scattered Thoughts</i> (2010)</li> <li><i>Russia's Itinerant Painters</i> (2011)</li> <li><i>Uvarov: A Life</i> (2013) (In Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/book/433745347/Alexander-Yakovlev-The-Man-Whose-Ideas-Delivered-Russia-from-Communism"><i>Alexander Yakovlev: The Man Whose Ideas Delivered Russia from Communism</i></a> (2015)</li></ul> <p><b>Editor</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/russianintellige0000pipe" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russianintellige0000pipe"><i>The Russian Intelligentsia</i></a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/revolutionaryrus00conf" class="extiw" title="iarchive:revolutionaryrus00conf"><i>Revolutionary Russia</i></a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/richard-pipes-the-unknown-lenin-audio" class="extiw" title="iarchive:richard-pipes-the-unknown-lenin-audio"><i>The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive</i></a> (1996)</li></ul> <p><b>Contributor</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sneps.net/t/images/Articles/Pipes.pdf">"The National Problem in Russia."</a> In: <a href="//archive.org/details/isbn_9780226718552" class="extiw" title="iarchive:isbn 9780226718552"><i>Readings in Russian Civilization</i></a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/sovietsystemfrom00dall" class="extiw" title="iarchive:sovietsystemfrom00dall">"The Communist System."</a> In: <a href="//archive.org/details/sovietsystemfrom00dall" class="extiw" title="iarchive:sovietsystemfrom00dall"><i>The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse</i></a> (1995)</li></ul> <p><b>Essays</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871751">"The Russian Military Colonies, 1810–1831."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i>, Vol. 22, No. 3, September 1950, pp. 205–219. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871751">1871751</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/125989">"The First Experiment in Soviet National Policy: The Bashkir Republic, 1917–1920."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a></i>, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1950, pp. 303–319. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F125989">10.2307/125989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/125989">125989</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664570">"The Trial of Vera Z."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian History">Russian History</a></i>, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2010, pp. v, vii–x, 1–3, 5–31, 33–49, 51–82. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664570">24664570</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_in_the_Nuclear_Age" title="War and Peace in the Nuclear Age">War and Peace in the Nuclear Age</a></i> (documentary mini-series). Episode 12: “Reagan Reagan’s Shield”. <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH</a>, 1989.</li> <li><i>History’s Mysteries</i> (documentary series). “Killer Submarine”. <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a>, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Beyond the Movie – The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear</i> (documentary mini-series). Episode 1: “Baby It’s Cold Outside”. Written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Curtis" title="Adam Curtis">Adam Curtis</a>. 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nie_żyje_prof._Richard_Pipes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/Wspomnienia/180519382-Nie-zyje-prof-Richard-Pipes.html">"Nie żyje prof. Richard Pipes"</a> (in Polish). Gremi Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nie+%C5%BCyje+prof.+Richard+Pipes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2FWspomnienia%2F180519382-Nie-zyje-prof-Richard-Pipes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2018" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (May 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/obituaries/richard-pipes-historian-of-russia-and-reagan-aide-dies-at-94.html">"Richard Pipes, Historian of Russia and Reagan Aide, Dies at 94"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Pipes%2C+Historian+of+Russia+and+Reagan+Aide%2C+Dies+at+94&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fobituaries%2Frichard-pipes-historian-of-russia-and-reagan-aide-dies-at-94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, Richard. <i>Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger</i>. 2006, pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095659/http://www.historia.uwazamrze.pl/artykul/774489,949992.html?p=4">"Uważam Rze Historia"</a>. Historia.uwazamrze.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.uwazamrze.pl/artykul/774489,949992.html?p=4">the original</a> on February 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uwa%C5%BCam+Rze+Historia&rft.pub=Historia.uwazamrze.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historia.uwazamrze.pl%2Fartykul%2F774489%2C949992.html%3Fp%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/c/422-cieszyn/120-aktualnosci/139495-cieszyn-zmarl-richard-pipes">Cieszyn. Zmarł Richard Pipes. 2018. Polin. Wirtualny Sztetl. 18 May.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes2014" class="citation interview cs1">Pipes, Richard (March 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricochet.com/podcasts/need-to-know/The-Growling-Bear">"Need To Know with Mona Charen and Jay Nordlinger"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Jay Nordlinger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Need+To+Know+with+Mona+Charen+and+Jay+Nordlinger&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricochet.com%2Fpodcasts%2Fneed-to-know%2FThe-Growling-Bear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romano-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Romano_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomano2005" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Sergio (2005). <i>Memorie di un conservatore</i>. TEA. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-304-2128-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-304-2128-6"><bdi>88-304-2128-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorie+di+un+conservatore&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=TEA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=88-304-2128-6&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persiancarpetguide.com/sw-asia/People/Bio938.htm">"Notes on Professor Richard Pipes"</a>. <i>Persiancarpetguide.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Persiancarpetguide.com&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Professor+Richard+Pipes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persiancarpetguide.com%2Fsw-asia%2FPeople%2FBio938.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2024" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, J. B. (2024). <i>The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie</i>. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8893793222" title="Special:BookSources/979-8893793222"><bdi>979-8893793222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Contingent%3A+An+Addendum+on+WWII%3A+The+Boys+of+Camp+Ritchie&rft.pages=352&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8893793222&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thenation2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thenation2004_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenation2004_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thenation2004_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPress2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Press, Eyal (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113071644/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1367/is_200405/ai_n6382769">"Neocon man: Daniel Pipes has made his name inveighing against an academy overrun by political extremists but he is nothing if not extreme in his own views"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1367/is_200405/ai_n6382769">the original</a> on November 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Neocon+man%3A+Daniel+Pipes+has+made+his+name+inveighing+against+an+academy+overrun+by+political+extremists+but+he+is+nothing+if+not+extreme+in+his+own+views.&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb1367%2Fis_200405%2Fai_n6382769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalinovsky-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalinovsky_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalinovsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kalinovsky, Artemy M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10633971">"Encouraging Resistance: Paul Henze, the Bennigsen school, and the crisis of détente"</a>. <i>Reassessing Orientalism: Interlocking Orientologies During the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315758619-8">10.4324/9781315758619-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reassessing+Orientalism%3A+Interlocking+Orientologies+During+the+Cold+War&rft.atitle=Encouraging+Resistance%3A+Paul+Henze%2C+the+Bennigsen+school%2C+and+the+crisis+of+d%C3%A9tente&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315758619-8&rft.aulast=Kalinovsky&rft.aufirst=Artemy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10633971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cspan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cspan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cspan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, Richard. "Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger". Interview by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Brian Lamb</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Booknotes" title="Booknotes">Booknotes</a></i>, December 7, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190919220545/http://www.booknotes.org/FullPage.aspx?SID=179455-1">Full transcript available</a>. <dl><dd>"Well, because I attended – I am a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. I attended two <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg meetings">Bilderberg meetings</a>. The Council on Foreign Relations is scholarly institute, and you know, it has a reputation of being very liberal, but I am – here I am, I am a conservative, and I lecture to it, and I wrote for the <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>, its official organ, and so on. And secondly, Bilderberg – well, those are very exclusive meetings, they take place once a year in different locations. Some 100 people attend. And again, I attended these two meetings, and I have lectures, people speaking about this, and people speaking about that. And nobody tried to make policy, and nobody conspired about anything."</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-two-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogle, Lori Lyn "Pipes, Richard" p. 922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betts, Richard K. and Mahnken, Thomas G. <i>Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence: Essays in Honor of Michael I. Handel</i>. 2003, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2004" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Fred (September 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2103650/">"Can the CIA be saved?"</a>. Slate.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+the+CIA+be+saved%3F&rft.pub=Slate.com&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2103650%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/newsweek/061603.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204090619/http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/newsweek/061603.html">Archived</a> February 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boston_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenhaus2003" class="citation news cs1">Tanenhaus, Sam (February 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/02/the_hard_liner">"<b>The Hard Liner</b>: Harvard historian Richard Pipes shaped the Reagan administration's aggressive approach to the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Hard+Liner%3A+Harvard+historian+Richard+Pipes+shaped+the+Reagan+administration%27s+aggressive+approach+to+the+Soviet+Union.&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2003%2F11%2F02%2Fthe_hard_liner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anat-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anat_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Anatomy of a Neo-Conservative White House". <i>Canadian Dimension</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 46. May 1, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Dimension&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+Neo-Conservative+White+House&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2005-05-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanenhaus2003" class="citation news cs1">Tanenhaus, Sam (February 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/02/the_hard_liner/">"The hard-liner"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+hard-liner&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2003%2F11%2F02%2Fthe_hard_liner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comm_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624015324/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V82I4P27-1.htm">"Team B: The Reality Behind the Myth"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V82I4P27-1.htm">the original</a> on June 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Team+B%3A+The+Reality+Behind+the+Myth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2FSummaries%2FV82I4P27-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1981-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1981_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuthor_Unknown1981" class="citation journal cs1">Author Unknown (March 19, 1981). "U.S. Repudiates a Hard-Line Aide". <i>New York Times</i>: A8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Repudiates+a+Hard-Line+Aide&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=1981-03-19&rft.au=Author+Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShribman,_David1981" class="citation journal cs1">Shribman, David (October 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0812F7385D0C728EDDA90994D9484D81">"Security Adviser Ousted for a Talk Hinting at War"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>: A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Security+Adviser+Ousted+for+a+Talk+Hinting+at+War&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1981-10-21&rft.au=Shribman%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0812F7385D0C728EDDA90994D9484D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuthor_Unknown1981" class="citation journal cs1">Author Unknown (November 2, 1981). "The Rogue General". <i>Newsweek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Rogue+General&rft.date=1981-11-02&rft.au=Author+Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpc-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rpc_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard. <i>Communism: A History</i>. Modern Library. pp. 94, <span class="nowrap">108–</span>110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=94%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes1998" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1998). <i>The Three Whys of the Russian Revolution</i>. London: Pimlico. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7362-8"><bdi>0-7126-7362-8</bdi></a>. <q>what occurred in October 1917 was a classical modern coup d'etat accomplished without mass support. It was a surreptitious seizure of the nerve centres of the modern state, carried out under false slogans in order to neutralise the population at large, the true purpose of which was revealed only after the new claimants to power were firmly in the saddle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Whys+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7126-7362-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pipes1992" class="citation news cs1">Richard Pipes (August 16, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1992/08/16/the-past-on-trial-russia-one-year-later/32752613-f345-40c2-9f0e-b0a584b031f9/">"The Past on Trial: Russia, One Year Later"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Past+on+Trial%3A+Russia%2C+One+Year+Later&rft.date=1992-08-16&rft.au=Richard+Pipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1992%2F08%2F16%2Fthe-past-on-trial-russia-one-year-later%2F32752613-f345-40c2-9f0e-b0a584b031f9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Engerman, <i>Know your enemy. The rise and fall of America's Soviet experts</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_PipesWalter_C._Clemens,_Jr.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Pipes; Walter C. Clemens, Jr. (1983). "U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>42</b> (1). Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies: <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497460">2497460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=U.S.-Soviet+Relations+in+the+Era+of+D%C3%A9tente&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2497460%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Richard+Pipes&rft.au=Walter+C.+Clemens%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond L. Garthoff, Foreign Affairs, May 1995, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenin_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitch1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinowitch, Alexander (1998). "Richard Pipes's Lenin". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0036-0341.00011">10.1111/0036-0341.00011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/131696">131696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Richard+Pipes%27s+Lenin&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0036-0341.00011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F131696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rabinowitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_PipesDiane_P._Koenker1993" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Pipes; Diane P. Koenker (1993). "The Russian Revolution". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>65</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Archive+%26%23124%3B+National+Endowment+for+the+Humanities&rft.pub=Neh.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neh.gov%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F20071115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610171740/http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/about/nationaladvisors.php">"National Advisory Council"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/about/nationaladvisors.php">the original</a> on June 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Advisory+Council&rft.pub=Victims+of+Communism+Memorial+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victimsofcommunism.org%2Fabout%2Fnationaladvisors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Pipes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Anne. <i>Leo Strauss and the politics of American empire</i>. 2005, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven M. Chermak, Frankie Y. Bailey, Michelle Brown. <i>Media representations of September 11</i>. 2003, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1743462/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">“Full Cast & Crew”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405185/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">”Full Cast & Crew”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1264687/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">“Full Cast & Crew”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bogle, Lori Lyn, "Pipes, Richard", pp. 922–923, in <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> edited by Kelly Boyd, Vol. 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA922">online</a></li> <li>Daly, Jonathan, “The Pleiade: Five Scholars Who Founded Russian Historical Studies in America,” <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 18, no. 4 (Fall 2017): 785–826.</li> <li>Daly, Jonathan, ed., <i>Pillars of the Profession: The Correspondence of Richard Pipes and Marc Raeff</i> (Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston, 2019).</li> <li>Firestone, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027135">"Four Sovietologists: A Primer"</a>. <i>National Interest</i> No. 14 (Winter 1988/9), pp. 102–107 on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Cohen" title="Stephen F. Cohen">Stephen F. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Jerry F. Hough</a>, and Richard Pipes.</li> <li>Malia, Martin Edward, "The Hunt for the True October", pp. 21–28, from <i>Commentary</i>, Vol. 92, 1991.</li> <li>Pipes, Richard, "Vixi: The Memoirs of a Non-Belonger", 2003.</li> <li>Poe, Marshall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=5">"The Dissident"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_(magazine)" title="Azure (magazine)"><i>Azure</i></a> (Spring 2008).</li> <li>Somin, Ilya, "Riddles, Mysteries, and Enigmas: Unanswered Questions of Communism's Collapse", pp. 84–88, from <i>Policy Review</i>, Vol. 70, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Stent" title="Angela Stent">Stent, Angela</a>, "Review of U.S-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente", pp. 91–92, from <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Review">Russian Review</a></i>, Vol. 41, 1982.</li> <li>Szeftel, Marc, "Two Negative Appraisals of Russian Pre-Revolutionary Development", pp. 74–87, from <i>Canadian-American Slavic Studies</i>, 1980.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pipes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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