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aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principal_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Principal sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Record_of_the_Buddhist_Monasteries_of_Luoyang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Record_of_the_Buddhist_Monasteries_of_Luoyang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Record_of_the_Buddhist_Monasteries_of_Luoyang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanlin_–_preface_to_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanlin_–_preface_to_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Tanlin – preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanlin_–_preface_to_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_of_the_Masters_and_Students_of_the_Laṅka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_of_the_Masters_and_Students_of_the_Laṅka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_of_the_Masters_and_Students_of_the_Laṅka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Further_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Further_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>"Further Biographies of Eminent Monks"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Further_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Later accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span><i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daoyuan_–_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daoyuan_–_Transmission_of_the_Lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Daoyuan – Transmission of the Lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daoyuan_–_Transmission_of_the_Lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Popular traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_and_teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_and_teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practice and teaching</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice_and_teaching-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice and teaching subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice_and_teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Two Entrances and Four Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wall-gazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall-gazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wall-gazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall-gazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Laṅkāvatāra_Sūtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Laṅkāvatāra_Sūtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Laṅkāvatāra_Sūtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_about_Bodhidharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_about_Bodhidharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legends about Bodhidharma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends_about_Bodhidharma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends about Bodhidharma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends_about_Bodhidharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Emperor_Wu_of_Liang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Emperor_Wu_of_Liang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_years_of_wall-gazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_years_of_wall-gazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nine years of wall-gazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_years_of_wall-gazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huike_cuts_off_his_arm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huike_cuts_off_his_arm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Huike cuts off his arm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huike_cuts_off_his_arm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skin,_flesh,_bone,_marrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin,_flesh,_bone,_marrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Skin, flesh, bone, marrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin,_flesh,_bone,_marrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhidharma_at_Shaolin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhidharma_at_Shaolin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bodhidharma at Shaolin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhidharma_at_Shaolin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Travels in Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_after_his_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_after_his_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Appearance after his death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_after_his_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lineage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_of_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Construction of lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_patriarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_patriarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Six patriarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_patriarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_lineage_from_Gautama_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_lineage_from_Gautama_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Continuous lineage from Gautama Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_lineage_from_Gautama_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern scholarship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern scholarship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biography_as_a_hagiographic_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography_as_a_hagiographic_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Biography as a hagiographic process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography_as_a_hagiographic_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_place_of_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_place_of_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Origins and place of birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_place_of_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Caste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abode_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abode_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Abode in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abode_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaolin_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaolin_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Shaolin boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaolin_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributed_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributed_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Attributed works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attributed_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attributed works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attributed_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_attributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_attributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Later attributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_attributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pointing_directly_to_one's_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointing_directly_to_one's_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pointing directly to one's mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointing_directly_to_one's_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Web sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bodhidharma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بودهيدهارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بودهيدهارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="বোধিধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোধিধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бодхидхарма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бодхидхарма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бодхидхарма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бодхидхарма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3dhidharma" title="Bódhidharma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bódhidharma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodidarmo" title="Bodidarmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bodidarmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بودی‌دارما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودی‌دارما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%94%94%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88" title="보디다르마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보디다르마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बोधिधर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोधिधर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="בודהידהרמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודהידהרמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3" title="ພະໂພທິທຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະໂພທິທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3dhidharma" title="Bódhidharma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bódhidharma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ബോധി ധർമ്മൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോധി ധർമ്മൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बोधिधर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोधिधर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharuma" title="Dharuma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dharuma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%93%E1%80%AD%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ဗောဓိဓမ္မ၊ ဆရာတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗောဓိဓမ္မ၊ ဆရာတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="達磨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="達磨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بودي دارما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بودي دارما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodidarma" title="Bodidarma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bodidarma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бодхидхарма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бодхидхарма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%88%DA%8C%D9%8A%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ٻوڌيڌرما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻوڌيڌرما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3dhidharma" title="Bódhidharma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bódhidharma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بۆدیدارما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆدیدارما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бодидарма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бодидарма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodidarma" title="Bodidarma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bodidarma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போதி தருமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போதி தருமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE" title="బోధిధర్మ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోధిధర్మ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="พระโพธิธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระโพธิธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Будидормо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Будидормо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bodhidharma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бодгідгарма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бодгідгарма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85" title="بودھی دھرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بودھی دھرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93-%C4%91%E1%BB%81-%C4%91%E1%BA%A1t-ma" title="Bồ-đề-đạt-ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bồ-đề-đạt-ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9" title="菩提達摩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="菩提達摩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semi-legendary founder of Zen Buddhism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Bodhidharma <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background: #ccf">Names (<i>details</i>)</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> Known in English:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Bodhidharma</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Darmo</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> বোধিধর্ম</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> ဗောဓိဓမ္မ</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> Chinese abbreviation:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">達摩</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <i>Pútídámó</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> बोधिधर्म</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien dialect">Hokkien</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <i>Tatmo</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Budhi Darma</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">達磨</span></span> <i>Daruma</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> ಬೋಧಿ ಧರ್ಮ</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> ពោធិធម៌ <i>Poŭthĭthôrm</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> 달마 <i>Dalma</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Dharuma</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" class="extiw" title="ml:ബോധി ധർമ്മൻ">ബോധിധർമ്മൻ</a></span></span> <i>Bodhidharman</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> ବୋଧିଧର୍ମ <i>Bodhidharma</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">बोधि धर्म</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> بودی‌دارما</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बोधिधर्म</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">菩提达摩</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> බෝධිධර්ම</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog Language">Tagalog</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Dharāma</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" class="extiw" title="ta:போதிதர்மன்">போதிதருமன்</a></span></span> <i>Bhodhidharman</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE" class="extiw" title="te:బోధిధర్మ">బోధిధర్మ</a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ตั๊กม๊อ</span></span> <i>Takmoh</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <i>Dharmottāra</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">菩提達摩</span></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> Bồ-đề-đạt-ma</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>:</td><td style="text-align:left;"> <i>P'u-t'i-ta-mo</i></td></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg/232px-BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg/348px-BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg/464px-BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1148" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Bodhidharma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> woodblock print by Japanese artist <a href="/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi" title="Tsukioka Yoshitoshi">Yoshitoshi</a>, 1887</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Chanshi</a><br />1st Chan Patriarch</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Students</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Huike</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Part of</span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><i>a series</i></span></a> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969">Zen Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese <i>Chan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese <i>Zen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean <i>Seon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese <i>Thiền</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>The "essence"</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> <p><b>The way</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> <p><b>The "goal"</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> <p><b>Background</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> Chan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><b>Indian Mahayana texts</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Chinese texts</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Chan" title="Chan Buddhism">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Chán in China</b><br /> <p><i><b>Classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Post-classical</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporary</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Zen in Japan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Seon in Korea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Thiền in Vietnam</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> <p><b>Western Zen</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_China" title="Category:Buddhism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese: "Buddha""><img alt="Chinese: "Buddha"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/150px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/225px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg/300px-Chinese_Buddha_Character_Fo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Chinese: "Buddha"</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Buddhism" title="History of Chinese Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Buddhist_Persecutions_in_China" title="Four Buddhist Persecutions in China">Four Buddhist Persecutions in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmak%E1%B9%A3ema" title="Dharmakṣema">Dharmakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanran" title="Zhanran">Zhanran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengguan_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengguan (monk)">Chengguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Hong">Zhu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyun_Yuanwu" title="Miyun Yuanwu">Miyun Yuanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanxu" title="Tanxu">Tanxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Yun">Hsu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wenhui" title="Yang Wenhui">Yang Wenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yin Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenghai" title="Nenghai">Nenghai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Weishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sanlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Architecture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">Buddhist architecture in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred Sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Putuo" title="Mount Putuo">Mount Putuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Lu">Mount Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Mountain" title="Tiantai Mountain">Tiantai Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China" title="Buddhist Association of China">Buddhist Association of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Template:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bodhidharma </b> was a semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and is regarded as its first Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">patriarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tradition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also popularly regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an idea popularized in the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but based on the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Yijin Jing</a> and the Daoist association of <i>daoyin</i> gymnastics with Bodhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yi_Jin_Jing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaolin_kungfu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaolin_kungfu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend and unreliable details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-27_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-27-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Principal_sources_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principal_sources-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the principal Chinese sources, Bodhidharma came from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which typically refers to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> but can also include the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and is described as either a "<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Central Asian"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "<a href="/wiki/South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian">South Indian</a> [...] the third son of a great Indian king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origins_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the Chinese accounts, several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, Bodhidharma is depicted as an ill-tempered, large-nosed, profusely-bearded, wide-eyed <a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">non-Chinese person</a>. He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">碧眼胡</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bìyǎnhú</span></i>) in Chan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoothillHodous1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoothillHodous1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival, with one early account claiming that he arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song dynasty</a> (420–479 CE) and later accounts dating his arrival to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> (502–557 CE). Bodhidharma was primarily active in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a> (386–534 CE). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bodhidharma's teachings and practice centered on meditation and the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></i> (952) identifies Bodhidharma as the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends back to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His name means "<i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> of awakening (<a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">bodhi</a>)" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199265_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199265-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_sources">Principal sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principal sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Regions_1st_century_BC(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/220px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/330px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/440px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The Western Regions in the first century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma. According to these sources, Bodhidharma came from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is described as either a "Persian Central Asian"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "South Indian [...] the third son of a great Indian king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later sources draw on these two sources, adding additional details, including a change to being descended from a <i>Brahmin</i> king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which accords with the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>, who "claim[ed] to belong to a brahmin lineage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2000159_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2000159-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></i> was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981124_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that referred to the regions west of <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a>, most often <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> or sometimes, more specifically, the easternmost portion of it (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>). Sometimes, it was used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (as in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Record_of_the_Buddhist_Monasteries_of_Luoyang"><i>The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/220px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/330px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/440px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Blue-eyed <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asian monk</a> teaching an East Asian monk. A fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik</a>, dated to the 9th or 10th century; although <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a> (1913) assumed the <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red-haired</a> monk was a <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Le_Coq1913[httpdsrniiacjptoyobunkoVIII-1-B-31V-1page-hr0107htmlen_Tafel_19]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Le_Coq1913[httpdsrniiacjptoyobunkoVIII-1-B-31V-1page-hr0107htmlen_Tafel_19]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern scholarship has identified similar <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian figures</a> of <a href="/wiki/File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg" title="File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg">the same cave temple</a> (No. 9) as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2014[httpheiupuni-heidelbergdejournalsindexphptransculturalarticleview123138711_edn32_note_32]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2014[httpheiupuni-heidelbergdejournalsindexphptransculturalarticleview123138711_edn32_note_32]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian people">Eastern Iranian people</a> who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turfan</a> as an ethnic minority community during the phases of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> (7th–8th century) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Uyghur rule</a> (9th–13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest text mentioning Bodhidharma is <i>The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">洛陽伽藍記</span> <i>Luòyáng Qiélánjì</i>) which was compiled in 547 by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xuanzhi" title="Yang Xuanzhi">Yang Xuanzhi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楊衒之</span></span>), a writer and translator of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> into Chinese. Yang gave the following account: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At that time there was a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Region</a> named Bodhidharma, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia#Iranian_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Persian Central Asian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. Even the distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The account of Bodhidharma in the Luoyan Record does not particularly associate him with meditation, but rather depicts him as a <a href="/wiki/Thaumaturge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaumaturge">thaumaturge</a> capable of mystical feats. This may have played a role in his subsequent association with the martial arts and esoteric knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-eob_ma_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eob_ma-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanlin_–_preface_to_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Acts"><span id="Tanlin_.E2.80.93_preface_to_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Acts"></span>Tanlin – preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tanlin – preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_(V%26A_Museum)_(9471398169).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg/220px-Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg/330px-Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg/440px-Le_patriarche_Bodhidharma_%28V%26A_Museum%29_%289471398169%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1683) sandstone statue of a seated Bodhidharma (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 達磨; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Dámó</i>). 1484.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second account was written by Tanlin (曇林; 506–574). Tanlin's brief biography of the "<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> Master" is found in his preface to the <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i>, a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma and the first text to identify him as <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">South Indian</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king. His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk […] Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tanlin's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically mentioning Daoyu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道育</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慧可</span></span>), the latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature. Although Tanlin has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, it is more likely that he was a student of Huike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199953_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199953-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Record_of_the_Masters_and_Students_of_the_Laṅka"><span id="Record_of_the_Masters_and_Students_of_the_La.E1.B9.85ka"></span><i>Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lengqie_shizi_ji" title="Lengqie shizi ji">Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka</a></i> (Léngqié Shīzī Jì 楞伽師資記), which survives both in Chinese and in Tibetan translation (although the surviving Tibetan translation is apparently of older provenance than the surviving Chinese version), states that Bodhidharma is not the first ancestor of Zen, but instead the second. This text instead claims that <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87abhadra" title="Guṇabhadra">Guṇabhadra</a>, the translator of the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>, is the first ancestor in the lineage. It further states that Bodhidharma was his student. The Tibetan translation is estimated to have been made in the late eighth or early ninth century, indicating that the original Chinese text was written at some point before that.<sup id="cite_ref-TibetanZen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TibetanZen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanlin's preface has also been preserved in Jingjue's (683–750) <i>Lengjie Shizi ji</i> "Chronicle of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra</i> Masters", which dates from 713 to 716.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/ca. 715<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The teacher of the Dharma, who came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Further_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks""><span id=".22Further_Biographies_of_Eminent_Monks.22"></span>"Further Biographies of Eminent Monks"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidarma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bodhidarma.jpg/180px-Bodhidarma.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bodhidarma.jpg/270px-Bodhidarma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Bodhidarma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>This Japanese scroll calligraphy of Bodhidharma reads, "<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a>." It was created by <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a> (1686 to 1769).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 7th-century historical work "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (續高僧傳 <i>Xù gāosēng zhuàn</i>), <a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道宣</span></span>) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as a basic source, but made several significant additions: </p><p>Firstly, Daoxuan adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahman</a> stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 <i>nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Daoxuan's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199956_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199956-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He first arrived at <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nan-yüeh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Sung period</a>. From there, he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea and that he had crossed over the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>. </p><p>Thirdly, Daoxuan suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Qi" title="Southern Qi">Southern Qi</a> in 479.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199956_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199956-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, Daoxuan provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo River</a>, where he was interred by his disciple Dazu Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Daoxuan's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei's fall, because Dazu Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for <a href="/wiki/Ye_(ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye (ancient China)">Ye</a>. Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozhuang_of_Northern_Wei#The_Heyin_Massacre_and_aftermath" title="Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei">the mass executions at Heyin</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">河陰</span></span>) in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a> stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999139_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999139-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_accounts">Later accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall"><i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG/360px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma, stone carving in <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Temple">Shaolin Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></i> (祖堂集 <i>Zǔtángjí</i>) of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Prajnatara" title="Prajnatara">Prajñātāra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus establishing the latter as the 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reached China in 527,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the Liang (as opposed to the Song in Daoxuan's text). The <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i> includes Bodhidharma's encounter with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu of Liang</a>, which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shenhui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">神會</span></span>), a disciple of Huineng.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 180 years,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i> states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山), to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Yun" title="Song Yun">Song Yun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宋雲</span></span>)—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted the death of Song Yun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside. </p><p>According to the <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i>, Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a> near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996182_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with the Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wei" title="Western Wei">Western Wei</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daoyuan_–_Transmission_of_the_Lamp"><span id="Daoyuan_.E2.80.93_Transmission_of_the_Lamp"></span>Daoyuan – Transmission of the Lamp</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Daoyuan – Transmission of the Lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsequent to the <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i>, the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Lamp">Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp</a></i> (景德傳燈錄 <i>Jĭngdé chuándēng lù</i>, published 1004 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), by Daoyuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道原</span></span>), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but was changed by his master Prajñātāra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999119_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999119-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same account is given by the Japanese master Keizan's 13th-century work of the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_traditions">Popular traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several contemporary popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava king</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dravidian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dravidian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as a former <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> Tamil prince who had awakened his <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a> and renounced royal life to become a monk.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tibetan version similarly characterises him as a dark-skinned <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">siddha</a> from South India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as a red-haired <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tojo_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tojo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice_and_teaching">Practice and teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Practice and teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History,_September_2017._38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_September_2017._38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma statue, 19th century, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two Entrances and Four Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bodhidharma is traditionally seen as introducing a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist practice of <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a> (meditation) in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. According to modern scholars, like the Japanese scholar of Chan Yanagida Seizan, generally hold that the <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices"><i>Two Entrances and Four Practices</i></a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0847.htm">(</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0847.htm">二入四行論<i>)</i></a> is the only extant work that can be attributed to Bodhidharma and as such, this is the main source for our knowledge of his teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this text, Bodhidharma taught two "entrances" to the Dharma. The first is a subitist teaching that directly apprehends the ultimate principle, that is, the true nature or <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a>. The second entrance deals with four practices: (1) accepting all our sufferings as the fruit of past karma, (2) accept our circumstances with equanimity, (3) to be without craving, and (4) to let go of wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200429–32_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200429–32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Yanagida Seizan, the first "entrance of principle", was a <a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">subitist</a> teaching which derives from the sudden enlightenment thought of <a href="/wiki/Daosheng" title="Daosheng">Tao-sheng</a>; while the four practices are a reworking of the "<a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">four foundations of mindfulness</a>", which were popular in the late <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> period Buddhist meditation circles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall-gazing">Wall-gazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wall-gazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma,_Porcelain,_Ming_Dynasty_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG/180px-Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG/360px-Bodhidharma%2C_Porcelain%2C_Ming_Dynasty_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blanc_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanc de Chine">Dehua ware</a> porcelain statuette of Bodhidharma from the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Tanlin, in the preface to <i>Two Entrances and Four Practices</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a>, in the <i>Further Biographies of Eminent Monks</i>, mentions a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 <i>bìguān</i>). Both Tanlin<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Daoxuan<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">安心</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">ānxīn</span></i>). </p><p>In the <i>Two Entrances and Four Practices</i>, the term "wall-gazing" is given as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who <i>meditate on walls</i>, the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine19893,_emphasis_added_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine19893,_emphasis_added-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Daoxuan states, "the merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the first mentions in the historical record of what may be a type of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a> being ascribed to Bodhidharma. Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">坐禪</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zuòchán</span></i>) that later became a defining characteristic of Chan. The latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chan standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeffrey Broughton points out that where Bodhidharma's teachings appear in Tibetan translation among the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>, the Chinese phrase "in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining" (ning chu pi-kuan) is replaced in Tibetan with "rejects discrimination and <i>abides in brightness</i>" (rtogs pa spangs te | lham mer gnas na).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broughton sees this as a curious divergence, as Tibetan translations of Chinese Chan texts are usually quite literal. He concludes that in early Tibet, "wall examining" did not refer to a literal practice of sitting cross-legged facing a wall.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Laṅkāvatāra_Sūtra"><span id="The_La.E1.B9.85k.C4.81vat.C4.81ra_S.C5.ABtra"></span>The <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/220px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/330px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/440px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 達磨; <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>: だるま; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romaji</a>: <i>Daruma</i>), painted by <a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a>, swordsman, artist and philosopher who was close to <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Soho</a>, a monk of the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai sect</a>, who was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai caste</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are early texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>. Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a>, has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the beginning, Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll <i>Laṅkā Sūtra</i>, handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another early text, the "<a href="/wiki/Lengqie_shizi_ji" title="Lengqie shizi ji"><i>Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i></a>" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">楞伽師資記</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Léngqié Shīzī Jì</span></i>) of Jingjue (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation" or zazen:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi[dharma] also offered expositions of the main portions of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>, which are collected in a volume of twelve or thirteen pages […] bearing the title of "Teaching of [Bodhi-]Dharma".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan Buddhism is sometimes referred to as the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (楞伽宗 <i>Léngqié zōng</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200552_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200552-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a>, is a highly "difficult and obscure" text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932[httplirsrudolanka_englanka-introhtmpreface_Preface]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932[httplirsrudolanka_englanka-introhtmpreface_Preface]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose basic thrust is to emphasize "the inner <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a> that does away with all duality and is raised above all distinctions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn1991125_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1991125-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is among the first and most important texts for <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton19911_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton19911-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Suzuki, one of the recurrent emphases in the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i> is a lack of reliance on words to effectively express reality: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If, Mahamati, you say that because of the reality of words the objects are, this talk lacks in sense. Words are not known in all the Buddha-lands; words, Mahamati, are an artificial creation. In some Buddha-lands ideas are indicated by looking steadily, in others by gestures, in still others by a frown, by the movement of the eyes, by laughing, by yawning, or by the clearing of the throat, or by recollection, or by trembling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XLII_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XLII-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In contrast to the ineffectiveness of words, the sūtra instead stresses the importance of the "self-realization" that is "attained by noble wisdom"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XI(a)_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XI(a)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to Suzuki, occurs "when one has an insight into reality as it is":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XVI_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XVI-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The truth is the state of self-realization and is beyond categories of discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932IX_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932IX-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Suzuki, reflecting his own emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Kensho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensho">kensho</a>, the sūtra goes on to outline the ultimate effects of an experience of self-realization: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>] will become thoroughly conversant with the noble truth of self-realization, will become a perfect master of his own mind, will conduct himself without effort, will be like a gem reflecting a variety of colours, will be able to assume the body of transformation, will be able to enter into the subtle minds of all beings, and, because of his firm belief in the truth of Mind-only, will, by gradually ascending the stages, become established in Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932VIII_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932VIII-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends_about_Bodhidharma">Legends about Bodhidharma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legends about Bodhidharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several stories about Bodhidharma have become popular legends, which are still being used in the Ch'an, Seon, and Zen-tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Emperor_Wu_of_Liang">Encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</i> says that in 527, Bodhidharma visited <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu of Liang</a>, a fervent patron of Buddhism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Emperor Wu: "How much karmic merit have I earned for ordaining Buddhist monks, building monasteries, having sutras copied, and commissioning Buddha images?"<br /> Bodhidharma: "None. Good deeds done with worldly intent bring good karma, but no merit."<br /> Emperor Wu: "So what is the highest meaning of <a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">noble truth</a>?"<br /> Bodhidharma: "There is no noble truth, there is only emptiness."<br /> Emperor Wu: "Then, who is standing before me?"<br /> Bodhidharma: "I know not, Your Majesty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992–3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992–3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>This encounter was included as the first <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_years_of_wall-gazing">Nine years of wall-gazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nine years of wall-gazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/220px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/330px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/440px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>Dazu Huike offering his arm to Bodhidharma. Ink painting by <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a>, 1496, <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Failing to make a favorable impression in <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, Bodhidharma is said to have travelled to the Shaolin Monastery. After either being refused entry or being ejected after a short time, he lived in a nearby cave, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996182_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biographical tradition is littered with apocryphal tales about Bodhidharma's life and circumstances. In one version of the story, he is said to have fallen asleep seven years into his nine years of wall-gazing. Becoming angry with himself, he cut off his eyelids to prevent it from happening again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire200158_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire200158-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the legend, as his eyelids hit the floor the first <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">tea plants</a> sprang up, and thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> would provide a stimulant to help keep students of Chan awake during <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts1962106_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts1962106-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular account relates that Bodhidharma was admitted into the Shaolin temple after nine years in the cave and taught there for some time. However, other versions report that he "passed away, seated upright";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996182_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that he disappeared, leaving behind the <i><a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Yijin Jing</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that his legs atrophied after nine years of sitting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200586_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200586-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why <a href="/wiki/Daruma_doll" title="Daruma doll">Daruma dolls</a> have no legs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huike_cuts_off_his_arm">Huike cuts off his arm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Huike cuts off his arm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one legend, Bodhidharma refused to resume teaching until his would-be student, <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a>, who had kept vigil for weeks in the deep snow outside of the monastery, cut off his own left arm to demonstrate sincerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaguire200158_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire200158-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skin,_flesh,_bone,_marrow"><span id="Skin.2C_flesh.2C_bone.2C_marrow"></span>Skin, flesh, bone, marrow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Skin, flesh, bone, marrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp</i> (景德传灯录) of Daoyuan, presented to the emperor in 1004, records that Bodhidharma wished to return to India and called together his disciples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Bodhidharma asked, "Can each of you say something to demonstrate your understanding?"<br /> Dao Fu stepped forward and said, "It is not bound by words and phrases, nor is it separate from words and phrases. This is the function of the Tao."<br /> Bodhidharma: "You have attained my skin."<br /> The nun Zong Chi<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stepped up and said, "It is like a glorious glimpse of the realm of Akshobhya Buddha. Seen once, it need not be seen again."<br /> Bodhidharma; "You have attained my flesh."<br /> Dao Yu said, "The four elements are all empty. The five skandhas are without actual existence. Not a single dharma can be grasped."<br /> Bodhidharma: "You have attained my bones."<br /> Finally, Huike came forth, bowed deeply in silence and stood up straight.<br /> Bodhidharma said, "You have attained my marrow."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200016–17_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200016–17-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Bodhidharma passed on the symbolic robe and bowl of dharma succession to Dazu Huike and, some texts claim, a copy of the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1986187-198_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1986187-198-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bodhidharma then either returned to India or died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhidharma_at_Shaolin">Bodhidharma at Shaolin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bodhidharma at Shaolin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg/180px-Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg/270px-Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg/360px-Bodhidharma_MET_DP-12231-038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1911) statuette of Bodhidharma. 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery#Patron_saint" title="Shaolin Monastery">Patron Saint of Shaolin monastery</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Shaolin_boxing">Scholars on Shaolin Kung-fu origins</a></div> <p>Some Chinese myths and legends describe Bodhidharma as being disturbed by the poor physical shape of the Shaolin monks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which, he instructed them in techniques to maintain their physical condition as well as teaching meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have taught a series of external exercises called the <a href="/wiki/Luohan_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luohan (martial arts)">Eighteen Arhat Hands</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an internal practice called the Sinew Metamorphosis Classic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2001Chapter_3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2001Chapter_3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, after his departure from the temple, two manuscripts by Bodhidharma were said to have been discovered inside the temple: the <i><a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Yijin Jing</a></i> and the <i>Xisui Jing</i>. Copies and translations of the <i>Yijin Jing</i> survive to the modern day. The <i>Xisui Jing</i> has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaines1995Chapter_3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines1995Chapter_3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_Southeast_Asia">Travels in Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Travels in Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji-jo-112113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himeji-jo-112113.jpg/180px-Himeji-jo-112113.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himeji-jo-112113.jpg/270px-Himeji-jo-112113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Himeji-jo-112113.jpg/360px-Himeji-jo-112113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Bodhidharma at <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> folklore, Bodhidharma travelled from <a href="/wiki/Jambudvipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambudvipa">Jambudvipa</a> by sea to <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Passing through <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon Island</a>, he eventually entered China through <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>. In his travels through the region, Bodhidharma is said to have transmitted his knowledge of the Mahayana doctrine and the martial arts. Malay legend holds that he introduced <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">forms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaikh_AwabSutton2006_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaikh_AwabSutton2006-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tagalog legend, Bodhidharma reached the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> passing through <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> and he introduced <a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a> to the locals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> tradition links Bodhidharma with the 11th-century south Indian monk <a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a> who travelled extensively to Tibet and China spreading tantric teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou199632,_p._181_n._20_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdou199632,_p._181_n._20-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance_after_his_death">Appearance after his death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Appearance after his death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three years after Bodhidharma's death, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Song_Yun" title="Song Yun">Song Yun</a> of northern Wei is said to have seen him walking while holding a shoe at the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>. Song asked Bodhidharma where he was going, to which Bodhidharma replied, "I am going home". When asked why he was holding his shoe, Bodhidharma answered, "You will know when you reach Shaolin monastery. Don't mention that you saw me or you will meet with disaster". After arriving at the palace, Song told the emperor that he met Bodhidharma on the way. The emperor said Bodhidharma was already dead and buried and had Song arrested for lying. At Shaolin Monastery, the monks informed them that Bodhidharma was dead and had been buried in a hill behind the temple. The grave was exhumed and was found to contain a single shoe. The monks then said, "Master has gone back home" and prostrated three times: "For nine years, he had remained and nobody knew him; Carrying a shoe in hand he went home quietly, without ceremony."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts195832_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts195832-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_of_lineages">Construction of lineages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Construction of lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">patriarchal lineage</a> in Ch'an dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> for <a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">法如</span></span>), a disciple of the 5th patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘忍</span></span>). In the <i>Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</i> and the <i>Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks</i>, Daoyu and Dazu Huike are the only explicitly identified disciples of Bodhidharma. The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying Bodhidharma as the first patriarch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin199337_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin199337-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200973–114_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200973–114-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tradition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th century, the biographies of famous monks were collected. From this genre, the typical Chan lineage was developed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These famous biographies were non-sectarian. The Ch'an biographical works, however, aimed to establish Ch'an as a legitimate school of Buddhism traceable to its Indian origins, and at the same time championed a particular form of Ch'an. Historical accuracy was of little concern to the compilers; old legends were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they, too, became legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski20035-6_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski20035-6-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to McRae, it is not clear that the practitioners surrounding Bodhidharma and his disciple Huike considered themselves as belonging to a unified movement or group, such as a "Chan school," nor did they have any sense of sharing any continuity with the later tradition. He says even the name "proto-Chan" is not really reflective of their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> contends that Chan's growth in popularity during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted criticism that it had "no authorized records of its direct transmission from the founder of Buddhism" and that Chan historians made Bodhidharma the 28th patriarch of Buddhism in response to such attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1949168_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1949168-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_patriarchs">Six patriarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Six patriarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest lineages described the lineage from Bodhidharma into the 5th to 7th generation of patriarchs. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of transmission lines: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><i>The Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks</i><br />Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳<br />Daoxuan 道宣<br />(596–667) </th> <th><i>The Record of the Transmission of the Dharma-Jewel</i><br />Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記<br />Dù Fěi 杜胐 </th> <th><i>History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra</i><br />Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資紀記<br />Jìngjué 淨覺<br />(ca. 683 – ca. 650) </th> <th><i>Xiǎnzōngjì</i> 显宗记 of Shénhuì 神会 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bodhidharma</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bodhidharma</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bodhidharma</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bodhidharma </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2">2</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593) </td> <td>Dàoyù 道育</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoyù 道育</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoyù 道育 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoxìn 道信 (580–651)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoxìn 道信 (580–651)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoxìn 道信 (580–651)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dàoxìn 道信 (580–651) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hóngrěn</a> 弘忍 (601–674)</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hóngrěn</a> 弘忍 (601–674)</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hóngrěn</a> 弘忍 (601–674)</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hóngrěn</a> 弘忍 (601–674) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Fǎrú 法如 (638–689)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shénxiù 神秀 (606? – 706)</td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huìnéng</a> 慧能 (638–713) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Shénxiù 神秀 (606? – 706)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Xuánzé 玄賾 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Xuánjué 玄覺 (665–713) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_lineage_from_Gautama_Buddha">Continuous lineage from Gautama Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Continuous lineage from Gautama Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eventually, these descriptions of the lineage evolved into a continuous lineage from Śākyamuni Buddha to Bodhidharma. The idea of a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha is the basis for the distinctive lineage tradition of Chan Buddhism. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Enlightenment" title="Song of Enlightenment">Song of Enlightenment</a></i> (證道歌 <i>Zhèngdào gē</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Yongjia_Xuanjue" title="Yongjia Xuanjue">Yongjia Xuanjue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bodhidharma was the 28th Patriarch of Chan, in a line of descent from Gautama Buddha via his disciple <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a>: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Mahakashyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;<br /> Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;<br /> The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;<br /> And Bodhidharma became the First Father here<br /> His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,<br /> And by them many minds came to see the Light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki194850_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki194850-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>The <i>Transmission of the Light</i> gives 28 patriarchs in this transmission:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2003_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDienerfriends1991266_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDienerfriends1991266-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid black"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#99ccff;"> <td> </td> <td><b>Sanskrit</b> </td> <td><b>Chinese</b> </td> <td><b>Vietnamese</b> </td> <td><b>Japanese</b> </td> <td><b>Korean</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa</a></td> <td>摩訶迦葉 / Móhējiāyè</td> <td>Ma-Ha-Ca-Diếp</td> <td>Makakashō</td> <td>마하가섭 / Mahagasŏp </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ānanda</a></td> <td>阿難陀 (阿難) / Ānántuó (Ānán)</td> <td>A-Nan-Đà (A-Nan)</td> <td>Ananda Buddha (Anan)</td> <td>아난다 (아난) / Ananda Buddha (Anan) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanavasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanavasa">Śānavāsa</a></td> <td>商那和修 / Shāngnàhéxiū</td> <td>Thương-Na-Hòa-Tu</td> <td>Shōnawashu</td> <td>상나화수 / Sangnahwasu </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upagupta" title="Upagupta">Upagupta</a></td> <td>優婆掬多 / Yōupójúduō</td> <td>Ưu-Ba-Cúc-Đa</td> <td>Ubakikuta</td> <td>우바국다 / Upakukta </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>5</td> <td>Dhrtaka</td> <td>提多迦 / Dīduōjiā</td> <td>Đề-Đa-Ca</td> <td>Daitaka</td> <td>제다가 / Chedaga </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>6</td> <td>Miccaka</td> <td>彌遮迦 / Mízhējiā</td> <td>Di-Dá-Ca</td> <td>Mishaka</td> <td>미차가 / Michaga </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasumitra_(Buddhism)" title="Vasumitra (Buddhism)">Vasumitra</a></td> <td>婆須密 (婆須密多) / Póxūmì (Póxūmìduō)</td> <td>Bà-Tu-Mật (Bà-Tu-Mật-Đa)</td> <td>Bashumitsu (Bashumitta)</td> <td>바수밀다 / Pasumilta </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>8</td> <td>Buddhanandi</td> <td>浮陀難提 / Fútuónándī</td> <td>Phật-Đà-Nan-Đề</td> <td>Buddanandai</td> <td>불타난제 / Pŭltananje </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhamitra" title="Buddhamitra">Buddhamitra</a></td> <td>浮陀密多 / Fútuómìduō</td> <td>Phục-Đà-Mật-Đa</td> <td>Buddamitta</td> <td>복태밀다 / Puktaemilda </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>10</td> <td>Pārśva</td> <td>波栗濕縛 / 婆栗濕婆 (脅尊者) / Bōlìshīfú / Pólìshīpó (Xiézūnzhě)</td> <td>Ba-Lật-Thấp-Phược / Bà-Lật-Thấp-Bà (Hiếp-Tôn-Giả)</td> <td>Barishiba (Kyōsonja)</td> <td>파률습박 (협존자) / P'ayulsŭppak (Hyŏpjonje) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>11</td> <td>Punyayaśas</td> <td>富那夜奢 / Fùnàyèshē</td> <td>Phú-Na-Dạ-Xa</td> <td>Funayasha</td> <td>부나야사 / Punayasa </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>12</td> <td>Ānabodhi / <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></td> <td>阿那菩提 (馬鳴) / Ānàpútí (Mǎmíng)</td> <td>A-Na-Bồ-Đề (Mã-Minh)</td> <td>Anabotei (Memyō)</td> <td>아슈바고샤 (마명) / Asyupakosya (Mamyŏng) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>13</td> <td>Kapimala</td> <td>迦毘摩羅 / Jiāpímóluó</td> <td>Ca-Tỳ-Ma-La</td> <td>Kabimora (Kabimara)</td> <td>가비마라 / Kabimara </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></td> <td>那伽閼剌樹那 (龍樹) / Nàqiéèlàshùnà (Lóngshù)</td> <td>Na-Già-Át-Lạt-Thụ-Na (Long-Thọ)</td> <td>Nagaarajuna (Ryūju)</td> <td>나가알랄수나 (용수) / Nakaallalsuna (Yongsu) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a> / Kānadeva</td> <td>迦那提婆 / Jiānàtípó</td> <td>Ca-Na-Đề-Bà</td> <td>Kanadaiba</td> <td>가나제바 / Kanajeba </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>16</td> <td>Rāhulata</td> <td>羅睺羅多 / Luóhóuluóduō</td> <td>La-Hầu-La-Đa</td> <td>Ragorata</td> <td>라후라다 / Rahurada </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>17</td> <td>Sanghānandi</td> <td>僧伽難提 / Sēngqiénántí</td> <td>Tăng-Già-Nan-Đề</td> <td>Sōgyanandai</td> <td>승가난제 / Sŭngsananje </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>18</td> <td>Sanghayaśas</td> <td>僧伽舍多 / Sēngqiéshèduō</td> <td>Tăng-Già-Da-Xá</td> <td>Sōgyayasha</td> <td>가야사다 / Kayasada </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>19</td> <td>Kumārata</td> <td>鳩摩羅多 / Jiūmóluóduō</td> <td>Cưu-Ma-La-Đa</td> <td>Kumorata (Kumarata)</td> <td>구마라다 / Kumarada </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>20</td> <td>Śayata / Jayata</td> <td>闍夜多 / Shéyèduō</td> <td>Xà-Dạ-Đa</td> <td>Shayata</td> <td>사야다 / Sayada </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></td> <td>婆修盤頭 (世親) / Póxiūpántóu (Shìqīn)</td> <td>Bà-Tu-Bàn-Đầu (Thế-Thân)</td> <td>Bashubanzu (Sejin)</td> <td>바수반두 (세친) / Pasubandu (Sechin) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>22</td> <td>Manorhitajuna</td> <td>摩拏羅 / Mónáluó</td> <td>Ma-Noa-La</td> <td>Manura</td> <td>마나라 / Manara </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>23</td> <td>Haklenayaśas</td> <td>鶴勒那 (鶴勒那夜奢) / Hèlènà (Hèlènàyèzhě)</td> <td>Hạc-Lặc-Na</td> <td>Kakurokuna (Kakurokunayasha)</td> <td>학륵나 / Haklŭkna </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>24</td> <td>Simhabodhi</td> <td>師子菩提 / Shīzǐpútí</td> <td>Sư-Tử-Bồ-Đề / Sư-Tử-Trí</td> <td>Shishibodai</td> <td>사자 / Saja </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>25</td> <td>Vasiasita</td> <td>婆舍斯多 / Póshèsīduō</td> <td>Bà-Xá-Tư-Đa</td> <td>Bashashita</td> <td>바사사다 / Pasasada </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Punyamitra" title="Punyamitra">Punyamitra</a></td> <td>不如密多 / Bùrúmìduō</td> <td>Bất-Như-Mật-Đa</td> <td>Funyomitta</td> <td>불여밀다 / Punyŏmilta </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prajnatara" title="Prajnatara">Prajñātāra</a></td> <td>般若多羅 / Bōrěduōluó</td> <td>Bát-Nhã-Đa-La</td> <td>Hannyatara</td> <td>반야다라 / Panyadara </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F4F9FF;"> <td>28</td> <td>Dharmayana / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></td> <td>Ta Mo / <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9">菩提達磨 / Pútídámó</a></td> <td>Đạt-Ma / <a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93-%C4%91%E1%BB%81-%C4%91%E1%BA%A1t-ma">Bồ-Đề-Đạt-Ma</a></td> <td>Daruma / <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8">Bodaidaruma</a></td> <td>Tal Ma / <a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%AC%EB%A7%88">보리달마 / Poridalma</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bodhidharma has been the subject of critical scientific research, which has shed new light on the traditional stories about Bodhidharma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography_as_a_hagiographic_process">Biography as a hagiographic process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biography as a hagiographic process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to John McRae, Bodhidharma has been the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic process</a> which served the needs of Chan Buddhism. According to him, it is not possible to write an accurate biography of Bodhidharma: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is ultimately impossible to reconstruct any original or accurate biography of the man whose life serves as the original trace of his hagiography – where "trace" is a term from Jacques Derrida meaning the beginningless beginning of a phenomenon, the imagined, but always intellectually unattainable, origin. Hence any such attempt by modern biographers to reconstruct a definitive account of Bodhidharma's life is both doomed to failure and potentially, no different in intent from the hagiographical efforts of premodern writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200324_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200324-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>McRae's standpoint accords with Yanagida's standpoint: "Yanagida ascribes great historical value to the witness of the disciple Tanlin, but at the same time, acknowledges the presence of 'many puzzles in the biography of Bodhidharma'". Given the present state of the sources, he considers it impossible to compile a reliable account of Bodhidharma's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars have suggested that the composed image of Bodhidharma depended on the combination of supposed historical information on various historical figures over several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200325_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200325-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bodhidharma as a historical person may even never have actually existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaline200326–27_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaline200326–27-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_place_of_birth">Origins and place of birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Origins and place of birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dumoulin comments on the three principal sources. The Persian heritage is doubtful, according to Dumoulin: "In the <i>Description of the Lo-yang temple</i>, Bodhidharma is called a Persian. Given the ambiguity of geographical references in writings of this period, such a statement should not be taken too seriously."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-90_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-90-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dumoulin considers Tanlin's account of Bodhidharma being "the third son of a great Brahman king" to be a later addition, and finds the exact meaning of "South Indian Brahman stock" unclear: "And when Daoxuan speaks of origins from South Indian Brahman stock, it is not clear whether he is referring to roots in nobility or to India in general as the land of the Brahmans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200590_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200590-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Chinese sources lend themselves to make inferences about Bodhidharma's origins. "The third son of a Brahman king" has been speculated to mean "the third son of a Pallava king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a specific pronunciation of the Chinese characters 香至 as Kang-zhi, meaning "fragrance extreme",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsutomu Kambe identifies 香至 to be <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, an old capital town in the state <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. According to Tsutomu Kambe, "Kanchi means 'a radiant jewel' or 'a luxury belt with jewels', and puram means a town or a state in the sense of earlier times. Thus, it is understood that the '香至-Kingdom' corresponds to the old capital 'Kanchipuram'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acharya Raghu, in his work 'Bodhidharma Retold', used a combination of multiple factors to identify Bodhidharma from the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> in South India, specifically to the geography around Mt. Sailum or modern day <a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Ahmad Hasan Dani</a> speculated that according to popular accounts in Pakistan's northwest, Bodhidharma may be from the region around the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> valley, or possibly around modern Afghanistan's eastern border with Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste">Caste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Caste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Indian caste system</a>, the mention of "Brahman king"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acquires a nuance. Broughton notes that "king" implies that Bodhidharma was of a caste of warriors and rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahman is, in western contexts, easily understood as Brahmana or <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, which means <i>priest</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to tradition, Bodhidharma was given this name by his teacher, known variously as Panyatara, <a href="/wiki/Prajnatara" title="Prajnatara">Prajnatara</a>, or Prajñādhara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEitelTakakuwa1904_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEitelTakakuwa1904-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name prior to monkhood is said to have been Jayavarman.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bodhidharma is associated with several other names, and is also known by the name Bodhitara. Faure notes that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bodhidharma's name appears sometimes truncated as Bodhi, or more often as Dharma (Ta-mo). In the first case, it may be confused with another of his rivals, <a href="/wiki/Bodhiruci" title="Bodhiruci">Bodhiruci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1986_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1986-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Tibetan sources give his name as "Bodhidharmottara" or "Dharmottara", that is, "Highest teaching (dharma) of enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199265_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199265-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abode_in_China">Abode in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Abode in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buswell dates Bodhidharma's abode in China approximately at the early 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200457,_130_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200457,_130-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broughton dates Bodhidharma's presence in Luoyang to between 516 and 526, when the temple referred to—Yongning Temple (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">永寧寺</span></span>), was at the height of its glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199955_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199955-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 526, Yǒngníngsì suffered damage from a series of events, ultimately leading to its destruction in 534.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999138_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999138-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaolin_boxing">Shaolin boxing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Shaolin boxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea that Bodhidharma founded martial arts at the Shaolin Temple was spread in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martial arts historians have shown that this legend stems from a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> manual known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Yijin Jing</a></i> ("Muscle Change Classic,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sinews Transformation's Classic"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Shaolin-minks attributed the origins of their fighting-skills to <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008171_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008171-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the daoist author of the <i>Yijin Jing</i> wrongly assumed that the monks attributed these skills to Bodhidharma, due to the daoist tradition of attributing <i>daoyin</i> gymnastics to Bodhidharma, and the influence of Buddhism on Daoist meditation techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preface of this work says that Bodhidharma left behind the <i>Yi Jin Jing</i>, and further states that the monks obtained the fighting skills which made them gain some fame from this manual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yi_Jin_Jing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attribution of the <i>Yijin Jing</i> to Bodhidharma has been discredited early on,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008165–173_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008165–173-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also rejected by historians like Tang Hao, Xu Zhen, and Matsuda Ryuchi. According to Lin Boyuan, "This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities, and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yi_Jin_Jing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the oldest available copy was published in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyuchi1986_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyuchi1986-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, when the <i>Yijin Jing</i> became popular in military circles, and the Shaolin monks started to use it, the Shaolin martial tradition became gradually associated with Bodhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Bodhidharma with martial arts only became widespread as a result of the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel <i>The Travels of Lao Ts'an</i> in <i>Illustrated Fiction Magazine</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which incorporated this newly developed attribution of Shaolin martial arts to Bodhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008173_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008173-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Henning, the "story is clearly a twentieth-century invention," which "is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between the two."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaolin_kungfu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaolin_kungfu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma,_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg/180px-Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg/270px-Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg/360px-Hidemasa_I_-_Daruma%2C_the_First_Zen_Buddhist_Patriarch_-_Walters_71955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale</a> tooth <a href="/wiki/Statuette" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuette">statuette</a> of Bodhidharma, carved by Hidemasa, early 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Zen <i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a></i> tradition, Bodhidharma is mentioned as a significant figure. In <a href="/wiki/Dogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen">Dogen</a>'s 13th century <i>kōan</i> collection, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shinji_Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shinji Shōbōgenzō">Shinji Shōbōgenzō</a></i>, Bodhidharma is mentioned in fourteen different <i>kōans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gateless Gate">The Gateless Gate</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wumen_Huikai" title="Wumen Huikai">Wumen Huikai</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>A monk asked Zhaozhou, "What is the meaning of the ancestral teacher's (i.e., Bodhidharma's) coming from the west?" Zhaozhou said, "The cypress tree in front of the hall."</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Gateless Gate</i>, case no. 37</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In a short addendum from 1245 CE, the text refers to a motto attributed to Bodhidharma: "Bodhidharma coming from the west, unattached to any words, pointing directly to the mind of man, advocated seeing into one's <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">nature</a> and becoming Buddha."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996141_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996141-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a> and Bodhidharma is recounted in case no. 41 of <i>The Gateless Gate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bodhidharma's image became the inspiration for Japanese <a href="/wiki/Daruma_doll" title="Daruma doll">Daruma dolls</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Meiwa" title="Meiwa">Meiwa</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a> as good luck charms.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated15_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated15-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Daruma Doll Festival<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">達磨市</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">daruma-ichi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Shorinzan_Daruma_Temple" title="Shorinzan Daruma Temple">Shorinzan Daruma Temple</a> in Takasaki every year, celebrating the city as the birthplace of the Daruma doll. Over 400,000 attendants come to purchase new dolls.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese version of the children's game <a href="/wiki/Statues_(game)" title="Statues (game)">statues</a> is named "Daruma-san ga koronda"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">達磨さんが転んだ</span></span>, lit. "The <a href="/wiki/Daruma_doll" title="Daruma doll">Daruma</a> Fell Over")</span>. </p><p>A 1989 South Korean film, <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Has_Bodhi-Dharma_Left_for_the_East%3F" title="Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?">Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?</a></i>, derives its title from a <i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a></i> about Bodhidharma's legendary transmission of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film screened at the <a href="/wiki/1989_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1989 Cannes Film Festival">1989 Cannes Film Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first South Korean film to release theatrically in the United States. In 1994, the Hong Kong film <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Zen" title="Master of Zen">Master of Zen</a></i> (also known as <i>Bodhidharma</i>) adapted the legends of Bodhidharma's life into a martial arts drama film, partly inspired by the master's association with <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Shaolin Kung Fu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 Indian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> martial arts film <i><a href="/wiki/7aum_Arivu" class="mw-redirect" title="7aum Arivu">7aum Arivu</a></i> features a descendant of Bodhidharma as a main character, with its plot centering on the ancient monk's legendary skills and knowledge. The film faced criticism for its historical inaccuracies, particularly regarding Bodhidharma's age upon entering <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The controversy led to hunger strikes among Indian followers of Bodhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributed_works">Attributed works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Attributed works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholars, such as the Japanese scholar of early Chan, Yanagida Seizan, agree that only one extant text can be attributed to Bodhidharma. This is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices"><i>Two Entrances and Four Practices</i></a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0847.htm">(二入四行論)</a>,</i> also known as "Outline of Practice" (二種入 <i>Er zhong ru)</i>, which is part of the larger "<i>Bodhidharma Anthology</i>" that also includes teachings from some of Bodhidharma's students, such as <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a> and Dharma master Yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also exists a <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> manuscript titled <i>Treatise of Dhyana Master Bodhidharma</i> (<i>Tianzhu guo Putidamo chan shi lun</i> 天竺國菩提達摩禪師論). According to McRae, this text "might be taken as a guide to the teachings of early Ch'an. The text is probably relatively early, although its putative date of compilation or transcription, 681, is not reliable. Unfortunately, its contents do not lend themselves to precise dating."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986118_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986118-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_attributions">Later attributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Later attributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the history of Chan, various other works became attributed to Bodhidharma and modern scholars have studied these as well, attempting to understand their provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly attributed works include:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Treatise on the Destruction of Characteristics</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0850.htm">《破相論》</a> <i>Poxiang lun</i>), also known as the <i>Treatise on the Contemplation of the Mind</i> (觀心論 <i>Kuan-hsin lun</i>), according to Yanagida, this is a work of <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Wake-up Treatise</i> or <i>Treatise on Realizing the Nature</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0849.htm">《悟性論 Wu-hsing lun》</a>, according to Yanagida, this is a later reformulation of ideas of the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East mountain teachings</a> and respond to Shenhui's criticisms of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Bloodstream Treatise</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book.bfnn.org/books/0848.htm">(血脈論 <i>Xuemai lun</i>)</a>, according to Yanagida, this is a treatise by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a> (7th-8th century) of Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Jueguan lun,</i> (Treatise on the Transcendence of Cognition), a text discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts, has been attributed to Bodhidharma, however it is more likely by an anonymous member of the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a>, an important Chan faction during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Genealogical Treatise</i> (<i>Hsueh-mo lun</i>), this is a "post-Platform Sutra and immediately pre-<a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Ma-tsu</a> text" according to Yanagida, which discusses the teaching that "does not posit words," and "seeing the nature and achieving buddhahood."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Verses on the Heart Sutra</i>, "a clearly apocryphal text" that introduces <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> ideas associated with <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang's</a> translations into Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pointing_directly_to_one's_mind"><span id="Pointing_directly_to_one.27s_mind"></span>Pointing directly to one's mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pointing directly to one's mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the fundamental Chán texts attributed to Bodhidharma is a four-line stanza whose first two verses echo the <i>Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s disdain for words and whose second two verses stress the importance of the insight into reality achieved through "self-realization": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>A special transmission outside the scriptures<br /> Not founded upon words and letters;<br /> By pointing directly to [one's] mind<br /> It lets one see into [one's own true] nature and [thus] attain Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200585_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200585-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </blockquote> <p>The stanza, in fact, is not Bodhidharma's, but rather dates to the year 1108.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005102_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005102-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_amongst_Tamils" title="Buddhism amongst Tamils">Buddhism amongst Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Has_Bodhi-Dharma_Left_for_the_East%3F" title="Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?">Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/7aum_Arivu" class="mw-redirect" title="7aum Arivu">7aum Arivu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(translator)" title="Buddhabhadra (translator)">Buddhabhadra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongdu_ji" title="Dongdu ji">Dongdu ji</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dravidian-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dravidian_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dravidian_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil nationalism</a> for backgrounds on the Tamil identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava king</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125-126_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125-126-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dravidian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dravidian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tibetan and Southeast traditions consistently regard Bodhidharma as South Indian,<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former in particular characterising him as a dark-skinned Dravidian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-Tojo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tojo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodhidharma's first language was likely one of the many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages#Classification" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> languages (such as Sogdian or Bactrian), that were commonly spoken in most of Central Asia during his lifetime and, in using the more specific term "Persian", Xuànzhī likely erred. As Jorgensen has pointed out, the Sassanian realm contemporary to Bodhidharma was not Buddhist. Johnston supposes that Yáng Xuànzhī mistook the name of the south-Indian Pallava dynasty for the name of the Sassanian Pahlavi dynasty;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2000159_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen2000159-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Persian Buddhists did exist within the Sassanian realm, particularly in the formerly <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist">Greco-Buddhist</a> east, see <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia#Iranian_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Persian Buddhism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999,_66_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999,_66-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translates 壁觀 as "wall-examining".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a more literal rendering of the key phrase 凝住壁觀 (<i>níngzhù bìguān</i>) as "[who] in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>viz.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199967–68_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199967–68-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> interpretation of "wall-gazing" as being akin to <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> is offered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daoxuan records that Huìkě's arm was cut off by bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various names are given for this nun. Zōngzhǐ is also known by her title Soji, and by Myoren, her nun name. In the <i>Jǐngdé Records of the Transmission of the Lamp</i>, Dharani repeats the words said by the nun Yuanji in the <i>Two Entrances and Four Acts</i>, possibly identifying the two with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999132_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999132-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heng-Ching Shih states that according to the <i>Jǐngdé chuándēng lù</i> 景德传灯录 the first `bhikṣuni` mentioned in the Chán literature was a disciple of the First Chan Patriarch, Bodhidharma, known as Zōngzhǐ 宗旨 [early-mid 6th century]<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Shōbōgenzō 正法眼蔵 chapter called Katto ("Twining Vines") by <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen Zenji</a> (道元禅師), she is named as one of Bodhidharma's four Dharma heirs. Although the First Patriarch's line continued through another of the four, Dogen emphasizes that each of them had a complete understanding of the teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tradition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003">Yampolski (2003</a>, p. 3): "Tradition has it that Ch'an was brought to China by a monk, Bodhidharma [...] who is honored as the first Ch'an Patriarch in China."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yi_Jin_Jing-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yi_Jin_Jing_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This argument is summarized by modern historian Lin Boyuan in his <i>Zhongguo wushu shi</i>. <a href="#CITEREFLin1996">Lin (1996</a>, p. 183): "As for the "Yi Jin Jing" (Muscle Change Classic), a spurious text attributed to Bodhidharma and included in the legend of his transmitting martial arts at the temple, it was written in the Ming dynasty, in 1624, by the Daoist priest Zining of Mt. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma. Forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Gao were written. They say that, after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest; when the monks opened this chest they found the two books "Xi Sui Jing" (Marrow Washing Classic) and "Yi Jin Jing" within. The first book was taken by his disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, "the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to having obtained this manuscript." Based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaolin_kungfu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaolin_kungfu_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaolin_kungfu_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenningGreen2001">Henning & Green (2001</a>, p. 129): "One of the most recently invented and familiar of the Shaolin historical narratives is a story that claims that the Indian monk Bodhidharma, the supposed founder of Chinese Chan (Zen) Buddhism, introduced boxing into the monastery as a form of exercise around a.d. 525. This story first appeared in a popular novel, <i>The Travels of Lao T'san</i>, published as a series in a literary magazine in 1907. This story was quickly picked up by others and spread rapidly through publication in a popular contemporary boxing manual, Secrets of Shaolin Boxing Methods, and the first Chinese physical culture history published in 1919. As a result, it has enjoyed vast oral circulation and is one of the most "sacred" of the narratives shared within Chinese and Chinese-derived martial arts. That this story is clearly a twentieth-century invention is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between the two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principal_sources-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Principal_sources_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography (<a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 85-90): <ul><li>Yang Xuanzhi's <i>The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang</i> (547);</li> <li>Tanlin's preface to the <i>Two Entrances and Four Acts</i> (6th century CE), which is also preserved in Ching-chüeh's <i>Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters</i> (713–716) <a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 88;</li> <li>Daoxuan's <i>Further Biographies of Eminent Monks</i> (7th century CE).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Origins-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origins_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The origins which are mentioned in these sources are: <ul><li>"[A] monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia#Iranian_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Persian Central Asian</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. "from Persia"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Buddhist monasteries, 547</i>);</li> <li>"[A] South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Tanlin, 6th century CE</i>);</li> <li>"[W]ho came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. "the third son of a Brahman of South India"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Lankavatara Masters, 713–716</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200588-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>/ca. 715</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li>"[O]f South Indian Brahman stock"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200587-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c.q. "a <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> monk from South India"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Further Biographies, 645</i>).</li></ul> Broughton further notes: "The guide's Bodhidharma is an Iranian, not an Indian. There is, however, nothing implausible about an early sixth-century Iranian Buddhist master who made his way to North China via the fabled Silk Road. This scenario is, in fact, more likely than a South Indian master who made his way by the sea route."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172–173_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1996183-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1996183_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1996">Lin 1996</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1994_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenning1994">Henning 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenningGreen2001129_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenningGreen2001">Henning & Green 2001</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-27-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200326-27_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 26-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954–55_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19998_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKambe2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKambe2012_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKambe2012">Kambe 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125-126-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1987125-126_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1987">Zvelebil 1987</a>, p. 125-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnand_Krishna2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anand Krishna (2005). <i>Bodhidharma: Kata Awal adalah Kata Akhir</i> (in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-22-1771-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-22-1771-1"><bdi>979-22-1771-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodhidharma%3A+Kata+Awal+adalah+Kata+Akhir&rft.pub=Gramedia+Pustaka+Utama&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=979-22-1771-1&rft.au=Anand+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdou1996">Edou 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoothillHodous1995-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoothillHodous1995_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoothillHodous1995">Soothill & Hodous 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Vol. 1. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/ROSA/article/view/15172">the original</a> on 2018-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions+of+South+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Genealogy+of+the+Pallavas%3A+From+Brahmins+to+Kings&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%2F5.2&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Frosa.v5i1%2F2.339&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.equinoxpub.com%2Findex.php%2FROSA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F15172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981124-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981124_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTikhvinskiĭPerelomov1981">Tikhvinskiĭ & Perelomov 1981</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Le_Coq1913[httpdsrniiacjptoyobunkoVIII-1-B-31V-1page-hr0107htmlen_Tafel_19]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Le_Coq1913[httpdsrniiacjptoyobunkoVIII-1-B-31V-1page-hr0107htmlen_Tafel_19]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Le_Coq1913">von Le Coq 1913</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en">Tafel 19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasparini2014[httpheiupuni-heidelbergdejournalsindexphptransculturalarticleview123138711_edn32_note_32]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasparini2014[httpheiupuni-heidelbergdejournalsindexphptransculturalarticleview123138711_edn32_note_32]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasparini2014">Gasparini 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32">note 32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Valerie (2012), <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 98, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3">978-0-19-993921-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eob_ma-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eob_ma_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Powell, William (2004). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199953-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199953_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TibetanZen-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TibetanZen_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2015" class="citation cs2">van Schaik, Sam (2015), <i>Tibetan Zen, Discovering a Lost Tradition</i>, Boston: Snow Lion, pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>78</cite><span 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href="#CITEREFMcRae2004">McRae 2004</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999,_66-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19999,_66_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, pp. 9, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine19893,_emphasis_added-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine19893,_emphasis_added_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPine1989">Pine 1989</a>, p. 3, emphasis added.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200596_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199967–68-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199967–68_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Broughton, The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, page 67, University of California Press, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Broughton, The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, pages 67-68, University of California Press, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199962_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932XVI_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1932">Suzuki 1932</a>, XVI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932IX-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932IX_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1932">Suzuki 1932</a>, IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932VIII-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1932VIII_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1932">Suzuki 1932</a>, VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992–3-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton19992–3_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire200158-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200016–17-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200016–17_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2000">Ferguson 2000</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1986187-198-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1986187-198_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1986">Faure 1986</a>, p. 187-198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfinkel2006186_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfinkel2006">Garfinkel 2006</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2001Chapter_3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2001Chapter_3_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2001">Wong 2001</a>, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaines1995Chapter_3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaines1995Chapter_3_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaines1995">Haines 1995</a>, Chapter 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaikh_AwabSutton2006-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaikh_AwabSutton2006_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaikh_AwabSutton2006">Shaikh Awab & Sutton 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdou199632,_p._181_n._20-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdou199632,_p._181_n._20_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdou1996">Edou 1996</a>, p. 32, p. 181 n. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts195832-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatts195832_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatts1958">Watts 1958</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin199337-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin199337_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulin1993">Dumoulin 1993</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200973–114-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200973–114_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole2009">Cole 2009</a>, p. 73–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski20035-6-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski20035-6_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003">Yampolski 2003</a>, p. 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John McRae, Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism, page 15, University of California Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1949168-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1949168_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1949">Suzuki 1949</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1967">Chang 1967</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki194850-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki194850_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1948">Suzuki 1948</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDienerfriends1991266-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDienerfriends1991266_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDienerfriends1991">Diener & friends 1991</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200324-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200324_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200325-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200325_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaline200326–27-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaline200326–27_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaline2003">Chaline 2003</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-90-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200589-90_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 89-90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200590-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200590_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharya2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharya2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcharya2017">Acharya 2017</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a 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(March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Dani, AH, 'Some Early Buddhist Texts from Taxila and Peshawar Valley', Paper, Lahore SAS, 1983; and 'Short History of Pakistan' Vol 1, original 1967, rev ed 1992, and 'History of the Northern Areas of Pakistan' ed Lahore: Sang e Meel, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEitelTakakuwa1904-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEitelTakakuwa1904_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEitelTakakuwa1904">Eitel & Takakuwa 1904</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure1986-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaure1986_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaure1986">Faure 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell200457,_130-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell200457,_130_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswell2004">Buswell 2004</a>, pp. 57, 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199955-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199955_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999138-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1999138_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008163-172_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, p. 163-172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008171-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008171_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008172_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008165–173-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008165–173_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 165–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyuchi1986-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyuchi1986_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyuchi1986">Ryuchi 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008173-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008173_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDogen2011" class="citation book cs1">Dogen, Eihei (2011). Tanahashi, Kazuaki (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/zen/dogen/tana.pdf"><i>The True Dharma Eye: Zen master Dogen's Shobo genzo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-474-7"><bdi>978-1-59030-474-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Dharma+Eye%3A+Zen+master+Dogen%27s+Shobo+genzo&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-474-7&rft.aulast=Dogen&rft.aufirst=Eihei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterebess.hu%2Fzen%2Fdogen%2Ftana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996141-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996141_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekida1996">Sekida 1996</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSekida1996">Sekida 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated15-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated15_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-idKyburz1994">"Omocha": Things to Play (Or Not to Play) with</a> p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-idKyburz1994">"Omocha": Things to Play (Or Not to Play) with</a> p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619043922/http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/English/TakasakiEvents.html">"The City of Takasaki"</a>. <i>city.takasaki.gunma.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/English/TakasakiEvents.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city.takasaki.gunma.jp&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Takasaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.takasaki.gunma.jp%2FEnglish%2FTakasakiEvents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/258/year/1989.html">"Festival de Cannes: Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?"</a>. <i>festival-cannes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003194019/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/258/year/1989.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+Why+Has+Bodhi-Dharma+Left+for+the+East%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F258%2Fyear%2F1989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard" class="citation web cs1">Pollard, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114035831/http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/master-of-zen-1994">"REVIEW: Master of Zen (1994)"</a>. Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/master-of-zen-1994">the original</a> on 2014-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REVIEW%3A+Master+of+Zen+%281994%29&rft.pub=Kung+Fu+Cinema&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kungfucinema.com%2Freviews%2Fmaster-of-zen-1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html">"Buddhist targets '7aum Arivu' for inaccuracy"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 16 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065430/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Buddhist+targets+%277aum+Arivu%27+for+inaccuracy&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftamil%2F2011%2Fnov%2F06%2Fbuddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Facts in 7am arivu are inaccurate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 16 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Facts+in+7am+arivu+are+inaccurate%27&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftamil%2F2011%2Fnov%2F08%2Ffacts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986118-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986118_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcRae1986">McRae 1986</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPine2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_128-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPine2009">Pine 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ceasing of Notions, an Early Zen Text from the Dunhuang Caves with Selected Comments, page 3, Wisdom Publications, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200585-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter200585_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005102-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005102_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005">Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter 2005</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton199954-55_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1999">Broughton 1999</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2017" class="citation cs2">Acharya, Raghu (2017), Shanon, Sidharth (ed.), <i>Bodhidharma Retold – A Journey from Sailum to Shaolin</i>, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4152-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4152-9"><bdi>978-81-208-4152-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodhidharma+Retold+%E2%80%93+A+Journey+from+Sailum+to+Shaolin&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-81-208-4152-9&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Raghu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1999" class="citation cs2">Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), <i>The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4"><bdi>0-520-21972-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhidharma+Anthology%3A+The+Earliest+Records+of+Zen&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21972-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>, vol. 1, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865718-7"><bdi>0-02-865718-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865718-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaline2003" class="citation cs2">Chaline, Eric (2003), <i>The Book of Zen: The Path to Inner Peace</i>, Barron's Educational Series, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-5598-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7641-5598-9"><bdi>0-7641-5598-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Zen%3A+The+Path+to+Inner+Peace&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7641-5598-9&rft.aulast=Chaline&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1967" class="citation cs2">Chang, Chung-Yuan (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524224311/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27057.htm">"Ch'an Buddhism: Logical and Illogical"</a>, <i>Philosophy East and West</i>, <b>17</b> (1/4): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397043">10.2307/1397043</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397043">1397043</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/ew27057.htm">the original</a> on 2011-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Ch%27an+Buddhism%3A+Logical+and+Illogical&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Chung-Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Few27057.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2009" class="citation cs2">Cole, Alan (2009), <i>Fathering Your Father: The Zen of Fabrication in Tang Buddhism</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25485-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25485-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathering+Your+Father%3A+The+Zen+of+Fabrication+in+Tang+Buddhism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25485-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2003" class="citation cs2">Cook, Francis Dojun (2003), <i>Transmitting the Light: Zen Master's Keizan's Denkoroku</i>, Boston: Wisdom Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transmitting+the+Light%3A+Zen+Master%27s+Keizan%27s+Denkoroku&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Francis+Dojun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDienerfriends1991" class="citation cs2">Diener, Michael S.; friends (1991), <i>The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen</i>, Boston: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+and+Zen&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Diener&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=friends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin1993" class="citation cs2">Dumoulin, Heinrich (1993), "Early Chinese Zen Reexamined: A Supplement to <i>Zen Buddhism: A History</i>", <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>53, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.20.1.1993.31-53">10.18874/jjrs.20.1.1993.31-53</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-1042">0304-1042</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Chinese+Zen+Reexamined%3A+A+Supplement+to+Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.20.1.1993.31-53&rft.issn=0304-1042&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulinHeisigKnitter2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Dumoulin, Heinrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Heisig" title="James Heisig">Heisig, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Knitter" title="Paul F. Knitter">Knitter, Paul F.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CYeWYtYBS4C&pg=PA90"><i>Zen Buddhism: India and China</i></a>. World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1"><bdi>978-0-941532-89-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+India+and+China&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-89-1&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Heisig%2C+James&rft.au=Knitter%2C+Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CYeWYtYBS4C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdou1996" class="citation cs2">Edou, Jérôme (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQULAAAAYAAJ"><i>Machig Labdrön and the Foundations of Chöd</i></a>, Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-039-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-039-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092429/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQULAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machig+Labdr%C3%B6n+and+the+Foundations+of+Ch%C3%B6d&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-039-2&rft.aulast=Edou&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQULAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEitelTakakuwa1904" class="citation cs2">Eitel, Ernest J.; Takakuwa, K. (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7UWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9"><i>Hand-book of Chinese Buddhism: Being a Sanskrit-Chinese Dictionary with Vocabularies of Buddhist terms</i></a> (2nd ed.), Tokyo, Japan: Sanshusha, p. 33, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092425/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7UWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9">archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-book+of+Chinese+Buddhism%3A+Being+a+Sanskrit-Chinese+Dictionary+with+Vocabularies+of+Buddhist+terms&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sanshusha&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Eitel&rft.aufirst=Ernest+J.&rft.au=Takakuwa%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7UWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure1986" class="citation cs2">Faure, Bernard (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Philosophical/Bodhidharma_as_Paradigm.html">"Bodhidharma as Textual and Religious Paradigm"</a>, <i>History of Religions</i>, <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>198, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi 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(2009), <i>The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma</i>, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-399-7"><bdi>978-0-86547-399-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Teaching+of+Bodhidharma&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-399-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyuchi1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ryuchi_Matsuda" title="Ryuchi Matsuda">Ryuchi, Matsuda 松田隆智</a> (1986), <i>Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略</i> (in Chinese), Taipei 臺北: Danqing tushu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zh%C5%8Dnggu%C3%B3+w%C7%94sh%C3%B9+sh%C7%90l%C3%BC%C3%A8+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2%E7%95%A5&rft.place=Taipei+%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=Danqing+tushu&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ryuchi&rft.aufirst=Matsuda+%E6%9D%BE%E7%94%B0%E9%9A%86%E6%99%BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekida1996" class="citation book cs1">Sekida, Katsuki (1996). <i>Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, The Gateless Gate. Hekiganroku, The Blue Cliff Records. Translated with commentaries by Katsuki Sekida</i>. New York / Tokyo: Weatherhill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Zen+Classics.+Mumonkan%2C+The+Gateless+Gate.+Hekiganroku%2C+The+Blue+Cliff+Records.+Translated+with+commentaries+by+Katsuki+Sekida&rft.place=New+York+%2F+Tokyo&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sekida&rft.aufirst=Katsuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahar2008" class="citation book cs1">Shahar, Meir (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/kenshijm/docs/the_shaolin_monastery_-_history__religion_and_the_"><i>The Shaolin Monastery: history, religion, and the Chinese martial arts</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3110-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-3110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaolin+Monastery%3A+history%2C+religion%2C+and+the+Chinese+martial+arts&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3110-3&rft.aulast=Shahar&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fkenshijm%2Fdocs%2Fthe_shaolin_monastery_-_history__religion_and_the_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh_AwabSutton2006" class="citation cs2">Shaikh Awab, Zainal Abidin; Sutton, Nigel (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/19637909/Silat-Tua-The-Malay-Dance-of-Life-Preview"><i>Silat Tua: The Malay Dance Of Life</i></a>, Kuala Lumpur: Azlan Ghanie Sdn Bhd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-42328-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-42328-0-1"><bdi>978-983-42328-0-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307065606/https://www.scribd.com/doc/19637909/Silat-Tua-The-Malay-Dance-of-Life-Preview">archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silat+Tua%3A+The+Malay+Dance+Of+Life&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Azlan+Ghanie+Sdn+Bhd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-983-42328-0-1&rft.aulast=Shaikh+Awab&rft.aufirst=Zainal+Abidin&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F19637909%2FSilat-Tua-The-Malay-Dance-of-Life-Preview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoothillHodous1995" class="citation cs2">Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf"><i>A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, London: RoutledgeCurzon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+Terms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Soothill&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.au=Hodous%2C+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw%2Fglossaries%2Ffiles%2Fsoothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1991" class="citation cs2">Sutton, Florin Giripescu (1991), <i>Existence and Enlightenment in the</i> Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra<i>: A Study in the Ontology and Epistemology of the Yogācāra School of Mahāyāna Buddhism</i>, Albany: State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0172-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0172-3"><bdi>0-7914-0172-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Existence+and+Enlightenment+in+the+La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra+S%C5%ABtra%3A+A+Study+in+the+Ontology+and+Epistemology+of+the+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+School+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7914-0172-3&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Florin+Giripescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1932" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daisetz_Teitaro_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki">Suzuki, D.T.</a>, ed. 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Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+her+neighbours%2C+from+ancient+times+to+the+Middle+Ages%3A+a+collection+of+essays&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Tikhvinski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Serge%C4%AD+Leonidovich&rft.au=Perelomov%2C+Leonard+Sergeevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Le_Coq1913" class="citation book cs1">von Le Coq, Albert (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en"><i>Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan</i></a>. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20676%2F00000194">10.20676/00000194</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915144010/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1962), <i>The Way of Zen</i>, Great Britain: Pelican books, p. 106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020547-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020547-0"><bdi>0-14-020547-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+Zen&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Pelican+books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-14-020547-0&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1989" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul (1989), <i>Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</i>, Psychology Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02537-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02537-0"><bdi>0-415-02537-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-02537-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wong_Kiew_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Kiew Kit">Wong, Kiew Kit</a> (2001), <i>The Art of Shaolin Kungfu</i>, Tuttle Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3439-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3439-3"><bdi>0-8048-3439-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Shaolin+Kungfu&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8048-3439-3&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Kiew+Kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolski2003" class="citation cs2">Yampolski, Philip (2003), <i>Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chan.+A+Historical+Sketch.+In%3A+Buddhist+Spirituality.+Later+China%2C+Korea%2C+Japan+and+the+Modern+World%3B+edited+by+Takeuchi+Yoshinori&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yampolski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1987" class="citation cs2">Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1987), "The Sound of the One Hand", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>107</b> (1), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1: <span class="nowrap">125–</span>126, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602960">10.2307/602960</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602960">602960</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Sound+of+the+One+Hand&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF金实秋2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">金实秋 (2008), <i>中日韩达摩造像图典</i> [<i>Sino-Japanese-Korean Statue Dictionary of Bodhidharma</i>] (in Chinese), Beijing Shi: 宗教文化出版社, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80123-888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80123-888-7"><bdi>978-7-80123-888-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%A9%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F%E5%9B%BE%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Beijing+Shi&rft.pub=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-7-80123-888-7&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E5%AE%9E%E7%A7%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Web sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tojo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tojo_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tojo_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasato_Tojo2010" class="citation web cs1">Masato Tojo (19 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132447/http://iloapp.waalmdiplomacy.org/blog/journal?ShowFile&doc=1272139314.pdf">"Zen Buddhism and Persian Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloapp.waalmdiplomacy.org/blog/journal?ShowFile&doc=1272139314.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism+and+Persian+Culture&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft.au=Masato+Tojo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filoapp.waalmdiplomacy.org%2Fblog%2Fjournal%3FShowFile%26doc%3D1272139314.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T50/2060_016.htm">"<i>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō</i>, Vol. 50, No. 2060, p. 551c 06(02)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605003344/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T50/2060_016.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taish%C5%8D+Shinsh%C5%AB+Daiz%C5%8Dky%C5%8D%2C+Vol.+50%2C+No.+2060%2C+p.+551c+06%2802%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT50%2F2060_016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeizan_Jokin" class="citation web cs1">Keizan Jokin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901213528/http://www.wwzc.org/translations/denkoroku.htm">"Denkoroku: Record of the Transmission of Luminosity"</a>. Translated by Anzan Hoshin; Joshu Dainen. White Wind Zen Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwzc.org/translations/denkoroku.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denkoroku%3A+Record+of+the+Transmission+of+Luminosity&rft.pub=White+Wind+Zen+Community&rft.au=Keizan+Jokin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwzc.org%2Ftranslations%2Fdenkoroku.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Child2000" class="citation web cs1">Simon Child (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernchanfellowship.org/in-the-spirit-of-chan.html">"In The Spirit of Chan"</a>. <i>Western Chan Fellowship</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102052620/http://www.westernchanfellowship.org/in-the-spirit-of-chan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Chan+Fellowship&rft.atitle=In+The+Spirit+of+Chan&rft.date=2000-10&rft.au=Simon+Child&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernchanfellowship.org%2Fin-the-spirit-of-chan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T85/2837_001.htm">"<i>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō</i>, Vol. 85, No. 2837, p. 1285b 17(05)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605003404/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T85/2837_001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taish%C5%8D+Shinsh%C5%AB+Daiz%C5%8Dky%C5%8D%2C+Vol.+85%2C+No.+2837%2C+p.+1285b+17%2805%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT85%2F2837_001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thubtenchodron.org/BuddhistNunsMonasticLife/the_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html">"The Committee of Western Bhikshunis"</a>. <i>thubtenchodron.org</i>. 18 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808090449/http://www.thubtenchodron.org/BuddhistNunsMonasticLife/the_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thubtenchodron.org&rft.atitle=The+Committee+of+Western+Bhikshunis&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thubtenchodron.org%2FBuddhistNunsMonasticLife%2Fthe_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZen_Nun" class="citation web cs1">Zen Nun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027135930/http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html">"WOMEN IN ZEN BUDDHISM: Chinese Bhiksunis in the Ch'an Tradition"</a>. <i>geocities.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geocities.com&rft.atitle=WOMEN+IN+ZEN+BUDDHISM%3A+Chinese+Bhiksunis+in+the+Ch%27an+Tradition&rft.au=Zen+Nun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fzennun12_8%2Fchanwomen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan" class="citation web cs1">Brennan, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/why-has-bodhi-dharma-left-for-the-east-v120417">"Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Allmovie" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmovie">Allmovie</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmovie&rft.atitle=Why+Has+Bodhi-Dharma+Left+for+the+East%3F&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmovie.com%2Fmovie%2Fwhy-has-bodhi-dharma-left-for-the-east-v120417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), <i>The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4"><bdi>0-520-21972-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhidharma+Anthology%3A+The+Earliest+Records+of+Zen&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21972-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Red Pine, ed. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenteachingofbod00bodh"><i>The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma: A Bilingual Edition</i></a>, New York: North Point Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-399-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-399-4"><bdi>0-86547-399-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Teaching+of+Bodhidharma%3A+A+Bilingual+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-86547-399-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenteachingofbod00bodh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2003), <i>Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism</i>, The University Press Group Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23798-8"><bdi>978-0-520-23798-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Through+Zen.+Encounter%2C+Transformation%2C+and+Genealogy+in+Chinese+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pub=The+University+Press+Group+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23798-8&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABodhidharma" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodhidharma&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodhidharma" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113054643/http://ctzen.org/sunnyvale/enUS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=146&Itemid=57">Essence of Mahayana Practice</a> By Bodhidharma, with annotations. Also known as "The Outline of Practice." translated by Chung Tai Translation Committee</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/daruma.shtml">Bodhidharma</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81dhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñādhara">Prajñādhara</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage of Zen Buddhist patriarchs</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Huike" class="mw-redirect" title="Huike">Huike</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Buddhist_pantheon508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View 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Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhas_of_the_Ten_Directions_(Sh%C3%ADf%C4%81ng_F%C3%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó) (page does not exist)">Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:十方佛">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty-eight_Buddhas_Great_Repentance_Text" title="Eighty-eight Buddhas Great Repentance Text">Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/200px-Guanyin_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/300px-Guanyin_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/400px-Guanyin_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩 (Púsà)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Great_Bodhisattvas_(S%C3%ACd%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:四大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(B%C4%81d%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:八大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Duōluó Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyasamudgata" title="Bhaiṣajyasamudgata">Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra" title="Cintāmaṇicakra">Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王 (Míngwáng)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Eight_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokyavijaya" title="Trailokyavijaya">Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahacakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahacakra (page does not exist)">Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padanaksipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padanaksipa (page does not exist)">Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabala (page does not exist)">Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparajita_(Wisdom_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparajita (Wisdom King) (page does not exist)">Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrah%C4%81sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrahāsa (page does not exist)">Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities and Demons</a><br />諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Great_Yak%E1%B9%A3a_Generals" title="Eight Great Yakṣa Generals">Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma (Fàntiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Indra (Dìshìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Surya (Rìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Chandra (Yuètiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Yán Wáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici (Mólìzhītiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81gara_(Dragon_King)" title="Sāgara (Dragon King)">Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhana" title="Sudhana">Sudhana (Shàncái)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Shushen" title="Puti Shushen">Puti Shushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyue_Dadi" title="Dongyue Dadi">Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigong" title="Leigong">Thunder god (Léigōng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Wéituó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Tiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga (Lóng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura (Āxiūluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha (Yèchà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda (Jiālóuluó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva (Gāntàpó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a><br />羅漢 (Luóhàn)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:五百罗汉">Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Vatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Vatsa (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Bharadvaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Bharadvaja (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinda (page does not exist)">Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakula_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakula (arhat) (page does not exist)">Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalika_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalika (arhat) (page does not exist)">Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijraputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijraputra (page does not exist)">Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobaka (page does not exist)">Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Elder (page does not exist)">Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Younger (page does not exist)">Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a><br />高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma (Dámó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuánzàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fǎxiǎn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yìjìng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shàn Dào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huìguǒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Gong" title="Ji Gong">Jìgōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon1302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon1302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas">Buddhas</a><br />如来部 (Nyorai-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shaka Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Amida Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Dainichi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Buddhas (Godai Nyorai)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/150px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/225px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/300px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩部 (Bosatsu-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Miroku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara (Kannon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Fugen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī (Monju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81pratisar%C4%81" title="Mahāpratisarā">Mahāpratisarā (Daizuigu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Jizō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Kokūzō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Seishi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Kongōsatta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Vajrapāramitā">Vajrapāramitā (Kongō-Haramitsu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王部 (Myōō-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Kings">Five Wisdom Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Fudō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja" title="Rāgarāja">Rāgarāja (Aizen-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Ususama-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagrīva (Batō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahāmāyūrī (Kujaku-Myoō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Daiitoku-Myoō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Heavenly deities</a><br />天部 (Ten-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions (Hachi-Bushū)</a></li> <li>Twelve Devas (Jūni-ten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)</a></li> <li>Twenty-Eight Legions (Nijūhachi-Bushū)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Sarasvatī (Benzaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa (Bishamonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra (Taishakuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā (Bonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Maheśvara (Daijizaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Mahākāla (Daikokuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Ḍākinī (Dakiniten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Enma-Daiō)</a></li> <li>Gigeiten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Idaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna (Ishanaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Pṛthvī (Jiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Gaṇapati (Kankiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Kishimojin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Hiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Karyōbinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakṣmī (Kisshōten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Mārīcī (Marishiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajrapāṇi (Niō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Circumstantial appearances</a><br />垂迹身部 (Suijakushin-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akiha Gongen</li> <li>Ishizuchi Daigongen</li> <li>Ochi Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumano_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumano Gongen">Kumano Gongen</a></li> <li>Sanki Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%8D_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaō Gongen">Zaō Gongen</a></li> <li>Suzuka Gongen</li> <li>Seiryū Gongen</li> <li>Tateyama Gongen</li> <li>Chimyō Gongen</li> <li>Nezu Gongen</li> <li>Hakusan Gongen</li> <li>Haguro Gongen</li> <li>Hachiōji Gongen</li> <li>Hiryō Gongen</li> <li>Sannō Gongen</li> <li>Futara Gongen</li> <li>Yuga Daigongen</li> <li>Hikosan Gongen</li> <li>Shiromine Gongen</li> <li>Izuna Gongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atago_Gongen" title="Atago Gongen">Atago Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpira_Gongen" title="Konpira Gongen">Konpira Daigongen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious masters<br />高僧・祖師部 (Kōsō・Soshi-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna (Ryūju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu (Seshin)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen Kigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Zen</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Tendai</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shingon</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Pure Land</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shugendō</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Nichiren</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Japanese mythology</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zen540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen" title="Template:Zen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen" title="Template talk:Zen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zen540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrinal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential Sutras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan#Three_Mysterious_Gates" title="Linji Yixuan">Three Mysterious Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku#Four_ways_of_knowing" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Four Ways of Knowing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_is_the_master_that_sees_and_hears%3F" title="Who is the master that sees and hears?">Who is the master that sees and hears?</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_thought" title="Stopping thought">Stopping thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazenkai" title="Zazenkai">Zazenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ango" title="Ango">Ango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Chan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi_Sengcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi Sengcan">Jianzhi Sengcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huairang" title="Nanyue Huairang">Nanyue Huairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo Xiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Huizhong" title="Nanyang Huizhong">Nanyang Huizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Shouchu" title="Dongshan Shouchu">Dongshan Shouchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yuanwu Keqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Xingsi" title="Qingyuan Xingsi">Qingyuan Xingsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyan_Tansheng" title="Yunyan Tansheng">Yunyan Tansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunju_Daoying" title="Yunju Daoying">Yunju Daoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Daopi" title="Tongan Daopi">Tongan Daopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Guanzhi" title="Tongan Guanzhi">Tongan Guanzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yuanguan" title="Liangshan Yuanguan">Liangshan Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Jingxuan" title="Dayang Jingxuan">Dayang Jingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touzi_Yiqing" title="Touzi Yiqing">Touzi Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furong_Daokai" title="Furong Daokai">Furong Daokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danxia_Zichun" title="Danxia Zichun">Danxia Zichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wansong_Xingxiu" title="Wansong Xingxiu">Wansong Xingxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxie_Qingliao" title="Zhenxie Qingliao">Zhenxie Qingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Zongjue" title="Tiantong Zongjue">Tiantong Zongjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuedou_Zhijian" title="Xuedou Zhijian">Xuedou Zhijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Rujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong Rujing">Tiantong Rujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueting_Fuyu" title="Xueting Fuyu">Xueting Fuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Lingji</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanying" title="Yuanying">Yuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benhuan" title="Benhuan">Benhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yen" title="Cheng Yen">Cheng Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yinshun" title="Shi Yinshun">Shi Yinshun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Caodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchu" title="Dongchu">Dongchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Guiyang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanyin" title="Chuanyin">Chuanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Rinzai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imakita_Kosen" title="Imakita Kosen">Imakita Kosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Sōtō</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White Plum Asanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlfried_Graf_D%C3%BCrckheim" title="Karlfried Graf Dürckheim">Karlfried Graf Dürckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muh%C5%8D_Noelke" title="Muhō Noelke">Muhō Noelke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnamese Thiền</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Pháp Hiền">Pháp Hiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Vạn Hạnh">Vạn Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Loa" title="Pháp Loa">Pháp Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Chán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemperory Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Light_International_Association" title="Buddha's Light International Association">Buddha's Light International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Taiwan)" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)">Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzu Chi Foundation">Tzu Chi Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dnin" title="Nōnin">Nōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Niō Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryomo_Kyokai" title="Ryomo Kyokai">Ningen Zen Kyodan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">Nine mountain schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh_Monastery" title="Vạn Hạnh Monastery">Vạn Hạnh Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Monastery_of_Da_Lat" title="Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat">Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shunryū Suzuki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Zentatsu Richard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Weitsman" title="Mel Weitsman">Mel Weitsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Uchiyama" title="Kōshō Uchiyama">Kōshō Uchiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shōhaku Okumura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yasutani lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">John Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Glassman" title="Bernie Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daido_Loori" title="John Daido Loori">John Daido Loori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Shugen_Arnold" title="Geoffrey Shugen Arnold">Geoffrey Shugen Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Joko Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzeon_Zen_Center" title="Kanzeon Zen Center">Kanzeon Zen Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philip Kapleau lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dy%C5%AB_Matsuoka" title="Sōyū Matsuoka">Sōyū Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa" title="Kōbun Chino Otogawa">Kōbun Chino Otogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuko_Carlson" title="Gyokuko Carlson">Gyokuko Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gud%C5%8D_Wafu_Nishijima" title="Gudō Wafu Nishijima">Gudō Wafu Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soen Nakagawa lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throssel_Hole_Buddhist_Abbey" title="Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey">Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Zen_Buddhist_Priory" title="Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory">Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzan_Miyamae_Roshi" title="Shinzan Miyamae Roshi">Shinzan Miyamae Roshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaishin_Inshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaishin Inshu (page does not exist)">Kaishin Inshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarchy and titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsui" title="Unsui">Unsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_initiation_ritual" title="Buddhist initiation ritual">Buddhist initiation ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jikijitsu" title="Jikijitsu">Jikijitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisha" title="Jisha">Jisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osh%C5%8D" title="Oshō">Oshō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">Sensei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Sōtō Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Rinzai Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zen literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denkoroku" title="Denkoroku">Denkoroku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Barrier" title="The Gateless Barrier">The Gateless Barrier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shōbōgenzō">Shōbōgenzō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_Mind,_Beginner%27s_Mind" title="Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind">Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Zen" title="The Way of Zen">The Way of Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau#Writings" title="Philip Kapleau">Three Pillars of Zen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">William Bodiford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen">Zen Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Zen Buddhists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_texts" title="Category:Zen texts">Zen texts</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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