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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Qatar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.24</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.25</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.26</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.27</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism of the concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">State terrorism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="إرهاب دولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرهاب دولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismu_d%27est%C3%A1u" title="Terrorismu d'estáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Terrorismu d'estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_terrorizmi" title="Dövlət terrorizmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət terrorizmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Държавен тероризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавен тероризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme_d%27Estat" title="Terrorisme d'Estat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terrorisme d'Estat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_terorismus" title="Státní terorismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní terorismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfysgaeth_wladwriaethol" title="Terfysgaeth wladwriaethol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Terfysgaeth wladwriaethol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsterrorisme" title="Statsterrorisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsterrorismus" title="Staatsterrorismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatsterrorismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_de_Estado" title="Terrorismo de Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terrorismo de Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctata_terorismo" title="Ŝtata terorismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtata terorismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_terrorismo" title="Estatu terrorismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu terrorismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Terrorisme d'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terrorisme d'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceimhlitheoireacht_st%C3%A1turraithe" title="Sceimhlitheoireacht státurraithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sceimhlitheoireacht státurraithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_de_Estado" title="Terrorismo de Estado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terrorismo de Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_terorizam" title="Državni terorizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Državni terorizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terorisme_negara" title="Terorisme negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terorisme negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_di_Stato" title="Terrorismo di Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terrorismo di Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99" title="טרור מדינתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרור מדינתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teror%C3%AEzma_dewletan" title="Terorîzma dewletan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Terorîzma dewletan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstybinis_terorizmas" title="Valstybinis terorizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybinis terorizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4" title="ഭരണകൂട ഭീകരത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭരണകൂട ഭീകരത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="国家テロリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家テロリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsterrorisme" title="Statsterrorisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsterrorisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroryzm_pa%C5%84stwowy" title="Terroryzm państwowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terroryzm państwowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_de_Estado" title="Terrorismo de Estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terrorismo de Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_terorist" title="Stat terorist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat terorist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Государственный терроризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный терроризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_terorizam" title="Državni terorizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Državni terorizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtioterrorismi" title="Valtioterrorismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtioterrorismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsterrorism" title="Statsterrorism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statsterrorism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரச பயங்கரவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரச பயங்கரவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="วินาศกรรมโดยรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วินาศกรรมโดยรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_ter%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Devlet terörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet terörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Державний тероризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний тероризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_b%E1%BB%91_nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Khủng bố nhà nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng bố nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> and political violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizational structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism"><span class="wrap">Rockets and mortars</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_terrorism" title="Urban terrorism">Urban terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship to states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>State terrorism</b> is <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> conducted by a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> against its own <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> or another state's citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contrasts with <i><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsored terrorism</a></i>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actor</a> conducts an act of terror under sponsorship of a state. </p><p>Governments accused of state terrorism may justify these actions as efforts to combat internal dissent, suppress insurgencies, or maintain national security, often framing their actions within the context of <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>. Accused actions of state terrorism are normally also criticised as severe violations of human rights and international law. </p><p>Historically, governments have been accused of using state terrorism in <a href="#By_country">various settings</a>. The exact definition and scope of state terrorism remain controversial, as some scholars and governments argue that terrorism is a tool used exclusively by non-state actors, while others maintain that state-directed violence intended to terrorize civilian populations should also be classified as terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-chenoweth-oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chenoweth-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williamson-afghanistan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-afghanistan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition of terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div> <p>There is neither an academic nor an international legal consensus regarding the proper definition of the word <i>terrorism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe the actions of governments can be labelled "terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the term 'terrorism' to mean violent action used with the predominant intention of causing terror, <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Friedman" title="Jonathan Friedman">Jonathan Friedman</a> distinguish between state terrorism against <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> and state terrorism against <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">shock and awe</a>" tactics: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Shock and Awe" as a subcategory of "rapid dominance" is the name given to massive intervention designed to strike terror into the minds of the enemy. It is a form of state-terrorism. The concept was however developed long before the Second Gulf War by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ullman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Ullman">Harlan Ullman</a> as chair of a forum of retired military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, others, including governments, international organisations, private institutions and scholars, believe the term <i>terrorism</i> is applicable only to the actions of <a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">violent non-state actors</a>. This approach is termed as an <i>actor-centric</i> definition which emphasizes the characteristics of the groups or individuals who use terrorism; whilst act-centric definitions emphasize the unique aspects of terrorism from other acts of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-chenoweth-oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chenoweth-oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term terrorism was used to refer to actions taken by governments against their own citizens whereas now it is more often perceived as targeting of non-combatants as part of a strategy directed <i>against</i> governments.<sup id="cite_ref-williamson-afghanistan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamson-afghanistan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Commager" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Commager">Henry Commager</a> wrote that "Even when definitions of terrorism allow for 'state terrorism', state actions in this area tend to be seen through the prism of war or national self-defense, not terror."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While states may accuse other states of <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsored terrorism</a> when they support insurgencies, individuals who accuse their governments of terrorism are seen as radicals, because actions by legitimate governments are not generally seen as illegitimate. Academic writing tends to follow the definitions accepted by states.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most states use the term <i>terrorism</i> for non-state actors only.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i> defines terrorism generally as "the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective", and states that "terrorism is not legally defined in all jurisdictions". The encyclopedia adds that "[e]stablishment terrorism, often called state or state-sponsored terrorism, is employed by governments—or more often by factions within governments—against that government's citizens, against factions within the government, or against foreign governments or groups."<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the most common modern usage of the word <i>terrorism</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgents</a> or conspirators,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stohl" title="Michael Stohl">Michael Stohl</a> argues, "The use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Quotation marks may be incomplete, unbalanced or improperly applied. (January 2025)">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stohl clarifies, however, that "[n]ot all acts of state violence are terrorism. It is important to understand that in terrorism the violence threatened or perpetrated, has purposes broader than simple physical harm to a victim. The audience of the act or threat of violence is more important than the immediate victim."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/C._Augustus_Martin" title="C. Augustus Martin">Gus Martin</a> describes state terrorism as terrorism "committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against perceived threats", which can be directed against both domestic and foreign targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> defines state terrorism as "terrorism practised by states (or governments) and their agents and allies".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simon Taylor provides a definition of state terrorism as "state agents using threats or acts of violence against civilians, marked by a callous indifference to human life, to instill fear in a community beyond the initial victim for the purpose of preventing a change or challenge to the status quo."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These acts of violence can include both the types of state violence that some argue ought to be considered terrorism, such as: <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass murders">mass murders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappearances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention without trial">detention without trial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>; and more widely accepted methods of terror including <a href="/wiki/Bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings">bombings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Targeted killings">targeted killings</a>. </p><p>Stohl and <a href="/wiki/George_A._Lopez" title="George A. Lopez">George A. Lopez</a> have designated three categories of state terrorism, based on the openness or secrecy with which the acts are performed, and whether states directly perform the acts, support them, or acquiesce to them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg/250px-NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg/330px-NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg/500px-NantesChateauMus%C3%A9eNoyades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Drownings_at_Nantes" title="Drownings at Nantes">Drownings at Nantes</a> were a series of mass executions by drowning during the Reign of Terror in France</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote critically of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">terror</a> employed by <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrants</a> against their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest use of the word <i>terrorism</i> identified by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> is a 1795 reference to tyrannical state behavior, the "<a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">reign of terrorism</a>" in France.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="which entry? (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In that same year, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> decried the "thousands of those hell-hounds called terrorists" who he believed threatened Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur_2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin</a> government and other factions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> used the apparatus of the state to kill and intimidate political opponents, and the Oxford English Dictionary includes as one definition of terrorism "Government by intimidation carried out by the party in power in France between 1789–1794".<sup id="cite_ref-teichman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teichman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original general meaning of terrorism was of terrorism by the state, as reflected in the 1798 supplement of the Dictionnaire of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></span></span>, which described terrorism as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">systeme</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">regime de la terreur</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur_2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myra Williamson wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The meaning of "terrorism" has undergone a transformation. During the Reign of Terror, a regime or system of terrorism was used as an instrument of governance, wielded by a recently established revolutionary <i>state</i> against the enemies of the people. Now the term "terrorism" is commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by <i>non-state or sub-national entities</i> against a state. [italics in original]<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later examples of state terrorism include the <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> measures employed by the Soviet Union beginning in the 1930s, and by Germany's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a> in the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Igor Primoratz, "Both [the Nazis and the Soviets] sought to impose total political control on society. Such a radical aim could be pursued only by a similarly radical method: by terrorism directed by an extremely powerful political police at an atomized and defenseless population. Its success was due largely to its arbitrary character—to the unpredictability of its choice of victims. In both countries, the regime first suppressed all opposition; when it no longer had any opposition to speak of, political police took to persecuting 'potential' and 'objective opponents'. In the Soviet Union, it was eventually unleashed on victims chosen at random."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The terror of tsarism was directed against the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. Our <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Extraordinary Commissions</a> shoot landlords, capitalists, and generals who are striving to restore the capitalist order. Do you grasp this<span class="nowrap"> </span>... distinction? Yes? For us communists it is quite sufficient. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></i>, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Military actions primarily directed against non-combatant targets have also been referred to as state terrorism. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> has been called an act of terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of state terrorism may include the World War II bombings of <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An act of sabotage, sometimes regarded as an act of terrorism, was the peacetime <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a>, a ship owned by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, which occurred while in port at <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> on July 10, 1985. The bomb detonation killed <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pereira" title="Fernando Pereira">Fernando Pereira</a>, a Dutch photographer. The organisation who committed the attack, the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">Directorate-General for External Security</a> (DSGE), is a branch of <a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France's intelligence services</a>. The agents responsible pleaded guilty to <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> as part of a plea deal and were sentenced to ten years in prison, but were secretly released early to France under an agreement between the two countries' governments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific volume in which the source appears. (January 2025)">volume & issue needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg/220px-Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg/330px-Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg/440px-Cambodia_2011_monuments_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a> contain thousands of photos taken by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> of their victims</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Troubles"></span>During <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, an ethno-nationalist conflict in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> from the 1960s to the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force" title="Military Reaction Force">Military Reaction Force</a> (MRF), a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> unit of the British <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a>, was tasked with tracking down members of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA). During the period when it was active, the MRF was involved in the killings of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moloney2003_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moloney2003-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2013, a BBC <i>Panorama</i> documentary was aired about the MRF. It drew on information from seven former members, as well as a number of other sources. Soldier H said: "We operated initially with them thinking that we were the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">UVF</a>." Soldier F added: "We wanted to cause confusion."<sup id="cite_ref-ware_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ware-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1972, he<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> was succeeded as commander by Captain James 'Hamish' McGregor.<sup id="cite_ref-panorama_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panorama-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, in the wake of the Panorama programme, the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI) opened an investigation into the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an earlier review of the programme, the position of the PSNI was that none of the statements by soldiers in the programme could be taken as an admission of criminality.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> is the name used for the period of state terrorism in Argentina between 1974 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ryanair_Flight_4978" title="Ryanair Flight 4978">Ryanair Flight 4978</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shishov" title="Vitaly Shishov">Vitaly Shishov</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)">Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_in_Pinochet%27s_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile">Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG/250px-Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG/330px-Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG/500px-Casa_de_detenci%C3%B3n_clandestina_en_Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Ca%C3%B1as_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The torture center of Chile's secret police <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">DINA</a> at José Domingo Cañas 1367</figcaption></figure> <p>Chile during <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s rule was accused of state terror against political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_of_landlords_under_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong">Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_American_Association" title="Uyghur American Association">Uyghur American Association</a> has claimed that Beijing's approach to terrorism in Xinjiang constitutes state terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, a Spanish court opened an investigation into claims that the Chinese state was committing acts of state terrorism in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. However, the investigation was dropped in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French <a href="/wiki/DGSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DGSE">DGSE</a> agents Captain <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Prieur" title="Dominique Prieur">Dominique Prieur</a> and Commander <a href="/wiki/Alain_Mafart" title="Alain Mafart">Alain Mafart</a> sank the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior"><i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>, the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> Organisation, in <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland Harbour">Auckland Harbour</a> on July 10, 1985. The attack was aimed at stopping it from interfering in <a href="/wiki/French_nuclear_testing_in_the_South_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="French nuclear testing in the South Pacific">French nuclear testing in the South Pacific</a>. The attack resulted in the death of Greenpeace photographer <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pereira" title="Fernando Pereira">Fernando Pereira</a> and led to a huge uproar over the first ever attack on New Zealand's sovereignty as a modern nation. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> initially denied any involvement in the attack, and it even joined in condemning the attack as a <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">terrorist act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Is this an unpublished source? That would be unverifiable and thus not acceptable as a source. If it's mentioned in a secondary source, cite that instead (January 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In July 1986, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-sponsored mediation effort between New Zealand and France resulted in the transfer of the two prisoners to the French Polynesian island of <a href="/wiki/Hao_(French_Polynesia)" title="Hao (French Polynesia)">Hao</a>, so they could serve three years there, as well as an apology and an NZ$13 million payment from France to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/India_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="India and state-sponsored terrorism">India and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_the_Genocide_Now!_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza!_Demonstration_(53292782914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg/250px-Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg/330px-Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg/500px-Stop_the_Genocide_Now%21_Save_the_Children_of_Gaza%21_Demonstration_%2853292782914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Protest in support of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> in Helsinki, Finland, 28 October 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2023, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> accused Israel of being "a terrorist state" committing <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">war crimes</a> and violating international law in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settlers</a> in the occupied Palestinian territories should be recognized as "terrorists".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2023, Cuban President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a> condemned the <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_2023_Israeli_attack_on_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza">alleged genocide of Palestinians</a> in Gaza and called Israel a "terrorist state".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_pager_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Lebanon pager explosions">2024 Lebanon pager explosions</a>, which killed 39 people and wounded nearly 3,500, have been widely attributed to Israel. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> referred to the attacks as "Israeli terrorism".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, the former-<a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> director, also termed the attack terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <p>In the 1980s, Libya under <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> was accused of state terrorism following attacks abroad such as the <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockerbie bombing">Lockerbie bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 9 July and 15 August 1984 seventeen merchant vessels were damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Mandeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Mandeb">Bab al-Mandeb</a> straits by underwater explosions. Terrorist group Al Jihad (thought to be a pro-<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> group connected to the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a>) issued a claim of responsibility for the mining, but circumstantial evidence indicated that Libya was responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> has been accused of state terrorism in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">internal conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Korea has been accused of state terrorism on several occasions, such as in 1983 in the <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">Rangoon bombing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Gimpo International Airport bombing">Gimpo International Airport bombing</a>, and in 1987 when <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> agents detonated a bomb on <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">Korean Air Flight 858</a>, killing everybody aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar">Qatar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Qatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg/500px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Sergey_Shoigu_-_Saint-Petersburg_2017-07-30_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and his long-time confidant Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_(51908400935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_diaspora_in_Brussels_protests_the_Russian_invasion_%2851908400935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in Brussels, Belgium, 27 February 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the February <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and the initial investigations into war crimes committed by Russian soldiers, there were calls for Russia to be designated a terrorist state. On May 10, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania's</a> parliament designated Russia a terrorist state and its <a href="/wiki/Claims_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims of genocide of Ukrainians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">actions in Ukraine</a> a genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Treisman_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treisman-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> unanimously passed a resolution to this effect on July 27, 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> is to consider such legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 11, <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvia's parliament</a> designated Russia a state sponsor of terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> on 20 August 2022 also designated Russia as a terrorist state.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 17, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> approved a request to debate and vote on a resolution recognizing Russia as a terrorist state,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it did on November 23.<sup id="cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2023, the following states and organizations have designated Russia as terrorist or a sponsor of terrorism: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a> (16 November 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (18 October 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (23 November 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (11 August 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (10 May 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Treisman_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treisman-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</a> (21 November 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (24 November 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="702" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE Parliamentary Assembly</a> (4 July 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Council_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="410" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> (13 October 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (14 December 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (16 February 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (14 April 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (27 July 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-Medina_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medina-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">Blockade of Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_government_role_in_the_September_11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks">Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1982_bombing_of_the_African_National_Congress_headquarters_in_London" title="1982 bombing of the African National Congress headquarters in London">1982 bombing of the African National Congress headquarters in London</a></div> <p>Between 1979 and 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> government in South Africa operated a branch of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">South African Police</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Vlakplaas" title="Vlakplaas">Vlakplaas</a> who routinely used methods of terrorism to support the state in maintaining Apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods included the bombing of civilian buildings (<a href="/w/index.php?title=COSATU_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COSATU House (page does not exist)">COSATU House</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khotso_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khotso House (page does not exist)">Khotso House</a>), and the targeted-killing and <a href="/wiki/Assassinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinations">assassinations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-Apartheid</a> activists. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> hearings, the former Major-General and Commander of Vlakplaas, Sarel “Sakkie” du Plessis Crafford gave the following three reasons for the Apartheid state's policy of <a href="/wiki/Extra-judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-judicial">extra-judicial</a> killings: </p> <ol><li>"It scared off other supporters and potential supporters; it made people reluctant to offer open support; it created distrust and demoralization amongst cadres.</li> <li>"It gave white voters confidence that the security forces were in control and winning the fight against Communism and terrorism.</li> <li>"The information gleaned during the interrogation needed to be protected against disclosure."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The most notorious of the Vlakplaas operatives were <a href="/wiki/Eugene_de_Kock" title="Eugene de Kock">Eugene de Kock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">askari</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Mamasela" title="Joe Mamasela">Joe Mamasela</a>, who were linked to several high-profile extra-judicial killings, including that of <a href="/wiki/Griffiths_Mxenge" title="Griffiths Mxenge">Griffiths Mxenge</a>. Following South Africa's transition to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, de Kock was later tried and convicted on eighty-nine charges and sentenced to 212 years in prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism">Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GAL_(paramilitary_group)" title="GAL (paramilitary group)">GAL (paramilitary group)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka and state terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism_by_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="State terrorism by Syria">State terrorism by Syria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey and state-sponsored terrorism">Turkey and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, the United Kingdom created the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) which, in the words of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, was to "set Europe ablaze" with sabotage and subversion in countries occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookridge_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookridge-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British military historian <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> later wrote, "We must recognise that our response to the scourge of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> is compromised by what we did through SOE. The justification ... That we had no other means of striking back at the enemy ... is exactly the argument used by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Baader-Meinhoff gang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> and every other half-articulate <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organisation</a> on Earth. Futile to argue that we were a democracy and Hitler a tyrant. Means besmirch ends. SOE besmirched Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-Geraghty_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geraghty-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a> documents declassified in 2021 revealed that during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a>, British propagandists secretly incited anti-communists including army generals to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">PKI</a>, and used <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian President">Indonesian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s hostility to the formation of former British colonies into the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayan federation</a> from 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-lashmar_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lashmar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lashmar2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lashmar2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>'s government had instructed propaganda specialists from the Foreign Office to send hundreds of inflammatory pamphlets to leading anti-communists in Indonesia, inciting them to kill the foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Subandrio" title="Subandrio">Subandrio</a>, and claiming that ethnic Chinese Indonesians deserved the violence meted out to them.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain has been accused of involvement in state terrorism during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, an ethno-nationalist conflict in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> from the 1960s to the 1990s by covertly assisting <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist paramilitaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States and state terrorism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria,_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg/250px-D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg/330px-D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg/500px-D%C3%ADa_por_la_Memoria%2C_la_Verdad_y_la_Justicia_24-03-2019_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Argentines commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">victims</a> of the U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">military junta</a> on 24 March 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruth J. Blakeley, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>, accuses the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> of sponsoring and deploying state terrorism, which she defines as "the illegal targeting of individuals that the state has a duty to protect in order to instill fear in a target audience beyond the direct victim", on an "enormous scale" during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The United States government justified this policy by saying it needed to contain the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, but Blakeley says the United States government also used it as a means to buttress and promote the interests of U.S. elites and multinational corporations. The U.S. supported governments who employed <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a> throughout Latin America and counterinsurgency training of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> military forces included advocating the interrogation and torture of suspected insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">J. Patrice McSherry</a>, a professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_University" title="Long Island University">Long Island University</a>, says "hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin Americans</a> were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the U.S.-led anti-communist crusade", which included U.S. support for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> and the Guatemalan military during the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Coatsworth" title="John Henry Coatsworth">John Henry Coatsworth</a>, citing evidence provided by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, asserts that more people were repressed and killed throughout Latin America in the last three decades of the Cold War than in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/250px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg/500px-UK_Anti_Bush_visit_protest_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in London, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Declassified documents from the U.S. Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> in 2017 confirm that U.S. officials directly facilitated and encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">mass murder of hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in Indonesia during the mid-1960s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bradley Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, says "Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Simpson, the terror in Indonesia was an "essential building block of the quasi <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberal">neo-liberal</a> policies the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia in the years to come".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Roosa, who commented on documents which were released by the U.S. embassy in Jakarta in 2017, said they confirmed that "the U.S. was part and parcel of the operation, strategizing with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geoffrey B. Robinson, a historian at UCLA, argues that without the support of the U.S. and other powerful Western states, the Indonesian Army's program of mass killings would not have happened.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism_by_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State terrorism by Uzbekistan">State terrorism by Uzbekistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> report on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">human rights violations in Venezuela</a> stated that <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">colectivos</a></i></span>, armed groups that support <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> and the ruling <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (PSUV) party, murdered at least 131 individuals between 2014 and 2017 during <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">anti-government protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly of Venezuela</a> designated the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">colectivos</i></span> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist groups</a> due to their "violence, paramilitary actions, intimidation, murders and other crimes", declaring their acts as state-sponsored terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-NATerrorist_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATerrorist-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_concept">Criticism of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticism of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chairman of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee has said the twelve previous international conventions on terrorism had never referred to state terrorism, which was not an international legal concept, and when states abuse their powers they should be judged against international conventions which deal with <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>, rather than international anti-terrorism statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, at the time the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a>, said it is "time to set aside debates on so-called 'state terrorism'. The <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law" title="Use of force in international law">use of force by states</a> is already regulated under international law".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annan added, "regardless of the differences between governments on the question of the definition of terrorism, what is clear and what we can all agree on is any deliberate attack on innocent civilians [or non-combatants], regardless of one's cause, is unacceptable and fits into the definition of terrorism."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Dr. Bruce Hoffman</a> has argued that failing to differentiate between state and non-state <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> ignores the fact that there is a "fundamental qualitative difference between the two types of violence". Hoffman argues that even in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, there are rules and accepted norms of behaviour that prohibit certain types of weapons and tactics and outlaw attacks on specific categories of targets. For instance, rules which are codified in the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Conventions</a> on warfare prohibit taking <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a>, outlaw <a href="/wiki/Reprisals" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprisals">reprisals</a> against either civilians or <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a>, recognise <a href="/wiki/Neutral_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral territory">neutral territory</a>, etc. Hoffman says "even the most cursory review of terrorist tactics and targets over the past quarter century reveals that terrorists have violated all these rules." Hoffman also says that when states transgress these rules of war "the term '<a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>' is used to describe such acts".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> has said those who argue that state terrorism should be included in studies of terrorism ignore the fact that "The very existence of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> is based on its <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly on force">monopoly of power</a>. If it were different, states would not have the right, nor would they be in a position, to maintain that minimum of order on which all civilized life rests."<sup id="cite_ref-Blakeley_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakeley-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling the concept a "<a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">red herring</a>", he stated: "This argument has been used by the terrorists themselves, arguing that there is no difference between their activities and those by governments and states. It has also been employed by some sympathizers, and it rests on the deliberate obfuscation between all kinds of violence<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of revolution">Sociology of revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_violence" title="State violence">State violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_sponsors_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State sponsors of terrorism">State sponsors of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li>State terrorism by country: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="India and state-sponsored terrorism">India and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism">Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka and state terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism_by_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="State terrorism by Syria">State terrorism by Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States and state terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism_by_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State terrorism by Uzbekistan">State terrorism by Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAust,_Anthony2010" class="citation book cs1">Aust, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74Zmct-7hGIC&pg=PA265"><i>Handbook of International Law</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13349-4"><bdi>978-0-521-13349-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132050/https://books.google.com/books?id=74Zmct-7hGIC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+International+Law&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13349-4&rft.au=Aust%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74Zmct-7hGIC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism/Types-of-terrorism">"Terrorism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111164739/https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism/Types-of-terrorism">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fterrorism%2FTypes-of-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selden & So, 2003: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC&pg=PA4">p. 4.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132058/https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 2024-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2006">Martin 2006</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chenoweth-oxford-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chenoweth-oxford_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chenoweth-oxford_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChenowethEnglishGofasKalyvas2019" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, Erica; English, Richard; Gofas, Andrew; Kalyvas, Stathis (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-terrorism-9780198732914?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism</i></a> (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198732914" title="Special:BookSources/9780198732914"><bdi>9780198732914</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134219/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-terrorism-9780198732914?cc=us&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Terrorism&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780198732914&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft.au=English%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gofas%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Kalyvas%2C+Stathis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-oxford-handbook-of-terrorism-9780198732914%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson-afghanistan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamson-afghanistan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamson-afghanistan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2009" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Myra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7403-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132051/https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+war+and+international+law%3A+the+legality+of+the+use+of+force+against+Afghanistan+in+2001&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwH3eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2009" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Myra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7403-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132046/https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+war+and+international+law%3A+the+legality+of+the+use+of+force+against+Afghanistan+in+2001&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwH3eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Alex P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA39">"The Definition of Terrorism"</a>. <i>The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research</i>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82873-1"><bdi>978-0-203-82873-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132100/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-82873-1&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PXpFxKRsHgC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNairnJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Nairn, Tom</a>; James, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642325"><i>Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism</i></a>. London and New York: Pluto Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818025820/https://www.academia.edu/1642325">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Matrix%3A+Nationalism%2C+Globalism+and+State-Terrorism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesFriedman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Friedman, Jonathan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3587732"><i>Globalization and Violence</i></a>. Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention. London: Sage Publications. p. xxx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111045525/https://www.academia.edu/3587732/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._3_Globalizing_War_and_Intervention_2006_">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3587732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHor2005" class="citation book cs1">Hor, Michael Yew Meng (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303234424/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzQOAR5rqvcC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA20"><i>Global anti-terrorism law and policy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-10870-6"><bdi>978-0-521-10870-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzQOAR5rqvcC&pg=PA20">the original</a> on 2019-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+anti-terrorism+law+and+policy&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-10870-6&rft.aulast=Hor&rft.aufirst=Michael+Yew+Meng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzQOAR5rqvcC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmid-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmid_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Alex P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC"><i>Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research</i></a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8"><bdi>978-0-415-41157-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132101/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41157-8&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PXpFxKRsHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurkitt1984" class="citation book cs1">Purkitt, Helen (1984). "Dealing with Terrorism". In Banks, Michael (ed.). <i>Conflict in World Society</i>. Brighton, East Sussex: Wheatsheaf. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+World+Society&rft.place=Brighton%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Wheatsheaf&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Purkitt&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStohl">Stohl</a>, p. 14<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFStohl (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Several sources by this author are cited, which one is it? (January 2025)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStohl1984" class="citation conference cs1">Stohl, Michael (March 27 – April 1, 1984). <i>The Superpowers and International Terror</i>. Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association. Atlanta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Superpowers+and+International+Terror&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.date=1984-03-27%2F1984-04-01&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStohl1988" class="citation book cs1">Stohl, Michael (1988). "National Interests and State Terrorism". <i>The Politics of Terrorism</i>. Marcel Dekker. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Interests+and+State+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (April 2002). "What Anthropologists Should Know about the Concept of Terrorism". <i>Anthropology Today</i>. <b>18</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Today&rft.atitle=What+Anthropologists+Should+Know+about+the+Concept+of+Terrorism&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Simon (3 May 2021). "Status Quo Terrorism: State-Terrorism in South Africa during Apartheid". <i>Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2021.1916478">10.1080/09546553.2021.1916478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235534871">235534871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Status+Quo+Terrorism%3A+State-Terrorism+in+South+Africa+during+Apartheid&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2021.1916478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235534871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStohlLopez1988">Stohl & Lopez 1988</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey C. Mansfield (November 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.762/article_detail.asp">"Those Hell-Hounds Called Terrorists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404072423/http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.762/article_detail.asp">Archived</a> 2013-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Claremont Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd CD-ROM ed.), 2002, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur_2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_2007_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_2007_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2007" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C"><i>A History of Terrorism</i></a>. Transaction. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0799-1"><bdi>978-0-7658-0799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0799-1&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlqQHKpLfL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teichman-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teichman_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeichman1989" class="citation journal cs1">Teichman, Jenny (October 1989). "How to define terrorism". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>64</b> (250): <span class="nowrap">505–</span>517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100044260">10.1017/S0031819100044260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144723359">144723359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=How+to+define+terrorism&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=250&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E517&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100044260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144723359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Teichman&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2009" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Myra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7403-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7403-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132102/https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+war+and+international+law%3A+the+legality+of+the+use+of+force+against+Afghanistan+in+2001&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwH3eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrimoratz2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Primoratz, Igor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/terrorism/">"Terrorism"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611162009/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Primoratz&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fterrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrimoratz2007">Primoratz 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGage2009" class="citation book cs1">Gage, Beverly (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage"><i>The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daywallstreetexp0000gage/page/263">263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199759286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199759286"><bdi>978-0199759286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Wall+Street+Exploded%3A+A+Story+of+America+in+its+First+Age+of+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199759286&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaywallstreetexp0000gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodin2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodin, Robert E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pV0oUUmuNfIC"><i>What's wrong with terrorism?</i></a>. Wiley. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3497-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3497-4"><bdi>0-7456-3497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+wrong+with+terrorism%3F&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7456-3497-4&rft.aulast=Goodin&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpV0oUUmuNfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStohl1984">Stohl 1984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Russell-Einstein Manifesto, ICJ case and Rainbow Warrior bombing: Remembering humanity". <i>Down to Earth</i>. July 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Down+to+Earth&rft.atitle=Russell-Einstein+Manifesto%2C+ICJ+case+and+Rainbow+Warrior+bombing%3A+Remembering+humanity&rft.date=2020-07-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465">"Undercover soldiers 'killed unarmed civilians in Belfast'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 21 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162930/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Undercover+soldiers+%27killed+unarmed+civilians+in+Belfast%27&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-24987465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moloney2003-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moloney2003_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoloney2003" class="citation book cs1">Moloney, Ed (November 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00edmo"><i>A Secret History of the IRA</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00edmo/page/119">119</a>–122/123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32502-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32502-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secret+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pages=119-122%2F123&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003-11&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32502-7&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecrethistoryofi00edmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ware-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ware_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWare2013" class="citation web cs1">Ware, John (23 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623044129/http://republican-news.org/current/news/2013/11/britains_secret_terror_force.html">"Britain's Secret Terror Force"</a>. <i>Irish Republican News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://republican-news.org/current/news/2013/11/britains_secret_terror_force.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Republican+News&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Secret+Terror+Force&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepublican-news.org%2Fcurrent%2Fnews%2F2013%2F11%2Fbritains_secret_terror_force.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panorama-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-panorama_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1">Telling, Leo (director) (21 November 2013). "Britain's Secret Terror Force". <i><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panorama&rft.date=2013-11-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27785433">"Police investigate Military Reaction Force allegations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 10 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140613060439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27785433">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Police+investigate+Military+Reaction+Force+allegations&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-27785433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27389349">"Panorama MRF programme: Soldiers 'admitted no crimes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 13 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627130710/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27389349">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Panorama+MRF+programme%3A+Soldiers+%27admitted+no+crimes%27&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-27389349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/"><i>State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">96–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614055306/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorger2004" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/28/argentina.julianborger">"Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829141341/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/28/argentina.julianborger">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kissinger+backed+dirty+war+against+left+in+Argentina&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Faug%2F28%2Fargentina.julianborger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Thomas C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781461642800/State-Terrorism-in-Latin-America-Chile-Argentina-and-International-Human-Rights">"State Terrorism in Latin America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529105151/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781461642800/State-Terrorism-in-Latin-America-Chile-Argentina-and-International-Human-Rights">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+Terrorism+in+Latin+America&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9781461642800%2FState-Terrorism-in-Latin-America-Chile-Argentina-and-International-Human-Rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/modules/module/HISP5630">"Terrorism and State Terror in Latin America"</a>. <i>University of Kent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706231330/https://www.kent.ac.uk/courses/modules/module/HISP5630">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kent&rft.atitle=Terrorism+and+State+Terror+in+Latin+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fmodules%2Fmodule%2FHISP5630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaye_Christoffersen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gaye Christoffersen (2 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36718304.pdf">"Constituting the Uyghur in U.S.–China Relations: The Geopolitics of Identity Formation in the War on Terrorism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Insights" title="Strategic Insights">Strategic Insights</a></i>. <b>1</b> (7): 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009011541/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36718304.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Insights&rft.atitle=Constituting+the+Uyghur+in+U.S.%E2%80%93China+Relations%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+Identity+Formation+in+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2002-09-02&rft.au=Gaye+Christoffersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F36718304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-rejects-spains-genocide-claims-481351.html">"China rejects Spain's 'genocide' claims"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2006-06-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-rejects-spains-genocide-claims-481351.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=China+rejects+Spain%27s+%27genocide%27+claims&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-rejects-spains-genocide-claims-481351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28000937">"Spain drops 'genocide' case against China's Tibet leaders"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014-06-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514155833/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-28000937">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spain+drops+%27genocide%27+case+against+China%27s+Tibet+leaders&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-28000937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diary-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diary_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diary compiled by Mike Andrews (Secretary of the Dargaville Maritime Museum)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf">"Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i> Affair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reports of International Arbitral Awards</i>. <b>XX</b>: <span class="nowrap">215–</span>284, especially p. 275. 30 April 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193734/http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XX/215-284.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+of+International+Arbitral+Awards&rft.atitle=Case+concerning+the+difference+between+New+Zealand+and+France+concerning+the+interpretation+or+application+of+two+agreements%2C+concluded+on+9+July+1986+between+the+two+states+and+which+related+to+the+problems+arising+from+the+Rainbow+Warrior+Affair&rft.volume=XX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E284%2C+especially+p.+275&rft.date=1990-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Friaa%2Fcases%2Fvol_XX%2F215-284.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-terror-state-slams-west-2023-11-15/">"Turkey's Erdogan labels Israel a 'terror state', slams its backers in West"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 15 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201225600/http://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-terror-state-slams-west-2023-11-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+labels+Israel+a+%27terror+state%27%2C+slams+its+backers+in+West&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-terror-state-slams-west-2023-11-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-a-terror-state-criticises-the-west">"Turkey's Erdogan calls Israel a 'terror state', criticises the West"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 15 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325154856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/turkeys-erdogan-calls-israel-a-terror-state-criticises-the-west">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Senate+passes+a+resolution+seeking+to+label+Russia+as+a+sponsor+of+terrorism&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Medina&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fthe-us-senate-passes-a-resolution-seeking-to-label-russia-as-a-sponsor-of-terrorism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardDesiderioForgey2022" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Alexander; Desiderio, Andrew; Forgey, Quint (2022-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politi.co/3oEgGPg">"House group moves to label Russia as terrorist state"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812185052/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2022/07/28/house-group-moves-to-label-russia-as-terrorist-state-00048266">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=House+group+moves+to+label+Russia+as+terrorist+state&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Desiderio%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Forgey%2C+Quint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliti.co%2F3oEgGPg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/latvia-designates-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-over-ukraine-war-2022-08-11/">"Latvia designates Russia a 'state sponsor of terrorism' over Ukraine war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 11 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812072058/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/latvia-designates-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-over-ukraine-war-2022-08-11/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Latvia+designates+Russia+a+%27state+sponsor+of+terrorism%27+over+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Flatvia-designates-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-over-ukraine-war-2022-08-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3553758-rada-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-calls-on-world-to-follow-suit.html">"Rada recognizes Russia as 'terrorist state', calls on world to follow suit"</a>. 19 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121204900/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3553758-rada-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-calls-on-world-to-follow-suit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rada+recognizes+Russia+as+%27terrorist+state%27%2C+calls+on+world+to+follow+suit&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3553758-rada-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-calls-on-world-to-follow-suit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/european-parliament-vote-recognising-russia-204205645.html">"European Parliament to vote on recognising Russia a state sponsor of terror"</a>. <i>Yahoo! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+to+vote+on+recognising+Russia+a+state+sponsor+of+terror&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Feuropean-parliament-vote-recognising-russia-204205645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europarl.europa.eu_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221118IPR55707/european-parliament-declares-russia-to-be-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism">"European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism"</a>. <i>News (European Parliament)</i>. 2022-11-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129180228/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221118IPR55707/european-parliament-declares-russia-to-be-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%28European+Parliament%29&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+declares+Russia+to+be+a+state+sponsor+of+terrorism&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2F20221118IPR55707%2Feuropean-parliament-declares-russia-to-be-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/11/16/7150750/">"Lower House of Czech Parliament Recognises Russian Regime as Terrorist"</a>. <i>European Pravda</i>. 2022-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Pravda&rft.atitle=Lower+House+of+Czech+Parliament+Recognises+Russian+Regime+as+Terrorist&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurointegration.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2F7150750%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/as-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state/">"Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 2022-10-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119101230/https://www.politico.eu/article/as-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Estonian+parliament+declares+Russia+a+terrorist+state&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fas-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diena.lv/raksts/latvija/zinas/saeima-krieviju-atzist-par-terorismu-atbalstosu-valsti-14284320">"Saeima Krieviju atzīst par terorismu atbalstošu valsti"</a> [The Saeima recognizes Russia as a country supporting terrorism]. <i>Diena</i> (in Latvian). 11 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811091341/https://www.diena.lv/raksts/latvija/zinas/saeima-krieviju-atzist-par-terorismu-atbalstosu-valsti-14284320">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diena&rft.atitle=Saeima+Krieviju+atz%C4%ABst+par+terorismu+atbalsto%C5%A1u+valsti&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diena.lv%2Fraksts%2Flatvija%2Fzinas%2Fsaeima-krieviju-atzist-par-terorismu-atbalstosu-valsti-14284320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/lithuania-resolution-russia-genocide/31842970.html">"Lithuania Adopts Resolution Calling Russia 'Terrorist State,' Accuses Moscow Of 'Genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701090745/https://www.rferl.org/a/lithuania-resolution-russia-genocide/31842970.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Lithuania+Adopts+Resolution+Calling+Russia+%27Terrorist+State%2C%27+Accuses+Moscow+Of+%27Genocide%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Flithuania-resolution-russia-genocide%2F31842970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nv.ua/nation/nato-parliamentary-assembly-declares-russia-to-be-a-terrorist-state-50285635.html">"NATO Parliamentary Assembly declares Russia to be a 'terrorist state'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Voice of Ukraine</i>. 2022-11-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123103758/https://english.nv.ua/nation/nato-parliamentary-assembly-declares-russia-to-be-a-terrorist-state-50285635.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=NATO+Parliamentary+Assembly+declares+Russia+to+be+a+%27terrorist+state%27&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nv.ua%2Fnation%2Fnato-parliamentary-assembly-declares-russia-to-be-a-terrorist-state-50285635.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3619035-nato-pa-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state.html">"NATO PA recognizes Russia as terrorist state"</a>. <i>Ukrinform</i>. 2022-11-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122070611/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3619035-nato-pa-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=NATO+PA+recognizes+Russia+as+terrorist+state&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3619035-nato-pa-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nv.ua/nation/dutch-parliament-declares-russia-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-50286671.html">"Dutch Parliament declares Russia state sponsor of terrorism"</a>. <i>The New Voice of Ukraine</i>. 2022-11-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000143/https://english.nv.ua/nation/dutch-parliament-declares-russia-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-50286671.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Dutch+Parliament+declares+Russia+state+sponsor+of+terrorism&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nv.ua%2Fnation%2Fdutch-parliament-declares-russia-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-50286671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-delegation-osce-parliamentary-assembly-recognizes-russia-as-state-sponsor-of-terrorism/">"OSCE Parliamentary Assembly recognizes Russia as state sponsor of terrorism"</a>. <i>The Kyiv Independent</i>. 2023-07-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016142453/https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainian-delegation-osce-parliamentary-assembly-recognizes-russia-as-state-sponsor-of-terrorism/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=OSCE+Parliamentary+Assembly+recognizes+Russia+as+state+sponsor+of+terrorism&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fukrainian-delegation-osce-parliamentary-assembly-recognizes-russia-as-state-sponsor-of-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nv.ua/nation/pace-adopts-resolution-declaring-russian-regime-as-terrorist-50276526.html">"PACE adopts resolution declaring Russian regime as terrorist one"</a>. <i>The New Voice of Ukraine</i>. 2022-10-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013131739/https://english.nv.ua/nation/pace-adopts-resolution-declaring-russian-regime-as-terrorist-50276526.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=PACE+adopts+resolution+declaring+Russian+regime+as+terrorist+one&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nv.ua%2Fnation%2Fpace-adopts-resolution-declaring-russian-regime-as-terrorist-50276526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.coe.int/en/files/31390/html">"Further escalation in the Russian Federation's aggression against Ukraine (Resolution 2463)"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Assembly (Council of Europe)</i>. 2022-10-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154400/https://pace.coe.int/en/files/31390/html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Assembly+%28Council+of+Europe%29&rft.atitle=Further+escalation+in+the+Russian+Federation%27s+aggression+against+Ukraine+%28Resolution+2463%29&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.coe.int%2Fen%2Ffiles%2F31390%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sejm-uznal-rosje-za-panstwo-sponsorujace-terroryzm/z106pfg">"Sejm uznał Rosję za państwo sponsorujące terroryzm"</a> [The Sejm recognized Russia as a state sponsoring terrorism]. <i>Onet Wiadomości</i> (in Polish). 2022-12-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214221536/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sejm-uznal-rosje-za-panstwo-sponsorujace-terroryzm/z106pfg">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=Sejm+uzna%C5%82+Rosj%C4%99+za+pa%C5%84stwo+sponsoruj%C4%85ce+terroryzm&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkraj%2Fsejm-uznal-rosje-za-panstwo-sponsorujace-terroryzm%2Fz106pfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/02/16/7389647/">"Slovak parliament recognises Russian regime as terrorist and Russia as terrorism sponsor"</a>. <i>Ukrainska Pravda</i>. 2023-02-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216165916/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/02/16/7389647/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Slovak+parliament+recognises+Russian+regime+as+terrorist+and+Russia+as+terrorism+sponsor&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2023%2F02%2F16%2F7389647%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3457746-vr-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-bans-military-symbols-z-and-v.html">"VR recognizes Russia as terrorist state, bans military symbols Z and V"</a>. <i>Ukrinform</i>. 2022-04-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418021850/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3457746-vr-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-bans-military-symbols-z-and-v.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=VR+recognizes+Russia+as+terrorist+state%2C+bans+military+symbols+Z+and+V&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3457746-vr-recognizes-russia-as-terrorist-state-bans-military-symbols-z-and-v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Simon (3 May 2021). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+how+UK+spies+incited+mass+murder+of+Indonesia%27s+communists&rft.date=2021-10-17&rft.aulast=Lashmar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gilby%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Oliver%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Foct%2F17%2Frevealed-how-uk-spies-incited-mass-of-indonesias-communists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lashmar2021-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lashmar2021_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLashmarGilbyOliver2021" class="citation news cs1">Lashmar, Paul; Gilby, Nicholas; Oliver, James (October 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/slaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war">"Slaughter in Indonesia: Britain's secret propaganda war"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227084505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/slaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=UK%27s+propaganda+leaflets+inspired+1960s+massacre+of+Indonesian+communists&rft.date=2022-01-23&rft.aulast=Lashmar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gilby%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Oliver%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjan%2F23%2Fuks-propaganda-leaflets-inspired-1960s-massacre-of-indonesian-communists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/chron.htm">"Issues: Collusion – Chronology of Events in the Stevens Inquiries"</a>. <i>CAIN Archive</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+Archive&rft.atitle=Issues%3A+Violence%3A+Stevens+Enquiry+%283%29+Overview+and+Recommendations%2C+17+April+2003&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fcollusion%2Fstevens3%2Fstevens3summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155220/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/collusion.pdf">"Report of the Independent International Panel on Alleged Collusion in Sectarian Killings in Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Independent+International+Panel+on+Alleged+Collusion+in+Sectarian+Killings+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Pat+Finucane+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patfinucanecentre.org%2Fsarmagh%2Fcollusion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2006" class="citation web cs1">Connolly, Frank (16 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120061944/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/'I'm_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground'/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I'm lucky to be above the ground'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Village</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Village&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+lucky+to+be+above+the+ground%27&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.village.ie%2FIreland%2FFeature%2F%27I%27m_lucky_to_be_above_the_ground%27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614055306/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/"><i>State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>23, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA92&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false">85–96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415686174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415686174"><bdi>978-0415686174</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">the original</a> on 2015-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23%2C+85-96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415686174&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">"Chapter 5: 'Industrial repression' and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.). <i>State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years</i>. Critical Terrorism Studies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415664578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415664578"><bdi>978-0415664578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719232658/https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%27Industrial+repression%27+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years&rft.series=Critical+Terrorism+Studies&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415664578&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworth2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Coatsworth" title="John Henry Coatsworth">Coatsworth, John Henry</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjTVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230">"The Cold War in Central America, 1975–1991"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Leffler, Melvyn P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the Cold War</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107602311" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107602311"><bdi>978-1107602311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cold+War+in+Central+America%2C+1975%E2%80%931991&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107602311&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjTVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>. <q>Using numbers compiled by the US-funded Freedom House Organization, historian John Coatsworth concluded that from 1960 to 1990, the number of victims of US-backed violence in Latin America "vastly exceeded" the number of people killed in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc over the same period of time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2017" class="citation web cs1">Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/">"Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide"</a>. <i>Indonesia at Melbourne</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208113040/https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+at+Melbourne&rft.atitle=Telegrams+confirm+scale+of+US+complicity+in+1965+genocide&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au%2Ftelegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Margaret (October 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/">"Uncovering Indonesia's Act of Killing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161434/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/10/20/uncovering-indonesias-act-of-killing/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Uncovering+Indonesia%27s+Act+of+Killing&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2017%2F10%2F20%2Funcovering-indonesias-act-of-killing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bradley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106160221/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853"><i>Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesia Relations, 1960–1968</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804771825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804771825"><bdi>978-0804771825</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">the original</a> on 2020-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.%E2%80%93Indonesia+Relations%2C+1960%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0804771825&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D7853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2009" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Brad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104151252/https://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity">"Accomplices in atrocity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/accomplices-in-atrocity">the original</a> on 2021-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accomplices+in+atrocity&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Faccomplices-in-atrocity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span> |website=<a href="/wiki/Inside_Indonesia" title="Inside Indonesia">Inside Indonesia</a> |access-date=May 21, 2018}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBevins2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">"What the United States Did in Indonesia"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190633/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html"><i>The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23, 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400888863" title="Special:BookSources/9781400888863"><bdi>9781400888863</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011656/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23%2C+177&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781400888863&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-rights-icct/oas-says-to-present-evidence-of-venezuela-rights-violations-to-the-hague-idUSKCN1IV066">"OAS says to present evidence of Venezuela rights violations to The Hague"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530094134/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-rights-icct/oas-says-to-present-evidence-of-venezuela-rights-violations-to-the-hague-idUSKCN1IV066">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=OAS+says+to+present+evidence+of+Venezuela+rights+violations+to+The+Hague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-rights-icct%2Foas-says-to-present-evidence-of-venezuela-rights-violations-to-the-hague-idUSKCN1IV066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATerrorist-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATerrorist_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404014738/http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/">"AN declaró como terroristas a los colectivos"</a> [NA declares colectivos terrorists]. <i>Prensa AN</i> (Press release) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly of Venezuela</a>. 2 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_an-declaro-como-terroristas">the original</a> on April 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN+declar%C3%B3+como+terroristas+a+los+colectivos&rft.pub=National+Assembly+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asambleanacional.gob.ve%2Fnoticias%2F_an-declaro-como-terroristas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm">"Addressing Security Council, Secretary-General Calls On Counter-Terrorism Committee To Develop Long-Term Strategy To Defeat Terror"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023524/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/SC7276.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Addressing+Security+Council%2C+Secretary-General+Calls+On+Counter-Terrorism+Committee+To+Develop+Long-Term+Strategy+To+Defeat+Terror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2002%2FSC7276.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLind" class="citation web cs1">Lind, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153711/http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime">"The Legal Debate is Over: Terrorism is a War Crime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_America_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="New America Foundation">New America Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newamerica.net/publications/articles/2005/the_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime">the original</a> on 2009-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Debate+is+Over%3A+Terrorism+is+a+War+Crime&rft.pub=New+America+Foundation&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewamerica.net%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2F2005%2Fthe_legal_debate_is_over_terrorism_is_a_war_crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm">"Press conference with Kofi Annan and Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321112534/http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/sg-teheran26.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Press+conference+with+Kofi+Annan+and+Foreign+Minister+Kamal+Kharrazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Flatest%2Fafghan%2Fsg-teheran26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Bruce (April 15, 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff"><i>Inside Terrorism</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff/page/34">34</a>–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11468-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11468-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideterrorism00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakeley-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blakeley_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoxuDCMmlqoC"><i>State terrorism and neoliberalism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46240-2"><bdi>978-0-415-46240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+terrorism+and+neoliberalism&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46240-2&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFoxuDCMmlqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2003" class="citation book cs1">Laqueur, Walter (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noendtowarterror00laqu"><i>No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century</i></a></span>. Continuum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noendtowarterror00laqu/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1435-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1435-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+end+to+war%3A+terrorism+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1435-9&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoendtowarterror00laqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarsamian2001" class="citation journal cs1">Barsamian, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/1101chomsky.htm">"The United States is a Leading Terrorist State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=The+United+States+is+a+Leading+Terrorist+State&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Barsamian&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monthlyreview.org%2F1101chomsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKisanganiNafziger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kisangani, E. & Nafziger, E. Wayne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/index/781318312.pdf">"The Political Economy Of State Terror"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Defence and Peace Economics</i>. <b>18</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.579.1472">10.1.1.579.1472</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10242690701455433">10.1080/10242690701455433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155020309">155020309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+and+Peace+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+Of+State+Terror&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.579.1472%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155020309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10242690701455433&rft.aulast=Kisangani&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Nafziger%2C+E.+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Findex%2F781318312.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Gus (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdXpn6NH2GcC"><i>Understanding terrorism: challenges, perspectives, and issues</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2722-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2722-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+terrorism%3A+challenges%2C+perspectives%2C+and+issues&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2722-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdXpn6NH2GcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNairnJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Nairn, Tom</a>; James, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642325"><i>Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism</i></a>. London and New York: Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Matrix%3A+Nationalism%2C+Globalism+and+State-Terrorism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrimoratz2004" class="citation book cs1">Primoratz, Igor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3NqQgAACAAJ">"State Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism"</a>. In Primoratz, Igor (ed.). <i>Terrorism: The Philosophical Issues</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1817-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1817-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-1817-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Terrorism+and+Counter-Terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+The+Philosophical+Issues&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1817-8&rft.aulast=Primoratz&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3NqQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeldenSo2004" class="citation book cs1">Selden, Mark; So, Alvin Y., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC"><i>War and state terrorism: the United States, Japan, and the Asia–Pacific in the long twentieth century</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2391-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-2391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+state+terrorism%3A+the+United+States%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Asia%E2%80%93Pacific+in+the+long+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2391-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0icvm2EQLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSluka2000" class="citation book cs1">Sluka, Jeffrey A. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathsquadanthro00sluk"><i>Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror</i></a></span>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1711-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Squad%3A+The+Anthropology+of+State+Terror&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1711-7&rft.aulast=Sluka&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathsquadanthro00sluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStohlLopez1988" class="citation book cs1">Stohl, Michael & Lopez, George A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFzlAAAAIAAJ"><i>Terrible beyond Endurance?: The Foreign Policy of State Terrorism</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25297-6"><bdi>978-0-313-25297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+beyond+Endurance%3F%3A+The+Foreign+Policy+of+State+Terrorism&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25297-6&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lopez%2C+George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFzlAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/"><i>State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: the North in the South</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415686174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415686174"><bdi>978-0415686174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+the+North+in+the+South&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415686174&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomskyHerman1979" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam & Herman, Edward S. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonconnec0000chom"><i>The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism: The Political Economy of Human Rights</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-090-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-090-4"><bdi>978-0-89608-090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Connection+and+Third+World+Fascism%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-090-4&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Herman%2C+Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonconnec0000chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1988" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultureofterrori00chom"><i>The Culture of Terrorism</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-334-9"><bdi>978-0-89608-334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-334-9&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultureofterrori00chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2004" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PwUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Unpeople: Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses</i></a>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-946972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-946972-8"><bdi>978-0-09-946972-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpeople%3A+Britain%27s+Secret+Human+Rights+Abuses&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-09-946972-8&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PwUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1991" class="citation book cs1">George, Alexander (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ENiQgAACAAJ"><i>Western State Terrorism</i></a>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0931-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0931-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-0931-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+State+Terrorism&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0931-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ENiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlover1991" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Jonathan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oB77mNaj1aYC">"State terrorism"</a>. In Frey, Raymond Gillespie (ed.). <i>Violence, terrorism, and Justice</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40950-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40950-6"><bdi>978-0-521-40950-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+terrorism&rft.btitle=Violence%2C+terrorism%2C+and+Justice&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40950-6&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoB77mNaj1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayner2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayner, Priscilla B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdRUbBu-lAAC"><i>Unspeakable truths: confronting state terror and atrocities</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92477-1"><bdi>978-0-415-92477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unspeakable+truths%3A+confronting+state+terror+and+atrocities&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92477-1&rft.aulast=Hayner&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdRUbBu-lAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbst2003" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, Philip (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talkingterrorism0000herb"><i>Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence</i></a></span>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32486-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32486-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+terrorism%3A+a+dictionary+of+the+loaded+language+of+political+violence&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32486-4&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalkingterrorism0000herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerman1982" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Edward S. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realterrornetwor00herm"><i>The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896081345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896081345"><bdi>978-0896081345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Terror+Network%3A+Terrorism+in+Fact+and+Propaganda&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0896081345&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealterrornetwor00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKushner2003" class="citation book cs1">Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfkAoDb_2IC">"State terrorism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761924081"><i>Encyclopedia of Terrorism</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2408-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2408-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-2408-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+terrorism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2408-1&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOfkAoDb_2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLernerLerner2006" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth; Lerner, K. Lee, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terrorismessenti00klee"><i>Terrorism: essential primary sources</i></a>. Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-0621-3"><bdi>978-1-4144-0621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%3A+essential+primary+sources&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-0621-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterrorismessenti00klee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNairnJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Nairn, Tom</a>; James, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642325"><i>Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism</i></a>. London and New York: Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Matrix%3A+Nationalism%2C+Globalism+and+State-Terrorism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliverio1998" class="citation book cs1">Oliverio, Annamarie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6CWPXGTjtMC"><i>The state of terror</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3708-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3708-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3708-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+state+of+terror&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3708-7&rft.aulast=Oliverio&rft.aufirst=Annamarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6CWPXGTjtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+terrorism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_terrorism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Prevention of terrorism</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tkb.org/Home.jsp">The National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021205/https://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000137/01/Primorat.pdf">State Terrorism and Counterterrorism</a></li></ul> <p>{{|Donahue|2006|pp=19–20}} </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terrorism174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism_topics" title="Template talk:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_terrorism" title="Economics of terrorism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Social media</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorism topics"><img alt="Terrorism topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_terrorism" title="Economic terrorism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Terrorism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">denial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">state</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">sponsored</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (1792/1793–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a> (1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Soviet Union and state-sponsored terrorism">Soviet state-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox776" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">State terrorism</span></div> 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