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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stability and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_and_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_and_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Study and evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_and_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autocracy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outokrasie" title="Outokrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Outokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أوتوقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتوقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracia" title="Autocracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Autocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtokratiya" title="Avtokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="স্বৈরতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বৈরতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choan-ch%C3%A8_ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB" title="Choan-chè chèng-tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choan-chè chèng-tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўтакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аўтакратыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokratija" title="Autokratija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autokratija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocr%C3%A0cia" title="Autocràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtokrasya" title="Awtokrasya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Awtokrasya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokracie" title="Autokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokratie" title="Autokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokraatia" title="Autokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracia" title="Autocracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solrego" title="Solrego – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solrego" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrazia" title="Autokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یکه‌سالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یکه‌سالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratie" title="Autocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrasy" title="Autokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Autokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracia" title="Autocracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Autocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="આપખુદશાહી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આપખુદશાહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A0%9C_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="전제 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전제 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անձնիշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձնիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="एकतन्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokracija" title="Autokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrateso" title="Autokrateso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autokrateso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrasi" title="Autokrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Autokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocrazia" title="Autocrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוטוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ನಿರಂಕುಶ ಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರಂಕುಶ ಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავტოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokras%C3%AE" title="Otokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95" title="ອັດຕາທິປະໄຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັດຕາທິປະໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokr%C4%81tija" title="Autokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokratija" title="Autokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokr%C3%A1cia" title="Autokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Автократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഏകാധിപത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏകാധിപത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავტოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავტოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اوتوقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتوقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اتوکراسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اتوکراسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrasi" title="Autokrasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ADk-c%C3%A0i" title="Dŭk-cài – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dŭk-cài" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Автократ засаглал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Автократ засаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="အော်တိုကရေစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်တိုကရေစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratie" title="Autocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="専制政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="専制政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrati" title="Autokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Autokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokrati" title="Autokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Autokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracia" title="Autocracia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Autocracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtokratiya" title="Avtokratiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰਸ਼ਾਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੁਦਮੁਖ਼ਤਿਆਰਸ਼ਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BC%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="آټوکراسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آټوکراسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokracja" title="Autokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracia" title="Autocracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autocracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocra%C8%9Bie" title="Autocrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autocrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Autocracy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokracia" title="Autokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autucrazz%C3%ACa" title="Autucrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Autucrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autocracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokracia" title="Autokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Autokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtokracija" title="Avtokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئۆتۆکراسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аутократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokratija" title="Autokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsevaltius" title="Itsevaltius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsevaltius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%C3%A4lde" title="Envälde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Envälde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtokrasya" title="Awtokrasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Awtokrasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఏకచ్ఛత్రాధిపత్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఏకచ్ఛత్రాధిపత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="อัตตาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัตตาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Автократия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Автократия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokrasi" title="Otokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Автократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مطلق العنانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مطلق العنانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Autocracy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/System_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="System of government">system of government</a> in which absolute power is held by the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a>, known as an <b>autocrat</b>. It includes some forms of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and all forms of <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>, while it is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to cases where power is held by a single individual, or they may define autocracy in a way that includes a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an <a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">anocracy</a>. The concept of autocracy has been recognized in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>. </p><p>Autocrats maintain power through <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> of any opposition and <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-optation</a> of other influential or powerful members of society. The general public is controlled through <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and an autocracy may attempt to legitimize itself in the eyes of the public through appeals to <a href="/wiki/Political_Ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Ideology">political ideology</a>, religion, <a href="/wiki/Birthright" title="Birthright">birthright</a>, or foreign hostility. Some autocracies establish legislatures, <a href="/wiki/Unfair_election" title="Unfair election">unfair elections</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> to further exercise control while presenting the appearance of democracy. The only limits to autocratic rule are practical considerations in preserving the <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>. Autocrats must retain control over the nation's elites and institutions for their will to be exercised, but they must also prevent any other individual or group from gaining significant power or influence. Internal challenges are the most significant threats faced by autocrats, as they may lead to a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. </p><p>Autocracy was among the earliest forms of government. It began as <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, which existed throughout the ancient world in the form of <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>. Monarchy was the predominant form of autocracy for most of history. Dictatorship became more common in the 19th century, beginning with the <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudillos">caudillos</a></i> in Latin America and the empires of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarian</a> dictatorships developed in the 20th century with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> states. Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, most dictatorships have been characterized as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> rather than totalitarian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_use">Etymology and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Autocracy</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">auto</i></span> (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐτός</span></span>; "self") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">kratos</i></span> (Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κράτος</span></span>; "power, might").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became the Hellenistic/Byzantine Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">autocrator</i></span> (Greek: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:αὐτοκράτωρ">αὐτοκράτωρ</a>) and the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">imperator</i></span>, both of which were titles for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>. This was adopted in Old Russian as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">samod′rž′c′</i></span> and then modern Russian as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">samoderžec</i></span>. In the 18th century, the title for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emperor">Russian emperor</a> was translated to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">authocrateur</i></span> and then <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">autocrateur</i></span> in French, while it was translated to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Autocrator</i></span> and then <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Autokrator</i></span> in German. These terms were eventually used to refer to autocratic rulers in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has since developed a negative connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_Chevaliers_du_Saint-Esprit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Louis_XVI" title="Coronation of Louis XVI">coronation of Louis XVI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Doyen" title="Gabriel François Doyen">Gabriel François Doyen</a>, 1775)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many attempts have been made to define the political structure of autocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It traditionally entails a single unrestrained ruler, known as an autocrat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though unrestrained non-democratic rule by a group may also be defined as autocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocracy is distinguished from other forms of government by the power of the autocrat to unilaterally repress the <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> of the people and to choose what liberties they may exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19872_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19872-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern autocracy is often defined as any non-democratic government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201924_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201924-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202329_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202329-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all forms of government, autocracy has no clearly defined boundaries, and it may intersect with other forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877–8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19877–8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though autocracy usually encompasses an entire country, it can sometimes take place at <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subnational</a> or local levels, even in countries with a more democratic government, if the national government has limited control over a specific area or its political conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autocracies impose few to no limits on the power of the autocrat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199085_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199085-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and any formal institutions that exist create only limited accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201924_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201924-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain power, an autocrat must have the support of elites that hold influence in the country and assist the autocrat in carrying out their will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201926–27_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201926–27-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of direct control that an autocrat wields in practice may vary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19877-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an autocratic government solidifies its rule, it develops stronger institutions to carry out the autocrat's will. These institutions are necessary for maintaining control and extracting value from <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">the state</a>, but they can also serve as checks on the autocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocrats must also balance the affiliation that regional elites have over their jurisdiction; too little can prevent effective rule, while too much may cause the elite to favor the region's interests over the autocrat's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199767_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199767-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some autocracies incorporate an elected legislature that has a limited ability to check the power of the autocrat, though these are not usually formed through <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19877-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These legislatures may also be prone to <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and can be influenced by the autocrat in exchange for preferential treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198757_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198757-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other institutions, such as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent judiciary">independent judiciary</a> or an active <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>, may also limit the autocrat's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some autocracies emphasize a ruling family rather than a single autocrat. This has been the case of most monarchies. Such arrangements allow for <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a>, which can join autocracies together through <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personalist_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalist dictatorship">Personalist dictatorships</a> may also give significance to the ruling family through a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest autocracies, such as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, formed where there was previously no centralized government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199714_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199714-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial development of an autocracy is attributed to its efficiency over <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>, as it provides security and negates internal divisions. <a href="/wiki/Mancur_Olson" title="Mancur Olson">Mancur Olson</a> introduced the term "stationary bandits" to describe the method of control associated with autocracy, as opposed to the "roaming bandits" that dominate anarchic society. Under this definition, autocrats as stationary bandits see long-term investment in the society that they exploit through taxation and other seizure of resources, as opposed to the bandits in stateless societies that have no incentive to improve society. This creates a <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a> in which both the autocrat and the subjects benefit over the alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Joseph_Wallis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Joseph Wallis (page does not exist)">John Joseph Wallis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barry_R._Weingast" title="Barry R. Weingast">Barry R. Weingast</a> describe autocracies as natural states that arise from this need to monopolize violence. In contrast to Olson, these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler, but as an organization formed by many actors. They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process among individuals with access to violence. For them, these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources. As violence reduces the <a href="/wiki/Economic_rents" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic rents">economic rents</a>, members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting. A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition, who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthWallisWeingast2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthWallisWeingast2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is great variance in the types of states that become autocratic. Neither a state's size, its military strength, its economic success, nor its cultural attributes significantly affect whether it is likely to be autocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006547_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006547-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocracy is more likely to form in heterogeneous populations, as there is greater inequality and less <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a>. Autocracies formed under these conditions are often more volatile for the same reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_and_succession">Stability and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stability and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> led to the replacement of the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> with the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202317_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202317-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most autocratic governments are overthrown by a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202313_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202313-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historically most have been succeeded by another autocratic government, though a trend toward democracy developed in 20th century Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock1987178_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock1987178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new governments are commonly a different type of autocracy or a weaker variant of the same type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While popular support for revolution is often necessary to overthrow an autocratic government, most revolts are accompanied by internal support from elites who believe that it is no longer in their interest to support the autocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overthrow of an autocratic government purely through popular revolt is virtually nonexistent throughout history,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198720_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198720-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but popular support for democracy is a significant indicator of challenges to autocratic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201934_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201934-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modernization and increased wealth are often associated with stronger support for democracy, though failing to provide these things also reduces support for the autocratic regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20197_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20197-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular revolt is most likely to occur during periods of reform. Government reform can provide an impetus for stronger opposition, especially when it does not meet expectations, and it can weaken the centralization of power through poor implementation. When revolt appears likely, an autocrat may grant civil rights, redistribute wealth, or abdicate from power entirely to avoid the threat of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some autocracies use <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary succession">hereditary succession</a> in which a set of rules determines who will be the next autocrat. Otherwise, a successor may be handpicked, either by the autocrat or by another governmental body. Pre-determined successors are incentivized to overthrow and replace the autocrat, creating a dilemma for autocrats wishing to choose a successor. The threat of overthrow is greater for appointed successors over hereditary successors, as hereditary successors are often younger and less influential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200068–70_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200068–70-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other autocracies have no appointed successor, and a power struggle will take place upon the death or removal of the autocrat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200066_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200066-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods of succession are a common distinction between monarchical rule and dictatorial rule; monarchies use an established system of succession such as hereditary succession, while dictatorships do not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198718-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocratic rule is most unstable during succession from one autocrat to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202332_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202332-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orders of succession allow for more peaceful transition of power, but it prevents meaningful vetting of successors for competence or fortitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198718-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When rule passes between autocrats, the incoming autocrat often inherits an established bureaucracy. This bureaucracy facilitates the transfer of power, as the new ruler gains immediate control over the nation without having to conquer its people or win their popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autocrats may claim that they have <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> under a legal framework, or they may exert influence purely through force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinion on whether an autocratic government is legitimate can vary, even among its own population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An autocracy's approach to legitimacy can be affected by recognition from other nations. Widely accepted autocratic governments are more able to convince their own populations of their legitimacy. Less widely accepted autocracies may rally internal support by attributing their lack of recognition to malevolent foreign efforts, such as <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the most common claim of legitimacy is birthright in an autocracy that uses hereditary succession. Theocratic governments appeal to religion to justify their rule, arguing that religious leaders must also be political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other autocrats may use similar claims of divine authority to justify their rule, often in <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> in ancient China and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> in 17th century England and France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an autocratic government has a state ideology, this may be used to justify the autocrat's rule. This is most common in <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalist">ethnonationalist</a> governments. Autocracies with unfair elections will cite election results to prove that the autocrat has a mandate to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some autocracies will use practical considerations to legitimise their rule, arguing that they are necessary to provide basic needs to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Autocracy encompasses most non-democratic forms of government, including <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchies">monarchies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov202110–11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov202110–11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monarchies were common in medieval Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the modern era dictatorship is the most common form of government globally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198718-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autocratic governments are classified as <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> when they engage in direct control of citizens' lives, or as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> when they do not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19875–6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19875–6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totalitarian governments do not allow <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a>. Instead, citizens are expected to devote themselves to <a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">a single ideological vision</a> and demonstrate their support of the state ideology through political engagement. Totalitarian governments are <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, seeking radically to reform society, and they often engage in <a href="/wiki/Terror_(politics)" title="Terror (politics)">terror</a> against groups that do not comply with the state's vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013232–233_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013232–233-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totalitarianism is associated with <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013229,_232_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013229,_232-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authoritarian governments maintain control of a nation purely through repression and controlled opposition rather than mandated adherence to a state ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013239–240_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013239–240-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include most traditional monarchies, military dictatorships, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracies</a>, and dominant party states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013240,_242–243,_245_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013240,_242–243,_245-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An absolute autocracy may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, in which the autocrat rules purely through personal control without any meaningful institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199770_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199770-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were most common in pre-industrial societies, when large bureaucracies had not yet become standard in government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199766_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199766-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sultanism" title="Sultanism">Sultanism</a> is a type of personalist dictatorship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which a ruling family directly integrates itself into the state through a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, where it maintains control purely through rewards for allies and force against enemies. In these regimes, there is no guiding ideology or legal system, and the state serves only to bring about the leader's own personal enrichment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other descriptors, such as <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> and absolutism, may also be associated with variations of autocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though autocracies often restrict <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, some may allow limited exercise of some rights. These autocracies grant moderate representation to political opponents and allow exercise of some civil rights, though less than those associated with democracy. These are contrasted with closed autocracies, which do not permit the exercise of these rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several forms of semi-autocratic government have been defined in which governments blend elements of democracy and autocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_autocracy" title="Liberal autocracy">liberal autocracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> semi-liberal autocracy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">anocracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_autocracy" title="Electoral autocracy">electoral autocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongOr2020_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongOr2020-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These governments may begin as democratic governments and then become autocratic as the elected leader seizes control over the nation's institutions and electoral process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, autocratic governments may transition to democracy through a period of semi-autocratic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201391_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201391-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy#History" title="Monarchy">History of monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship#History" title="Dictatorship">History of dictatorship</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Caesar_te_paard_C._Ivlivs_Caesar_(titel_op_object)_Romeinse_keizers_te_paard_(serietitel)_Imperatorvm_XII._A_svetonio_descriptorvm_effigies_resqve_gestae_(serietitel),_RP-P-1963-135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julius_Caesar_te_paard_C._Ivlivs_Caesar_%28titel_op_object%29_Romeinse_keizers_te_paard_%28serietitel%29_Imperatorvm_XII._A_svetonio_descriptorvm_effigies_resqve_gestae_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1963-135.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julius_Caesar_te_paard_C._Ivlivs_Caesar_%28titel_op_object%29_Romeinse_keizers_te_paard_%28serietitel%29_Imperatorvm_XII._A_svetonio_descriptorvm_effigies_resqve_gestae_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1963-135.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Julius_Caesar_te_paard_C._Ivlivs_Caesar_%28titel_op_object%29_Romeinse_keizers_te_paard_%28serietitel%29_Imperatorvm_XII._A_svetonio_descriptorvm_effigies_resqve_gestae_%28serietitel%29%2C_RP-P-1963-135.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5816" /></a><figcaption>Julius Caesar (engraved <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1587</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1589</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Autocracy has been the primary form of government for most of human history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19878_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19878-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest forms of government was the chiefdom that developed in <a href="/wiki/Tribal_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal societies">tribal societies</a>, which date back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199715_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199715-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chiefdoms are regional collections of villages ruled over by <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001373_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001373-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are an emergent form of governance, originating from societies that previously lacked a centralized authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199714_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199714-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical chiefs often held only tenuous power over the chiefdom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001377_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001377-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they trended towards autocracy as <a href="/wiki/Heterarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterarchical">heterarchical</a> governance was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> governance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001381_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001381-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early states were formed by <a href="/wiki/Warlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlords">warlords</a> ruling over conquered territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first states were the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which first developed around the 35th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1997104_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997104-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early states were ruled by kings who were both political and religious leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch201338_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch201338-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed by the first empire, the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, when they were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> in the 24th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrakamp2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrakamp2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blending of autocratic rule with religious significance continued under the Akkadian Empire, as the king <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin of Akkad</a> was the first of several kings to be <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">recognized as a god</a> over the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch201340_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch201340-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> also existed as an autocratic government for most of its early history,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199766_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199766-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first developing states at the end of the fourth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner1997136_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997136-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China has been subject to autocratic rule almost without interruption since its ancient feudal society was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> in 221 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu19931–2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu19931–2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even its feudal government had stronger elements of autocracy than other instances of feudalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu199316_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu199316-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Chinese philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> emphasized the importance of benevolent autocratic rule to maintain order,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu199331–33_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu199331–33-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this philosophy heavily influenced future Chinese thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFu199333–34_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu199333–34-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>City-states in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> were often ruled by tyrants, though myth and historical revisionism later re-imagined these tyrants as kings with hereditary succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20031–2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20031–2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> introduced the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a> who would be temporarily invested with unchecked power to restore stability during periods of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2007413_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas2007413-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temporary dictatorship was eventually subverted by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> when he became <a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">dictator for life</a> in 44 BCE, ending the Roman Republic and ushering the creation of the autocratic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeev1996251–253_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeev1996251–253-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several early military dictatorships formed in East Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical era">post-classical era</a>. These include the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a> in 642,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198448_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198448-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_military_regime" title="Goryeo military regime">Goryeo military regime</a> beginning in 1170,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz20001–2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShultz20001–2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a> in Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200358_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200358-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentary monarchies became common in the 13th century as monarchs sought larger advising bodies that were representative of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European nations moved away from feudalism and towards centralized monarchy as the primary form of government in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg2014_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg2014-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1001-501%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> salute <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">Absolutism</a> became more common in European monarchies at the onset of the 16th century as the continent struggled with weak leadership and religious conflict. Legislatures during this period were often tailored to enforce the king's will but not challenge it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulliung2014_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulliung2014-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was sometimes justified through the divine right of kings, particularly in the kingdoms of England and France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> marked a significant shift in the perception of dictatorship as a form of tyrannical rule, as revolutionaries justified their actions as a means of combatting tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2005233–234_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2005233–234-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the original forms of dictatorship were <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a>, a form of monarchism that rejected feudalism, and <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>, imperial rule reminiscent of Julius Caesar. These were primarily used to define the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2005238–239_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2005238–239-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European monarchies moved away from autocracy in the 19th century as legislatures increased in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock1987179_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock1987179-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 19th century Latin America, regional rulers known as <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillos</a></i> seized power in several nations as early examples of dictators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1992_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1992-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th and 20th centuries brought about the decline of traditional monarchies in favor of modern <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, many of which developed as autocracies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upheaval caused by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> resulted in a broad shift of governance across Europe, and many nations moved away from traditional monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most European monarchs were stripped of their powers to become <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarchs</a>, or they were displaced entirely in favor of <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock1987179_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock1987179-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totalitarianism first developed as a form of autocracy during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013233_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013233-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seized power in many of these republics, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. This saw the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>, and military dictatorships throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> first developed as a new form of autocracy following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. This type of autocratic government enforced totalitarian control over its citizens through a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguardist">mass party said to represent the citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074–75_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074–75-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other forms of European dictatorship were dissolved after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, communism was strengthened and became the basis of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">several dictatorships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communist states became the primary model for autocratic government in the late-20th century, and many non-communist autocratic regimes replicated the communist style of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov202113_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov202113-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline in autocracy across Western Europe affected autocratic government elsewhere in the world through colonization. Societies without a state were readily colonized by European nations and subsequently adopted democracy and parliamentary government after it became common in Europe. Regions with historically strong autocratic states were able to resist European colonization or otherwise went unchanged, allowing autocracy to be preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHariri2012489_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHariri2012489-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strength of autocracy in <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a> was significantly reduced at the end of the Cold War with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, but it saw a resurgence over the following decades through regional powers such as China, Iran, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20191_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20191-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of totalitarian regimes led to authoritarianism becoming the predominant form of autocracy in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activity">Political activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg/220px-Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg/330px-Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg/440px-Nagodetov_proces_%E2%80%93_obto%C5%BEenci_med_branjem_obto%C5%BEnice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nagode_Trial" title="Nagode Trial">Nagode Trial</a>, a 1947 show trial in Slovenia</figcaption></figure> <p>Political repression is the primary method by which autocrats preserve the regime and prevent the loss of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20233_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20233-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This repression may take place implicitly by coercing and intimidating potential opposition, or it may involve direct violence. Autocratic governments also engage in co-optation, in which influential figures are provided benefits by the regime in exchange for their support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201932_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201932-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coercing these elites is usually more efficient for the autocrat than intimidating them through violence. Political parties are a common method of co-optation and coercion, as they provide a mechanism to control members of the government, initiate new members, and discourage a military coup. Autocratic governments controlled through a political party last longer on average than other autocratic governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Control over the public is maintained through <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201937_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201937-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocratic governments enjoy similar levels of public support to democratic governments, and a state's status as autocratic is not a significant indicator in whether it is supported by its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk2019161_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk2019161-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocrats often appeal to the people by supporting a specific political, ethnic, or religious movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202311_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202311-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The different forms of autocratic government create significant variance in their foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinne2005126_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinne2005126-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, autocratic governments are more likely to go to war than democratic governments, as citizens are not part of the <a href="/wiki/Selectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectorate">selectorate</a> to which autocrats are accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangerås2009100–101_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangerås2009100–101-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinne2005119_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinne2005119-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totalitarian autocracies have historically engaged in <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> after consolidating power, particularly fascist governments. This allows the autocracy to spread its state ideology, and the existence of foreign adversaries allows the autocrat to rally internal support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKneuer2017_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKneuer2017-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autocratic regimes in the 21st century have departed from the historical precedent of direct rule in favor of institutions that resemble those of democratic governments. This may include controlled liberties for citizens such as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Opposition_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition parties">opposition parties</a> to participate in <a href="/wiki/Unfair_election" title="Unfair election">unfair elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov20211_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov20211-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20196_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20196-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections provide several benefits to autocratic regimes, allowing for a venue to restrain or appease the opposition and creating a method to transfer power without violent conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov20212_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov20212-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many autocrats also institute <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> to carry out political repression rather than carrying out direct purges. This may be done to more publicly discourage future dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202228_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202228-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this trend, autocratic elections rarely invited public participation. They were instead used by elites to choose a leader amongst themselves, such as in an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral monarchy">electoral monarchy</a>. The creation of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> is another common measure used by autocrats to stay in power; as they are able to draft the constitution unilaterally, it can be tailored to suit their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_and_evaluation">Study and evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Study and evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy_Index_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/330px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/495px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Democracy_Index_2022.svg/660px-Democracy_Index_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>The 2022 <a href="/wiki/Economist_Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Democracy Index">Economist Democracy Index</a>: authoritarian regimes are designated in orange and red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_regime,_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Political_regime%2C_2023.svg/330px-Political_regime%2C_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Political_regime%2C_2023.svg/495px-Political_regime%2C_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Political_regime%2C_2023.svg/660px-Political_regime%2C_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Global Political Regimes, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Liberal democracy</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80ff80; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Electoral democracy</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Electoral autocracy</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Closed autocracy</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famines_by_political_regime.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famines_by_political_regime.png/330px-Famines_by_political_regime.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famines_by_political_regime.png/495px-Famines_by_political_regime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famines_by_political_regime.png/660px-Famines_by_political_regime.png 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="4300" /></a><figcaption>Famines since 1850 by political regime. Autocratic countries have experienced significantly more <a href="/wiki/Famines" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines">famines</a> than democratic countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Autocratic government has been central to political theory since the development of Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202328_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202328-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its historical prominence, autocracy has not been widely recognized as its own political theory in the way that democracy has.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202328_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202328-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autocratic government is generally considered to be less desirable than democratic government. Reasons for this include its proclivity for corruption and violence as well as its lack of efficiency and its weakness in promoting liberty and transparency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20193_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20193-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, data on the operation of autocratic government has been limited, preventing detailed study.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study of postcolonial autocracy in Africa has been particularly limited, as these governments were less likely to keep detailed records of their activities relative to other governments at the time, and they frequently destroyed the records that did exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202222_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202222-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study of citizen support for autocratic government relative to democratic government has also been infrequent, and most studies conducted in this area have been limited to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201912–15_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201912–15-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collection of information on autocratic regimes has improved in the 21st century, allowing for more detailed analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autocratic government has been found to have effects on a country's politics, including its government's structure and bureaucracy, long after it democratizes. Comparisons between regions have found disparities in citizen attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement depending on whether it had been subject to autocracy, even in different regions within the same country. Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Postcommunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcommunist">postcommunist</a> nations are more likely to distrust government and free markets, directly hindering the long-term economic prosperity of these nations. Xenophobia is generally more common in post-autocratic nations, and voters in these nations are more likely to vote for far-right or far-left political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022The_Legacies_Autocracies_Leave_Behind_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022The_Legacies_Autocracies_Leave_Behind-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">democracy indices</a> have been developed to measure how democratic or authoritarian countries are, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polity_data_series" title="Polity data series">Polity data series</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report, and the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices_(V-Dem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy indices (V-Dem)">Varieties of Democracy</a> indices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016111_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016111-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201995_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese201995-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indices measure various attributes of a government's actions and its citizens' rights to sort democracies and autocracies. These attributes might include <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">enfranchisement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, or free and fair elections, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016112,_115–116_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016112,_115–116-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the choice in attributes and the method of measuring them are subjective, and they are defined individually be each index.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201996_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese201996-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, different democracy indices generally produce similar results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016122–123_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016122–123-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201995_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese201995-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most discrepancies come from the measurement of anocratic governments that blend democratic and autocratic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016123_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016123-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concepts of tyranny and despotism as distinct modes of government were abandoned in the 19th century in favor of more specific typologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2005222,_235_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2005222,_235-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Linz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Linz">Juan Linz</a> in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Gordon Tullock</a> in 1974 through applied <a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">public choice theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200063_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200063-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Cold War, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s theory of the <a href="/wiki/End_of_history" title="End of history">end of history</a> became popular among political scientists. This theory proposed that autocratic government was approaching a permanent decline to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. This theory was largely abandoned after the increase in autocratic government over the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20191_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20191-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, the concept of "autocracy promotion" became influential in the study of autocracy, proposing that some governments have sought to establish autocratic rule in foreign nations, though subsequent studies have found little evidence to support that such efforts are as widespread or successful as originally thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansey2015155–156_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansey2015155–156-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWay201664–65_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWay201664–65-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakistocracy" title="Kakistocracy">Kakistocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">Monocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">Patrimonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiala2015Glossary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiala2015">Fiala 2015</a>, Glossary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary2023_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2023">Oxford English Dictionary 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006546_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnell2006">Burnell 2006</a>, p. 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201379_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202330_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19872-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19872_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201924-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201924_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201924_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202329-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202329_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjeeKoren20185_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukherjeeKoren2018">Mukherjee & Koren 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19877–8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877–8_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Die_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022">Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022</a>, How Autocracies Die.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199085-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199085_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurrJaggersMoore1990">Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201926–27-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201926–27_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19877-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19877_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Emerge_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022">Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022</a>, How Autocracies Emerge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199767-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199767_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1997">Finer 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198757-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198757_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022How_Autocracies_Are_Sustained_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022">Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022</a>, How Autocracies Are Sustained.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013237–238_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199714-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199714_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199714_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle1997">Earle 1997</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthWallisWeingast2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthWallisWeingast2008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthWallisWeingast2008">North, Wallis & Weingast 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006547-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006547_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnell2006">Burnell 2006</a>, p. 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202317-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202317_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202313-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202313_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock1987178-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock1987178_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006549_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnell2006">Burnell 2006</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198720-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198720_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201934-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201934_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20197-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20197_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200068–70-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200068–70_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurrild-Klitgaard2000">Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200066-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200066_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurrild-Klitgaard2000">Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock198718-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock198718_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202332-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202332_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnell2006548_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnell2006">Burnell 2006</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy2014_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov202110–11-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov202110–11_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolosov2021">Golosov 2021</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19875–6-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19875–6_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013232–233-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013232–233_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013229,_232-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013229,_232_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, pp. 229, 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013239–240-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013239–240_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013240,_242–243,_245-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013240,_242–243,_245_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, pp. 240, 242–243, 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199770-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199770_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1997">Finer 1997</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner199766-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199766_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiner199766_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiner1997">Finer 1997</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201390_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongOr2020-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongOr2020_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWongOr2020">Wong & Or 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2012_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2012">Miller 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff201391-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff201391_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETullock19878-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETullock19878_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTullock1987">Tullock 1987</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle199715-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle199715_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle1997">Earle 1997</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001373-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001373_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001">Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001377-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001377_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001">Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001381-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001381_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001">Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner1997104-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShultz20001–2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShultz2000">Shultz 2000</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200358-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200358_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2003">Gordon 2003</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg2014-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg2014_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigg2014">Grigg 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulliung2014-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulliung2014_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulliung2014">Hulliung 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2005233–234-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurrJaggersMoore1990">Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199090_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurrJaggersMoore1990">Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013233-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiaroff2013233_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiaroff2013">Siaroff 2013</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074–75-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurrJaggersMoore199074–75_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGurrJaggersMoore1990">Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov202113-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov202113_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolosov2021">Golosov 2021</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHariri2012489-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHariri2012489_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHariri2012">Hariri 2012</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20191-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20191_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20191_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202331_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20233-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20233_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201932-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201932_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201937-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201937_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk2019161-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk2019161_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202311-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski202311_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinne2005126-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinne2005126_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinne2005">Kinne 2005</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangerås2009100–101-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangerås2009100–101_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangerås2009">Tangerås 2009</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinne2005119-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinne2005119_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinne2005">Kinne 2005</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKneuer2017-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKneuer2017_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKneuer2017">Kneuer 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov20211-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov20211_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolosov2021">Golosov 2021</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk20196-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20196_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolosov20212-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolosov20212_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolosov2021">Golosov 2021</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202228-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202228_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShen-Bayh2022">Shen-Bayh 2022</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/political-regime#sources-and-processing">"V-Dem (2024) – processed by Our World in Data. "Political regime" [dataset]. V-Dem, "V-Dem Country-Year (Full + Others) v14" [original data]"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk20193_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerschewski20237_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerschewski2023">Gerschewski 2023</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202222-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen-Bayh202222_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShen-Bayh2022">Shen-Bayh 2022</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauk201912–15-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauk201912–15_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauk2019">Mauk 2019</a>, pp. 12–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022The_Legacies_Autocracies_Leave_Behind-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022The_Legacies_Autocracies_Leave_Behind_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrzymala-BusseFinkel2022">Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022</a>, The Legacies Autocracies Leave Behind.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016111-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016111_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2016">Schmidt 2016</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese201995-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201995_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201995_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoese2019">Boese 2019</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016112,_115–116-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016112,_115–116_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2016">Schmidt 2016</a>, pp. 112, 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoese201996-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoese201996_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoese2019">Boese 2019</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016122–123-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016122–123_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2016">Schmidt 2016</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016123-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2016123_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2016">Schmidt 2016</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2005222,_235-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2005222,_235_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2005">Richter 2005</a>, p. 222, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200063-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurrild-Klitgaard200063_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurrild-Klitgaard2000">Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETansey2015155–156-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansey2015155–156_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTansey2015">Tansey 2015</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWay201664–65-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWay201664–65_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWay2016">Way 2016</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle1997" class="citation book cs1">Earle, Timothy K. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howchiefscometop0000earl"><i>How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2856-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-2856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Chiefs+Come+to+Power%3A+The+Political+Economy+in+Prehistory&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2856-0&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Timothy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowchiefscometop0000earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiala2015" class="citation book cs1">Fiala, Andrew, ed. (2015). <i>The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1434-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-1434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Political+Philosophy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1434-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finer" title="Samuel Finer">Finer, Samuel Edward</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgovernm0003fine"><i>The History of Government from the Earliest Times</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820664-4"><bdi>978-0-19-820664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Government+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820664-4&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgovernm0003fine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu1993" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Zhengyuan (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autocratictradit0000fuzh"><i>Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52144-228-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52144-228-2"><bdi>978-0-52144-228-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocratic+Tradition+and+Chinese+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-52144-228-2&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Zhengyuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautocratictradit0000fuzh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerschewski2023" class="citation book cs1">Gerschewski, Johannes (2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/two-logics-of-autocratic-rule/9C61972920FEE9E850313E54936A9D1E"><i>The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-19941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-19941-4"><bdi>978-1-009-19941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Logics+of+Autocratic+Rule&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-19941-4&rft.aulast=Gerschewski&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Ftwo-logics-of-autocratic-rule%2F9C61972920FEE9E850313E54936A9D1E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonsCooleEllisFerguson2014" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Michael T.; <a href="/wiki/Diana_Coole" title="Diana Coole">Coole, Diana H.</a>; Ellis, Elisabeth; <a href="/wiki/Kennan_Ferguson" title="Kennan Ferguson">Ferguson, Kennan</a>, eds. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118474396"><i>The Encyclopedia of Political Thought</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118474396">10.1002/9781118474396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47439-6"><bdi>978-1-118-47439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118474396&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47439-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118474396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFGrigg2014" class="citation">Grigg, Julianna. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0682">Monarchy</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFGibbonsCooleEllisFerguson2014">Gibbons et al. (2014)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHulliung2014" class="citation">Hulliung, Mark. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0002">Absolutism</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFGibbonsCooleEllisFerguson2014">Gibbons et al. (2014)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation">Murphy, Andrew R. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0284">Divine Right of Kings</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFGibbonsCooleEllisFerguson2014">Gibbons et al. 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Translated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Willett_Wagner" title="Edward Willett Wagner">Wagner, Edward W.</a>; Shultz, Edward J. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674615762" title="Special:BookSources/9780674615762"><bdi>9780674615762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780674615762&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofkore0000leek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1992" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, John (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caudillosinspani0000lync"><i>Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198211358.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821135-8"><bdi>978-0-19-821135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caudillos+in+Spanish+America+1800%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198211358.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821135-8&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaudillosinspani0000lync&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauk2019" class="citation book cs1">Mauk, Marlene (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/36535"><i>Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885485-2"><bdi>978-0-19-885485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Support+for+Democratic+and+Autocratic+Regimes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885485-2&rft.aulast=Mauk&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F36535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Sarah (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/752764-003/html">"Imaginary Kings: Alternatives to Monarchy in Early Greece"</a></span>. In Morgan, Kathryn A. (ed.). <i>Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2F752764">10.7560/752764</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29279-782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29279-782-6"><bdi>978-0-29279-782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imaginary+Kings%3A+Alternatives+to+Monarchy+in+Early+Greece&rft.btitle=Popular+Tyranny%3A+Sovereignty+and+Its+Discontents+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F752764&rft.isbn=978-0-29279-782-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7560%2F752764-003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeKoren2018" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Bumba; Koren, Ore (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91758-0"><i>The Politics of Mass Killing in Autocratic Regimes</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91758-0">10.1007/978-3-319-91758-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91758-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91758-0"><bdi>978-3-319-91758-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Mass+Killing+in+Autocratic+Regimes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-91758-0&rft.isbn=978-3-319-91758-0&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bumba&rft.au=Koren%2C+Ore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-91758-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2016" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Manfred G. (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781784710811/9781784710811.00016.xml">"Regime Types: Measuring Democracy and Autocracy"</a></span>. In Keman, Hans; Woldendorp, Jaap (eds.). <i>Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-694428-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-694428-8"><bdi>978-2-01-694428-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regime+Types%3A+Measuring+Democracy+and+Autocracy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Research+Methods+and+Applications+in+Political+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-01-694428-8&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Manfred+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fedcollchap%2Fedcoll%2F9781784710811%2F9781784710811.00016.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrakamp2016" class="citation book cs1">Schrakamp, Ingo (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe395">"Akkadian Empire"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/John_M._MacKenzie" title="John M. MacKenzie">MacKenzie, John</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074">10.1002/9781118455074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-45507-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-45507-4"><bdi>978-1-118-45507-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akkadian+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074&rft.isbn=978-1-118-45507-4&rft.aulast=Schrakamp&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiaroff2013" class="citation book cs1">Siaroff, Alan (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingpolitic0000siar_q7j3"><i>Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics, Third Edition</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0702-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-0702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Political+Regimes%3A+A+Thematic+Introduction+to+Comparative+Politics%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0702-6&rft.aulast=Siaroff&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparingpolitic0000siar_q7j3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen-Bayh2022" class="citation book cs1">Shen-Bayh, Fiona Feiang (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/undue-process/D4FFC5257A81B574BA91D141712CB1B8"><i>Undue Process: Persecution and Punishment in Autocratic Courts</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-19713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-19713-7"><bdi>978-1-009-19713-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undue+Process%3A+Persecution+and+Punishment+in+Autocratic+Courts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-009-19713-7&rft.aulast=Shen-Bayh&rft.aufirst=Fiona+Feiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fundue-process%2FD4FFC5257A81B574BA91D141712CB1B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz2000" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, Edward J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalsscholars0000shul"><i>Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2324-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+and+Scholars%3A+Military+Rule+in+Medieval+Korea&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2324-5&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralsscholars0000shul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullock1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Tullock, Gordon</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tullockautocracy"><i>Autocracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3398-9"><bdi>978-90-247-3398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocracy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-247-3398-9&rft.aulast=Tullock&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftullockautocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeliaevBondarenkoKorotayev2001" class="citation journal cs1">Beliaev, Dmitri D.; <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Bondarenko" title="Dmitri Bondarenko">Bondarenko, Dmitri M.</a>; Korotayev, Audrey V. (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293">"Origins and evolution of chiefdoms"</a></span>. <i>Reviews in Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00988157.2001.9978293">10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-8157">0093-8157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162365014">162365014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Origins+and+evolution+of+chiefdoms&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162365014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0093-8157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00988157.2001.9978293&rft.aulast=Beliaev&rft.aufirst=Dmitri+D.&rft.au=Bondarenko%2C+Dmitri+M.&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+Audrey+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00988157.2001.9978293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoese2019" class="citation journal cs1">Boese, Vanessa A (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2233865918815571">"How (not) to measure democracy"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Area_Studies_Review" title="International Area Studies Review">International Area Studies Review</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2233865918815571">10.1177/2233865918815571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2233-8659">2233-8659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191935546">191935546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Area+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=How+%28not%29+to+measure+democracy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191935546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2233-8659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2233865918815571&rft.aulast=Boese&rft.aufirst=Vanessa+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2233865918815571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brisch, Nicole (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12031">"Of Gods and Kings: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia"</a></span>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12031">10.1111/rec3.12031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=Of+Gods+and+Kings%3A+Divine+Kingship+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+Divine+Kingship+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12031&rft.aulast=Brisch&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-6104">1435-6104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+of+Governance&rft.atitle=Democracy%2C+autocracy+and+the+likelihood+of+international+conflict&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F81362&rft.issn=1435-6104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10101-008-0055-6&rft.aulast=Tanger%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifn.se%2FWfiles%2Fwp%2Fwp751.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTansey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tansey, Oisín (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736">"The problem with autocracy promotion"</a></span>. <i>Democratization</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2015.1095736">10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347">1351-0347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146222778">146222778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=The+problem+with+autocracy+promotion&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146222778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-0347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2015.1095736&rft.aulast=Tansey&rft.aufirst=Ois%C3%ADn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2015.1095736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Way, Lucan (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v027/27.1.way.html">"Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy" title="Journal of Democracy">Journal of Democracy</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2016.0009">10.1353/jod.2016.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155187881">155187881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Weaknesses+of+Autocracy+Promotion&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155187881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2016.0009&rft.aulast=Way&rft.aufirst=Lucan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_democracy%2Fv027%2F27.1.way.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongOr2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Stan Hok-Wui; Or, Nick H. K. (1 December 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article/53/4/91/114584/To-Compete-or-to-CooperateIntra-elite-Dynamics-in">"To Compete or to Cooperate"</a></span>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fj.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91">10.1525/j.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234556117">234556117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=To+Compete+or+to+Cooperate&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234556117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fj.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Stan+Hok-Wui&rft.au=Or%2C+Nick+H.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fcpcs%2Farticle%2F53%2F4%2F91%2F114584%2FTo-Compete-or-to-CooperateIntra-elite-Dynamics-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeev1996" class="citation journal cs1">Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (1996). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41658953">"When was the title "Dictator perpetuus" given to Caesar?"</a></span>. <i>L'Antiquité Classique</i>. <b>65</b>: <span class="nowrap">251–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantiq.1996.1259">10.3406/antiq.1996.1259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0770-2817">0770-2817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41658953">41658953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Antiquit%C3%A9+Classique&rft.atitle=When+was+the+title+%22Dictator+perpetuus%22+given+to+Caesar%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0770-2817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41658953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantiq.1996.1259&rft.aulast=Zeev&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Pucci+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41658953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutocracy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autocracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/autocrator_n?tab=etymology">"Autocrator (n.), Etymology"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_dictatorship" title="Civilian dictatorship">Civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox472" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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