CINXE.COM
Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <!-- Nosto --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var name="nostojs";window[name]=window[name]||function(cb){(window[name].q=window[name].q||[]).push(cb);};})(); </script> <script src="https://connect.nosto.com/include/chvdehrb" async></script> <!-- End Nosto --> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <script> var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?o():!gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o):document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",o)},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("action",o,n,r,t)},addFilter:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,n,r,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,n){gform.removeHook("action",o,n)},removeFilter:function(o,n,r){gform.removeHook("filter",o,n,r)},addHook:function(o,n,r,t,i){null==gform.hooks[o][n]&&(gform.hooks[o][n]=[]);var e=gform.hooks[o][n];null==i&&(i=n+"_"+e.length),gform.hooks[o][n].push({tag:i,callable:r,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(n,o,r){var t;if(r=Array.prototype.slice.call(r,1),null!=gform.hooks[n][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[n][o]).sort(function(o,n){return o.priority-n.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==n?t.apply(null,r):r[0]=t.apply(null,r)})),"filter"==n)return r[0]},removeHook:function(o,n,t,i){var r;null!=gform.hooks[o][n]&&(r=(r=gform.hooks[o][n]).filter(function(o,n,r){return!!(null!=i&&i!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][n]=r)}}); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <!-- Omeda Olytics --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" /> <script> window.olytics||(window.olytics=[]),window.olytics.methods=["fire","confirm"],window.olytics.factory=function(i){return function(){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);return t.unshift(i),window.olytics.push(t),window.olytics}};for(var i=0;i<window.olytics.methods.length;i++){var method=window.olytics.methods[i];window.olytics[method]=window.olytics.factory(method)}olytics.load=function(i){if(!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")){window.a=window.olytics;var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!0,t.id="olyticsImport",t.type="text/javascript";var o="";void 0!==i&&void 0!==i.oid&&(o=i.oid),t.setAttribute("data-oid",o),t.src="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js",t.addEventListener("load",function(t){for(olytics.initialize({Olytics:i});window.a.length>0;){var o=window.a.shift(),s=o.shift();olytics[s]&&olytics[s].apply(olytics,o)}},!1);var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}},olytics.load({oid:"d90fed0edabe41cd879c6deeca43a36f"}); </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png" as="image"> <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/fonts/rubik-light.65dbd68a.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2"> <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/fonts/rubik-regular.18856bd2.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2"> <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/fonts/rubik-semibold.c5dee968.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2"> <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/fonts/rubik-medium.ffa06caa.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2"> <link rel="prefetch" href="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/fonts/rubik-bold.2a7d0e11.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://ads.blogherads.com"> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.7 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com" /> <meta property="og:description" content="From space probes to rovers — and even martian helicopters — dozens of robotic explorers are currently helping us investigate our solar system." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Astronomy Magazine" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AstronomyMag" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/","url":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/","name":"Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1.webp","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1.webp","contentUrl":"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1.webp","width":1834,"height":1177,"caption":"Credit: NASA"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.astronomy.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Space Exploration","item":"https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Robotic Spaceflight"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#website","url":"https://www.astronomy.com/","name":"Astronomy Magazine","description":"Astronomy news, photos, observing events, and space missions.","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#organization"},"alternateName":"Astronomy.com","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.astronomy.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#organization","name":"Astronomy magazine","alternateName":"Astronomy","url":"https://www.astronomy.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Astronomy-logo-square.jpeg?fit=225%2C224","contentUrl":"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/05/Astronomy-logo-square.jpeg?fit=225%2C224","width":225,"height":224,"caption":"Astronomy magazine"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.astronomy.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/AstronomyMagazine/","https://twitter.com/AstronomyMag","https://www.linkedin.com/company/astronomy-magazine","https://www.youtube.com/user/astronomymagazine","https://www.instagram.com/astronomy.magazine/"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.astronomy.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Astronomy Magazine » Feed" href="https://www.astronomy.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Astronomy Magazine » Comments Feed" href="https://www.astronomy.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Astronomy Magazine » Robotic Spaceflight Category Feed" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/wp\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.5.4"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.4' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kb-post-content-selector-block-css-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/astronomy-core/dist/blocks/post-content-selector/styles.css?ver=cc14531cd3d27fb7a0d5c45a67189f41' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--grey: #f2f2f2;--wp--preset--color--blue: #00578a;--wp--preset--color--dark-blue: #002b45;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 1rem;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 1.375rem;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 1.75rem;--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small: 0.75rem;--wp--preset--font-size--x-small: 0.875rem;--wp--preset--font-size--base: 1.125rem;--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large: 2rem;--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large: 2.5rem;--wp--preset--font-size--xxxx-large: 3.75rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10: clamp(1.5rem, 5vw, 2rem);--wp--preset--spacing--20: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 3rem);--wp--preset--spacing--30: clamp(2.5rem, 7vw, 4.5rem);--wp--preset--spacing--40: clamp(3.5rem, 9vw, 6rem);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}body { margin: 0;--wp--style--global--content-size: 1200px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1400px; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link{background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-dark-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-blue) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-dark-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-blue) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-dark-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-xx-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-small) !important;}.has-x-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-small) !important;}.has-base-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--base) !important;}.has-xx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xx-large) !important;}.has-xxx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxx-large) !important;}.has-xxxx-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xxxx-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='glide-core-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/astronomy-core/dist/lib/css/glide.core.min.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='seedlet-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fira+Sans%3Aital%2Cwght%400%2C400%3B0%2C500%3B1%2C400%7CPlayfair+Display%3Aital%2Cwght%400%2C400%3B0%2C700%3B1%2C400&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='seedlet-style-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/seedlet/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='seedlet-style-navigation-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/seedlet/assets/css/style-navigation.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='astronomy-styles-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/style-frontend.css?ver=1.0.4' media='all' /> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js?ver=1.0.0" id="gpt-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer',"GTM-WHWV7HZ");</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Google Analytics tag (gtag.js) --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); ga('create', "UA-130806-5", 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview', { 'dimension1': 'Anonymous', 'metric1': 0 }); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics tag (gtag.js) --> <!-- BLOGHER ADS Begin header tag --> <script type="text/javascript"> var blogherads = blogherads || {}; blogherads.adq = blogherads.adq || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" data-cfasync="false" src="https://ads.blogherads.com/static/blogherads.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" data-cfasync="false" src="https://ads.blogherads.com/sk/12/124/1242172/31478/header.js"></script> <!-- BLOGHER ADS End header tag --> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.astronomy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.astronomy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/1441" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.5.4" /> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({'author': 'no author'}); window.dataLayer.push({'categories': 'Human Spaceflight,Robotic Spaceflight,Space Exploration'}); window.dataLayer.push({'tags': 'Human Spaceflight,News,Robotic Spaceflight'}); console.log(window.dataLayer); </script><style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/cropped-favicon-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/cropped-favicon-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/cropped-favicon-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/cropped-favicon-270x270.jpg" /> </head> <body class="archive category category-robotic-spaceflight category-1441 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive kserv-logged-out hfeed has-main-navigation"> <script> //astronomy.com Page Visit olytics.fire({ behaviorId : '2672C9123356A8B', category : 'human-spaceflight,robotic-spaceflight,space-exploration', type : 'article', title : "Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com", description : "From space probes to rovers \u2014 and even martian helicopters \u2014 dozens of robotic explorers are currently helping us investigate our solar system.", url : 'https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/', sitename : 'ASY', slug : 'where-harris-and-trump-stand-on-space-policy', modifiedtime : '2024-11-01 14:45:50', publishedtime : '2024-11-01 14:45:49', tag : '', subcategory : '', ages : '', brands : '', productprice : '', presale : '' }); </script> <!-- End Omeda Olytics --> <!-- Nosto Tagging START --> <div class="nosto_customer" style="display:none"> <span class="email"></span> <span class="first_name"></span> <span class="last_name"></span> <span class="customer_reference"></span> <span class="marketing_permission">false</span> </div> <div class="nosto_page_type" style="display:none">product</div> <div class="nosto_product" style="display:none"> <span class="product_id">where-harris-and-trump-stand-on-space-policy</span> <span class="url">https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/</span> <span class="name">Robotic Spaceflight | Astronomy.com</span> <span class="description">From space probes to rovers — and even martian helicopters — dozens of robotic explorers are currently helping us investigate our solar system.</span> <span class="image_url">https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-1568x1006.webp</span> <span class="availability">InStock</span> <span class="price_currency_code">USD</span> <span class="price">1.00</span> <span class="list_price">1.00</span> <span class="category">human-spaceflight</span> <span class="category">robotic-spaceflight</span> <span class="category">space-exploration</span> <span class="custom_fields"> <span class="type">article</span> <span class="site_name">ASY</span> <span class="modified_date">2024-11-01</span> <span class="published_date">2024-11-01</span> <span class="post_id">154469</span> </span> </div> <!-- Nosto Tagging END --> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="site-header-top"> <div class="site-logo"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="236" height="64" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Astronomy Magazine logo" decoding="async" /></a> </div> <div class="menu-secondary-header-nav-container"><ul id="menu-secondary-header-nav" class="inline-list"><li id="menu-item-47847" class="kserv-login menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47847"><a href="#">Login/Register</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47884" class="kserv-logout menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47884"><a href="#">Logout</a></li> <li id="menu-item-125577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-125577"><a href="https://thespacestore.com/">Shop</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47848" class="menu-item-button-outline menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47848"><a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ASY_NEW_GLOBE&pk=ACF46A1">Subscribe</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="mobile-navigation-triggers"> <button class="search-bar-trigger js-search-bar-trigger-secondary button button-icon" title="Search" aria-controls="search" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="closed" width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M9.053 0c5 0 9.053 4.053 9.053 9.053 0 2.082-.71 3.994-1.891 5.523l3.447 3.447c.45.451.45 1.188 0 1.639-.451.45-1.188.45-1.639 0l-3.447-3.447a9.003 9.003 0 01-5.523 1.891c-5 0-9.053-4.053-9.053-9.053C0 4.053 4.053 0 9.053 0zm0 2.108a6.945 6.945 0 00-6.945 6.945 6.945 6.945 0 006.945 6.945 6.945 6.945 0 006.945-6.945 6.945 6.945 0 00-6.945-6.945z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <svg class="opened" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><rect width="48" height="48" fill="white" fill-opacity="0.01"/><path d="M8 8L40 40" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M8 40L40 8" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> </button> <button id="primary-open-menu" class="nav-trigger button button-icon" title="Open menu" aria-controls="primary-menu-list" aria-expanded="false"> <svg width="30" height="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M30 12v2H6v-2h24zm0-6v2H0V6h30zm0-6v2H6V0h24z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> </button> <button id="primary-close-menu" class="nav-trigger button button-icon" title="Close menu" aria-controls="primary-menu-list" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="opened" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><rect width="48" height="48" fill="white" fill-opacity="0.01"/><path d="M8 8L40 40" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M8 40L40 8" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="site-header-primary"> <div class="menu-primary-navigation-container"><ul id="menu-primary-navigation" class="inline-list"><li id="menu-item-122372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122372"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-61259" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-61259"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Science</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-122355" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122355"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/">Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122351" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122351"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/">Solar System</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122352" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122352"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/exoplanets/">Exoplanets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122353" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122353"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/stars/">Stars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122356" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122356"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/milky-way/">Milky Way</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122354" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122354"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/galaxies/">Galaxies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122358" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122358"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/exotic-objects/">Exotic Objects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122359"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/cosmology/">Cosmology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-122360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-122360"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Observing</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-122376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122376"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/">Observing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-124916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-124916"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/in-the-sky/">In The Sky</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122363" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122363"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/upcoming-events/">Upcoming Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122362" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122362"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/the-sun/">The Sun</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122361"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/the-moon/">The Moon</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122364" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122364"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/planets-observing/">Planets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122365" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122365"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/deep-sky-objects/">Deep-Sky Objects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122366" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122366"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/observing-basics/">Observing Basics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122367"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/telescopes-equipment/">Telescopes and Equipment</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122368"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/astrophotography/">Astrophotography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-153987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-153987"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/tags/this-week-in-astronomy/">This Week in Astronomy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-122369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-122369"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Space Exploration</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-122375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-category-ancestor current-category-parent menu-item-122375"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/">Space Exploration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122370"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/">Human Spaceflight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-122371"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" aria-current="page">Robotic Spaceflight</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-122373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122373"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/magazine/">The Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-122378" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122378"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/ask-astro/">Ask Astro</a></li> <li id="menu-item-154632" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-154632"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/newsletters/universe-discovered/">Universe, Discovered</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="mobile-drawer" class="site-header-menus"> <div class="menu-primary-header-nav-mobile-container"><ul id="menu-primary-header-nav-mobile" class="inline-list"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122372"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/news/">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-61259"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Science</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122355"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/">Science</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122351"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/">Solar System</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122352"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/exoplanets/">Exoplanets</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122353"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/stars/">Stars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122356"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/milky-way/">Milky Way</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122354"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/galaxies/">Galaxies</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122358"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/exotic-objects/">Exotic Objects</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122359"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/cosmology/">Cosmology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-122360"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Observing</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122376"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/">Observing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-124916"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/in-the-sky/">In The Sky</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122363"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/upcoming-events/">Upcoming Events</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122362"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/the-sun/">The Sun</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122361"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/the-moon/">The Moon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122364"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/planets-observing/">Planets</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122365"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/deep-sky-objects/">Deep-Sky Objects</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122366"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/observing-basics/">Observing Basics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122367"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/telescopes-equipment/">Telescopes and Equipment</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122368"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/astrophotography/">Astrophotography</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-153987"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/tags/this-week-in-astronomy/">This Week in Astronomy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-122369"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Space Exploration</a><svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M6.96954 10.2804L11.9999 15.3107L17.0302 10.2804L15.9695 9.21973L11.9999 13.1894L8.0302 9.21973L6.96954 10.2804Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-category-ancestor current-category-parent menu-item-122375"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/">Space Exploration</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-122370"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/">Human Spaceflight</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-122371"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" aria-current="page">Robotic Spaceflight</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122373"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/magazine/">The Magazine</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122378"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/ask-astro/">Ask Astro</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-154632"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/newsletters/universe-discovered/">Universe, Discovered</a></li> </ul></div><div class="menu-secondary-header-nav-mobile-container"><ul id="menu-secondary-header-nav-mobile" class="menu"><li class="kserv-login menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47847"><a href="#">Login/Register</a></li> <li class="kserv-logout menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47884"><a href="#">Logout</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-125577"><a href="https://thespacestore.com/">Shop</a></li> <li class="menu-item-button-outline menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47848"><a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ASY_NEW_GLOBE&pk=ACF46A1">Subscribe</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <button class="search-bar-trigger js-search-bar-trigger-primary button button-icon" title="Search" aria-controls="search" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="closed" width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M9.053 0c5 0 9.053 4.053 9.053 9.053 0 2.082-.71 3.994-1.891 5.523l3.447 3.447c.45.451.45 1.188 0 1.639-.451.45-1.188.45-1.639 0l-3.447-3.447a9.003 9.003 0 01-5.523 1.891c-5 0-9.053-4.053-9.053-9.053C0 4.053 4.053 0 9.053 0zm0 2.108a6.945 6.945 0 00-6.945 6.945 6.945 6.945 0 006.945 6.945 6.945 6.945 0 006.945-6.945 6.945 6.945 0 00-6.945-6.945z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <svg class="opened" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><rect width="48" height="48" fill="white" fill-opacity="0.01"/><path d="M8 8L40 40" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M8 40L40 8" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> </button> </div> </header> <div class="search-bar js-search-bar"> <div class="default-max-width"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.astronomy.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article class="post-154469 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-human-spaceflight category-robotic-spaceflight category-space-exploration tag-human-spaceflight tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <div class="entry-content default-max-width enhanced-category-content"> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull block-page-heading has-blue-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color">Robotic Spaceflight</h1> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color">From space probes to rovers, and even martian helicopters, dozens of robotic explorers are currently helping us investigate our solar system.</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-kb-post-content-selector"><div class="wp-block-kb-post-content-selector__grid" data-layout="grid" data-count="12"> <article id="post-154469" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-154469 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-human-spaceflight category-robotic-spaceflight category-space-exploration tag-human-spaceflight tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/where-harris-and-trump-stand-on-space-policy/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Opinion: An international affairs expert breaks down Harris and Trump’s records on space policy"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="620" height="398" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-768x493.webp" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-768x493.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-300x193.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-1200x770.webp 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-1536x986.webp 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1-1568x1006.webp 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/jason2_1.webp 1834w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Human Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/" rel="tag">Space Exploration</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/where-harris-and-trump-stand-on-space-policy/" >Opinion: An international affairs expert breaks down Harris and Trump’s records on space policy</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-154165" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-154165 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-sun entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/how-the-cluster-ii-mission-studied-the-suns-effects-on-earth/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="How the Cluster II mission studied the Sun’s effects on Earth"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="619" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster-768x767.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Artist's depiction of the four Cluster II satellites" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster-768x767.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster-1200x1198.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cluster.jpg 1419w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/how-the-cluster-ii-mission-studied-the-suns-effects-on-earth/" >How the Cluster II mission studied the Sun’s effects on Earth</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153680" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153680 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system category-space-exploration tag-jupiters-moons tag-news tag-planetary-science tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/all-about-nasas-europa-clipper/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="NASA’s Europa Clipper sets sail for Jupiter"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="349" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/europa-clipper-art-768x432.webp" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="An illustration of NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft above the surface of Europa and in front of Jupiter" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/europa-clipper-art-768x432.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/europa-clipper-art-300x169.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/europa-clipper-art.webp 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/" rel="tag">Space Exploration</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/all-about-nasas-europa-clipper/" >NASA’s Europa Clipper sets sail for Jupiter</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153732" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153732 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-solar-system tag-venus entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/30-years-ago-magellan-venus-mission-successfully-concluded/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="30 years ago: Magellan Venus mission successfully concluded"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="466" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/magellan_orbit-768x577.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/magellan_orbit-768x577.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/magellan_orbit-300x226.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/magellan_orbit.jpg 818w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/30-years-ago-magellan-venus-mission-successfully-concluded/" >30 years ago: Magellan Venus mission successfully concluded</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153472" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153472 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight tag-news entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/nasa-postpones-europa-clipper-launch-as-hurricane-milton-takes-aim-at-cape-canaveral/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Europa Clipper launch postponed until at least Oct. 13 due to Hurricane Milton"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="413" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-768x512.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop-1568x1045.jpg 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/20242812230_GOES16-ABI-FL-GEOCOLOR-AL142024-2000x2000-crop.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/nasa-postpones-europa-clipper-launch-as-hurricane-milton-takes-aim-at-cape-canaveral/" >Europa Clipper launch postponed until at least Oct. 13 due to Hurricane Milton</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153526" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153526 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-asteroids tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-solar-system entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/hera-mission-is-headed-to-dimorphos-the-asteroid-nasa-crashed-into/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="ESA’s Hera mission is headed to Dimorphos, the asteroid NASA crashed into"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="349" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-768x432.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera_asteroid_mission_launches_to_the_sky_on_7_October_2024-1568x882.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/hera-mission-is-headed-to-dimorphos-the-asteroid-nasa-crashed-into/" >ESA’s Hera mission is headed to Dimorphos, the asteroid NASA crashed into</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153350" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153350 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-asteroids tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-solar-system entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/nasa-crashed-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-and-the-hera-mission-will-survey-the-aftermath/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="What to know about the Hera mission to the deflected asteroid Dimorphos"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="418" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-768x518.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-768x518.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-300x202.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-1200x809.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-1536x1036.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-2048x1381.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Hera-and-cubesats-1568x1058.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/nasa-crashed-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-and-the-hera-mission-will-survey-the-aftermath/" >What to know about the Hera mission to the deflected asteroid Dimorphos</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-153001" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-153001 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-solar-system entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/cubesats-the-tiniest-of-satellites-are-changing-the-way-we-explore-the-solar-system/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="CubeSats, the tiniest of satellites, are changing the way we explore the solar system"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="378" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-768x468.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Tiny satellites, also known as CubeSats, are pictured after being deployed into Earth orbit from a small satellite orbital deployer on the outside of the International Space Station's Kibo laboratory module. The CubeSats were delivered aboard the Northrop Grumman Cygnus space freighter and will serve a variety of educational and research purposes for public and private organizations around the world." srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-768x468.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-300x183.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-1200x732.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-1536x937.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-1568x956.jpg 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/iss071e579940orig-e1727459708599-2048x1249.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/cubesats-the-tiniest-of-satellites-are-changing-the-way-we-explore-the-solar-system/" >CubeSats, the tiniest of satellites, are changing the way we explore the solar system</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-152580" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-152580 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-asteroids tag-news tag-planetary-science tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/nuclear-bombs-really-could-deflect-asteroids-lab-tests-suggest/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Nuclear bombs really could deflect asteroids, lab tests suggest"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="474" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Asteroid_collision-768x587.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Asteroid_collision-768x587.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Asteroid_collision-300x229.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Asteroid_collision.jpg 916w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/nuclear-bombs-really-could-deflect-asteroids-lab-tests-suggest/" >Nuclear bombs really could deflect asteroids, lab tests suggest</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-152341" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-152341 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-robotic-spaceflight category-solar-system tag-meteor-showers tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight tag-the-solar-system entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/could-we-experience-the-first-ever-human-made-meteor-shower/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Could we experience the first-ever human-made meteor shower?"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="413" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-768x512.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/GianniTumino_threePerseid_MountEtna_JPG_4500pix-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/solar-system/" rel="tag">Solar System</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/science/could-we-experience-the-first-ever-human-made-meteor-shower/" >Could we experience the first-ever human-made meteor shower?</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-152196" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-152196 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-human-spaceflight category-robotic-spaceflight category-space-exploration tag-human-spaceflight tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/small-untrackable-pieces-of-space-junk-are-cluttering-low-earth-orbit/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Small, untrackable pieces of space junk are cluttering low Earth orbit"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="634" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/orbital_debris-768x785.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Artist's rendition of orbital debris around Earth" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/orbital_debris-768x785.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/orbital_debris-293x300.jpg 293w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/orbital_debris-1173x1200.jpg 1173w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/orbital_debris.jpg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Human Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/" rel="tag">Space Exploration</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/small-untrackable-pieces-of-space-junk-are-cluttering-low-earth-orbit/" >Small, untrackable pieces of space junk are cluttering low Earth orbit</a></h3> </div> </article> <article id="post-152137" class="wp-block-kb-post-card agency-ui-card post-152137 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-human-spaceflight category-robotic-spaceflight tag-human-spaceflight tag-nasa tag-news tag-robotic-spaceflight entry"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/shortsighted-aging-nasa-faces-uncertain-future-says-report-to-congress/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Shortsighted, aging NASA faces uncertain future, says report to Congress"> <img decoding="async" width="620" height="413" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-768x512.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/VAB-at-KSC-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px" /> </a> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-content-type"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Human Spaceflight</a>, <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/" rel="tag">Robotic Spaceflight</a></div> <h3 class="card-title"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/shortsighted-aging-nasa-faces-uncertain-future-says-report-to-congress/" >Shortsighted, aging NASA faces uncertain future, says report to Congress</a></h3> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text"></h2> <div class="nav-links"> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/page/2/">2</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/page/3/">3</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/page/149/">149</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/page/2/"><span class="nav-next-text">Older posts</span> <svg class="svg-icon" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11.0303 17.0303L16.0607 11.9999L11.0303 6.96961L9.96968 8.03027L13.9394 11.9999L9.96968 15.9696L11.0303 17.0303Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg></a> </div> </nav> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div class="google-ad aligncenter" id="bcf1e520-9f80-4502-8c33-3b635d8f586c" data-gpt-ad="true" data-account-id="3004818" data-slot-code="CTR_Super_Leaderboard" data-sizes="[{"width":970,"height":90}]" style="min-width:970px;min-height:90px"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag .defineSlot( '/3004818/CTR_Super_Leaderboard', [[970,90]], 'bcf1e520-9f80-4502-8c33-3b635d8f586c' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bcf1e520-9f80-4502-8c33-3b635d8f586c'); }); } ); </script></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group block-popular-topics is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Popular Space Exploration Topics</h2> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group block-tile is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/"><img decoding="async" width="600" height="398" src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/astronautselfie.jpg?w=600" alt="" class="wp-image-78821" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/02/astronautselfie.jpg 600w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/02/astronautselfie-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst takes a selfie during an EVA outside the International Space Station in 2014. New research shows that when astronauts spend extended periods of time in space, their brains and eyes can suffer. Credit: NASA/SPL/Barcroft Media.</figcaption></figure> <div class="wp-block-group has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/">Human spaceflight</a></h4> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Since the first human spaceflight in 1961, we’ve continued to push our boundaries.</p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-x-small-font-size wp-elements-f3b4eca828087a483c5a7f659f9d16dd"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/human-spaceflight/">Explore Topic</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-group block-tile is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/"><img decoding="async" width="600" height="338" src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/curiosity1.jpg?w=600" alt="" class="wp-image-74376" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/02/curiosity1.jpg 600w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/02/curiosity1-300x169.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This 2016 Curiosity rover selfie shows the vehicle at the “Okoruso” drilling site on Mount Sharp’s Naukluft Plateau. The Martian scene is a mosaic of images taken with the arm-mounted Mars Hands Lens Imager (MAHLI). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.</figcaption></figure> <div class="wp-block-group has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/">Robotic spaceflight</a></h4> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Dozens of robotic explorers are currently investigating our solar system. </p> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-x-small-font-size wp-elements-87ee9b43c0d259199701b37aca3b49fd"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/">Explore Topic</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center mobile-first-only is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="google-ad aligncenter" id="fc03199c-95f4-4db7-bdaf-f9828f05f595" data-gpt-ad="true" data-account-id="3004818" data-slot-code="ASY-HalfPage" data-sizes="[{"width":300,"height":250}]" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag .defineSlot( '/3004818/ASY-HalfPage', [[300,250]], 'fc03199c-95f4-4db7-bdaf-f9828f05f595' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('fc03199c-95f4-4db7-bdaf-f9828f05f595'); }); } ); </script></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="google-ad aligncenter" id="da6a807e-b1ce-4a08-8c8c-120e8983b48f" data-gpt-ad="true" data-account-id="3004818" data-slot-code="ASY-MedRect2" data-sizes="[{"width":300,"height":250}]" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag .defineSlot( '/3004818/ASY-MedRect2', [[300,250]], 'da6a807e-b1ce-4a08-8c8c-120e8983b48f' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('da6a807e-b1ce-4a08-8c8c-120e8983b48f'); }); } ); </script></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <div class="google-ad aligncenter" id="2d8c2608-978f-4e90-8315-5d7affb6f722" data-gpt-ad="true" data-account-id="3004818" data-slot-code="ASY-MedRectHouse" data-sizes="[{"width":300,"height":250}]" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"><script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag .defineSlot( '/3004818/ASY-MedRectHouse', [[300,250]], '2d8c2608-978f-4e90-8315-5d7affb6f722' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function() { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('2d8c2608-978f-4e90-8315-5d7affb6f722'); }); } ); </script></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)"> <div id="home-product-recommendations" class="wp-block-group nosto_element is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10)"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Product Recommendations</h2> <div class="wp-block-content-carousel glide "> <div class="wp-block-content-carousel__slides js-glide-carousel" data-carousel_config="content-carousel-block-41358" data-num-to-display="5"> <div class="glide__arrows glide__arrow-left" data-glide-el="controls[nav]"> <button class="glide__arrow" data-glide-dir="<"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Previous</span> </button> </div> <div class="glide__arrows glide__arrow-right" data-glide-el="controls[nav]"> <button class="glide__arrow" data-glide-dir=">"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Next</span> </button> </div> <div class="content-carousel__container glide__track" data-glide-el="track"> <ul class="glide__slides"> <li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/products/deep-space-mysteries-2025-calendar" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="242" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/PRD-68213-CV-ASY-2025-300x242.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/PRD-68213-CV-ASY-2025-300x242.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/PRD-68213-CV-ASY-2025-768x621.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/PRD-68213-CV-ASY-2025.webp 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">New arrivals</p> <h3 class="card-title">Deep Space Mysteries 2025 Calendar</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/2025-observers-handbook" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="192" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89168-192x300.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89168-192x300.jpg 192w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89168.jpg 288w" sizes="(max-width: 192px) 100vw, 192px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Books & DVDs</p> <h3 class="card-title">Observer's Handbook 2025</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/products/6-neptune-globe" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="276" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Neptune_6_globe_black-removebg-preview-300x276.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Neptune_6_globe_black-removebg-preview-300x276.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Neptune_6_globe_black-removebg-preview.webp 444w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Globes & Maps</p> <h3 class="card-title">6-Inch Neptune Globe</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/products/nasa-4-logo-sticker" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="254" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/StickerNASA4-2-300x254.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/StickerNASA4-2-300x254.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/StickerNASA4-2.webp 665w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Gifts & Toys</p> <h3 class="card-title">NASA Logo 4" Sticker</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/atlantis-orbiter-m-1-144-model" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="276" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/p-e4614_1-300x276.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/p-e4614_1-300x276.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/p-e4614_1-768x706.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/p-e4614_1.webp 801w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">STEM Toys</p> <h3 class="card-title">Atlantis Orbiter 1/144 Model</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/6-earth-globe" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Earth_6_globe_2-removebg-preview-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Earth_6_globe_2-removebg-preview-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Earth_6_globe_2-removebg-preview-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/Earth_6_globe_2-removebg-preview.webp 500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Globes & Maps</p> <h3 class="card-title">6" Earth Globe</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/products/infrared-jupiter-round-puzzle-1000-pieces" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89154_500-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89154_500-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89154_500-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/89154_500.webp 500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Gifts & Toys</p> <h3 class="card-title">Infrared Jupiter Puzzle </h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/expedition-73-no-names" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/expedition73-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/expedition73-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/expedition73-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/expedition73.webp 750w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Gifts & Toys</p> <h3 class="card-title">Expedition 73 No Names</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/artemis-program-addidas-quarter-zip-pullover?variant=45705906454745" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-1200x1200.webp 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-768x768.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2-1568x1568.webp 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/adidas-quarter-zip-pullover-black-front-66995faeb41d2.webp 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Apparel</p> <h3 class="card-title">Artemis Program Addidas Quarter zip pullover</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/astronomy-magazine-under-armour-mens-polo?variant=45670013763801" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-1200x1200.webp 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-768x768.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9-1568x1568.webp 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/under-armour-mens-polo-shirt-black-front-668a2203d19e9.webp 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Apparel</p> <h3 class="card-title">Astronomy Magazine Under Armour® men's polo</h3> </article> </a> </li><li class="wp-block-content-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <a href="https://thespacestore.com/collections/new-collection/products/nasa-unisex-hoodie?variant=45691484340441" class="agency-ui-card-link"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <div class="card-image"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-300x300.webp" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-300x300.webp 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-1200x1200.webp 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-150x150.webp 150w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-768x768.webp 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9-1568x1568.webp 1568w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/09/unisex-pullover-hoodie-black-front-66933aba931d9.webp 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div> <p class="card-content-type">Apparel</p> <h3 class="card-title">NASA Embroidered Unisex Hoodie</h3> </article> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://thespacestore.com/">Visit The Space Store</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull has-grey-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10)"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Popular Explorations</h2> <div class="wp-block-post-carousel glide "> <div class="wp-block-post-carousel__slides"> <div class="js-glide-carousel" data-carousel_config="post-carousel-block" data-num-to-display="6"> <div class="glide__arrows glide__arrow-left" data-glide-el="controls[nav]"> <button class="glide__arrow" data-glide-dir="<"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Previous</span> </button> </div> <div class="glide__arrows glide__arrow-right" data-glide-el="controls[nav]"> <button class="glide__arrow" data-glide-dir=">"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Next</span> </button> </div> <div class="glide__track" data-glide-el="track"> <ul class="glide__slides"> <li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-spain-9-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2026 Spain 9-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Barcelona-Logan-Armstrong-Unsplash-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-spain-9-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2026 Spain 9-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-portugal-spain-15-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2026 Portugal & Spain 15-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="202" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-300x202.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-300x202.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-1200x806.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-768x516.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-1536x1032.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-2048x1376.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Belem-Tower-Edoardo-Bortoli-Unsplash-1568x1054.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-portugal-spain-15-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2026 Portugal & Spain 15-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-morocco-portugal-spain-17-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2026 Morocco, Portugal, & Spain 17-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="189" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-300x189.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-300x189.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-1200x757.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-768x485.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-1536x969.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-2048x1293.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Marrakesh-Zoltan-Tasi-Unsplash-1568x990.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-morocco-portugal-spain-17-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2026 Morocco, Portugal, & Spain 17-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-iceland-7-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2026 Iceland 7-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Skogafoss-Nuno-Antunes-Unsplash-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2026-iceland-7-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2026 Iceland 7-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-8-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2027 Egypt 8-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/11/Egypt-Simon-Berger-Unsplash-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-8-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2027 Egypt 8-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-12-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour-with-nile-cruise/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2027 Egypt 12-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour with Nile Cruise"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Aswan-AXP-PhotographyUnsplash-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-12-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour-with-nile-cruise/">2027 Egypt 12-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour with Nile Cruise</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-jordan-egypt-13-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2027 Jordan & Egypt 13-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Petra-Snowscat-Unsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Petra-Snowscat-Unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Petra-Snowscat-Unsplash-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Petra-Snowscat-Unsplash-768x511.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-jordan-egypt-13-night-total-solar-eclipse-tour/">2027 Jordan & Egypt 13-Night Total Solar Eclipse Tour</a> </h3> </article> </li><li class="wp-block-post-carousel__slide js-carousel__slide glide__slide"> <article class="agency-ui-card"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-pre-eclipse-turkey-extension-istanbul-cappadocia/" class="card-image" tabindex="-1" aria-label="2027 Egypt Pre-Eclipse Turkey Extension: Istanbul & Cappadocia"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/10/Cappadocia-Tony-LeeUnsplash-1568x1045.jpg 1568w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/" class="card-content-type">Observing</a> <h3 class="card-title"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/observing/2027-egypt-pre-eclipse-turkey-extension-istanbul-cappadocia/">2027 Egypt Pre-Eclipse Turkey Extension: Istanbul & Cappadocia</a> </h3> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-154469 --> </main><!-- #main --> </section><!-- #primary --> <div class="nosto_page_type" style="display:none">category</div> <div class="nosto_category" style="display:none">/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/</div> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="footer-newsletter"> <div class="default-max-width"> <div class="footer-newsletter-inner"> <div class="footer-newsletter-content"> <h3 class="footer-newsletter-title"> Astronomy Newsletter </h3> <p class="footer-newsletter-description"> Get newsletters, updates and special offers via email from Astronomy.com! </p> </div> <div class="footer-newsletter-cta"> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <div class='gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework kserv-newsletter-form_wrapper' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_1' ><div id='gf_1' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'></div> <div class='gform_heading'> <p class='gform_required_legend'>"<span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span>" indicates required fields</p> </div><form method='post' enctype='multipart/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_1' id='gform_1' class='kserv-newsletter-form' action='/space-exploration/robotic-spaceflight/#gf_1' data-formid='1' novalidate> <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_1' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><div id="field_1_2" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_2"><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_2' id='input_1_2' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='News' /></div></div><div id="field_1_3" class="gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_3"><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_3' id='input_1_3' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' aria-invalid="false" value='ASY' /></div></div><div id="field_1_1" class="gfield gfield--type-email gfield--width-three-quarter gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_1"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_1' >Enter Email Address<span class="gfield_required"><span class="gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk">*</span></span></label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'> <input name='input_1' id='input_1_1' type='email' value='' class='large' aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" /> </div></div><div id="field_submit" class="gfield gfield--type-submit gfield--width-quarter field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-field-class="gform_editor_submit_container" data-field-position="inline" data-js-reload="true"><input type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_1' class='gform-button gform-button--white button gform-button--width-full' value='Sign Up' onclick='if(window["gf_submitting_1"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_1"]=true;} ' onkeypress='if( event.keyCode == 13 ){ if(window["gf_submitting_1"]){return false;} if( !jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity || jQuery("#gform_1")[0].checkValidity()){window["gf_submitting_1"]=true;} jQuery("#gform_1").trigger("submit",[true]); }' /></div><div id="field_1_4" class="gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible" data-js-reload="field_1_4"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_1_4' >Email</label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_4' id='input_1_4' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'/></div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_1_4'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.</div></div></div></div> <div class='gform_footer top_label'> <input type='hidden' name='gform_ajax' value='form_id=1&title=&description=&tabindex=-1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_1' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submit' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_unique_id' value='' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='state_1' value='WyJbXSIsIjExNDM3NWE1ZTJlZmYwYzJkZTk3ZWI5ZDdlZmNiNzgzIl0=' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_1' id='gform_target_page_number_1' value='0' /> <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_1' id='gform_source_page_number_1' value='1' /> <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' /> </div> </form> </div> <iframe style='display:none;width:0px;height:0px;' src='about:blank' name='gform_ajax_frame_1' id='gform_ajax_frame_1' title='This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.'></iframe> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {gformInitSpinner( 1, 'https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_1').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_1');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_1').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 && ! is_redirect && ! is_confirmation;var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_1').val();gformInitSpinner( 1, 'https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.svg', true );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [1, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_1'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}setTimeout(function(){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_1').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_1').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [1]);window['gf_submitting_1'] = false;wp.a11y.speak(jQuery('#gform_confirmation_message_1').text());}, 50);}else{jQuery('#gform_1').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [1, current_page]);gform.utils.trigger({ event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: current_page } });} );} ); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-main"> <div class="default-max-width"> <div class="footer-main-inner"> <div class="site-logo"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="236" height="64" src="https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Astronomy Magazine logo" decoding="async" /></a> </div> <div class="footer-main-menus"> <ul class="social-list inline-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AstronomyMagazine/"> <svg width="10" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6.595 4.401c0-.78.556-.962.947-.962h2.403V.012L6.635 0c-3.674 0-4.51 2.556-4.51 4.192v2.284H0v3.531h2.125V20h4.47v-9.993H9.61L10 6.476H6.595V4.401z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Facebook </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/astronomy-magazine"> <svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.843 19.435H15.59v-7.017c0-1.762-.616-2.965-2.155-2.965-1.175 0-1.875.81-2.182 1.595-.113.28-.14.67-.14 1.063v7.324H6.86s.056-11.885 0-13.114h4.255v1.856c.564-.893 1.574-2.165 3.833-2.165 1.398 0 2.622.468 3.497 1.44.875.973 1.399 2.45 1.399 4.464v7.519zM2.379 4.53H2.35C.923 4.53 0 3.523 0 2.264 0 .98.952 0 2.407 0c1.454 0 2.35.98 2.378 2.264 0 1.26-.924 2.266-2.406 2.266zM.25 19.435h4.253V6.32H.251v13.114z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> LinkedIn </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/astronomymagazine"> <svg width="24" height="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5.667.13A145.11 145.11 0 0116.852.088c1.23.04 2.496.088 3.62.178 2.532.202 3.173 1.738 3.406 4.154.04.408.057.836.071 1.2v.023c.054.066.008.228.024.333v.132c.054.134.008.363.023.535v2.932c-.015.104.031.266-.023.333v.133c-.016.104.03.267-.024.334v.11c-.014.082.031.223-.023.267-.016.098.03.252-.024.31-.1 1.433-.234 2.683-.893 3.534-.748.967-2.053 1.224-3.83 1.222-.032.05-.163.008-.236.02h-.235c-.04.053-.178.01-.258.024h-.282c-.047.05-.195.008-.282.023h-.328c-.025.02-.067.025-.114.025l-.148-.006-.068.003h-.376a.287.287 0 01-.141.025l-.176-.006-.082.003h-.423c-.126.05-.352.006-.517.022h-.563c-.174.052-.447.007-.659.023h-.846c-.745.037-1.653.037-2.397 0h-.799c-.235-.016-.533.029-.728-.023h-.61c-.182-.016-.424.029-.566-.022H7.83a.846.846 0 00-.095-.003l-.205.006a.417.417 0 01-.17-.025h-.424c-.125-.015-.313.028-.398-.022h-.352c-.104-.015-.268.029-.33-.023h-.306c-.086-.013-.234.029-.28-.023h-.237c-.079-.013-.218.03-.258-.021-1.725-.056-3.086-.27-3.807-1.266-.622-.86-.784-2.064-.87-3.49-.054-.058-.008-.212-.023-.31-.055-.044-.009-.185-.023-.267v-.11c-.055-.067-.009-.23-.024-.334v-.133c-.054-.067-.009-.23-.024-.333V6.642c.015-.172-.03-.401.024-.535v-.132c.015-.105-.03-.267.024-.333v-.023C.123 3.268.421 1.238 2.26.509 3.13.162 4.497.184 5.667.13zm3.854 4.468v6.332c.237-.08.42-.211.658-.29.044-.062.128-.085.211-.111a58.734 58.734 0 011.95-.955c.081-.057.176-.101.282-.134.112-.065.214-.14.353-.177.097-.065.206-.117.33-.157 0-.02.028-.016.046-.022a34.578 34.578 0 011.998-.977c.044-.062.128-.086.211-.111.117-.081.27-.131.4-.2-.04-.125-.228-.111-.307-.2-.082-.025-.167-.048-.21-.111a1.324 1.324 0 01-.33-.156c-.082-.024-.168-.048-.212-.11a1.344 1.344 0 01-.328-.156c-.083-.026-.168-.048-.212-.111-.044-.003-.078-.015-.093-.045-.16-.063-.327-.121-.447-.223-.044-.001-.079-.013-.094-.042-.16-.065-.326-.123-.446-.223-.044-.003-.079-.015-.095-.045-.159-.064-.325-.121-.446-.222-.087-.013-.138-.062-.212-.09-.104-.063-.25-.088-.329-.176-.086-.015-.137-.063-.21-.09-.106-.064-.25-.09-.33-.177-.087-.015-.138-.062-.21-.09-.106-.062-.252-.09-.33-.177-.038.006-.04-.02-.07-.022-.153-.086-.345-.134-.47-.244-.039.006-.04-.022-.072-.023-.152-.087-.344-.133-.469-.245-.039.007-.04-.02-.07-.021-.153-.064-.283-.15-.447-.2z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> YouTube </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/astronomy.magazine/"> <svg width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M11.477.002c1.393.004 2.786-.015 4.178.02a72.8 72.8 0 011.044.037c.33.015.662.032.992.066.492.05.977.134 1.454.264 1.169.321 2.182.9 3.01 1.794a6.191 6.191 0 011.319 2.23c.243.709.37 1.439.427 2.185.037.495.053.991.07 1.487.01.304.013.609.018.913l.002.67c0 .007.006.013.01.02v4.625c-.004.007-.01.014-.01.021l-.002.669c-.004.194-.003.388-.01.582-.008.363-.022.725-.037 1.088a14.06 14.06 0 01-.116 1.419 8.372 8.372 0 01-.352 1.497 6.149 6.149 0 01-1.92 2.796c-.697.585-1.5.965-2.37 1.213a8.95 8.95 0 01-1.787.303c-.488.037-.978.052-1.467.069-.31.012-.618.013-.926.019-.07-.001-.136-.004-.204-.002-.025 0-.054-.016-.073.013H9.275c-.006-.02-.023-.014-.036-.014l-.252.002c-.192-.002-.384-.003-.576-.008-.365-.01-.73-.023-1.094-.039a16.46 16.46 0 01-1.11-.077 8.805 8.805 0 01-1.485-.292 6.191 6.191 0 01-3.193-2.123C.864 20.616.482 19.656.266 18.624a10.603 10.603 0 01-.198-1.712 74.99 74.99 0 01-.05-1.337c-.01-.369-.014-.739-.015-1.108C0 13.79 0 13.113.002 12.436c.003-1.363-.014-2.726.02-4.09.009-.352.023-.704.038-1.056.017-.402.04-.803.09-1.203a8.538 8.538 0 01.366-1.641 6.132 6.132 0 012.07-2.945C3.18 1.031 3.85.709 4.566.477 5.323.232 6.104.121 6.895.079A59.594 59.594 0 018.422.018 41.38 41.38 0 019.535.003C10.182 0 10.83 0 11.477.002zm2.04 2.166l-.94.001c-1.16.003-2.318-.009-3.477.008-.485.008-.971.017-1.457.039-.36.015-.72.027-1.08.063a6.735 6.735 0 00-1.135.203c-.456.128-.895.299-1.288.569a4 4 0 00-1.584 2.13 7.178 7.178 0 00-.31 1.791c-.027.494-.044.988-.06 1.481-.01.365-.014.73-.016 1.096-.003.732-.003 1.465-.001 2.199v2.1l.009 1.05c.008.593.025 1.185.05 1.777.017.36.04.719.089 1.077.059.427.154.846.305 1.251.389 1.04 1.085 1.797 2.094 2.259.667.306 1.379.429 2.105.482.418.03.837.045 1.256.058.42.014.842.02 1.263.026.397.005.794.006 1.19.005h3.057l1.529-.012c.409-.007.817-.018 1.226-.035.437-.02.874-.034 1.309-.089a6.16 6.16 0 001.274-.29c1.12-.399 1.92-1.14 2.386-2.236.296-.696.403-1.431.446-2.178.02-.356.035-.712.046-1.068a76.756 76.756 0 00.03-2.493v-1.409c.002-.94.004-1.879-.01-2.819-.003-.25-.004-.5-.011-.751-.01-.362-.025-.725-.04-1.088-.016-.46-.05-.919-.128-1.374a4.93 4.93 0 00-.457-1.437 3.89 3.89 0 00-2.06-1.884c-.676-.275-1.385-.384-2.107-.424-.491-.028-.983-.044-1.474-.06a44.01 44.01 0 00-1.09-.016c-.626-.003-1.253-.003-1.88-.001zm-1.4 3.668c3.31.058 6.076 2.777 6.048 6.222a6.165 6.165 0 01-6.23 6.106C8.56 18.133 5.83 15.374 5.839 12c-.014-3.398 2.785-6.226 6.279-6.165zm-.04 2.168C9.816 7.963 7.994 9.803 8.007 12c-.01 2.179 1.764 3.978 3.96 3.996a4 4 0 004.03-3.958 4.004 4.004 0 00-3.918-4.034zm6.311-3.852a1.434 1.434 0 011.459 1.399 1.44 1.44 0 01-1.441 1.488 1.44 1.44 0 01-1.444-1.41 1.434 1.434 0 011.426-1.477z" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Instagram </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/AstronomyMag"> <svg width="21" height="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M20.333.295a8.3 8.3 0 01-2.606.98A4.123 4.123 0 0014.732 0c-2.265 0-4.103 1.809-4.103 4.039 0 .317.037.625.107.92A11.704 11.704 0 012.277.739a3.974 3.974 0 00-.554 2.032c0 1.4.723 2.637 1.825 3.36a4.156 4.156 0 01-1.859-.504v.052c0 1.956 1.415 3.589 3.292 3.96a4.159 4.159 0 01-1.855.068 4.102 4.102 0 003.833 2.806 8.315 8.315 0 01-5.095 1.728c-.33 0-.658-.02-.979-.056A11.752 11.752 0 007.175 16c7.55 0 11.674-6.154 11.674-11.493 0-.174-.003-.35-.01-.522a8.28 8.28 0 002.046-2.09 8.28 8.28 0 01-2.356.635A4.068 4.068 0 0020.333.295" fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"/></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Twitter </span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-footer-navigation-container"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation" class="inline-list"><li id="menu-item-122377" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-122377"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-125576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-125576"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-125574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-125574"><a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ASY_NEW_GLOBE&pk=ACF46A1">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-125575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-125575"><a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ASY_custserv">Customer Service</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47836"><a href="https://www.astronomy.com/advertise-with-us/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47837"><a href="https://firecrown.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-47838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47838"><a href="https://firecrown.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subfooter"> <div class="default-max-width"> <div class="subfooter-inner"> <p class="copyright-info"> @ 2024 Firecrown Media. All Rights Reserved. </p> <div class="publisher-info"> <a href="https://firecrown.com/"> More Sites from Firecrown Media </a> <img src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png" alt="Publisher logo"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="scroll-to-top js-scroll-top-button" href="#page"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll to</span> <span>Top</span> </a> <div class="kserv-login-modal js-kserv-login-modal"> <div class="kserv-login-modal__overlay js-kserv-login-modal-close"></div> <div class="kserv-login-modal__modal"> <button type="button" class="kserv-login-modal__close js-kserv-login-modal-close js-kserv-login-modal-close-button" aria-label="Close login modal"> <svg class="opened" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><rect width="48" height="48" fill="white" fill-opacity="0.01"/><path d="M8 8L40 40" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M8 40L40 8" stroke="#FFF" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> </button> <h3 class="kserv-login-modal__heading"> Login </h3> <div class="kserv-login-modal__new-user"> New User? <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/register/">Create an Account</a> </div> <p>Why Sign In? Subscribers can access their digital magazine issues, and registered users can participate in our Community forums and galleries. </p> <form action="" method="POST" id="login-form" name="login-form" class="kserv-login-modal__form"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="email">Email</label> <div id="email-error" class="form-error" style="display:none;">Email is required</div> <input type="email" class="form-control" id="email" name="email" placeholder=""> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="pass">Password</label> <div id="pass-error" class="form-error" style="display:none;">Password is required</div> <input type="password" class="form-control" id="pass" name="pass" placeholder=""> </div> <div id="login-response" class="form-error"></div> <button type="button" class="kserv-login-modal__submit button button-primary js-kserv-login-button" id="login-button" name="login-button" aria-label="Sign in"> Sign in </button> </form> <div class="kserv-login-modal__links"> <div class="kserv-login-modal__forgot"> <a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/kalmbach_ForgotPass" target="_blank">Forgot your password?</a> </div> <div class="kserv-login-modal__account"> <a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/ASY_custserv" target="_blank">Manage My Account</a> </div> <div class="kserv-login-modal__contact"> <a href="https://www.astronomy.com/contact/">Contact</a> </div> <div class="kserv-login-modal__support"> <a href="https://kalmbach.dragonforms.com/ASY_custserv" target="_blank">Customer Support</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="text/javascript"> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_foundation-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-foundation.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_reset-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-reset.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_theme_framework-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-theme-framework.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity_forms_orbital_theme-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/gravity-forms-orbital-theme.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gform_basic-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/basic.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gform_theme_components-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme-components.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gform_theme_ie11-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme-ie11.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gform_theme-css' href='https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/css/dist/theme.min.css?ver=2.7.6' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-f3b4eca828087a483c5a7f659f9d16dd a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--black);}.wp-elements-87ee9b43c0d259199701b37aca3b49fd a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--black);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1{justify-content:center;} </style> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/astronomy-core/dist/lib/js/glide.min.js?ver=1.0.0" id="glide-js-js"></script> <script id="kalmbach_kserv_scripts-js-extra"> var kserv_endpoint = {"base_url":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/wp"}; </script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/kalmbach-kserv/dist/scripts.js?ver=1.0.3" id="kalmbach_kserv_scripts-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/astronomy/dist/frontend.js?ver=1.0.4" id="astronomy-scripts-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/themes/seedlet/assets/js/primary-navigation.js?ver=1.0.0" id="seedlet-primary-navigation-script-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-inert.min.js?ver=3.1.2" id="wp-polyfill-inert-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js?ver=0.14.0" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://www.astronomy.com/wp/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=d90eebea464f6c09bfd5" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.7.6" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":1,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = []; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/app\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}}; var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/app\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/app\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"624b9dc735def13734f5c8001276ee6d","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}}; </script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.7.6" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=3f33f1b56bb5e5da665be32ebbe89543" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/vendor-theme.min.js?ver=1a5749916bf8ca4822137a83fec75744" id="gform_gravityforms_theme_vendors-js"></script> <script id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js-extra"> var gform_theme_config = {"common":{"form":{"honeypot":{"version_hash":"624b9dc735def13734f5c8001276ee6d"}}},"hmr_dev":"","public_path":"https:\/\/www.astronomy.com\/app\/plugins\/gravityforms\/assets\/js\/dist\/"}; </script> <script defer='defer' src="https://www.astronomy.com/app/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/scripts-theme.min.js?ver=c0c5d795571af887e62fb8d599d4d553" id="gform_gravityforms_theme-js"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() { jQuery(document).on('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 1) {} } );jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ) } ); </script> <script> gform.initializeOnLoaded( function() {jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [1, 1]);gform.utils.trigger({ event: 'gform/postRender', native: false, data: { formId: 1, currentPage: 1 } });} ); </script> </body> </html> <!-- Performance optimized by Redis Object Cache. Learn more: https://wprediscache.com -->