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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Life in Medina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Death of Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Foundation of the caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Bakr's_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Bakr's_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Abu Bakr's era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abu_Bakr's_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abu Bakr's era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abu_Bakr's_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_as_a_caliph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_as_a_caliph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Appointment as a caliph </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_as_a_caliph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Caliphate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caliphate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Initial challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_civil_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_civil_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Political and civil administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_civil_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Canals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_Jerusalem_in_637_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_Jerusalem_in_637_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_Jerusalem_in_637_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Military expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Great famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Great plague </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Welfare state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Free trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Physical appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Assessments and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessments_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessments and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessments_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Political legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Military legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Religious legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunni_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Sunni views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunni_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Shia views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Archeological evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Umar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" > 130 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Chattab" title="Umar ibn al-Chattab – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Umar ibn al-Chattab" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD" title="ኡማር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡማር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن الخطاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمر بن الخطاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81b" title="Umar ibn al-Khattāb – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattāb" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Jattab" title="Umar ibn al-Jattab – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Umar ibn al-Jattab" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="ГӀумар ибн ал-ХатӀтӀаб – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀумар ибн ал-ХатӀтӀаб" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96m%C9%99r_ibn_X%C9%99ttab" title="Ömər ibn Xəttab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ömər ibn Xəttab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="উমর ইবনুল খাত্তাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উমর ইবনুল খাত্তাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ғүмәр ибн әл-Хәттаб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғүмәр ибн әл-Хәттаб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ібн аль-Хатаб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Умар ібн аль-Хатаб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ібн аль-Хатаб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Умар ібн аль-Хатаб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Омар (халиф) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Омар (халиф)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_ibnul-Hattab" title="Omer ibnul-Hattab – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Omer ibnul-Hattab" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Úmar ibn al-Khattab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Úmar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Chatt%C3%A1b" title="Umar ibn al-Chattáb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umar ibn al-Chattáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_Al-Khatt%C4%81b" title="Umar ibn Al-Khattāb – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Umar ibn Al-Khattāb" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن الخطاب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عمر بن الخطاب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFUmar_ibn_al-Chatt%C4%81b" title="ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA" title="ޢުމަރުގެފާނު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢުމަރުގެފާނު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Umar_ibn_al-Kha%C5%A3%C5%A3%C4%81b" title="‘Umar ibn al-Khaţţāb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="‘Umar ibn al-Khaţţāb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Ουμάρ ιμπν αλ-Χαττάμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουμάρ ιμπν αλ-Χαττάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Jattab" title="Umar ibn al-Jattab – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Umar ibn al-Jattab" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-%C4%A4attab" title="Umar ibn al-Ĥattab – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Umar ibn al-Ĥattab" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Khatt%C3%A2b" title="Omar ibn al-Khattâb – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Omar ibn al-Khattâb" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%B8%8C" title="우마르 이븐 알카타브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우마르 이븐 알카타브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Ibn_Al-Khattab" title="Umar Ibn Al-Khattab – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Umar Ibn Al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Օմար իբն ալ-Խատտաբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օմար իբն ալ-Խատտաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="उमर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81b" title="Umar ibn al-Khattāb – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattāb" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93mar_mikli" title="Ómar mikli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ómar mikli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFOmar_ibn_al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b" title="ʿOmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ʿOmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%97%27%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91" title="עומר בן אל-ח'טאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עומר בן אל-ח'טאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಉಮರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಮರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უმარ იბნ ალ-ხატაბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უმარ იბნ ალ-ხატაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بِن خطاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عمر بِن خطاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Омар ибн әл-Хаттап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омар ибн әл-Хаттап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer" title="Omer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Omer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ибну Хаттаб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Умар ибну Хаттаб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Оьмар – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьмар" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umars_Ibnelhat%C4%81bs" title="Umars Ibnelhatābs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Umars Ibnelhatābs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ибн Гьаттаб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Умар ибн Гьаттаб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaras_ibn_al-Chatabas" title="Umaras ibn al-Chatabas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Umaras ibn al-Chatabas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFOmar_ibn_al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b" title="ʿOmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="ʿOmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Om%C3%A1r_kalifa" title="I. Omár kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Omár kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Омар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Khatt%C3%A2b" title="Omar ibn al-Khattâb – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Omar ibn al-Khattâb" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഖലീഫ ഉമർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖലീഫ ഉമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ომარ იბნ ალ-ხატაბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომარ იბნ ალ-ხატაბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن الخطاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عمر بن الخطاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Al-Khattab" title="Umar bin Al-Khattab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Umar bin Al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA" title="အိုမာအိဗန် အယ်လ် ခတ်တဗ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုမာအိဗန် အယ်လ် ခတ်တဗ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Chattab" title="Omar ibn al-Chattab – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Omar ibn al-Chattab" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" title="ウマル・イブン・ハッターブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウマル・イブン・ハッターブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ӏумар ибн аль-ХаттӀаб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏумар ибн аль-ХаттӀаб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Omar ibn al-Khattab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Omar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਉਮਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFUmar_ibn_al-Chatt%C4%81b" title="ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="ʿUmar ibn al-Chattāb" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Chattab" title="Umar ibn al-Chattab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umar ibn al-Chattab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омар – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Омар" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ибн аль-Хаттаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умар ибн аль-Хаттаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱩᱢᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱢᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%81" title="حضرت عمر بن خطاب رضی اللہ عنہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حضرت عمر بن خطاب رضی اللہ عنہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymeri" title="Ymeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ymeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Chatt%C3%A1b" title="Umar ibn al-Chattáb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umar ibn al-Chattáb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_(kalif)" title="Omar (kalif) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Omar (kalif)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayid_Cumar" title="Sayid Cumar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sayid Cumar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عومەر کوڕی خەتتاب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عومەر کوڕی خەتتاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Омар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar" title="Omar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Omar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_bin_Khattab" title="Umar bin Khattab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Umar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Umar ibn al-Khattab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="உமறு இப்னு அல்-கத்தாப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உமறு இப்னு அல்-கத்தாப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Omar_ibn_al-Khatt%C4%81b" title="'Omar ibn al-Khattāb – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Omar ibn al-Khattāb" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гомәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гомәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ ఖత్తాబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ ఖత్తాబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3" title="อุมัร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุมัร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Умар ибни Хаттоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Умар ибни Хаттоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer" title="Ömer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ömer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Умар ібн аль-Хаттаб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умар ібн аль-Хаттаб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="عمر بن خطاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمر بن خطاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ئۆمەر ئىبنى خەتتاب – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۆمەر ئىبنى خەتتاب" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_bin_Khattab" title="Omar bin Khattab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Omar bin Khattab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Ben_Xhattab" title="Omar Ben Xhattab – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Omar Ben Xhattab" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Umar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umar_ibn_al-Khattab&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Omar" redirects here. For other people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Omar_(name)" title="Omar (name)">Omar (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Omar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Omar (disambiguation)">Omar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Umar <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>عُمَر</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="2490" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, Istanbul</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 634 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6 November 644 (10 years, 73 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 582 or 583 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6 November 644 CE (c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>) (aged 60–61) <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a>, Medina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Maz%27un" title="Zaynab bint Maz'un">Zaynab bint Maz'un</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Jarwal" title="Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal">Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qurayba_bint_Abi_Umayya" title="Qurayba bint Abi Umayya">Qurayba bint Abi Umayya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_bint_Thabit" title="Jamila bint Thabit">Jamila bint Thabit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atiqa_bint_Zayd" title="Atiqa bint Zayd">Atiqa bint Zayd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Hakim_bint_al-Harith_ibn_Hisham" title="Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham">Umm Hakim bint Harith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Umar#Descendants" title="Family tree of Umar">(among others)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubaydullah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asim_ibn_Umar" title="Asim ibn Umar">Asim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Umar" title="Zayd ibn Umar">Zayd</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Tribe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Adi" title="Banu Adi">Banu Adi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khattab_ibn_Nufayl" title="Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl">Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hantamah_bint_Hisham" title="Hantamah bint Hisham">Hantamah bint Hisham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png/125px-Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="34" class="mw-file-element" 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line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">Patronymic (Nasab)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Kaʿab ibn Luʿayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Teknonymic (Kunya)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abul Hafs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">Epithet (Laqab)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Al-Fārūq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)")</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%; white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umar</a> </th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umar"><img alt="Umar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg/140px-20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg/210px-20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg/280px-20131203_Istanbul_118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Family</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Umar" title="Family tree of Umar">Family tree of Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah ibn Umar</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Umar" title="Zayd ibn Umar">Zayd ibn Umar</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubayd Allah ibn Umar</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_ibn_Umar" title="Asim ibn Umar">Asim ibn Umar</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa bint Umar</a> (Daughter)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_view_of_Umar" title="Sunni view of Umar">Sunni view of Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_ten_promised_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the ten promised paradise">Ten Promised Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Umar" title="Shia view of Umar">Shia view of Umar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyya">Treaty of Hudaybiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Umar at Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Military conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Reforms of Umar's era">Reforms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar" title="Pact of Umar">Pact of Umar</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border: none;"> <ul><li><a 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class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Umar ibn al-Khattab<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun caliph">Rashidun caliph</a>, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companion</a> and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Umar initially opposed Muhammad, who was his distant <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Qurayshite</a> kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> to openly pray at the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>. He participated in nearly all the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the title al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634) as the first caliph and served as his closest adviser. In August 634, the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor. Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and more than two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani199123-4">[3]</a> His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Persia_(642–651)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquest of Persia</a> in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> ban on <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and allowed them into <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and to worship.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz">Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz</a> in 644. Umar is generally viewed by historians as one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a> tradition, he is revered as a just ruler and a paragon of Islamic virtues,<a href="#cite_note-EI2-7">[6]</a> with some <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> identifying him as the second greatest of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a> after Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> However, he is viewed negatively in the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Umar was born in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Adi" title="Banu Adi">Banu Adi</a> clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Khattab_ibn_Nufayl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khattab ibn Nufayl">Khattab ibn Nufayl</a> and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Makhzum" title="Banu Makhzum">Banu Makhzum</a>. In his youth he used to tend to his father's <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> in the plains near Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> being uncommon in pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabia</a>, Umar learned to <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">read</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">write</a> in his youth. Though not a <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> himself, he developed a love for poetry and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-ch1-14">[13]</a> According to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh tribe">Quraish</a>, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horse riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-ch1-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Umar became a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> and made several journeys to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Persia</a>, where he is said to have met various <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> and analyzed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-ch1-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Like others around him, Umar was fond of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">drinking</a> in his pre-Islamic days.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Islam">Opposition to Islam</h3></div> In 610, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> started preaching the message of Islam. However, like many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecuting</a> Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-p51-19">[18]</a> He recommended Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong128-20">[19]</a> He firmly believed in the unity of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraish</a> and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-p51-19">[18]</a> Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">migrate to Abyssinia.</a> When a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Islam_and_service_under_Muhammad">Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad</h3></div> Umar <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Islam">converted to Islam</a> in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s Sīrah. On his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly converted to Islam but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar? Do you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight?"<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Nu'aym then told him to inquire about his own house, where his sister, <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_al-Khattab" title="Fatima bint al-Khattab">Fatima bint Al-Khattab</a>, and his brother-in-law had converted to Islam and were taking lessons from <a href="/wiki/Khabbab_ibn_al-Aratt" title="Khabbab ibn al-Aratt">Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt</a>. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found Fatima and her husband <a href="/wiki/Saeed_bin_Zaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed bin Zaid">Saeed bin Zaid</a> (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ta-Ha" title="Ta-Ha">Surat Ta-Ha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started arguing with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some say that upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident and lost balance when trying to pull Umar off of Saeed.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In both cases, however, his sister began to <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleed</a> from her mouth. Seeing what he had done, Umar calmed down out of <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> and asked Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and said "You are unclean, and no unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last gave in. He <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">washed his body</a> and then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">wept</a> and declared, "Surely this is the word of Allah. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah". On hearing this, Khabbab came out from where he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hish%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn Hishām">Abu Jahl</a>, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> has been answered in your favour."<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Umar then went to Muhammad with the same <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he accepted Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Tahthib_2002_page_170-27">[26]</a> According to one account, after his conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed at the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a>, reportedly watched in <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong35-28">[27]</a> This further helped the Muslims to gain <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">praying</a>, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying. Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> for the first time. <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Masud</a> said, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success, and his reign a blessing from Allah. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration_to_Medina">Migration to Medina</h4></div> In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>), Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported to have left openly during the day saying:<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there behind that cliff."</blockquote> Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.<a href="#cite_note-Tahthib_2002_page_170-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_in_Medina">Life in Medina</h4></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_Umar" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Umar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Campaigns Umar took part in during time of Muhammad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autas" title="Battle of Autas">Autas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Tabouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition to Tabouk">Tabouk</a></li></ul> Campaigns Umar led during time of Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Umar_ibn_al-Khatab" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab">Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab</a> Campaigns Umar ordered <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Military conquests of Umar's era</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> During Umar's reign as caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Muslamah</a> was assigned the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>. In 625, he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>. In the second phase of the battle, when <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a>'s cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence of the hill.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Later in the year Umar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a>. In 625, Umar's daughter <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsah</a> was married to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Later in 627, he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> and also in the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Battle of Banu Qurayza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maghazi-34">[33]</a> In 628, Umar witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maghazi-34">[33]</a> In 628, he fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a>. In 629, Muhammad sent <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-A’as</a> to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Zaat-ul-Sallasal</a>, after which, Muhammad sent <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a> with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In 630, when Muslim armies rushed for the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquest of Mecca</a>, he was part of that army. Later in 630, he fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Siege of Ta'if</a>. He was part of the Muslim army that contested the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tabouk">Battle of Tabouk</a> under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the farewell <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> of Muhammad in 632.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_Muhammad">Death of Muhammad</h4></div> When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.<a href="#cite_note-Suyuti54-61-37">[36]</a> It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just as <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> went, remaining absent from his people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died."<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies."</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19-38">[37]</a> Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D144">3:144</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?"</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19-38">[37]</a> Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.<a href="#cite_note-Suyuti54-61-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_of_the_caliphate">Foundation of the caliphate</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_Usama_bin_Zaid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to Usama bin Zaid">Letter to Usama bin Zaid</a></div></div></div> </div> Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[38]</a> While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out those companions known as <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirs</a> (The Emigrants) including Umar.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[38]</a> Umar found out about this meeting at <a href="/wiki/Saqifa" title="Saqifa">Saqifah Bani Saadah</a>, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>, proceeded to the meeting, presumably to head off the Ansars' plans for political separation. Arriving at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership of the Muhajirs.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[38]</a> However, Umar was undeterred in his belief the caliphate should be under the control of the Muhajirs.<a href="#cite_note-history-40">[39]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Khazraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazraj">Khazraj</a> were in disagreement, Umar, after strained negotiations lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aws</a> and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_%27Ubada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd ibn 'Ubada">Sa'd ibn 'Ubada</a>, who were ostracized as a result. The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat as there were sufficient men of war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> summarises Umar's contribution:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-41">[40]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Umar judged the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199722-42">[41]</a>] because of the absence of most of the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own family and clan, whose participation he considered vital for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, he warned the community, to be no precedent for the future. Yet he also defended the outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else. He apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to press for an immediate oath of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted to wait for a legitimate consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent and undignified end, as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him, for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule. This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed by the wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech and have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Caetani</a>. There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-41">[40]</a></blockquote> According to various <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> sources and Madelung,<a href="#cite_note-iis.ac.uk-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-us.macmillan.com-44">[43]</a> Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> at the Saqifah.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[38]</a> According to one version of narrations in <a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a>, Umar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. It has been reported in mainly Persian historical sources written 300 years later, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">History of al-Tabari</a>, that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an armed contingent to <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>'s house where Ali and his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire<a href="#cite_note-history-40">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. But then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election but six months later after the death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by Umar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the use of force and argues that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for six months are probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to restrain Umar from any violence against them, well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the sense of solidarity of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-45">[44]</a> His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.</blockquote> According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.<a href="#cite_note-holland-46">[45]</a> An Armenian bishop writing a decade or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating the advance of the sons of Ismael from the depths of the desert".<a href="#cite_note-holland-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige, was that his earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive cast of virtues. Rather than ape the manner of a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on the example of a quite different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt and water, and his rejection of worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind of person. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement of Umar was to take such language to a literal and previously unimaginable extreme."<a href="#cite_note-holland-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abu_Bakr's_era">Abu Bakr's era</h2></div> Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>], Umar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes there,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion by the Romans or the Persians. Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the rebellion by force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the incorporated lands rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yamamah">Battle of Yamamah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sunnah.com-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_as_a_caliph">Appointment as a caliph</h3></div> Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before dying in 634 CE.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Medina and members of <a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis al Shura</a>; accordingly, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor. Umar was well known for his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, and care for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></blockquote> Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Before his death, Abu Bakr called <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> fronts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_challenges">Initial challenges</h3></div> Even though almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge of loyalty to Umar, he was feared more than loved. According to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Haykal">Muhammad Husayn Haykal</a>, the first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis al Shura.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Umar was a gifted orator, and he used his ability to improve his reputation among the people.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the poor and underprivileged.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In addition to this, Umar, in order to improve his reputation and relation with the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>, the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, delivered to the latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land of Fidak, continuing to treat it as state property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel and apostate tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> This made Umar quite popular among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouin people">Bedouin tribes</a>. With the necessary public support on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Roman</a> front.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_civil_administration">Political and civil administration</h3></div> The government of Umar was a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary government</a>, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> territories, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, that had accepted the suzerainty of the caliphate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a>, personally and fastidiously selected by Umar. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were: <ol><li>Katib, the Chief Secretary.</li> <li>Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.</li> <li>Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.</li> <li>Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the <a href="/wiki/Police_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Police chief">Police chief</a>.</li> <li>Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">Treasury</a> Officer.</li> <li>Qadi, the Chief Judge.</li></ol> In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the Wali's conduct. On assuming office, the Wali was required to assemble the people in the main <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, and read the instrument of instructions before them.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Umar's general instructions to his officers were: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> Various other strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to travel to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Provincial governors received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces: <ol><li>Mecca (Arabia)</li> <li>Medina (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (Iraq)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> (Iraq)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>, in the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li>Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Iliyā' (إلياء)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramlah">Ramlah</a> (Palestine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (Persia)</li> <li>Azerbaijan (Persia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> (Persia)</li></ol> Umar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">Administrative court</a>, where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The department was under the charge of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslamah</a>, one of Umar's most trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. Umar was known for this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> This service was also said to have inspired fear in his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Umar was a pioneer in some affairs: <ol><li>Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.</li> <li>He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.</li> <li>He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></li></ol> Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging in any sort of business dealings whilst in a position of power. An agent of Umar by the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have extra money beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Al Harith replied that he had some money and he engaged in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we did not send you to engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he had made.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3></div> Since Medina, with a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the import of grain. He ordered the building of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea and an improvement of port infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, he started building a nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the new city for irrigation and drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first canal from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the city was built, Umar appointed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abu Musa Ashaari</a> (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He began building two important canals, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubulla" title="Al-Ubulla">al-Ubulla</a> and the Ma'qil, linking Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development for the whole Basra region and used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy of assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during the Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of irrigation canals by the state and by individuals.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Reforms of Umar's era">Reforms of Umar's era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Umar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of Umar I">Covenant of Umar I</a></div> Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (<a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">amsar</a>) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a> (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Umar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a>. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Simha_Assaf_1946,_pp._20-21-69">[68]</a> He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> for longer than three days.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774-71">[70]</a> He was first to establish the army as a state department. Umar was founder of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>, or Islamic <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> He is regarded by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a> as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">Faqih</a>, and, as such, he started the process of codifying <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic Law</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 641, he established <a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a>, a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As a leader, Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 638, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra year">Hijra</a>, he decreed that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_to_Jerusalem_in_637_CE">Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE</h3></div> Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in several sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the following anecdote:<a href="#cite_note-Simha_Assaf_1946,_pp._20-21-69">[68]</a> "Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area of the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the rest of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned to live in the southern part of the city, i.e., the Market of the Jews. (Their aim was to be near the water of <a href="/wiki/Siloam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siloam">Silwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> and its gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the area around it with their wives and children." It is also reported in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius</a> (932–940 CE) that the rock known as the Temple Mount had been a place of ruins as far back as the time of the <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Empress Helena</a>, mother of Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient site of the Temple as it was, and had even thrown rubbish on it, so that a great heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he asked <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ab_al-Ahbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ab al-Ahbar">Kaab</a>, who was Jewish before he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on the Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. To this day, the place is known as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>. According to lexicographer <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Abraham_al-Fasi" title="David ben Abraham al-Fasi">David ben Abraham al-Fasi</a> (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_expansion">Military expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Military conquests of Umar's era</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Wars of Caliph Umar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Syria (634–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Conquest_of_Palestine" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Palestine (635–636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Campaigns_in_Armenia_and_Anatolia" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Campaigns in Eastern Anatolia (638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Conquest of Armenia (638 & 644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Surrender_of_Thebaid_(South_eastern_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Upper Egypt (640–641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_Alexandria_and_fall_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Lower Egypt (641–642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Conquest of Bahnasa (639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of North Africa (643)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Second_invasion_of_Iraq_(636)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Iraq (636–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Central_Persia_(Isfahan_and_Tabaristan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Southern_Persia_(Fars)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Fars (642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_south_eastern_Persia_(Kerman_&_Makran)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Kerman & Makran (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Eastern_Persia_(Sistan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sistan (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Azerbaijan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Azerbaijan (643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Khurasan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Khurasan (643–644)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine in Arabia and plague in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. During his reign the Levant, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, almost the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persian Empire</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in recently conquered <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a> and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a> in the north. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_famine">Great famine</h3></div> In 638 CE, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon after, the reserves of food at Medina began to run out. Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria and Iraq, and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Medina and acted as an officer of <a href="/wiki/Disaster_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster management">disaster management</a>, which was headed personally by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_plague">Great plague</h3></div> While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by <a href="/wiki/First_plague_pandemic" title="First plague pandemic">plague</a>. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at <a href="/wiki/Elat" class="mw-redirect" title="Elat">Elat</a>, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity, and suggested that Umar go back to Medina. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Medina, but he declined to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which also cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of the plague.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare_state">Welfare state</h3></div> To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first welfare state, <a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar also introduced a child benefit and pensions for the children and the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade">Free trade</h3></div> Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sassanid_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sassanid Wars">Byzantine–Sassanid Wars</a>, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201038-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann200786-88">[87]</a> As new areas were attached to the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while trading with other areas in the Caliphate (to encourage commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, but wealth is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Caliphate and had their own judges.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Medina-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz">Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg/220px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg/330px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg/440px-Tarikhuna_bi-uslub_qasasi-The_Conspiracy_to_kill_Umar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Early 20th-century depiction of Abd al-Rahman (<a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_%27Awf" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf">ibn Awf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_ibn_Abi_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr">ibn Abi Bakr</a>) witnessing the purported conspiracy of Abu Lu'lu'a, <a href="/wiki/Hurmuz%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurmuzān">Hurmuzān</a>, and Jufayna (wrongly depicted here as a woman; the depiction of the murder weapon may also be wrong)<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Umar_(r.a)_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tombstone_of_Umar_%28r.a%29_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG/220px-Tombstone_of_Umar_%28r.a%29_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Tombstone_of_Umar_%28r.a%29_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG/330px-Tombstone_of_Umar_%28r.a%29_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Tombstone_of_Umar_%28r.a%29_by_mohammad_adil_rais.JPG 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of caliph Umar, in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_al-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid al-Nabawi">al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a>, Medina. The first window from the right gives a view of Umar's grave.</figcaption></figure> In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz">Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz</a>. His motivation for the assassination is not clear, but medieval sources attribute it to a tax dispute with his Arab master <a href="/wiki/Al-Mughira_ibn_Shu%27ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba">al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat2011-94">[93]</a> According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nahavand" title="Nahavand">Nahavand</a> (Iran), though other reports describe him as a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> A highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pellat2011-96">[95]</a> Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken captive by his master al-Mughira in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahavand" title="Battle of Nahavand">Battle of Nahavand</a> (642) and subsequently brought to <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, where he may also have converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Other historical sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qadisiyya">Battle of al-Qadisiyya</a> (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by <a href="/wiki/Hurmuz%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurmuzān">Hurmuzān</a>, an ex-<a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after his own capture by the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> was generally off-limits to the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFajam" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿajam">ʿajam</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">early caliphate</a>, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a <a href="/wiki/Khar%C4%81j" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharāj">kharāj</a> tax of two <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a> a day,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Although this is the reason given by most historical accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's assassination of Umar,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Umar's biased policies against non-Arab captives may also have played a prominent role.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> One day when Umar was leading the congregational prayer in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Medina">mosque of Medina</a>, Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed him with a double-bladed dagger.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> There are different versions of how this happened: according to one version, he also killed Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi who was behind Umar,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> while in another version he stabbed thirteen people who tried to restrain him.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> According to some accounts, the caliph died on the day of the stabbing (Wednesday 26 <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Hijja">Dhu al-Hijja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic year</a> 23, or 3 November 644 according to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, or 6 November 644 according to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), while other accounts maintain that he survived three more days.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Some historical sources report that Abu Lu'lu'a was taken prisoner and executed for his assassination of Umar, while other sources claim that he committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Pellat2011-96">[95]</a> After Abu Lu'lu'a's death, his daughter was killed by <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubayd Allah ibn Umar</a>, one of Umar's sons. Acting upon the claim of one man (either <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abi_Bakr" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr">Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr</a>) that they had been seen conspiring with Abu Lu'lu'a while he was holding the double-bladed dagger, Ubayd Allah also killed Hurmuzān (Umar's Persian military adviser), and Jufayna, a Christian man from <a href="/wiki/Al-Hira" title="Al-Hira">al-Hira</a> (Iraq) who had been taken to Medina to serve as a private tutor to a family in Medina.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> After Ubayd Allah was detained for these murders, he threatened to kill all foreign captives residing in Medina, as well as some others. Although Ubayd Allah may have been encouraged by his sister <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa bint Umar</a> to avenge their father's death, his murder of Hurmuzān and Jufayna was likely the result of a mental breakdown rather than of a true conspiracy. It was regarded by his peers as a crime rather than as a legitimate act of retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In early 20th-century scholarship it was sometimes supposed that Abu Lu'lu'a had really been an instrument in the hands of a conspiracy, though not a conspiracy led by Hurmuzān, but rather one led by <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a>. These men, who according to the historical sources were appointed by Umar himself as members of the council who would elect the next caliph, were thought by scholars to have conspired to overthrow Umar's reign and to put Ali in his place.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> This hypothesis, however, is rejected by more recent scholars.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Nevertheless, while Ubayd Allah was subsequently acquitted of his crimes by Umar's successor <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (r. 644–656), who considered the execution of Ubayd Allah an excessive measure in view of his father's recent assassination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199770-112">[111]</a> Ali, among others, did protest against this and vowed to apply the regular punishment for murder if he were ever to be caliph.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Umar was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Green_Dome" title="Green Dome">Green Dome</a> in al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and the caliph Abu Bakr, by the permission of <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> given to his son Abdullah ibn Umar on Umar's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaydaKoçak200746-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> On his deathbed, Umar vacillated on his succession. However, it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or <a href="/wiki/Salim_Mawla_Abu-Hudhayfah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim Mawla Abu-Hudhayfah">Salim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a> and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons to <a href="/wiki/The_election_of_Uthman" class="mw-redirect" title="The election of Uthman">choose a caliph from amongst them</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_bin_Awf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur Rahman bin Awf">Abdur Rahman bin Awf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saad_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad ibn Abi Waqqas">Saad ibn Abi Waqqas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubaidullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talha ibn Ubaidullah">Talha ibn Ubaidullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> All six are among <a href="/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised" title="The ten to whom Paradise was promised">the ten to whom Paradise was promised</a> according to Sunnis.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The only one out of the 'famous ten' left out of the committee who was still alive at the time was Saeed ibn Zaid, the cousin and brother-in-law of Umar. He was excluded on the basis of being related by blood and of the same tribe as Umar. Umar had a policy of not appointing anyone related to him to a position of authority even if they were qualified by his standards.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. Until the appointment of the next caliph, Umar appointed a notable <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahabi</a> and mawla, <a href="/wiki/Suhayb_ar-Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhayb ar-Rumi">Suhayb ar-Rumi</a> (Suhayb the Roman), as a deputy or caretaker caliph to run state affairs.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> While the meeting for selection of a caliph was proceeding, <a href="/wiki/Abdulrehman_ibn_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr">Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr</a> and Abdur Rahman bin Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Abu Lu'lu'a, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hurmuzan, Jafina and Abu Lu'lu'a, while they were suspiciously discussing something.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Surprised by his presence, the dagger fell; it was the same two-sided dagger used in the assassination. Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of the late caliph Abu Bakr, confirmed that, a few days before Umar's assassination, he saw this dagger in Hurmuzan's possession. After this revelation, it seemed clear that it had been planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriated by this, Umar's younger son <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubaidullah ibn Umar</a> sought to kill all the Persians in Medina.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He killed Hurmuzan, Jafinah, and the daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lu'lu'a, who is believed to have been a Muslim. Ubaidullah was intercepted by the people of Medina, who prevented him from continuing the massacre. <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-Aas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-Aas">Amr ibn al-Aas</a> is said to have intercepted him and convinced him to hand over his sword. The murder of Jafinah enraged Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubaidullah ibn Umar; again the companions intervened. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered Ubaidullah imprisoned, and that the next caliph should decide his fate.<a href="#cite_note-haykal-death-119">[118]</a> Umar died on 6 November 644; on 7 November <a href="/wiki/The_election_of_Uthman" class="mw-redirect" title="The election of Uthman">Uthman succeeded him</a> as caliph. After prolonged negotiations, the tribunal decided to give <a href="/wiki/Blood_money_(restitution)" title="Blood money (restitution)">blood money</a> to the victims, and released Umar's son Ubaidullah on the ground that, after the tragedy of Umar's assassination, people would be further infuriated by the execution of his son the very next day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2></div> Umar was strong, fit, athletic and good at wrestling. He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of Ukaz.<a href="#cite_note-hadrat-120">[119]</a> From first hand accounts of his physical appearance Umar is said to be vigorous, robust and a very tall man; in markets he would tower above the people. The front part of his head was bald, always A'sara Yusran (working with two hands),<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> both his eyes were black, with yellow skin; however, ibn Sa'ad in his book stated that he never knew that Umar had yellow skin, except for a certain part of Umar's life where his color changed due to his frequent consumption of oil.<a href="#cite_note-tabaqat-3-324-122">[121]</a> Moreover, it is also narrated that he was initially white but his color turned dark during the Year of Ashes (18 A.H) where a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a> caused him to exert considerable effort in running the caliphate whilst there was a widespread lack of food.<a href="#cite_note-tabaqat-3-324-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> It is also narrated by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nu%27aym_al-Isfahani" title="Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani">Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani</a> that he had reddish-white skin.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> His teeth were ashnabul asnan (very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.<a href="#cite_note-tabaqat-3-324-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The early Muslim historians Ibn Saad and al-Hakim mention that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa, described Umar as being "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people".<a href="#cite_note-hadrat-120">[119]</a> Umar's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah</a> described his father as "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey".<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Umar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". On the authority of Abu Raja al-U'taridi, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn Asakir</a> records that "Umar was a man tall, stout, very bald, very ruddy with scanty hair on the cheeks, his moustaches large, and the ends thereof reddish".<a href="#cite_note-hadrat-120">[119]</a> In addition, on the authority of Amir bin Rabi'ah, Ibn Sa'ad records that "I saw Umar a white man, pale. Prevailing ruddiness, tall and bald".<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments_and_legacy">Assessments and legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_legacy">Political legacy</h3></div> Umar was the first caliph to adopt the title <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-mu%27minin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir al-mu'minin">amir al-mu'minin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199749-128">[127]</a> Umar was one of Muhammad's chief advisers. After Muhammad's passing, it was Umar who reconciled the Medinan Muslims to accept Abu Bakr, a Meccan, as the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> During Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretary and main adviser.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar won over the hearts of Bedouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during the Ridda wars.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> He built up an efficient administrative structure that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective intelligence network, one of the reasons for his strong grip on his bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Umar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. He dismissed his most successful general, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a>, because he wanted people to know that it is Allah who grants victory, and to counter the cult of personality that had built up around Khalid, for the sake of the Muslim faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200370-133">[132]</a> He would patrol the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, ready to punish any offenders he might come across. It is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. But with all of this, he was also known for being kindhearted, answering the needs of the fatherless and widows.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Umar's swift imposition of justice against his governors for misdeeds made even powerful governors such as <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Muawiyah</a> scared of him. <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abu Talib">Ali ibn Abu Talib</a>, during the later rule of <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a>, wanted Uthman to be more strict with his governors, saying, "I adjure you by God, do you know that Mu'awiyah was more afraid of Umar than was Umar's own servant Yarfa?"<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Under Umar's rule, in order to promote strict discipline, Arab soldiers were settled outside of cities, between the desert and cultivated lands in special garrison towns known as "amsar". Known examples of such settlements are Basra and Kufa, in Iraq, and Fustat south of what would later become Cairo. His soldiers were forbidden to own land outside of Arabia. There were restrictions on their right to seize buildings and other immovable things usually thought of as prizes of war. Movable spoils were shared with the people of the umma, regardless of their social stratum.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> A modern researcher writes about this:<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He used to monitor public policy very closely, and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, his vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(Umar)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He also knew that just having a vision is not enough unless it is supported by effective strategies. He didn't only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. For example, to ensure that nobody sleeps hungry in his empire, he used to walk through the streets almost every night to see if there is any one needy or ill.</blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a> refers to Umar in the following terms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Yet the abstinence and humility of Umar were not inferior to the virtues of Abubeker; his food consisted of barley bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap who paid his homage to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosque of Medina."<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon1833-138">[137]</a></blockquote> His rule was one of the few moments in the history of Islam where Muslims were united as a single community. <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Masʿud</a> would often weep whenever the subject of Umar was brought up. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. People would enter Islam and not leave. When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a> before Umar died famously said: "If Umar dies, Islam would be weakened". People asked him why and his reply was "You will see what I am speaking about if you survive."<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-139">[138]</a> His greatest achievement from a religious perspective was the compilation of the Qur'an.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> This had not been done during the time of Muhammad. However, during the Battle of Yamama a great number of the memorizers of the Quran perished in the battle. On the advice of Umar, Abu Bakr tasked <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> with the momentous task of compiling the Quran into a single Book.<a href="#cite_note-sunnah.com-49">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Farooqui_dynasty" title="Farooqui dynasty">Farooqui dynasty</a> which ruled the <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> region in north of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India, from 14th century until 16th century, has claimed their descent from Umar lineage.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kingdom_of_Khandesh;_Radhey_Shyam-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Mythic_Society_Volumes_52-54;_Mythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_legacy">Military legacy</h3></div> Along with Khalid ibn Walid, Umar was influential in the Ridda wars.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> One strategic success was his sundering of the Byzantine-Sassanid alliance in 636, when <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Emperor Heraclius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Emperor Yazdegerd III</a> allied against their common enemy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was lucky in that the Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronize with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed himself of the opportunity by inducing the Byzantines to act prematurely.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was contrary to the orders of Emperor Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a>, with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the other hand, Yazdegerd III was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qadisiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Qadisiyyah">Battle of Qadisiyyah</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>, aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa (Homs)</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Umar issued an order to invade the very homeland of the Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazirah. A three-pronged attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. To further pressure the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to send reinforcements to Emesa. Umar himself led reinforcements there from Medina. Under this unprecedented pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslim reinforcements could arrive. The Muslims annexed <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahavand" title="Battle of Nahavand">Battle of Nahavand</a>, Umar launched a full-scale invasion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well-coordinated multi-pronged attacks designed to isolate and destroy their targets. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia, aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. Next, <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kirman</a> were captured, thus isolating the stronghold of Persia, the Khurasan. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan, where, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oxus_River" title="Battle of Oxus River">Battle of Oxus River</a>, the Persian empire ceased to exist, and Yazdegerd III fled to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_legacy">Religious legacy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunni_views">Sunni views</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_view_of_Umar" title="Sunni view of Umar">Sunni view of Umar</a></div> Umar is remembered by Sunnis as a rigid Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of religion; a man they title Fārūq, meaning "leader, jurist and statesman", and the second of the rightly guided caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' Umar".<a href="#cite_note-misas168-144">[143]</a> He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>. According to one of Muhammad's companions, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud">Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we prayed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, <a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shia_views">Shia views</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Umar" title="Shia view of Umar">Shia view of Umar</a></div> Umar is viewed very negatively in the literature of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> (the main branch of Shia Islam<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_World_Factbook2010-147">[146]</a>) and is often regarded as a usurper of Ali's right to the Caliphate. After the <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a> assembly chose Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar marched with armed men to Ali's house in order to get the allegiance of Ali and his supporters. Sources indicate that a threat was made to burn Ali's house if he refused, but the encounter ended when <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatimah</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, intervened.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> According to the majority of Twelver scholar writings, Fatimah was physically assaulted by Umar, that this caused her to miscarry her child, <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin ibn Ali</a>, and led to her death soon after.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Umar at Fatimah's house</a>). However, some Twelver scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hussein_Fadlallah" title="Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah">Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah</a>, reject these accounts of physical abuse as a "myth",<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> although Fadlallah mentioned that his speech is a probability, and not a certain reason to reject that event.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Another Shia sect, the <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a> followers of <a href="/wiki/Zaid_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaid ibn Ali">Zaid ibn Ali</a>, generally has two views about that. Some branches, such as <a href="/wiki/Jaroudiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroudiah">Jaroudiah</a> (Sarhubiyya), don't accept Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The other view accepts Umar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs, albeit inferior to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_A%27tham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn A'tham">Ibn A'tham</a>),<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> when asked about Abu Bakr and Umar, Zayd ibn Ali replied: "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah."<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Umar" title="Family tree of Umar">Family tree of Umar</a></div> Umar married nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dt>Wives</dt></dl> The known wives of Umar are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Maz%27un" title="Zaynab bint Maz'un">Zaynab bint Maz'un</a>, she was the mother of Hafsa, Abd Allah and Abd al-Rahman al-Akbar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Jarwal" title="Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal">Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal</a>, she was divorced by Umar. She was the mother of Ubayd Allah and Zayd al-Asghar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurayba_bint_Abi_Umayya" title="Qurayba bint Abi Umayya">Qurayba bint Abi Umayya</a>, divorced by Umar in 628.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_bint_Thabit" title="Jamila bint Thabit">Jamila bint Thabit</a>, She married Umar about between May 627 and May 628.<a href="#cite_note-Tabari/Fishbein_vol._8_p._95-157">[156]</a> They had one son, Asim.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabari/Fishbein_vol._8_p._95-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiqa_bint_Zayd" title="Atiqa bint Zayd">Atiqa bint Zayd</a>, she was married to Umar and had a son named Iyad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Hakim_bint_al-Harith_ibn_Hisham" title="Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham">Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham</a>, She was married to Umar<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> in 634 and was mother of Fatima.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a> from this marriage Umar had a son named Zayd and a daughter named Ruqayya. This is, however, the Sunni view. The Shi'a do not accept that such a marriage took place. In fact, even some Sunnis scholars maintain that Umar's wife Umm Kulthum was actually Abu Bakr's daughter who was raised in Ali's house.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sons</dt></dl> The sons of Umar are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abd Allah</a>, son of Zaynab bint Maz'un.</li> <li>Abd al-Rahman, son of Zaynab bint Maz'un.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Umar" title="Zayd ibn Umar">Zayd</a>, son of Umm Kulthum bint Ali.<a href="#cite_note-Saad3-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Umar" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Umar">Ubayd Allah</a>, son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal.</li> <li>Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_ibn_Umar" title="Asim ibn Umar">Asim</a>, son of Jamila bint Thabit.</li> <li>Iyad, son of Atiqa bint Zayd.</li> <li>Abd al-Rahman Abu'l-Mujabbar</li> <li>Abd al-Rahman "Abu Shahmah" ibn Umar</li> <li>Abd Allah</li></ul> <dl><dt>Daughters</dt></dl> The daughters of Umar are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_Umar" title="Hafsa bint Umar">Hafsa</a>, daughter of Zaynab bint Maz'un.</li> <li>Fatima, daughter of Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham.</li> <li>Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum bint Ali.</li> <li>Zaynab</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archeological_evidence">Archeological evidence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png/220px-Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png/330px-Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Signature_Believed_To_Be_Of_%CA%BFUmar_B._Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>Transcription of a Rock inscription, thought to be an autograph of Umar's signature</figcaption></figure> In 2012, an <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">inscription</a> was found on a rock in al-Murakkab (Saudi Arabia) which is thought to be an <a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autograph</a> of Umar's signature.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farooq_(book)" title="Al-Farooq (book)">Al-Farooq</a>, modern biography about Umar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_AlKhatab_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar ibn AlKhatab Mosque">Omar ibn al-Khattab Mosque</a>, is a historic mosque in Dumat al-Jandal in northern Arabia, it was built by Umar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Farooq_Omar_Bin_Al_Khattab_Mosque" title="Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque">Al Farooq Omar Bin Al Khattab Mosque</a>, mosque named for him in Dubai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farooqi">Farooqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_(TV_series)" title="Omar (TV series)">Omar (TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar" title="Pact of Umar">Pact of Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Ibrahim_ibn_Waqid_al-Umari" title="Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Waqid al-Umari">Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Waqid al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_century_in_Lebanon#Ṣaḥāba_who_have_visited_Lebanon" title="7th century in Lebanon">7th century in Lebanon § Ṣaḥāba who have visited Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Umar" title="Shia view of Umar">Shia view of Umar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMajlisi" class="citation book cs1">Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mir%27at+ul-Oqool&rft.pages=199&rft.aulast=Majlisi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Baqir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tusi" class="citation book cs1">Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Mabsoot&rft.pages=272&rft.aulast=Al-Tusi&rft.aufirst=Nasir+Al-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani199123-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourani199123_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHourani1991">Hourani (1991)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnow1968" class="citation book cs1">Dubnow, Simon (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ2MwNzB69IC&pg=PA326">History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period</a>. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-6659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-6659-2"><bdi>978-0-8453-6659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jews%3A+From+the+Roman+Empire+to+the+Early+Medieval+Period&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Cornwall+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8453-6659-2&rft.aulast=Dubnow&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZ2MwNzB69IC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7388-5963-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7388-5963-X">0-7388-5963-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-EI2_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner,_M.Levi_Della_Vida,_G." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. 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Sunnah.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Companions+of+the+Prophet+%E2%80%93+Sahih+al-Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%2F62%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/14">"Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. Sunnah.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Companions+of+the+Prophet+%E2%80%93+Sahih+al-Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%2F62%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner,_M.Levi_Della_Vida,_G." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820. <q>Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Umar+%28I%29+b.+al-K%CC%B2h%CC%B2a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81b&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=820&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill&rft.au=Bonner%2C+M.&rft.au=Levi+Della+Vida%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1/100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1#page/n37/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1"</a>. archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1%2F100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1%23page%2Fn37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQazi" class="citation book cs1">Qazi, Moin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgfCgAAQBAJ">Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph</a>. 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Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Commanding right and forbidding wrong in Islamic thought, M. A. Cook, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Buraey2002" class="citation book cs1">Al-Buraey, Muhammad (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249">Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective</a>. Routledge. pp. 248–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0333-2"><bdi>978-0-7103-0333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Development%3A+An+Islamic+Perspective&rft.pages=248-249&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0333-2&rft.aulast=Al-Buraey&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJE9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssid1995" class="citation book cs1">Essid, Yassine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij86T6DAwzgC&pg=PA67">A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought</a>. Brill. pp. 24, 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10079-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10079-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critique+of+the+Origins+of+Islamic+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=24%2C+67&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10079-4&rft.aulast=Essid&rft.aufirst=Yassine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIj86T6DAwzgC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "The Precious Pearls" by Muhammad Ayub Sipra, Darussalam publishers and distributors, 2002, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n47/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2%2F100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2%23page%2Fn47%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler2014" class="citation book cs1">Koehler, Benedikt (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqbcAwAAQBAJ&q=umar+canal+medina&pg=PA78">Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism</a>. Lexington Books. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739188835" title="Special:BookSources/9780739188835"><bdi>9780739188835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islam+and+the+Birth+of+Capitalism&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.isbn=9780739188835&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=Benedikt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmqbcAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dumar%2Bcanal%2Bmedina%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2012.htm">"History Of Science And Technology In Islam"</a>. History-science-technology.com. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Of+Science+And+Technology+In+Islam&rft.pub=History-science-technology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2Farticles%2Farticles%252012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simha_Assaf_1946,_pp._20-21-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simha_Assaf_1946,_pp._20-21_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simha_Assaf_1946,_pp._20-21_69-1">b</a> Simha Assaf, Meqorot u-Meḥqarim be-Toldot Yisrael, Jerusalem 1946, pp. 20–21 (Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Levi_Della_Vida" title="Giorgio Levi Della Vida">Giorgio Levi Della Vida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bonner" title="Michael Bonner">Michael Bonner</a>, Encyclopaedia of Islam. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung (1997)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The origins of Islamic jurisprudence, Harald Motzki, Marion </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The History of al-Tabari, vol. XII, Albany: State University of New York Press 2007, pp. 194–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Fasi1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Abraham_al-Fasi" title="David ben Abraham al-Fasi">Al-Fasi, D.</a> (1936). Solomon L. Skoss (ed.). The Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, Known as 'Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ' (Agron) (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. xxxix – xl (Introduction). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745093227">745093227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew-Arabic+Dictionary+of+the+Bible%2C+Known+as+%27Kit%C4%81b+J%C4%81mi%CA%BF+al-Alf%C4%81%E1%BA%93%27+%28Agron%29&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=xxxix+-+xl+%28Introduction%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745093227&rft.aulast=Al-Fasi&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Medieval Islamic Civilization, Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, p. 844 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumaniNumani2004" class="citation book cs1">Numani, Shibli; Numani, Muhammad Shibli (6 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HYQ3vETMgcC&q=umar+saved+famine&pg=PA44">Umar: Makers of Islamic Civilization</a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850436706" title="Special:BookSources/9781850436706"><bdi>9781850436706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umar%3A+Makers+of+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft.isbn=9781850436706&rft.aulast=Numani&rft.aufirst=Shibli&rft.au=Numani%2C+Muhammad+Shibli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HYQ3vETMgcC%26q%3Dumar%2Bsaved%2Bfamine%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lscollege.ac.in/sites/default/files/e-content/2nd%20Caliph%20Umar%20al%20Khattab.pdf">"Life and Works of 2nd Caliph Umar Al Khattab"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Langat_Singh_College" title="Langat Singh College">Langat Singh College</a>, MUZAFFARPUR, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Langat+Singh+College%2C+MUZAFFARPUR%2C+India&rft.atitle=Life+and+Works+of+2nd+Caliph+Umar+Al+Khattab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lscollege.ac.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fe-content%2F2nd%2520Caliph%2520Umar%2520al%2520Khattab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Haykal, 1944. Chapter 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Haykal, 1944. Chapter 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Abdul Basit (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWp8aeuqKaYC&q=umar+walked+the+streets+every+evening&pg=PT44">Umar bin Al Khattab – The Second Caliph of Islam</a>. Darussalam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789960861081" title="Special:BookSources/9789960861081"><bdi>9789960861081</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umar+bin+Al+Khattab+%E2%80%93+The+Second+Caliph+of+Islam&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.isbn=9789960861081&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Basit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWp8aeuqKaYC%26q%3Dumar%2Bwalked%2Bthe%2Bstreets%2Bevery%2Bevening%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhālid2005" class="citation book cs1">Khālid, Khālid Muḥammad (1 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-uN7tDGSZMC&q=umar+lived+in+a+mud+hut&pg=PA20">Men Around the Messenger</a>. The Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839154733" title="Special:BookSources/9789839154733"><bdi>9789839154733</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Around+the+Messenger&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft.isbn=9789839154733&rft.aulast=Kh%C4%81lid&rft.aufirst=Kh%C4%81lid+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-uN7tDGSZMC%26q%3Dumar%2Blived%2Bin%2Ba%2Bmud%2Bhut%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2015" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Maulana Muhammad (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQxYnAykK6sC&q=umar+lived+in+a+mud+hut&pg=PT132">The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad</a>. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934271223" title="Special:BookSources/9781934271223"><bdi>9781934271223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Thoughts+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad&rft.pub=Ahmadiyya+Anjuman+Ishaat+Islam+Lahore+USA&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=9781934271223&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Maulana+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRQxYnAykK6sC%26q%3Dumar%2Blived%2Bin%2Ba%2Bmud%2Bhut%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Buraey1985" class="citation book cs1">Al-Buraey, Muhammad (6 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJE9AAAAIAAJ&q=umar+welfare+state&pg=PA254">Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective</a>. KPI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710303332" title="Special:BookSources/9780710303332"><bdi>9780710303332</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Development%3A+An+Islamic+Perspective&rft.pub=KPI&rft.date=1985-09-06&rft.isbn=9780710303332&rft.aulast=Al-Buraey&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJE9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dumar%2Bwelfare%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The challenge of Islamic renaissance By Syed Abdul Quddus </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Buraey1985" class="citation book cs1">Al-Buraey, Muhammad (6 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ&q=umar+Bayt+al-mal&pg=PA252">Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective</a>. KPI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710300591" title="Special:BookSources/9780710300591"><bdi>9780710300591</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Development%3A+An+Islamic+Perspective&rft.pub=KPI&rft.date=1985-09-06&rft.isbn=9780710300591&rft.aulast=Al-Buraey&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT8OAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dumar%2BBayt%2Bal-mal%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkgündüzÖztürk2011" class="citation book cs1">Akgündüz, Ahmed; Öztürk, Said (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnT_zhqEe5cC&q=umar+Bayt+al-mal&pg=PA539">Ottoman History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789090261089" title="Special:BookSources/9789090261089"><bdi>9789090261089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+History&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789090261089&rft.aulast=Akg%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%2C+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnT_zhqEe5cC%26q%3Dumar%2BBayt%2Bal-mal%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito201038-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito201038_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2010">Esposito (2010)</a>, p. 38. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann200786-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann200786_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofmann2007">Hofmann (2007)</a>, p. 86. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHofmann2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Islam: An Illustrated History By Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1978), 41: 1–42, Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Watt. Muhammad at Medina and R. B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina." Islamic Quarterly 8 (1964) p.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Medina-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Medina_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/15118390/Madinah-Peace-Treaty">"Madinah Peace Treaty"</a> – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madinah+Peace+Treaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F15118390%2FMadinah-Peace-Treaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Naṣrānī", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a>), <a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from Tārīkhunā bi-uslūb qaṣaṣī ('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat2011-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPellat2011_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat (2011)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>. Modern authors also take different views: <a href="#CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaBonner2000">Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000</a> merely state that he was a Christian slave, whereas <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 75, note 67 finds the sources claiming he was Christian unreliable. <a href="#CITEREFIshkevariNejad2008">Ishkevari & Nejad 2008</a> mention that according to the Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa-l-qiṣaṣ, an anonymous work written c. 1126 CE, Abu Lu'lu'a came from Fin, a village near <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellat2011-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pellat2011_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pellat2011_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> This is the view of <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 75, note 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> See the sources cited by <a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, pp. 108–109 (cf. also p. 112). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 75, note 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaBonner2000">Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000</a>. As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a kharāj tax on his master al-Mughira. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaBonner2000">Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> This is the hypothesis of <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, G. Rex, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRjsrA5tfLIC">The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641–643/A.H. 21–23</a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1293-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-1293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XIV%3A+The+Conquest+of+Iran%2C+A.D.+641%E2%80%93643%2FA.H.+21%E2%80%9323&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1293-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRjsrA5tfLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> Cf. <a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, p. 109. See also <a href="#CITEREFCaetani1905–1926">Caetani 1905–1926</a>, vol. V, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft/page/216/mode/1up">216</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2010">El-Hibri 2010</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaBonner2000">Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 69 (cf. p. 404, where Madelung refers to him as "Jufayna al-Naṣrānī"). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaetani1905–1926">Caetani 1905–1926</a>, vol. V, pp. 40–51, as reported by <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 68–70; <a href="#CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaBonner2000">Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199770-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199770_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaydaKoçak200746-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaydaKoçak200746_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaydaKoçak2007">Fayda & Koçak 2007</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n381/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"</a>. archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2%2F100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2%23page%2Fn381%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.com/abudawud/42/54">"Hadith – Book of Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) – Sunan Abi Dawud – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. Sunnah.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Model+Behavior+of+the+Prophet+%28Kitab+Al-Sunnah%29+%E2%80%93+Sunan+Abi+Dawud+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fabudawud%2F42%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n45/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"</a>. archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2%2F100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2%23page%2Fn45%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Efendioğlu, Mehmet(2009). <a href="/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV Encyclopedia of Islam">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, Volume 37, p.476. </li> <li id="cite_note-haykal-death-119"><a href="#cite_ref-haykal-death_119-0">^</a> Haykal, 1944. Chapter "Death of Umar". </li> <li id="cite_note-hadrat-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadrat_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadrat_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadrat_120-2">c</a> "Hadrat Umar Farooq" by Masud-Ul-Hasan </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Lisan al-Arab 4/196 </li> <li id="cite_note-tabaqat-3-324-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tabaqat-3-324_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabaqat-3-324_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabaqat-3-324_122-2">c</a> ibn Sa'ad, 3/ 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, Genealogies of the Nobles, pp. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> معرفة الصحابة 1/205،206 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh ar-Rusul wa al-Muluk) 4/ 196 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol 3, pp. 301,قال: أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا شُعيب بن طلحة عن أبيه عن القاسم بن محمّد قال: سمعتُ ابن عمر يصف عمر يقول رجل أبيض تعْلُوه حُمْرَةٌ، طُوال، أصلع، أشيب. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Ibn Sa'd, Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr, vol 3, pp. 301, أخبرنا محمد بن عمر قال: أخبرنا عمر بن عمران بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر عن عاصم بن عبيد الله عن عبد الله بن عامر بن ربيعة قال: رأيتُ عمر رجلًا أبيض، أمْهَق. تعلوه حمرة، طُوالًا، أصلع. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199749-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199749_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung (1997)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umar-I">"Umar I | Muslim caliph"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Umar+I+%7C+Muslim+caliph&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FUmar-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/umar-ibn-al-khattab">"Umar ibn al-Khattab"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Umar+ibn+al-Khattab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fumar-ibn-al-khattab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (16 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&q=umar+slaves+emancipation+ridda&pg=PA119">The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473828650" title="Special:BookSources/9781473828650"><bdi>9781473828650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.isbn=9781473828650&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-oHBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dumar%2Bslaves%2Bemancipation%2Bridda%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Islamic Imperialism, Efraim Karsh, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200370-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELock200370_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLock2003">Lock (2003)</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamadaniDanaGërguri-RashitiRatten2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramadani, Veland; Dana, Léo-Paul; Gërguri-Rashiti, Shqipe; Ratten, Vanessa (2 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsP3DAAAQBAJ&q=umar+whip+streets+medina&pg=PA27">Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context</a>. Springer. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319396798" title="Special:BookSources/9783319396798"><bdi>9783319396798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+and+Management+in+an+Islamic+Context&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.isbn=9783319396798&rft.aulast=Ramadani&rft.aufirst=Veland&rft.au=Dana%2C+L%C3%A9o-Paul&rft.au=G%C3%ABrguri-Rashiti%2C+Shqipe&rft.au=Ratten%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsP3DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dumar%2Bwhip%2Bstreets%2Bmedina%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq9RzQWlBNwC&q=I%20adjure%20you%20by%20God,%20do%20you%20know%20that%20Mu'awiyah%20was%20more%20afraid%20of%20Umar%20than%20was%20Umar's%20own%20slave%20Yarfa%E2%80%99&pg=PA143">History of al-Tabari Vol. 15, The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of 'Uthman A.D. 644-656/A.H. 24–35</a>. SUNY Press. 16 June 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438407289" title="Special:BookSources/9781438407289"><bdi>9781438407289</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+15%2C+The+Crisis+of+the+Early+Caliphate%3A+The+Reign+of+%27Uthman+A.D.+644-656%2FA.H.+24%E2%80%9335&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft.isbn=9781438407289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKq9RzQWlBNwC%26q%3DI%2520adjure%2520you%2520by%2520God%2C%2520do%2520you%2520know%2520that%2520Mu%27awiyah%2520was%2520more%2520afraid%2520of%2520Umar%2520than%2520was%2520Umar%27s%2520own%2520slave%2520Yarfa%25E2%2580%2599%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidtBoum2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Boum, Aomar (7 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ&q=forbidden+to+acquire&pg=PA48">A Concise History of the Middle East</a>. Avalon Publishing. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813349633" title="Special:BookSources/9780813349633"><bdi>9780813349633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft.isbn=9780813349633&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Jr.&rft.au=Boum%2C+Aomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSOdBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dforbidden%2Bto%2Bacquire%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Mohtsham, Saeed M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizresearchpapers.com/Mohtsham.pdf">Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon1833-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon1833_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA410">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III</a>. Harper. p. 410.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+Volume+III&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOo5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n397/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2%2F100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2%23page%2Fn397%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1/100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1#page/n147/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab: His Life and Times, Volume 1"</a>. archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume1%2F100714724-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-1%23page%2Fn147%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Kingdom_of_Khandesh;_Radhey_Shyam-141"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Kingdom_of_Khandesh;_Radhey_Shyam_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhey_Shyam1981" class="citation book cs1">Radhey Shyam (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwoMAAAAIAAJ">The Kingdom of Khandesh</a>. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli. pp. 157, 165. Retrieved 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Khandesh&rft.pages=157%2C+165&rft.pub=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i+Delli&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwoMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Mythic_Society_Volumes_52-54;_Mythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)-142"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Quarterly_Journal_of_the_Mythic_Society_Volumes_52-54;_Mythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMythic_Society_(Bangalore,_India)1962" class="citation book cs1">Mythic Society (Bangalore, India) (14 March 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92870">The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society Volumes 52-54</a>. p. 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x07jAAAAMAAJ">the original</a> on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2024. <q>The rulers of Khandesh who claimed descent from Caliph Umar Faruq evinced the Faruq - like spirit of statesmanship, worldly wisdom, tenacity of purpose, tolerance and patriotism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Mythic+Society+Volumes+52-54&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1962-03-14&rft.au=Mythic+Society+%28Bangalore%2C+India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx07jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2/100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2#page/n415/mode/2up">"Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2"</a>. archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Umar+Ibn+Al-Khattab+%3A+His+Life+and+Times%2C+Volume+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FUmarIbnAl-KhattabHisLifeAndTimesVolume2%2F100713541-Umar-Ibn-Al-Khattab-Vol-2%23page%2Fn415%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misas168-144"><a href="#cite_ref-misas168_144-0">^</a> Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab <a href="/wiki/Al-Bidayah_wa_al-Nihayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah">al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">ibn Kathir</a>, published by Dar al-Wathan publications, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, 1422 AH (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> as-Suyuti, The History of the Khalifas Who Took the Right Way, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/shia-islam-s-holiest-sites.html">"Shia Islam's Holiest Sites"</a>. 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia+Islam%27s+Holiest+Sites&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fshia-islam-s-holiest-sites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_World_Factbook2010-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_World_Factbook2010_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_World_Factbook2010">The World Factbook (2010)</a>. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFThe_World_Factbook2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zot5IK1csp0C&pg=PA19">An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʿism</a>. Yale University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BFi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BFism&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzot5IK1csp0C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGhp8Obm3bgC&pg=PA45">The Conference of Baghdad's Ulema</a>. Forgotten Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605067087" title="Special:BookSources/9781605067087"><bdi>9781605067087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conference+of+Baghdad%27s+Ulema&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=9781605067087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGhp8Obm3bgC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbridge2001" class="citation book cs1">Walbridge, Linda S. (30 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shiʿa: The Institution of the Marjaʿ Taqlid. Oxford University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195137996" title="Special:BookSources/9780195137996"><bdi>9780195137996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Learned+of+the+Shi%CA%BFa%3A+The+Institution+of+the+Marja%CA%BF+Taqlid&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-08-30&rft.isbn=9780195137996&rft.aulast=Walbridge&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aparat.com/v/NayZp">"تدلیس شبکه وهابی در سخنان آقای محمد حسین فضل الله"</a>. آپارات.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3+%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87+%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aparat.com%2Fv%2FNayZp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shayeaat.ir/post/798">"شایعات – کلیپ رد هجوم به منزل حضرت زهرا(س)، توسط آیت الله سید حسین فضل الله ! / شایعه 0717"</a>. shayeaat.ir. 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shayeaat.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%E2%80%93+%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE+%D8%B1%D8%AF+%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%28%D8%B3%29%D8%8C+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7+%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%21+%2F+%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87+0717&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshayeaat.ir%2Fpost%2F798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (20 April 2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305036"><bdi>9780195305036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft.isbn=9780195305036&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlī_Shīrī1991" class="citation book cs1">Alī Shīrī (1991). Kitāb al-Futūḥ by Aḥmad ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī. Vol. 8 (1st ed.). Lebanon: Dār al-ḍwāʾ. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-Fut%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5+by+A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+A%CA%BFtham+al-K%C5%ABf%C4%AB&rft.place=Lebanon&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-%E1%B8%8Dw%C4%81%CA%BE&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Al%C4%AB+Sh%C4%ABr%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, pp. 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol. 16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243. "They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd" </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabari/Fishbein_vol._8_p._95-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabari/Fishbein_vol._8_p._95_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabari/Fishbein_vol._8_p._95_157-1">b</a> Tabari/Fishbein vol. 8 p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Malik ibn Anas. Al-Muwatta 37:6. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Ibn Saad/Bewley vol. 3 p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ibn Saad/Bewley vol. 8 p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Tabari/Smith vol. 14 pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomani2003" class="citation book cs1">Nomani, Shibli (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDs14WLLPy4C&q=umm+hakim&pg=PA465">Life of Umar the Great, the (Al-Farooq)</a>. Adam Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174353382" title="Special:BookSources/9788174353382"><bdi>9788174353382</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2014 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Umar+the+Great%2C+the+%28Al-Farooq%29&rft.pub=Adam+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788174353382&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=Shibli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYDs14WLLPy4C%26q%3Dumm%2Bhakim%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Nawawī, Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa l-lughāt, vol. 2, p. 630 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saad3-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Saad3_164-0">^</a> Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr, p. 204. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImbert2019" class="citation book cs1">Imbert, Frédéric (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/13413">"Espaces de liberté et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du début de l'islam"</a>. Savants, amants, poètes et fous : Séances offertes à Katia Zakharia. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.ifpo.13413">10.4000/books.ifpo.13413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351595503" title="Special:BookSources/9782351595503"><bdi>9782351595503</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213324606">213324606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Espaces+de+libert%C3%A9+et+contraintes+graphiques+dans+les+graffiti+du+d%C3%A9but+de+l%E2%80%99islam&rft.btitle=Savants%2C+amants%2C+po%C3%A8tes+et+fous+%3A+S%C3%A9ances+offertes+%C3%A0+Katia+Zakharia&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=161-174&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213324606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.ifpo.13413&rft.isbn=9782351595503&rft.aulast=Imbert&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F13413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Umar had many titles and epithets, including Amir al-Mu'minin, as the first holder of the title, and al-Faruq ('the one who distinguishes [between right and wrong]'), for his reputation as a jurist. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Sa'ad" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Sa'ad. <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Major_Classes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of the Major Classes">The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Major+Classes+%28Tabaqat+al-Kubra%29&rft.au=Ibn+Sa%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaetani1905–1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Caetani, Leone</a> (1905–1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalidellislam05caetuoft">Annali dell'Islam</a>. 10 vols. 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Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+Lu%CA%BElu%CA%BE&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Ishkevari&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Yusofi&rft.au=Nejad%2C+Saleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2F%2A-SIM_0169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaydaKoçak2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fayda, Mustafa; Koçak, Muhşin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/omer#2-fikih">ÖMER b. el-Hattâb – An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam</a> (in Turkish). Vol. 34. Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/TDV_%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" class="mw-redirect" title="TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a>. pp. 44–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89456-2"><bdi>978-97-53-89456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96MER+b.+el-Hatt%C3%A2b+%E2%80%93+An+article+published+in+34th+volume+of+Turkish+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=44-53&rft.pub=TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-97-53-89456-2&rft.aulast=Fayda&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.au=Ko%C3%A7ak%2C+Muh%C5%9Fin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fomer%232-fikih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_Rogerson2008" class="citation cs2">Barnaby Rogerson (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzyBPwAACAAJ">The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split</a>, Overlook, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59-020022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59-020022-3"><bdi>978-1-59-020022-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Century+and+the+Origins+of+the+Sunni-Shia+Split&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59-020022-3&rft.au=Barnaby+Rogerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzyBPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_Rogerson2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Barnaby Rogerson</a> (4 November 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC">The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism</a>, Little, Brown Book Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-812470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-812470-1"><bdi>978-0-74-812470-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+Of+The+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+And+the+Roots+of+the+Sunni-Shia+Schism&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0-74-812470-1&rft.au=Barnaby+Rogerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExbdVf5fFmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellat2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b">"Abū Loʾloʾa"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+Lo%CA%BElo%CA%BEa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pellat&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Umar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Umar">Umar</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umar">Umar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bogvaerker.dk/Bookwright/Umar.html">Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs</a> by Jalal ad-Din as-<a href="/wiki/Suyuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suyuti">Suyuti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930162009/http://www.lailahailallah.net/Khutbahs/Khutbah40.asf">Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab</a> by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Omar">"Omar" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Omar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Umar </div><div><a href="/wiki/Banu_Adi" title="Banu Adi">Banu Adi</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a></div>Born: c. 584 Died: c. 6 November 644 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abū Bakr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph of Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliph">Rashidun Caliph</a> 23 August 634 – c. 6 November 644 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rashidun_Caliphs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rashidun_Caliphs" title="Template:Rashidun Caliphs"><abbr title="View this 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised" title="The ten to whom Paradise was promised">The ten to whom Paradise was promised – al-ʿashara al-mubashshara</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Zayd" title="Sa'id ibn Zayd">Sa'id ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8467#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8467#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121255289">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27868234">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1852177/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtF8pkvKHk9MMCtb7rbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118822810">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81042737">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939742h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939742h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35881932">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701864&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074729632">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269275205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14825458?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1129518">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118822810.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118822810">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027332578">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/omer">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umar&oldid=1262186006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umar&oldid=1262186006</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Umar" title="Category:Umar">Umar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:584_births" title="Category:584 births">584 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:644_deaths" title="Category:644 deaths">644 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Muslims" title="Category:Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_caliphs" title="Category:7th-century caliphs">7th-century caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:7th-century murdered monarchs">7th-century murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_caliphs" title="Category:Assassinated caliphs">Assassinated caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_edged_and_bladed_weapons" title="Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons">Deaths by edged and bladed weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Category:People of the Muslim conquest of Persia">People of the Muslim conquest of Persia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rashidun_caliphs" title="Category:Rashidun caliphs">Rashidun caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahabah_who_participated_in_the_battle_of_Uhud" title="Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud">Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh_characters" title="Category:Shahnameh characters">Shahnameh characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" title="Category:Burials at Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Burials at Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links 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