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class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Disease classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colonoscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigmoidoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigmoidoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sigmoidoscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigmoidoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esophagogastroduodenoscopy_(EGD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esophagogastroduodenoscopy_(EGD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esophagogastroduodenoscopy_(EGD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endoscopic_Retrograde_Cholangiopancreatography_(ERCP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endoscopic_Retrograde_Cholangiopancreatography_(ERCP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endoscopic_Retrograde_Cholangiopancreatography_(ERCP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disorders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Esophagus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_(GERD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_(GERD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_(GERD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrett's_esophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrett's_esophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Barrett's esophagus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrett's_esophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education and training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_of_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scope of practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scope_of_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scope of practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scope_of_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subspecialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Academic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastroenterology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A" title="طب الجهاز الهضمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الجهاز الهضمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolox%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenteroloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gastroenteroloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qastroenterologiya" title="Qastroenterologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qastroenterologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকান্ত্রবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকান্ত্রবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гастраэнтэралогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гастраэнтэралогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроентерология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гастроентерология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloogia" title="Gastroenteroloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gastroenteroloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαστρεντερολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαστρεντερολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolog%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenterología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastroenterología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologio" title="Gastroenterologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gastroenterologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestio_aparatuaren_medikuntza" title="Digestio aparatuaren medikuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Digestio aparatuaren medikuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="پزشکی گوارش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی گوارش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-ent%C3%A9rologie" title="Gastro-entérologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gastro-entérologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaistreintreola%C3%ADocht" title="Gaistreintreolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaistreintreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolox%C3%ADa" title="Gastroenteroloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gastroenteroloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5%EB%B3%91%ED%95%99" title="위장병학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위장병학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जठरांत्ररोगविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जठरांत्ररोगविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologio" title="Gastroenterologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gastroenterologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="גסטרואנטרולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גסטרואנטרולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗ್ಯಾಸ್ಟ್ರೊಎಂಟೊರಾಲಾಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಯಾಸ್ಟ್ರೊಎಂಟೊರಾಲಾಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-enterolojia" title="Gastro-enterolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gastro-enterolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloj%C3%AE" title="Gastroenterolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gastroenterolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterolo%C4%A3ija" title="Gastroenteroloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gastroenteroloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasztroenterol%C3%B3gia" title="Gasztroenterológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gasztroenterológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്യാസ്ട്രോഎൻട്രോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്യാസ്ട്രോഎൻട്രോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გასტროენტეროლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გასტროენტეროლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastro-enterologie" title="Gastro-enterologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gastro-enterologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="消化器学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消化器学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologiya" title="Gastroenterologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gastroenterologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਗੈਸਟ੍ਰੋਐਂਟਰਾਲੋਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੈਸਟ੍ਰੋਐਂਟਰਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologie" title="Gastroenterologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gastroenterologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґастроентеролоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґастроентеролоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гастроэнтерология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гастроэнтерология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ग्यास्त्रोएन्टेरोलोजी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologjia" title="Gastroenterologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gastroenterologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gastroenterology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterol%C3%B3gia" title="Gastroenterológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gastroenterológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="پزیشکیی ھەرسکردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشکیی ھەرسکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Гастроентерологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гастроентерологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologija" title="Gastroenterologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gastroenterologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologia" title="Gastroenterologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gastroenterologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterologi" title="Gastroenterologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gastroenterologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரையகக் குடலியவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரையகக் குடலியவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิทยาทางเดินอาหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาทางเดินอาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Пизишкии гувориш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пизишкии гувориш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteroloji" title="Gastroenteroloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gastroenteroloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гастроентерологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гастроентерологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroentero%C5%82ozia" title="Gastroenterołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gastroenterołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_ti%C3%AAu_h%C3%B3a" title="Khoa tiêu hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa tiêu hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E8%82%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="胃肠学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胃肠学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B8%E8%83%83%E5%AD%B8" title="腸胃學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腸胃學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Gastroenterology</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/220px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/330px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg/440px-Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="876" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.4em;">Illustration of the digestive system</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">System</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">Gastrointestinal</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">diseases</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">Gastrointestinal cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">Gastrointestinal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">Liver cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallstones">Gallstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">tests</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Specialist</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Gastroenterologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary of medicine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Gastroenterologist</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Physician</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (M.D.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Osteopathic medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic medicine</a> (D.O.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (M.B.B.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBChB)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gastroenterology</b> (from the Greek gastḗr- "belly", -énteron "intestine", and -logía "study of") is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> focused on the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> and its disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digestive system consists of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, sometimes referred to as the <i>GI tract,</i> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> as well as the accessory organs of digestion which include the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The digestive system functions to move material through the GI tract via <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>, break down that material via <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, absorb nutrients for use throughout the body, and remove waste from the body via <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians who specialize in the medical specialty of gastroenterology are called gastroenterologists or sometimes <i>GI doctors</i>. </p><p>Some of the most common conditions managed by gastroenterologists include <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">peptic ulcer disease</a>, gallbladder and biliary tract disease, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colon polyps and cancer</a>, nutritional problems, and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg/220px-Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bozzini_Lichtleiter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Drawings of Bozzini's "Lichtleiter", an early <a href="/wiki/Endoscope" title="Endoscope">endoscope</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Citing from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Nunn" title="John F. Nunn">John F. Nunn</a> identified significant knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases among practicing physicians during the periods of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irynakhty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irynakhty (page does not exist)">Irynakhty</a>, of the tenth dynasty, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2125 B.C., was a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_physician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court physician (page does not exist)">court physician</a> specializing in gastroenterology, sleeping, and <a href="/wiki/Proctology" class="mw-redirect" title="Proctology">proctology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> attributed <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Concoction" title="Concoction">concoction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>'s concept of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> having four <i>faculties</i> was widely accepted up to modernity in the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> (1729–99) was among early <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> to disregard Galen's theories, and in 1780 he gave experimental proof on the action of <a href="/wiki/Gastric_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric juice">gastric juice</a> on foodstuffs.</li> <li>In 1767, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Ritter_von_Zimmermann" title="Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann">Johann von Zimmermann</a> wrote an important work on <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.</li> <li>In 1777, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Stoll" title="Maximilian Stoll">Maximilian Stoll</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> described <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer" title="Gallbladder cancer">cancer of the gallbladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Bozzini" title="Philipp Bozzini">Philipp Bozzini</a> made the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named <i>Lichtleiter</i> (light-guiding instrument) to examine the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary tract</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Human_pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pharynx">pharynx</a>. This is the earliest description of <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emile_Troisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emile Troisier">Charles Emile Troisier</a> described enlargement of <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> in abdominal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1823, <a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> juices contain <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/William_Beaumont" title="William Beaumont">William Beaumont</a> published <i>Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion</i> following years of experimenting on test subject <a href="/wiki/Alexis_St._Martin" title="Alexis St. Martin">Alexis St. Martin</a>.</li> <li>In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kussmaul" title="Adolf Kussmaul">Adolf Kussmaul</a>, a well-known German physician, developed the <a href="/wiki/Gastroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscope">gastroscope</a>. He perfected the technique on a <a href="/wiki/Sword_swallowing" title="Sword swallowing">sword swallower</a>.</li> <li>In 1871, at the society of physicians in Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Stoerk" title="Karl Stoerk">Carl Stoerk</a> demonstrated an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes, initially devised by Waldenburg in 1870.</li> <li>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Kupffer" title="Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer">Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer</a> described the properties of some liver cells now called <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a>.</li> <li>In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Kronecker" title="Hugo Kronecker">Hugo Kronecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_James_Meltzer" title="Samuel James Meltzer">Samuel James Meltzer</a> studied oesophageal <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">manometry</a> in humans.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McClendon_pH-probe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/60px-McClendon_pH-probe.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/90px-McClendon_pH-probe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/McClendon_pH-probe.png/120px-McClendon_pH-probe.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon" title="Jesse Francis McClendon">McClendon's</a> pH-probe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon" title="Jesse Francis McClendon">Jesse McClendon</a> tested <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">acidity</a> of human stomach <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1921–22, <a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Alvarez" title="Walter C. Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a> did the first <a href="/wiki/Electrogastrogram" title="Electrogastrogram">electrogastrography</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schindler_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Schindler (doctor)">Rudolf Schindler</a> described many important diseases involving the human digestive system during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the "father of gastroscopy". He and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Wolf (page does not exist)">Georg Wolf</a> developed a semiflexible gastroscope in 1932.</li> <li>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Burrill_Bernard_Crohn" title="Burrill Bernard Crohn">Burrill Bernard Crohn</a> described <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>.</li> <li>In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hirschowitz" title="Basil Hirschowitz">Basil Hirschowitz</a> introduced the first prototype of a <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber#Other_uses" title="Optical fiber">fibreoptic</a> gastroscope.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a> of Australia were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for their discovery of <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> (1982/1983) and its role in <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">peptic ulcer disease</a>. James Leavitt assisted in their research, but the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously so he was not included in the award.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_classification">Disease classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disease classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. <b>International Classification of Disease (<a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a> 2007)/WHO classification</b>: </p> <ul><li>Chapter XI, Diseases of the digestive system,(K00-K93)</li></ul> <p>2. <b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> subject Heading</b>: </p> <ul><li>Gastroenterology (G02.403.776.409.405)</li> <li>Gastroenterological diseases(C06.405)</li></ul> <p>3. <b><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> Catalogue (NLM classification 2006)</b>: </p> <ul><li>Digestive system(W1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019173242/http://wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov/class/class_wi.html#WI">Archived</a> 2004-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedures">Procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonoscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_a_colonoscopy_CRUK_060.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a colonoscopy procedure</figcaption></figure> <p>A procedure using a <a href="/wiki/Endoscope" title="Endoscope">long thin tube with a camera</a> that is passed through the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a> to visualize the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and the entire length of the colon. The procedure is performed either to look for <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">colon polyps</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colon cancer</a> in somebody without symptoms, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">screening</a>, or to further evaluate symptoms including <a href="/wiki/Rectal_bleeding" title="Rectal bleeding">rectal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">dark tarry stools</a>, change in bowel habits or stool consistency (diarrhea, pencil-thin stool), abdominal pain, and unexplained weight loss. Before the procedure, the physician might ask the patient to stop taking certain medications including blood thinners, aspirin, diabetes medications, or <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cleansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cleansing">bowel prep</a> is usually taken the night before and into the morning of the procedure which consists of an <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enema</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a>, either pills or powder dissolved in liquid, that will cause diarrhea. The procedure might need to be stopped and rescheduled if there is stool remaining in the colon due to an incomplete bowel prep because the physician can not adequately visualize the colon. During the procedure, the patient is <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedated</a> and the scope is used to examine the entire length of the colon looking for polyps, bleeding, or abnormal tissue. A <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polypectomy" title="Polypectomy">polyp removal</a> can then be performed and the tissue sent to the lab for evaluation. The procedure usually takes thirty minutes to an hour followed by a one to two hour observation period. Complications include bloating, cramping, a reaction to anesthesia, bleeding, and a <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="Gastrointestinal perforation">hole through the wall</a> of the colon that may require repeat colonoscopy or surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include severe pain in the abdomen, fever, bleeding that does not improve, dizziness, and weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sigmoidoscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_sigmoidoscopy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Sigmoidoscopy</figcaption></figure> <p>A procedure similar to a colonoscopy using a long thin tube with a camera (scope) passed through the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a> but only intended to visualize the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">last part of the colon</a> closest to the rectum. All aspects of the procedure are the same as for a colonoscopy with the exception that this procedure only lasts ten to twenty minutes and is done without sedation. This usually allows for the patient to return to normal activities immediately after the procedure is finished.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy_(EGD)"><span id="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy_.28EGD.29"></span>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endoscopy_start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Endoscopy_start.jpg/220px-Endoscopy_start.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Endoscopy_start.jpg/330px-Endoscopy_start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Endoscopy_start.jpg/440px-Endoscopy_start.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Endoscopy</figcaption></figure><p>A procedure using a <a href="/wiki/Endoscope" title="Endoscope">long thin tube with a camera</a> that is passed through the mouth to view the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> ("esophago-"), <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> ("gastro-"), and the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> ("duodeno-"). It is also referred to as upper endoscopy or just endoscopy. The procedure is performed for further evaluation of symptoms including persistent <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">vomiting blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">dark tarry stools</a>, persistent nausea and vomiting, pain, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">difficulty swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">painful swallowing</a>, and unexplained weight loss. It is also performed for further testing following a lab test that shows <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">low hemoglobin levels</a> without a known cause or an abnormal <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">barium swallow</a>. The procedure can be used to diagnose many disorders through direct visualization or tissue biopsy including <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_varices" title="Esophageal varices">esophageal varices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">esophageal strictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a>, cancer, <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">peptic ulcer disease</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori</a> infection. Intra-operative techniques can then be used for treatment of certain disorders like <a href="/wiki/Banding_(medical)" title="Banding (medical)">banding</a> esophageal varices or <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_dilatation" class="mw-redirect" title="Esophageal dilatation">dilating</a> esophageal strictures. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 4 hours prior to the procedure. Sedation is usually required for patient comfort. This procedure usually lasts around thirty minutes followed by a one to two hour observation period. Side effects include <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, nausea, and a sore throat for 1 to 2 days. Complications are rare but include reaction to the anesthesia, bleeding, and a <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="Gastrointestinal perforation">hole through the wall</a> of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine which could require surgery. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include chest pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, throat pain that gets worse, vomiting with blood or the appearance of "<a href="/wiki/Coffee_ground_vomiting" title="Coffee ground vomiting">coffee-grounds</a>", worsening abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">bloody</a> or black tarry stool, and fever.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endoscopic_Retrograde_Cholangiopancreatography_(ERCP)"><span id="Endoscopic_Retrograde_Cholangiopancreatography_.28ERCP.29"></span>Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_(ERCP)_CRUK_001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg/220px-Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg/330px-Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg/440px-Detailed_diagram_of_an_endoscopic_retrograde_cholangio_pancreatography_%28ERCP%29_CRUK_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>ERCP</figcaption></figure> <p>A procedure using a <a href="/wiki/Endoscope" title="Endoscope">long thin tube with a camera</a> passed through the mouth into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">first part of the small intestine</a> to locate, diagnose, and treat disorders related to the <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">pancreatic ducts</a>. These ducts carry fluids that help with digesting food from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas and can become narrowed or blocked as a result of <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>, infection, inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">pancreatic pseudocysts</a>, and tumors of the bile ducts or pancreas. As a result, one may experience back pain, <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">yellowing of the skin</a>, and an abnormal lab test showing an elevated <a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia_in_adults" title="Hyperbilirubinemia in adults">bilirubin</a> level which could necessitate this procedure. However, the procedure is not recommended if the patient has <a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">acute pancreatitis</a> unless the level of bilirubin remains high or is increasing which could suggest the blockage is still present. The patient will likely be required to not eat or drink anything starting 8 hours prior to the procedure. After the patient is sedated, the physician will pass the scope through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and into the duodenum to locate the <a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">opening</a> where the ducts <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">drain into the small intestine</a>. The physician can then inject dye into these ducts and take X-rays which show a real time view, via <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a>, allowing the physician to locate and relieve the blockage. This is done through multiple techniques including <a href="/wiki/Biliary_endoscopic_sphincterotomy" title="Biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy">cutting the opening</a> and creating a bigger hole for drainage, removing gallstones and other debris, dilating narrow parts of the ducts, or placing a stent which keeps the ducts open. The physician can also take a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of the ducts to evaluate for cancer, infection, or inflammation. Side effects include bloating, nausea, or a sore throat for one to two days. Complications include <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, infection of the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">bile ducts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">gallbladder</a>, bleeding, reaction to the anesthesia, and perforation of any structures that the scope or its instruments pass but particularly the duodenum, bile duct, and pancreatic duct. Signs of a serious complication requiring urgent or emergent medical attention include bloody or <a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">black tarry stool</a>, chest pain, fever, worsening abdominal pain, worsening throat pain, problems breathing, problems swallowing, vomit that is bloody or looks like <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ground_vomiting" title="Coffee ground vomiting">coffee-grounds</a>. Most of the time complications from this procedure require hospitalization for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders">Disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esophagus">Esophagus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Esophagus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_(GERD)"><span id="Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease_.28GERD.29"></span>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GERD.png/220px-GERD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GERD.png/330px-GERD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GERD.png/440px-GERD.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Gastroesophageal reflux</figcaption></figure><p>A condition that is a result of stomach contents consistently coming back up into the esophagus causing troublesome symptoms or complications.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms are considered troublesome based on how disruptive they are to a patient's daily life and well-being. This definition was standardized by the Montreal Consensus in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms include a <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">painful feeling</a> in the middle of the chest and feeling stomach contents <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">coming back up</a> into the mouth. Other symptoms include chest pain, nausea, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">difficulty swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">painful swallowing</a>, coughing, and hoarseness.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Hiatal_hernia" title="Hiatal hernia">hiatal hernia</a>, certain medications, and certain foods. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and medical history, with further testing only after treatment has been ineffective. Further diagnosis can be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">measuring</a> how much acid enters the esophagus or looking into the esophagus with a <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">scope</a>. Treatment and management options<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery if there is no improvement with other interventions. Lifestyle modifications include not lying down for three hours after eating, lying down on the left side, elevating head while laying by elevating head of the bed or using extra pillows, losing weight, stopping smoking, and avoiding coffee, mint, alcohol, chocolate, fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods. Medications include <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">proton pump inhibitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/H2_receptor_antagonist" title="H2 receptor antagonist">H2 receptor blockers</a>. Surgery is usually a <a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a> and is performed by a surgeon. Complications of longstanding GERD can include <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">inflammation of the esophagus</a> that may cause bleeding or ulcer formation, <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">narrowing of the esophagus</a> leading to swallowing issues, a change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the chances of developing cancer (<a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a>), chronic cough, asthma, <a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">inflammation of the larynx</a> leading to hoarseness, and <a href="/wiki/Acid_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid erosion">wearing away</a> of tooth enamel leading to dental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barrett's_esophagus"><span id="Barrett.27s_esophagus"></span>Barrett's esophagus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barrett's esophagus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></div> <p>A condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes to look more like the lining of the intestine and increases the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no specific symptoms although symptoms of GERD may be present for years prior as it is associated with a 10–15% risk of Barrett's esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include chronic GERD for more than 5 years, being age 50 or older, being non-Hispanic white, being male, having a family history of this disorder, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">belly fat</a>, and a history of smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protective factors include <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori infection</a>, frequent use of aspirin or other <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a>, and diets high in fruits and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis can be made by looking into the esophagus with a <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">scope</a> and possibly taking a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> of the lining of the esophagus. Treatment includes managing GERD, <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">destroying</a> abnormal parts of the esophagus, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_mucosal_resection" title="Endoscopic mucosal resection">removing abnormal tissue</a> in the esophagus, and <a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">removing part of the esophagus</a> as performed by a general surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further management could include periodic surveillance with repeat scopes at certain intervals determined by the physician, likely not more frequently than every three to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications from this disorder can result in a type of cancer called <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal adenocarcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_training">Education and training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastroenterology is a subspecialty of internal medicine and therefore requires three years of <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency training</a> followed by three additional years in a dedicated gastroenterology <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This training is certified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Internal_Medicine" title="American Board of Internal Medicine">American Board of Internal Medicine</a> (ABIM) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Internal_Medicine" title="American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine">American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine</a> (AOBIM) and must be completed at a program accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</a> (ACGME).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other national societies that oversee training include the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Gastroenterology" title="American College of Gastroenterology">American College of Gastroenterology</a> (ACG), the <a href="/wiki/American_Gastroenterological_Association" title="American Gastroenterological Association">American Gastroenterological Association</a> (AGA), and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Gastrointestinal_Endoscopy" title="American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy">American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</a> (ASGE).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASGE_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASGE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_of_practice">Scope of practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scope of practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastroenterologists see patients both in the clinic and the hospital setting. They can order diagnostic tests, prescribe medications, and perform a number of diagnostic and <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapeutic</a> procedures including <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a> (EGD), <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a> (ERCP), <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic ultrasound</a> (EUS), and <a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">liver biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecialties">Subspecialties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subspecialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some gastroenterology trainees will complete a "fourth-year" (although this is often their seventh year of graduate medical education) in transplant <a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">hepatology</a>, advanced interventional <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motility</a>, or other topics. </p><p>Advanced endoscopy, sometimes called interventional or surgical endoscopy, is a sub-specialty of gastroenterology that focuses on advanced endoscopic techniques for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">pancreatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatobiliary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatobiliary disease">hepatobiliary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal disease</a>. Interventional gastroenterologists typically undergo an additional year of rigorous training in advanced endoscopic techniques including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnostic and interventional procedures, and advanced <a href="/wiki/Resection_(surgery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resection (surgery)">resection</a> techniques including <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_mucosal_resection" title="Endoscopic mucosal resection">endoscopic mucosal resection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_submucosal_dissection" title="Endoscopic submucosal dissection">endoscopic submucosal dissection</a>. Additionally, the performance of endoscopic bariatric procedures is also performed by some advanced endoscopists. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></b>, or <b>hepatobiliary medicine</b>, encompasses the study of the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a>, and is traditionally considered a sub-specialty of gastroenterology, while <b><a href="/wiki/Proctology" class="mw-redirect" title="Proctology">proctology</a></b> encompasses disorders of the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">colon</a> and is considered a sub-specialty of <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Professional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Gastroenterology" title="American College of Gastroenterology">American College of Gastroenterology</a> (ACG)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - was founded in 1932 by a group of 10 gastroenterologists in New York City and now consists of over 16,000 gastroenterologists from 86 countries. The ACG sponsors conferences regionally and nationally, publishes several journals including <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Gastroenterology" title="The American Journal of Gastroenterology">The American Journal of Gastroenterology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_and_Translational_Gastroenterology" title="Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology">Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology</a>, and ACG Case Reports Journal,</i> hosts <a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education" title="Continuing medical education">continuing medical education</a> (CME) programs, supports initiatives for fellows-in-training, develops and promotes evidence-based guidelines, supports advocacy and public policy, and provides clinical research funding consisting of $27 million in research grants and career development awards ($2.2 million in 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gastroenterological_Association" title="American Gastroenterological Association">American Gastroenterological Association</a> (AGA)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - was founded in 1897 and now includes over 16,000 members worldwide. Their mission statement reads "<i>Empowering clinicians and researchers to improve digestive health</i>." The AGA publishes two journals monthly titled <i><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology_(journal)" title="Gastroenterology (journal)">Gastroenterology</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Gastroenterology_and_Hepatology" title="Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology">Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology</a></i>, sponsors an annual meeting called Digestive Disease Week (DDW), provides more than $3 million each year in research grants to over 50 investigators through the AGA Research Foundation Awards Program ($2.56 million to 61 investigators in 2022), develops and promotes evidence-based guidelines, influences public policy through AGA's Congressional Advocates Program and the AGA political action committee (PAC), and supports a variety of educational opportunities including those that qualify for continuing medical education (CME) and maintenance of certification (MOC) credits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Gastrointestinal_Endoscopy" title="American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy">American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</a> (ASGE)<sup id="cite_ref-ASGE_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASGE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - was founded in 1941 and now includes around 15,000 members worldwide. Their mission statement reads "<i>The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is the global leader in advancing digestive care through education, advocacy and promotion of excellence and innovation in endoscopy</i>." The ASGE publishes a monthly journal titled <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_Endoscopy" title="Gastrointestinal Endoscopy">Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</a></i> (<i>GIE</i>), develops and promotes evidence-based guidelines, offers educational resources for its members, and provides advocacy resources for influencing public policy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gastroenterology_Organisation" title="World Gastroenterology Organisation">World Gastroenterology Organisation</a> (WGO)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - was founded in 1958 and consists of 119 Member Societies and 4 regional affiliated associations from around the world which represents a combined 60,000 individuals. The WGO mission statement reads "<i>To promote, to the general public and healthcare professional alike, an awareness of the worldwide prevalence and optimal care of gastrointestinal and liver disorders, and to improve care of these disorders, through the provision of high quality, accessible and independent education and training</i>." The WGO publishes a newsletter titled the electronic World Gastroenterology News (<i>e-WGN</i>), develops global guidelines, engages in advocacy through World Digestive Health Day (WDHD) held yearly on 29 May, and provides educational resources including 23 training centers around the world and a Train the Trainers (TTT) program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Gastroenterology" title="British Society of Gastroenterology">British Society of Gastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_European_Gastroenterology" title="United European Gastroenterology">United European Gastroenterology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Gastroenterology" title="The American Journal of Gastroenterology">The American Journal of Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Gastroenterology_and_Hepatology" title="Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology">Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy_(journal)" title="Endoscopy (journal)">Endoscopy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology_(journal)" title="Gastroenterology (journal)">Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_Endoscopy" title="Gastrointestinal Endoscopy">Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gut_(journal)" title="Gut (journal)">Gut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_Bowel_Diseases" title="Inflammatory Bowel Diseases">Inflammatory Bowel Diseases</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Gastroenterology" title="Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology">Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Crohn%27s_and_Colitis" title="Journal of Crohn's and Colitis">Journal of Crohn's and Colitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurogastroenterology_%26_Motility" title="Neurogastroenterology & Motility">Neurogastroenterology & Motility</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Journal_of_Gastroenterology" title="World Journal of Gastroenterology">World Journal of Gastroenterology</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastroenterology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gi.org/patients/gi-health-and-disease/what-is-a-gastroenterologist/">"What is a Gastroenterologist?"</a>. <i>American College of Gastroenterology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal<br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">Heartburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichophagia" title="Trichophagia">Trichophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">Pagophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia" title="Oropharyngeal dysphagia">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia" title="Esophageal dysphagia">esophageal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">Bad breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Xerostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">Hypersalivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">Burping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodsall%27s_rule" title="Goodsall's rule">Goodsall's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaiditi_syndrome" title="Chilaiditi syndrome">Chilaiditi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance%27s_sign" title="Dance's sign">Dance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_sign" title="Aaron's sign">Aaron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapov%27s_contracture" title="Arapov's contracture">Arapov's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markle%27s_sign" title="Markle's sign">Markle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherren%27s_triangle" title="Sherren's triangle">Sherren's triangle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiologic_sign" title="Radiologic sign">Radiologic signs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hampton%27s_line" title="Hampton's line">Hampton's line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm%27s_sign" title="Klemm's sign">Klemm's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Councilman_body" title="Councilman body">Councilman body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory_body" title="Mallory body">Mallory body</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>biliary:</i> <a href="/wiki/Boas%27_sign" title="Boas' sign">Boas' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law" title="Courvoisier's law">Courvoisier's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad" title="Charcot's cholangitis triad">Charcot's cholangitis triad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_pentad" title="Reynolds' pentad">Reynolds' pentad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign" title="Murphy's sign">Murphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pine%27s_sign" title="Lépine's sign">Lépine's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardi_test" title="Nardi test">Nardi test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">Flatulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encopresis" title="Encopresis">encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Rectal tenesmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Obstructed defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_discharge" title="Rectal discharge">Rectal discharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">Acute abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_guarding" title="Abdominal guarding">Abdominal guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumberg%27s_sign" title="Blumberg's sign">Blumberg's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distension" title="Abdominal distension">Abdominal distension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">Bloating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympany" title="Tympany">Tympany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_dullness" title="Shifting dullness">Shifting dullness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_wave_test" title="Fluid wave test">Fluid wave test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_mass" title="Abdominal mass">Abdominal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly" title="Hepatosplenomegaly">Hepatosplenomegaly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallet-Guy%27s_sign" title="Mallet-Guy's sign">Mallet-Guy's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle_sign" title="Puddle sign">Puddle sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballance%27s_sign" title="Ballance's sign">Ballance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">Aortic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell%27s_sign" title="Castell's sign">Castell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehr%27s_sign" title="Kehr's sign">Kehr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howship%E2%80%93Romberg_sign" title="Howship–Romberg sign">Howship–Romberg sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign" title="Hannington-Kiff sign">Hannington-Kiff sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoas_sign" title="Psoas sign">Psoas sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_sign" title="Obturator sign">Obturator sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovsing%27s_sign" title="Rovsing's sign">Rovsing's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_sign" title="Hamburger sign">Hamburger sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_tap_sign" title="Heel tap sign">Heel tap sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aure-Rozanova%27s_sign" title="Aure-Rozanova's sign">Aure-Rozanova's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunphy%27s_sign" title="Dunphy's sign">Dunphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder%27s_sign" title="Alder's sign">Alder's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockwood%27s_sign" title="Lockwood's sign">Lockwood's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstein%27s_sign" title="Rosenstein's sign">Rosenstein's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_sign" title="Cupola sign">Cupola sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothergill%27s_sign" title="Fothergill's sign">Fothergill's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnett%27s_sign" title="Carnett's sign">Carnett's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massouh%27s_sign" title="Massouh's sign">Massouh's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Mary_Joseph_nodule" title="Sister Mary Joseph nodule">Sister Mary Joseph nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumer%27s_shelf" title="Blumer's shelf">Blumer's shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis" title="Roux-en-Y anastomosis">Roux-en-Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt</a> [TIPS]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">MRCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">PTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="/wiki/Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">MELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">PELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">UKELD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_criteria" title="Milan criteria">Milan criteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gastroentérologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119338441">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="gastroenterologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120471&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gastroenterología"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528135">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560580105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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