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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Russell Foster</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG/220px-Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG/330px-Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG/440px-Russell_G_Foster_-_EdSciFest_2014_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="3454" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1959-08-19</span>) </span>19 August 1959<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 65)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Honma Prize (Japan), David G. Cogan Award (USA), Zoological Society Scientific and Edridge-Green Medals (UK)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmt-eu.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?doc=44BU_LMS_DS000380488&vid=44BU_VU1">An investigation of the extraretinal photoreceptors mediating photoperiodic induction in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1978)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Follett" title="Brian Follett">Brian Follett</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/academic-staff/445-professor-russell-foster">www<wbr />.bnc<wbr />.ox<wbr />.ac<wbr />.uk<wbr />/about-brasenose<wbr />/academic-staff<wbr />/445-professor-russell-foster</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Russell Grant Foster</b>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a> (born 1959)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a British professor of <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, the Director of the <a href="/wiki/John_Radcliffe_Hospital" title="John Radcliffe Hospital">Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology</a> and the Head of the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a Nicholas Kurti Senior Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford" title="Brasenose College, Oxford">Brasenose College</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster and his group are credited with key contributions to the discovery of the non-<a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a>, non-<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs)</a> in the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> which provide input to the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a> system. He has written and co-authored over a hundred scientific publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018 he has been <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor-in-Chief">Editor-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> journal <i><a href="/wiki/Interface_Focus" title="Interface Focus">Interface Focus</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foster attended <a href="/wiki/Alderwood_School" title="Alderwood School">Heron Wood School</a> in his native <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a> and studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> and graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a> in 1980. He also carried out postgraduate studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Follett" title="Brian Follett">Brian Follett</a>, and was awarded a PhD in 1984 for his thesis entitled <i>An investigation of the extraretinal photoreceptors mediating photoperiodic induction in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_quail" title="Japanese quail">Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1988 to 1995 Foster was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> Center for Biological Rhythms at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, where he worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Menaker" title="Michael Menaker">Michael Menaker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, he returned to UK and started his own lab at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a>, where he became Chair of Molecular Neuroscience within the Faculty of Medicine. He later transferred his laboratory to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> to engage in more <a href="/wiki/Translational_research" title="Translational research">translational research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_works">Scientific works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transplanted_suprachiasmatic_nucleus_determines_circadian_period">Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While at the University of Virginia, Foster and Menaker performed experiments where the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> (SCN) was tested by neural transplantation of donor's SCN to a recipient with an ablated SCN. In the experiment, the donor was a mutant strain of hamster with a shortened circadian period. The recipient was a <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild-type</a> hamster. Transplantation was done the other way around as well, with wild-type hamster as the donor and mutant strain hamster as the recipient. After the transplantation, the formerly wild-type hamster displayed a shortened period which resembled the mutant, and the mutant-strain hamster showed normal period. The SCN restored rhythm to arrhythmic recipients, which afterwards always exhibited the circadian period of the donor. This result led to the conclusion that the SCN is sufficient and necessary for mammalian circadian rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rods_and_cones_unnecessary_for_entrainment">Rods and cones unnecessary for entrainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rods and cones unnecessary for entrainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Foster and his colleagues provided evidence that rods and cones are not necessary for <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrainment</a> of an animal to light.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this experiment, Foster gave light pulses to retinally degenerative mice. These mice were <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">homozygous</a> for the <i>rd</i> allele and were shown to have no <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> in their retina. Only a few <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> were found to remain in the retina. To study the effects of light entrainment, magnitude of phase shift of locomotor activity was measured. The results showed that both mice with normal <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> and mice with degenerate retina showed similar entrainment patterns. Foster hypothesized that circadian photoreception occurs with a small number of cones without an outer layer or that an unrecognised class of photoreceptive cells are present. </p><p>In 1999, Foster studied light entrainment on mice without cones or both rods and cones.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mice without cones or without both photoreceptive cells (<i>rd/rd cl</i> allele) still entrained to light. Meanwhile, mice with eyes removed could not entrain to light. Foster concluded that rods and cones are unnecessary for entrainment to light, and that the <a href="/wiki/Murinae" title="Murinae">murine</a> eye contains additional photoreceptive cell types. Later studies showed that <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">melanopsin</a> expressing <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells</a> (pGRCs) were accountable for non-rod, non-cone entrainment to light.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is the co-author with writer and broadcaster Leon Kreitzman of two popular science books on circadian rhythms, <i>Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks that Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Seasons of Life: The Biological Rhythms That Enable Living Things to Thrive and Survive</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also co-written a book titled <i>Sleep: a Very Short Introduction.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote <i>Life Time : The New Science of the Body Clock, and How It Can Revolutionize Your Sleep and Health.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foster was elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foster was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to science.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell Foster was awarded with <a href="/wiki/The_Daylight_Award" title="The Daylight Award">The Daylight Award</a> 2020 in the category Daylight Research, for his clinical studies in humans addressing important questions regarding light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_awards">Notable awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foster has received recognition from around the world for his discovery of pRGCs: </p> <ul><li>Honma Prize (Japan, 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>David G. Cogan Award (USA, 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zoological Society Scientific Medal (UK, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edridge Green Medal (Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK, 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peter C. Farrell Prize in Sleep Medicine (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nikken International Science Award for his expertise in the neuroscience of sleep.(2015)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Daylight Award 2020, for Daylight Research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFootprint" class="citation web cs1">Footprint, Professor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dellam.com/english/CH/CHELTENHAM+FESTIVALS.html">"Dellam Corporate Information Limited, England"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dellam+Corporate+Information+Limited%2C+England&rft.aulast=Footprint&rft.aufirst=Professor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dellam.com%2Fenglish%2FCH%2FCHELTENHAM%2BFESTIVALS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillian_Fox2022" class="citation web cs1">Killian Fox (25 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/25/sleep-scientist-russell-foster-i-want-to-take-the-anxiety-around-sleep-away">"Sleep scientist Russell Foster: 'I want to take the anxiety around sleep away'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sleep+scientist+Russell+Foster%3A+%27I+want+to+take+the+anxiety+around+sleep+away%27&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft.au=Killian+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Fjun%2F25%2Fsleep-scientist-russell-foster-i-want-to-take-the-anxiety-around-sleep-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/russell-foster-11452/">"Russell Foster | Royal Society"</a>. The Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russell+Foster+%7C+Royal+Society&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Frussell-foster-11452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/team/russell-foster">"Russell Foster – Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russell+Foster+%E2%80%93+Nuffield+Department+of+Clinical+Neurosciences&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndcn.ox.ac.uk%2Fteam%2Frussell-foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/news/1322-professor-russell-foster-cbe">https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/news/1322-professor-russell-foster-cbe</a> Professor Russell Foster, Brasenose College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/research-directory/russell-foster">"Russell Foster, BSc, PhD, FRS"</a>. <i>Oxford Neuroscience</i>. The Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Russell+Foster%2C+BSc%2C+PhD%2C+FRS&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch-directory%2Frussell-foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterFollettLythgoe1985" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, R. G.; Follett, B. K.; Lythgoe, J. N. (1985). "Rhodopsin-like sensitivity of extra-retinal photoreceptors mediating the photoperiodic response in quail". <i>Nature</i>. <b>313</b> (5997): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.313...50F">1985Natur.313...50F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F313050a0">10.1038/313050a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3965970">3965970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4257141">4257141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rhodopsin-like+sensitivity+of+extra-retinal+photoreceptors+mediating+the+photoperiodic+response+in+quail&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5997&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F313050a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4257141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3965970&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.313...50F&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Follett%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Lythgoe%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonishiFosterFollett1987" class="citation journal cs1">Konishi, H.; Foster, R. G.; Follett, B. K. (1987). "Evidence for a daily rhythmicity in the acute release of luteinizing hormone in response to electrical stimulation in the Japanese quail". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A</i>. <b>161</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">315–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00615251">10.1007/BF00615251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3625579">3625579</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1689119">1689119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+daily+rhythmicity+in+the+acute+release+of+luteinizing+hormone+in+response+to+electrical+stimulation+in+the+Japanese+quail&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1689119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3625579&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00615251&rft.aulast=Konishi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Foster%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Follett%2C+B.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/research/research-in-conversation/healthy-body-healthy-mind/russell-foster">"Professor Russell Foster | University of Oxford"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Russell+Foster+%7C+University+of+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-in-conversation%2Fhealthy-body-healthy-mind%2Frussell-foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalphFosterDavisMenaker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph, M. R.; Foster, R. G.; Davis, F. C.; Menaker, M. (23 February 1990). "Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period". <i>Science</i>. <b>247</b> (4945): <span class="nowrap">975–</span>978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...247..975R">1990Sci...247..975R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2305266">10.1126/science.2305266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2305266">2305266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Transplanted+suprachiasmatic+nucleus+determines+circadian+period&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=4945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E975-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.date=1990-02-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2305266&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2305266&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...247..975R&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Foster%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Davis%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Menaker%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterProvencioHudsonFiske1991" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, R. G.; Provencio, I.; Hudson, D.; Fiske, S.; De Grip, W.; Menaker, M. (1 July 1991). "Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd)". <i>Journal of Comparative Physiology A</i>. <b>169</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00198171">10.1007/bf00198171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1941717">1941717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1124159">1124159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Circadian+photoreception+in+the+retinally+degenerate+mouse+%28rd%2Frd%29&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1991-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1124159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1941717&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00198171&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Provencio%2C+I.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+D.&rft.au=Fiske%2C+S.&rft.au=De+Grip%2C+W.&rft.au=Menaker%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasFreedmanMuñozGarcia-Fernández1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, R. J.; Freedman, M. S.; Muñoz, M.; Garcia-Fernández, J. M.; Foster, R. G. (16 April 1999). "Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors". <i>Science</i>. <b>284</b> (5413): <span class="nowrap">505–</span>507. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284..505L">1999Sci...284..505L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5413.505">10.1126/science.284.5413.505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10205062">10205062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+the+mammalian+pineal+by+non-rod%2C+non-cone%2C+ocular+photoreceptors&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5413&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1999-04-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5413.505&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10205062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284..505L&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+M.&rft.au=Garcia-Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Foster%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubyBrennanXieCao2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ruby, Norman F.; Brennan, Thomas J.; Xie, Xinmin; Cao, Vinh; Franken, Paul; Heller, H. 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"Role of Melanopsin in Circadian Responses to Light". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5601): <span class="nowrap">2211–</span>2213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.2211R">2002Sci...298.2211R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076701">10.1126/science.1076701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12481140">12481140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39565298">39565298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Role+of+Melanopsin+in+Circadian+Responses+to+Light&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5601&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2211-%3C%2Fspan%3E2213&rft.date=2002-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39565298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.2211R&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1076701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12481140&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Xie%2C+Xinmin&rft.au=Cao%2C+Vinh&rft.au=Franken%2C+Paul&rft.au=Heller%2C+H.+Craig&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Bruce+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattarLiaoTakaoBerson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hattar, S.; Liao, H.-W.; Takao, M.; Berson, D. M.; Yau, K.-W. (8 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915">"Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells: Architecture, Projections, and Intrinsic Photosensitivity"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5557): <span class="nowrap">1065–</span>1070. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1065H">2002Sci...295.1065H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069609">10.1126/science.1069609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885915">2885915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11834834">11834834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Melanopsin-Containing+Retinal+Ganglion+Cells%3A+Architecture%2C+Projections%2C+and+Intrinsic+Photosensitivity&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5557&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1065-%3C%2Fspan%3E1070&rft.date=2002-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2885915%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1065H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11834834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1069609&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Hattar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Liao%2C+H.-W.&rft.au=Takao%2C+M.&rft.au=Berson%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Yau%2C+K.-W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2885915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Kreitzman;_Russell_G._Foster2004" class="citation book cs1">Leon Kreitzman; Russell G. Foster (2004). <i>Rhythms of life: the biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing</i>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10969-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+life%3A+the+biological+clocks+that+control+the+daily+lives+of+every+living+thing&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10969-6&rft.au=Leon+Kreitzman%3B+Russell+G.+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Harman, Oren (24 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/books/time-after-time">"Time After Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Book Review)</span>. <i>The New Republic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Time+After+Time&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fbooks%2Ftime-after-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Kreitzman;_Russell_G._Foster2009" class="citation book cs1">Leon Kreitzman; Russell G. Foster (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seasonsoflifebio0000fost"><i>Seasons of Life: The Biological Rhythms That Enable Living Things to Thrive and Survive</i></a></span>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11556-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11556-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seasons+of+Life%3A+The+Biological+Rhythms+That+Enable+Living+Things+to+Thrive+and+Survive&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11556-7&rft.au=Leon+Kreitzman%3B+Russell+G.+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseasonsoflifebio0000fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_W._Lockley,_Russell_G._Foster2012" class="citation book cs1">Stephen W. Lockley, Russell G. Foster (2012). <i>Sleep: a Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19958-785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19958-785-8"><bdi>978-0-19958-785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleep%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19958-785-8&rft.au=Stephen+W.+Lockley%2C+Russell+G.+Foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2023" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Russell (1 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/Russell-Foster/Life-Time--The-New-Science-of-the-Body-Clock-and-How-It-C/27161795"><i>Life Time : The New Science of the Body Clock, and How It Can Revolutionize Your Sleep and Health</i></a>. Penguin Books, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-52931-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-52931-7"><bdi>978-0-241-52931-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Time+%3A+The+New+Science+of+the+Body+Clock%2C+and+How+It+Can+Revolutionize+Your+Sleep+and+Health&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-241-52931-7&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.telegraph.co.uk%2FProduct%2FRussell-Foster%2FLife-Time--The-New-Science-of-the-Body-Clock-and-How-It-C%2F27161795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette61092" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61092/supplement/N9">"No. 61092"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+61092&rft.pages=N9&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F61092%2Fsupplement%2FN9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/391413/New_Year_Honours_List_2015.pdf">"2015 New Year Honours List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+New+Year+Honours+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F391413%2FNew_Year_Honours_List_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aschoff-honma.wixsite.com/ahmf/prize-winners">"一般財団法人アショフ・ホンマ記念財団"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faschoff-honma.wixsite.com%2Fahmf%2Fprize-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesharse2002" class="citation journal cs1">Besharse, Joseph (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2123861">"Introduction of Russell G. Foster, the 2001 Recipient of the David G. Cogan Award"</a>. <i>Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 1285. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11980835">11980835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invest.+Ophthalmol.+Vis.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Introduction+of+Russell+G.+Foster%2C+the+2001+Recipient+of+the+David+G.+Cogan+Award&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1285&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11980835&rft.aulast=Besharse&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiovs.arvojournals.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D2123861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/academic-staff/445-professor-russell-foster">"Professor Russell Foster"</a>. <i>Brasenose College, University of Oxford</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brasenose+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Professor+Russell+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnc.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout-brasenose%2Facademic-staff%2F445-professor-russell-foster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sleep.hms.harvard.edu/news-events/hms-division-sleep-medicine-prize/prize-recipients/2015-prize-recipient-russell-grant">"2015 Prize Recipient: Russell Grant Foster, CBE, FSB, FMedSci, FRS"</a>. <i>sleep.hms.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sleep.hms.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=2015+Prize+Recipient%3A+Russell+Grant+Foster%2C+CBE%2C+FSB%2C+FMedSci%2C+FRS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsleep.hms.harvard.edu%2Fnews-events%2Fhms-division-sleep-medicine-prize%2Fprize-recipients%2F2015-prize-recipient-russell-grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/news/russell-foster-receives-nikken-international-science-award">"Russell Foster receives Nikken International Science Award"</a>. <i>www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Russell+Foster+receives+Nikken+International+Science+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndcn.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Frussell-foster-receives-nikken-international-science-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussell+Foster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Foster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/team/russell-foster">Foster webpage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/russell_foster">Russell Foster</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7381511#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/russell_foster_why_do_we_sleep">'Why do we sleep?" (TEDGlobal 2013)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2008" title="Template:FRS 2008"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2008" title="Template talk:FRS 2008"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2008" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2008"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2008159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2008" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2008">in 2008</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Saran_Agarwal" title="Girish Saran Agarwal">Girish Saran Agarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Alessi" title="Dario Alessi">Dario Alessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Alpers" title="Michael Alpers">Michael Alpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Armstrong_(professor)" title="Fraser Armstrong (professor)">Fraser Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ashworth" title="Alan Ashworth">Alan Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(physician)" title="John Bell (physician)">John Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Blundy" title="Jon Blundy">Jon Blundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Borysiewicz" title="Leszek Borysiewicz">Leszek Borysiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bradshaw" title="Alexander Bradshaw">Alexander Bradshaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166070" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166070">Stephen Cohen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_I._M._Craik" title="Fergus I. M. Craik">Fergus Craik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(neuroscientist)" title="John Duncan (neuroscientist)">John Duncan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell G. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Foster_(physicist)" title="Brian Foster (physicist)">Brian Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Fray" title="Derek Fray">Derek Fray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165171" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165171">Peter Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hunter_(chemist)" title="Chris Hunter (chemist)">Christopher Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jackson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Jackson (scientist)">Stephen Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Kaiser" title="Nick Kaiser">Nicholas Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kisin" title="Mark Kisin">Mark Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Lamb" title="Christopher John Lamb">Christopher John Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Liss" title="Peter Liss">Peter Simon Liss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_L%C3%B6we" title="Jan Löwe">Jan Löwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166891" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166891">Yiu-Wing Mai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Marshall_(neuropsychologist)" title="John C. Marshall (neuropsychologist)">John C. Marshall</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166781" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166781">Harvey McMahon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_O%27Garra" title="Anne O'Garra">Anne O'Garra</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20980481" class="extiw" title="d:Q20980481">Peter Parham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165132" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165132">Ian Parker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Payne_(physicist)" title="Mike Payne (physicist)">Michael Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Pearl" title="Laurence Pearl">Laurence Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rosseinsky" title="Matthew Rosseinsky">Matthew Rosseinsky</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165637" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165637">Robert Russell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sawatzky" title="George Sawatzky">George Sawatzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Scott" title="James F. Scott">James F. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Sklyanin" title="Evgeny Sklyanin">Evgeny Sklyanin</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165266" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165266">Philip J. Stephens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Daniel_Stern" title="Claudio Daniel Stern">Claudio Daniel Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stratton" title="Michael Stratton">Michael Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Everett_Summons" title="Roger Everett Summons">Roger Summons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Tillmann" title="Ulrike Tillmann">Ulrike Tillmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166498" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166498">Kenneth Timmis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Toumazou" title="Chris Toumazou">Chris Toumazou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Catterall" title="William A. Catterall">William A. Catterall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hohn" title="Barbara Hohn">Barbara Hohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Kwang_Mao" title="Ho-Kwang Mao">Ho-Kwang Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marler" title="Peter Marler">Peter Marler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">David Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard Schrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury,_Baron_Sainsbury_of_Turville" title="David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville">David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62704720">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX4mQTHpRCYRBvHr3G73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132285762">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004120524">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16246171d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16246171d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01028176">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2017960018&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p270179399">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foster, Russell G."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070578&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200606689">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007309324505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span 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