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It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/58677792/15354266/15999287/s200_david.espesset.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/92292726/CONTINGENCY_versus_INEVITABILITY_A_review_and_reinterpretation_of_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_book_WONDERFUL_LIFE_THE_BURGESS_SHALE_AND_THE_NATURE_OF_HISTORY_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="CONTINGENCY versus INEVITABILITY A review and reinterpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's book "WONDERFUL LIFE -THE BURGESS SHALE AND THE NATURE OF HISTORY"" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In 1989, Stephen Jay Gould published his Wonderful Life: &quot;High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 millions years ago called the Burgess Shale. It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET" /> <meta name="description" content="In 1989, Stephen Jay Gould published his Wonderful Life: &quot;High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 millions years ago called the Burgess Shale. It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures" /> <title>(PDF) Contingency vs Inevitability in Evolution</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/92292726/CONTINGENCY_versus_INEVITABILITY_A_review_and_reinterpretation_of_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_book_WONDERFUL_LIFE_THE_BURGESS_SHALE_AND_THE_NATURE_OF_HISTORY_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739811211000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739811211000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In 1989, Stephen Jay Gould published his Wonderful Life: \u0026amp;quot;High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 millions years ago called the Burgess Shale. It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures lived-a forgotten corner of evolution preserved in awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what the Burgess Shale tells us about evolution and the nature of history\u0026amp;quot;. Gould, based upon a reinterpretation of the famous fossils from the Burgess Shale, proposed a conclusion that was revolutionary at the time, because it was centred on the notion of contingency in the course of biological evolution. The very last paragraph displayed in particular the following sentences: \u0026amp;quot;This response does not cite a single law of nature; it embodies no statement about predictable evolutionary pathways, no calculation of probabilities based on general rules of anatomy or ecology. […] I do not think that any \u0026amp;#39;higher\u0026amp;#39; answer can be given, and I cannot imagine that any resolution could be more fascinating.\u0026amp;quot; In this essay, I intend to criticise Gould\u0026amp;#39;s conclusions and to provide a new reinterpretation of the history of life, based not on contingency but on the inevitability of evolution.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"David ESPESSET","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-12-06","dateModified":"2025-02-01","datePublished":"2022-01-01","headline":"CONTINGENCY versus INEVITABILITY A review and reinterpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's book \"WONDERFUL LIFE -THE BURGESS SHALE AND THE NATURE OF HISTORY\"","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95339350/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Evolutionary Biology","Evolution","Traditionalism","Laws of Nature","Darwinism","Darwinian evolution","Stephen Jay 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It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures lived-a forgotten corner of evolution preserved in awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what the Burgess Shale tells us about evolution and the nature of history\". Gould, based upon a reinterpretation of the famous fossils from the Burgess Shale, proposed a conclusion that was revolutionary at the time, because it was centred on the notion of contingency in the course of biological evolution. The very last paragraph displayed in particular the following sentences: \"This response does not cite a single law of nature; it embodies no statement about predictable evolutionary pathways, no calculation of probabilities based on general rules of anatomy or ecology. […] I do not think that any 'higher' answer can be given, and I cannot imagine that any resolution could be more fascinating.\"\nIn this essay, I intend to criticise Gould's conclusions and to provide a new reinterpretation of the history of life, based not on contingency but on the inevitability of evolution.","ai_title_tag":"Contingency vs Inevitability in Evolution","publication_date":"2022,,"},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"CONTINGENCY versus INEVITABILITY A review and reinterpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's book \"WONDERFUL LIFE -THE BURGESS SHALE AND THE NATURE OF HISTORY\"","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [58677792]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":95339350,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “CONTINGENCY versus INEVITABILITY A review and reinterpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's book "WONDERFUL LIFE -THE BURGESS SHALE AND THE NATURE OF HISTORY"”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/95339350/mini_magick20221206-1-osgjkp.png?1670333281" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">CONTINGENCY versus INEVITABILITY A review and reinterpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's book "WONDERFUL LIFE -THE BURGESS SHALE AND THE NATURE OF HISTORY"</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58677792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidESPESSET"><img alt="Profile image of David ESPESSET" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/58677792/15354266/15999287/s65_david.espesset.jpg" />David ESPESSET</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2022</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">20 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 92292726; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In 1989, Stephen Jay Gould published his Wonderful Life: "High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 millions years ago called the Burgess Shale. It holds the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures lived-a forgotten corner of evolution preserved in awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what the Burgess Shale tells us about evolution and the nature of history". Gould, based upon a reinterpretation of the famous fossils from the Burgess Shale, proposed a conclusion that was revolutionary at the time, because it was centred on the notion of contingency in the course of biological evolution. The very last paragraph displayed in particular the following sentences: "This response does not cite a single law of nature; it embodies no statement about predictable evolutionary pathways, no calculation of probabilities based on general rules of anatomy or ecology. […] I do not think that any 'higher' answer can be given, and I cannot imagine that any resolution could be more fascinating." In this essay, I intend to criticise Gould's conclusions and to provide a new reinterpretation of the history of life, based not on contingency but on the inevitability of evolution.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":95339350,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92292726/CONTINGENCY_versus_INEVITABILITY_A_review_and_reinterpretation_of_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_book_WONDERFUL_LIFE_THE_BURGESS_SHALE_AND_THE_NATURE_OF_HISTORY_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":95339350,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92292726/CONTINGENCY_versus_INEVITABILITY_A_review_and_reinterpretation_of_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_book_WONDERFUL_LIFE_THE_BURGESS_SHALE_AND_THE_NATURE_OF_HISTORY_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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While Gould argued that evolution is essentially a contingent process whose outcomes are unpredictable, Conway Morris claimed that the omnipresence of convergence testifies that it is in fact deterministic, leading to predictable and inevitable outcomes. Their theses have been extensively researched from various perspectives. However, a systematic parallel analysis of the core arguments each of them offered in support of their thesis has been lacking. I argue Conway Morris has successfully exposed the core weaknesses of Gould’s thesis and offered a comprehensive account in favor of the major role of convergence in evolutionary history. On the other hand, I will point out some of the weak points in the latter’s arguments supporting the deterministic view of life’s evolution. Although Conway Morris has been more successful in arguing for the deterministic nature of the evolutionary processes, both theses could be improved if their shortcomings are taken into consideration.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Contingency and Convergence in the Theory of Evolution: Stephen Jay Gould vs. Simon Conway Morris","attachmentId":92611554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88683459/Contingency_and_Convergence_in_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Stephen_Jay_Gould_vs_Simon_Conway_Morris","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88683459/Contingency_and_Convergence_in_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Stephen_Jay_Gould_vs_Simon_Conway_Morris"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="5002286" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5002286/Wonderful_Life_The_burgess_shale_and_the_nature_of_history_By_Stephen_Jay_Gould_New_York_W_W_Norton_1989_347_pp_19_95_cloth">Wonderful Life: The burgess shale and the nature of history. By Stephen Jay Gould. New York: W.W. Norton. 1989. 347 pp. $19.95 (cloth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6627204" href="https://bu.academia.edu/MattCartmill">Matt Cartmill</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wonderful Life: The burgess shale and the nature of history. By Stephen Jay Gould. New York: W.W. Norton. 1989. 347 pp. $19.95 (cloth","attachmentId":49491103,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5002286/Wonderful_Life_The_burgess_shale_and_the_nature_of_history_By_Stephen_Jay_Gould_New_York_W_W_Norton_1989_347_pp_19_95_cloth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5002286/Wonderful_Life_The_burgess_shale_and_the_nature_of_history_By_Stephen_Jay_Gould_New_York_W_W_Norton_1989_347_pp_19_95_cloth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1922793" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1922793/Wonderful_life_the_Burgess_Shale_and_the_nature_of_history">Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2471481" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UldericoTorella">Ulderico Torella</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history","attachmentId":50818607,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1922793/Wonderful_life_the_Burgess_Shale_and_the_nature_of_history","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1922793/Wonderful_life_the_Burgess_Shale_and_the_nature_of_history"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="55966516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55966516/Chance_Evolution_and_the_Metaphysical_Implications_of_Paleontological_Practice">Chance, Evolution, and the Metaphysical Implications of Paleontological Practice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31013800" href="https://spanalumni.academia.edu/AlanLove">Alan C Love</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Abrahamic Reflections on Randomness and Providence</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For several decades, a debate has been waged over how to interpret the significance of fossils from the Burgess Shale and Cambrian Explosion. Stephen Jay Gould argued that if the “tape of life” was rerun, then the resulting lineages would differ radically from what we find today, implying that humans are a happy accident of evolution. Simon Conway Morris argued that if the “tape of life” was rerun, the resulting lineages would be similar to what we now observe, implying that intelligence would still emerge from an evolutionary process. Recent methodological innovations in paleontological practice call into question both positions and suggest that global claims about the history of life, whether in terms of essential contingency or predictable convergence, are unwarranted.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chance, Evolution, and the Metaphysical Implications of Paleontological Practice","attachmentId":71584368,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55966516/Chance_Evolution_and_the_Metaphysical_Implications_of_Paleontological_Practice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55966516/Chance_Evolution_and_the_Metaphysical_Implications_of_Paleontological_Practice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="34082018" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34082018/Convergent_evolution_as_natural_experiment_the_tape_of_life_reconsidered">Convergent evolution as natural experiment: the tape of life reconsidered</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66849302" href="https://nevada-reno.academia.edu/CarlosMariscal">Carlos Mariscal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">argued that replaying the 'tape of life' would result in radically different evolutionary outcomes. Recently, biologists and philosophers of science have paid increasing attention to the theoretical importance of convergent evolution—the independent origination of similar biological forms and functions—which many interpret as evidence against Gould's thesis. In this paper, we examine the evidentiary relevance of con-vergent evolution for the radical contingency debate. We show that under the right conditions, episodes of convergent evolution can constitute valid natural experiments that support inferences regarding the deep counterfac-tual stability of macroevolutionary outcomes. However, we argue that proponents of convergence have problematically lumped causally heterogeneous phenomena into a single evidentiary basket, in effect treating all convergent events as if they are of equivalent theoretical import. As a result, the 'critique from convergent evolution' fails to engage with key claims of the radical contingency thesis. To remedy this, we develop ways to break down the heterogeneous set of convergent events based on the nature of the generalizations they support. Adopting this more nuanced approach to convergent evolution allows us to differentiate iterated evolutionary outcomes that are probably common among alternative evolutionary histories and subject to law-like generalizations, from those that do little to undermine and may even support, the Gouldian view of life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Convergent evolution as natural experiment: the tape of life reconsidered","attachmentId":54015793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34082018/Convergent_evolution_as_natural_experiment_the_tape_of_life_reconsidered","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34082018/Convergent_evolution_as_natural_experiment_the_tape_of_life_reconsidered"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30866955" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution">Against Chance, Contingency, and Randomness in Biological Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2929503" href="https://eastern.academia.edu/TyroneMyers">Tyrone A Myers</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Against Chance, Contingency, and Randomness in Biological Evolution","attachmentId":51292367,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30866955/Against_Chance_Contingency_and_Randomness_in_Biological_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="28957908" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28957908/The_Wonderful_Crucible_of_Lifes_Creation_An_Essay_on_Contingency_versus_Inevitability_of_Phylogenetic_Development">The Wonderful Crucible of Life's Creation: An Essay on Contingency versus Inevitability of Phylogenetic Development</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54413766" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobHengeveld">Rob Hengeveld</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper I discuss the question of whether life processes are contingent or inevitable, particularly when viewed on a long, phylogenetic scale. In my opinion, this contrast does not exist. Rather, the perception of a dichotomy is the result of differences in how measurements are made or in the way data processing is carried out. Observations made in one</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Wonderful Crucible of Life's Creation: An Essay on Contingency versus Inevitability of Phylogenetic Development","attachmentId":49398548,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28957908/The_Wonderful_Crucible_of_Lifes_Creation_An_Essay_on_Contingency_versus_Inevitability_of_Phylogenetic_Development","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28957908/The_Wonderful_Crucible_of_Lifes_Creation_An_Essay_on_Contingency_versus_Inevitability_of_Phylogenetic_Development"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40292781" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40292781/Evolutionary_Progress_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_Rejection_and_Its_Critique">Evolutionary Progress: Stephen Jay Gould's Rejection and Its Critique</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33536947" href="https://bnu.academia.edu/JianhuiLi">Jianhui Li</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophy Study, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In evolutionary theory, we generally believe that the evolution of life is from simple to complex, from single to diverse, and from lower to higher. Thus, the idea of evolutionary progress appears obvious. However, in contemporary academic circles, some biologists and philosophers challenge this idea. Among them, Gould is the most influential. This paper first describes Gould's seven arguments against evolutionary progress, i.e., the human arrogance argument, anthropocentric argument, no inner thrust argument, no biological base argument, extreme contingency argument, statistical error argument, and bacteria (other than human beings) ruling the earth argument. Gould's arguments against evolutionary progress have great influence in contemporary evolutionary theory. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a careful philosophical analysis of each of Gould's arguments to reveal his philosophical mistakes. This research contends that Gould's arguments against evolutionary progress are invalid.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary Progress: Stephen Jay Gould's Rejection and Its Critique","attachmentId":60531273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40292781/Evolutionary_Progress_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_Rejection_and_Its_Critique","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40292781/Evolutionary_Progress_Stephen_Jay_Goulds_Rejection_and_Its_Critique"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="42106519" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42106519/At_the_origin_of_animals_The_revolutionary_Cambrian_fossil_record">At the origin of animals: The revolutionary Cambrian fossil record</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="384304" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/GrahamBudd">Graham Budd</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Genomics, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The certain fossil record of animals begins around 540 million years ago, close to the base of the Cambrian Period. A series of extraordinary discoveries starting over 100 years ago with Walcott's discovery of the Burgess Shale has accelerated in the last thirty years or so with the description of exceptionally-preserved Cambrian fossils from around the world. Such deposits of "Burgess Shale Type" have been recently complemented by other types of exceptional preservation. Together with a remarkable growth in knowledge about the environments that these early animals lived in, these discoveries have long exerted a fascination and strong influence on views on the origins of animals, and indeed, the nature of evolution itself. Attention is now shifting to the period of time just before animals become common, at the base of the Cambrian and in the preceding Ediacaran Period. Remarkable though the Burgess Shale deposits have been, a substantial gap still exists in our knowledge of the earliest animals. Nevertheless, the fossils from this most remarkable period of evolutionary history continue to exert a strong influence on many aspects of animal evolution, not least recent theories about developmental evolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"At the origin of animals: The revolutionary Cambrian fossil record","attachmentId":62238927,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42106519/At_the_origin_of_animals_The_revolutionary_Cambrian_fossil_record","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42106519/At_the_origin_of_animals_The_revolutionary_Cambrian_fossil_record"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="33574643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33574643/Convergent_minds_the_evolution_of_cognitive_complexity_in_nature_second_author_with_Russell_Powell_Corina_Logan_and_Nicolas_S_Clayton_">Convergent minds: the evolution of cognitive complexity in nature (second author, with Russell Powell, Corina Logan, and Nicolas S. Clayton)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46564" href="https://rit.academia.edu/IrinaMikhalevich">Irina Mikhalevich</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Convergent minds: the evolution of cognitive complexity in nature (second author, with Russell Powell, Corina Logan, and Nicolas S. 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A paleontologist's perspective. By Antoni Hoffman New York: Oxford University Press. 1989. xiii + 274 pp., references, index. $29.95 (cloth)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34567610" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyLevinton">Jeffrey Levinton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1989</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Arguments on evolution. A paleontologist's perspective. 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