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id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dehydration_and_electrolyte_imbalance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dehydration_and_electrolyte_imbalance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dehydration_and_electrolyte_imbalance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mallory–Weiss_tear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mallory–Weiss_tear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mallory–Weiss tear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mallory–Weiss_tear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dentistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digestive_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digestive tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_system_and_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_system_and_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sensory system and brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_system_and_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Emetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Self-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_cues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_cues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Social cues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_cues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vomiting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A4" title="تقيؤ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقيؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusma" title="Qusma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qusma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قوسما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوسما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="বমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ірвота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірвота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsuka" title="Pagsuka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagsuka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Повръщане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Повръщане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povra%C4%87anje" title="Povraćanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Povraćanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislonka%C3%B1" title="Dislonkañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dislonkañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2mit" title="Vòmit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vòmit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvracen%C3%AD" title="Zvracení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zvracení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurutsa" title="Kurutsa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kurutsa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwydu" title="Chwydu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwydu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opkast" title="Opkast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opkast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbrechen" title="Erbrechen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erbrechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހޮނޑުލުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހޮނޑުލުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksendamine" title="Oksendamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oksendamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έμετος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έμετος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2mit" title="Gòmit – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Gòmit" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Укснома – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Укснома" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3mito" title="Vómito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vómito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomado" title="Vomado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vomado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oka_(fisiologia)" title="Oka (fisiologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oka (fisiologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="استفراغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استفراغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomissement" title="Vomissement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vomissement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3mito" title="Vómito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vómito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%ED%86%A0" title="구토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amai" title="Amai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_lua%CA%BBi" title="Ka luaʻi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ka luaʻi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%BD%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Փսխում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փսխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="उल्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उल्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povra%C4%87anje" title="Povraćanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povraćanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomo" title="Vomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntah" title="Muntah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muntah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A5%E1%95%86%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᒥᕆᐊᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒥᕆᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppk%C3%B6st" title="Uppköst – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppköst" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomito" title="Vomito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vomito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%94" title="הקאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಾಂತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಂತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ღებინება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღებინება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%84%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="دُرٛۄکھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دُرٛۄکھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%83" title="Құсу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құсу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutapika" title="Kutapika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kutapika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83" title="Кусуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кусуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitus" title="Vomitus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vomitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vem%C5%A1ana" title="Vemšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vemšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97mimas" title="Vėmimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėmimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6ke" title="Käöke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ny%C3%A1s" title="Hányás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hányás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Повраќање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Повраќање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഛർദ്ദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛർദ്ദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="उलटी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उलटी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B4" title="شنش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شنش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntah" title="Muntah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muntah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81e%CC%A4h" title="Áe̤h – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Áe̤h" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braken_(lichaamsfunctie)" title="Braken (lichaamsfunctie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Braken (lichaamsfunctie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="उल्टी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उल्टी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%94%E5%90%90" title="嘔吐 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嘔吐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ӏеттор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏеттор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppkast" title="Oppkast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppkast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppkast" title="Oppkast – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppkast" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Укшинчыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Укшинчыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ବାନ୍ତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାନ୍ତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusish" title="Qusish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qusish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88" title="ਕੈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymioty" title="Wymioty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wymioty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4mito" title="Vômito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vômito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vom%C4%83" title="Vomă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vomă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqtuy" title="Aqtuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aqtuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рвота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рвота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BE" title="Хотуо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хотуо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjellja" title="Vjellja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vjellja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomit" title="Vomit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vomit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="الٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vracanie_(medic%C3%ADna)" title="Vracanie (medicína) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vracanie (medicína)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhanje" title="Bruhanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bruhanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="ڕشانەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕشانەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Повраћање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Повраћање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povra%C4%87anje" title="Povraćanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Povraćanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" title="Utah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Utah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksentaminen" title="Oksentaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oksentaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A4kning" title="Kräkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kräkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வாந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="వాంతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాంతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="อาเจียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเจียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қай кардан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қай кардан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಕ್ಕುನೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಕ್ಕುನೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusma" title="Kusma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kusma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusmak" title="Gusmak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Involuntary, forceful expulsion of stomach contents, typically via the mouth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">Regurgitation (digestion)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vomit", "Emesis", "Heaving", "Puke", and "Throw up" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vomit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vomit (disambiguation)">Vomit (disambiguation)</a>. For the butterfly genus, see <a href="/wiki/Emesis_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesis (genus)">Emesis (genus)</a>. For the 2021 Argentine film, see <a href="/wiki/PussyCake" title="PussyCake">PussyCake</a>. For the sailing terms, see <a href="/wiki/Heaving_to" title="Heaving to">Heaving to</a> and <a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a>. For the municipality of Albania, see <a href="/wiki/Puk%C3%AB" title="Pukë">Pukë</a>. For the style of graffiti, see <a href="/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti)" title="Throw up (graffiti)">Throw up (graffiti)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Puke_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Puke (disambiguation)">Puke (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Vomiting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Emesis, throwing up, puking, barfing, spewing, upchucking, heaving, hurling, ralphing, being sick</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,_vomito,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Renaissance drawing with vivid colours depicting a woman holding the head of a man, who is bent over and expelling a brownish-red material from his mouth. A second woman stands at the left of the image in the doorway to the room, and appears to offer support. A crude representation of vomiting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg/220px-49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg/330px-49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg/440px-49-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2C_vomito%2CTaccuino_Sanitatis%2C_Ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">14th-century illustration of vomiting from the Casanatense <i><a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Aspiration, electrolyte and water loss, damage to the enamel of the teeth, tear of the esophageal mucosa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">History of migraine, history of PONV or motion sickness in a child's parent or sibling, better ASA physical status, intense preoperative anxiety, certain ethnicities or surgery types, decreased perioperative fluids, crystalloid versus colloid administration</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vomiting</b> (also known as <b>emesis</b>, <b>puking</b> and <b>throwing up</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vomiting can be the result of ailments like <a href="/wiki/Food-poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food-poisoning">food poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>, or hangover; or it can be an after effect of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, elevated <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>, or overexposure to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hauser_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hauser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feeling that one is about to vomit is called <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>; it often precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting. Impairment due to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> can cause inhalation of vomit. In severe cases, where <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> develops, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> fluid may be required. <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a> are sometimes necessary to suppress nausea and vomiting. Self-induced vomiting can be a component of an eating disorder such as <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia</a>, and is itself now classified as an eating disorder on its own, <a href="/wiki/Purging_disorder" title="Purging disorder">purging disorder</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms-vomiting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Symptoms-vomiting.jpg/220px-Symptoms-vomiting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Symptoms-vomiting.jpg/330px-Symptoms-vomiting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Symptoms-vomiting.jpg/440px-Symptoms-vomiting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Vomiting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration">Aspiration</h3></div> <p>Vomiting is dangerous if gastric content enters the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>. Under normal circumstances the <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a> prevent this from occurring; however, these protective reflexes are compromised in persons who are under the influence of certain substances (including <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>) or even mildly <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthetized</a>. The individual may choke and <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiate</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or develop <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dehydration_and_electrolyte_imbalance">Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance</h3></div> <p>Prolonged and excessive vomiting depletes the body of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>), and may alter the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> status. Gastric vomiting leads to the loss of acid (protons) and chloride directly. Combined with the resulting <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_tide" title="Alkaline tide">alkaline tide</a>, this leads to <a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">hypochloremic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosis" title="Metabolic alkalosis">metabolic alkalosis</a> (low <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> levels together with high <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></a></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> and increased blood <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>) and often <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">hypokalemia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> depletion). The hypokalemia is an indirect result of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> compensating for the loss of acid. With the loss of intake of food the individual may eventually become <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachectic</a>. A less frequent occurrence results from a vomiting of intestinal contents, including bile acids and <span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mallory–Weiss_tear"><span id="Mallory.E2.80.93Weiss_tear"></span>Mallory–Weiss tear</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></div> <p>Repeated or profuse vomiting may cause erosions to the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> or small tears in the esophageal mucosa (<a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss tear</a>). This may become apparent if fresh red blood is mixed with vomit after several episodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentistry">Dentistry</h3></div> <p>Recurrent vomiting, such as observed in <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>, may lead to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> due to the acidity of the vomit. <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">Digestive enzymes</a> can also have a negative effect on oral health, by degrading the tissue of the <a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">gums</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <p>Receptors on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_ventricle" title="Fourth ventricle">fourth ventricle</a> of the brain represent a <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone" title="Chemoreceptor trigger zone">chemoreceptor trigger zone</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">area postrema</a>, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-hauser_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hauser-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area postrema is a <a href="/wiki/Circumventricular_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumventricular organ">circumventricular organ</a> and as such lies outside the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>; it can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can <a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">stimulate vomiting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antiemetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiemetics">inhibit it</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various sources of input to the vomiting center: </p> <ul><li>The chemoreceptor trigger zone at the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine receptors">dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">serotonin 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">acetylcholine receptors</a>, and receptors for <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a>. Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance P appears involved.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8129158_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8129158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, which sends information to the brain via <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve VIII">cranial nerve VIII</a> (vestibulocochlear nerve), plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>, and is rich in <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic receptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">histamine H<sub>1</sub> receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6399658_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6399658-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">cranial nerve X</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>) is activated when the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> is irritated, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex" title="Pharyngeal reflex">gag reflex</a>.</li> <li>The vagal and <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous system</a> inputs transmit information regarding the state of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a>. Irritation of the GI mucosa by <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, distention, or acute infectious <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> activates the 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors of these inputs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> mediates vomiting that arises from psychiatric disorders and stress from higher brain centers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> plays an important role for triggering the vomiting act.<sup id="cite_ref-newrev2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newrev2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The vomiting act encompasses three types of outputs initiated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone: Motor, <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a> (PNS), and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> (SNS). They are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">salivation</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> from stomach acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Excessive vomiting leads to <a href="/wiki/Erosion_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erosion (dental)">dental erosion</a>.) This is part of the PNS output.</li> <li>The body takes a deep breath to avoid <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">aspirating</a> vomit.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroperistalsis" title="Retroperistalsis">Retroperistalsis</a> starts from the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> and sweeps up digestive tract contents into the stomach, through the relaxed <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pyloric sphincter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Intrathoracic pressure lowers (by <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inspiration</a> against a closed <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a>), coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal muscles</a> contract, propels stomach contents into the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Cardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardia">lower esophageal sphincter</a> relaxes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for at the <a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">angular notch</a>, nor is there any retroperistalsis in the esophagus.</li> <li>Vomiting is ordinarily preceded by <a href="/wiki/Retching" title="Retching">retching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vomiting also initiates an <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">SNS</a> response causing both sweating and increased heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanisms_of_nausea_and_vomiting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases">Phases</h3></div> <p>The vomiting act has two phases. In the <b>retching phase</b>, the abdominal muscles undergo a few rounds of coordinated contractions together with the diaphragm and the muscles used in respiratory inspiration. For this reason, an individual may confuse this phase with an episode of violent <a href="/wiki/Hiccups" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiccups">hiccups</a>. In this retching phase, nothing has yet been expelled. In the next phase, also termed the <b>expulsive phase</b>, intense pressure is formed in the stomach brought about by enormous shifts in both the diaphragm and the abdomen. These shifts are, in essence, vigorous contractions of these muscles that last for extended periods of time—much longer than a normal period of muscular contraction. The pressure is then suddenly released when the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes resulting in the expulsion of gastric contents. As the mouth and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a> are connected via the back of the throat, particularly forceful vomiting, or producing large quantities of vomit may result in material being ejected through the <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> in addition to the mouth. Individuals who do not regularly exercise their abdominal muscles may experience pain in those muscles for a few days. The decrease in pressure and the release of endorphins into the bloodstream after the expulsion causes the vomiter to feel relief almost immediately after vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg/220px-Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg/330px-Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg/440px-Vomit_of_partially_digested_food_in_a_11_litre_container_Man-sized_glove_is_shown_in_photo_for_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Partially digested food, with a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_glove" title="Rubber glove">rubber glove</a> for scale</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric secretions</a> and likewise vomit are highly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>. Recent food intake appears in the gastric vomit. Irrespective of the content, vomit tends to be <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">malodorous</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The content of the vomitus (vomit) may be of medical interest. Fresh <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> in the vomit is termed <a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">hematemesis</a> ("blood vomiting"). Altered blood bears resemblance to coffee grounds (as the <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in the blood is <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a>) and, when this matter is identified, the term <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ground_vomiting" title="Coffee ground vomiting">coffee-ground vomiting</a> is used. <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">Bile</a> can enter the vomit during subsequent heaves due to <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenal</a> contraction if the vomiting is severe. Fecal vomiting is often a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal obstruction">intestinal obstruction</a> or a gastrocolic <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a> and is treated as a warning sign of this potentially serious problem (<i>signum mali ominis</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the vomiting reflex continues for an extended period with no appreciable vomitus, the condition is known as non-productive emesis or "dry heaves", which can be painful and debilitating.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Color of vomit<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li>Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus</li> <li>Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests profuse bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer</li> <li>Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood</li> <li>Yellow or green vomit suggests bile, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric valve">pyloric valve</a> is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum. This may occur during successive episodes of vomiting after the stomach contents have been completely expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <p>Vomiting may be due to a large number of causes, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protracted" class="extiw" title="wikt:protracted">protracted</a> vomiting has a long <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_tract">Digestive tract</h3></div> <p>Causes in the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the gastric wall)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">Celiac disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-SymptomsCausesNIDDK_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SymptomsCausesNIDDK-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">Non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a> (in babies, this typically causes a very forceful "projectile vomiting" and is an indication for urgent surgery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overeating" title="Overeating">Overeating</a> (stomach too full)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">Acute abdomen</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Food allergies">Food allergies</a> (often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">hives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">Food poisoning</a></li> <li>In children, it can be caused by an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a> to cow's <a href="/wiki/Milk_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk proteins">milk proteins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">milk allergy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_system_and_brain">Sensory system and brain</h3></div> <p>Causes in the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory system</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Movement leading to <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a> (which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinthine <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">canals of the ear</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Is learned response to vestibular input not the cause? (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li></ul> <p>Causes in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">Concussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">Cerebral hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm" title="Intracranial aneurysm">Cerebral aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">Brain tumors</a>, which can cause the chemoreceptors to malfunction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_intracranial_hypertension" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign intracranial hypertension">Benign intracranial hypertension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">Metabolic</a> disturbances (these may irritate both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">Hypercalcemia</a> (high <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a> levels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> accumulation, usually due to <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Hypoglycemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Drug_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug reaction">Drug reaction</a> (vomiting may occur as an acute <a href="/wiki/Somatic_(biology)" title="Somatic (biology)">somatic</a> response to):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a>, which can be partially oxidized into <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> that causes the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>, including nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, and fast heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> drugs</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogens</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fer2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">Illness</a> (sometimes colloquially known as "<a href="/wiki/Stomach_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach flu">stomach flu</a>"—a broad name that refers to gastric inflammation caused by a range of viruses and bacteria):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a> (formerly Norwalk virus or Norwalk agent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swine_influenza" title="Swine influenza">Swine influenza</a></li></ul> <p>Psychiatric/behavioral: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_neophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Food neophobia">Food neophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purging_disorder" title="Purging disorder">Purging disorder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emetics">Emetics</h3></div> <p>An <i>emetic</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">syrup of ipecac</a>, is a substance that induces vomiting when administered orally or by injection. An emetic is used medically when a substance has been ingested and must be expelled from the body immediately. For this reason, many toxic and easily digestible products such as rat poison contain an emetic.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presents no problem for the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">rodenticide</a> as rodents are unable to vomit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapoor-et-al-2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapoor-et-al-2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inducing vomiting can remove the substance before it is absorbed into the body. Emetics can be divided into two categories, those which produce their effect by acting on the vomiting center in the medulla, and those which act directly on the stomach itself. Some emetics, such as ipecac, fall into both categories; they initially act directly on the stomach, while their further and more vigorous effect occurs by stimulation of the medullary center.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> water and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a> water, which act directly on the stomach, have been used since ancient times as emetics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care must be taken with salt, as <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">excessive intake can potentially be harmful</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper sulfate</a> was also used in the past as an emetic.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4385403_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4385403-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now considered too toxic for this use.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8385-8172-2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8385-8172-2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a> is used as an emetic in veterinary practice.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-induced">Self-induced</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>)</li> <li>To eliminate an ingested poison (some poisons should not be vomited as they may be more toxic when inhaled or aspirated; it is better to ask for help before inducing vomiting)</li> <li>Some people who engage in <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> induce vomiting to make room in their stomachs for more alcohol consumption.</li> <li>Participants in <a href="/wiki/Milk_chugging" title="Milk chugging">milk chugging</a> typically end up vomiting most of the milk they consume, as proteins in the ingested milk (such as <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>) rapidly denature and unravel on contact with gastric acid and <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> enzymes, rapidly filling the stomach. Once the stomach becomes full, <a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">stretch receptors</a> in the stomach wall trigger signals to vomit to expel any further liquid the participant ingests.</li> <li>People suffering from <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> may induce vomiting in hopes of feeling better.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3></div> <ul><li>After <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postoperative_nausea_and_vomiting" title="Postoperative nausea and vomiting">postoperative nausea and vomiting</a>)</li> <li>Disagreeable sights or <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>, smells, tastes, sounds or thoughts (such as decayed matter, others' vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc.</li> <li>Extreme pain, such as an intense <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> or <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (heart attack)</li> <li>Extreme <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome" title="Cyclic vomiting syndrome">Cyclic vomiting syndrome</a> (a poorly understood condition with attacks of vomiting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_vomiting_syndrome" title="Cyclic vomiting syndrome">cyclic vomiting syndrome</a>, but has cannabis use as its underlying cause).</li> <li>High doses of <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> sometimes trigger a vomit reflex.</li> <li>Violent fits of <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiccups" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiccups">hiccups</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexertion">Overexertion</a> (doing too much strenuous exercise can lead to vomiting shortly afterwards).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Projectile vomiting</i> is vomiting that ejects the gastric contents with great force.<sup id="cite_ref-med_dict_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med_dict-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a classic symptom of <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis</a>, in which it typically follows feeding and can be so forceful that some material exits through the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleisenger783_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleisenger783-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetic</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drug</a> that is effective against vomiting and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>. Antiemetics are typically used to treat <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side effects</a> of medications such as <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>. </p><p>Antiemetics act by inhibiting the receptor sites associated with emesis. Hence, anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and cannabinoids are used as antiemetics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetics</a> for nausea and vomiting among adults in the <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> department is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if any medication is better than another or better than no active treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Fur2015_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fur2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a> and/or vomiting are the main complaints in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, writing on the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">ancient Persians</a> and highlighting the differences with those of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, notes that to vomit in the presence of others is prohibited among Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_cues">Social cues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/220px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/330px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg/440px-Nationalmuseet_-_Cophenaghen_-_brygos_vomiting1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A drunk man vomiting, while a young slave is holding his forehead. <a href="/wiki/Brygos_Painter" title="Brygos Painter">Brygos Painter</a>, 500–470 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>It is quite common that, when one person vomits, others nearby become nauseated, particularly when smelling the vomit of others, and often to the point of vomiting themselves. It is believed that this is an <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> trait among <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. Many primates in the wild tend to browse for food in small groups. Should one member of the party react adversely to some ingested food, it may be advantageous (in a survival sense) for other members of the party to also vomit. This tendency in human populations has been observed at drinking parties, where excessive consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> may cause a number of party members to vomit nearly simultaneously, this being triggered by the initial vomiting of a single member of the party. This phenomenon has been touched on in popular culture: notorious instances appear in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Creosote" title="Mr Creosote">Monty Python's The Meaning of Life</a></i> (1983) and <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(film)" title="Stand by Me (film)">Stand by Me</a></i> (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intense vomiting in <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a> is a common phenomenon. However, people who experience "la purga" after drinking ayahuasca, in general, regard the practise as both a physical and spiritual cleanse and often come to welcome it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the consistent emetic effects of ayahuasca—in addition to its many other therapeutic properties—was of medicinal benefit to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon</a>, in helping to clear <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> from the gastrointestinal system.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been documented cases of a single ill and vomiting individual inadvertently causing others to vomit, when they are especially fearful of also becoming ill, through a form of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea-sickness_bag,_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png/220px-Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png/330px-Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png/440px-Sea-sickness_bag%2C_Merseyside_Maritime_Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Special bags are often supplied on boats for sick passengers to vomit into.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most people try to contain their vomit by vomiting into a sink, toilet, or trash can, as vomit is difficult and unpleasant to clean. On airplanes and boats, <a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">special bags</a> are supplied for sick passengers to vomit into. A special disposable bag (leakproof, puncture-resistant, odorless) containing absorbent material that solidifies the vomit quickly is also available, making it convenient and safe to store until there is an opportunity to dispose of it conveniently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People who vomit chronically (e.g., as part of an <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>) may devise various ways to hide this disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An online study of people's responses to "horrible sounds" found vomiting "the most disgusting". Professor Trevor Cox of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a>'s Acoustic Research Centre said, "We are pre-programmed to be repulsed by horrible things such as vomiting, as it is fundamental to staying alive to avoid nasty stuff." It is thought that <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> is triggered by the sound of vomiting to protect those nearby from possibly diseased food.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a> is sexual arousal from vomiting, or watching others vomit.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emetophobia" title="Emetophobia">Emetophobia</a> is a phobia that causes overwhelming, intense anxiety pertaining to vomiting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_vomiting" title="Defensive vomiting">Defensive vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emetophobia" title="Emetophobia">Emetophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose-blowing" title="Nose-blowing">Nose-blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belching" class="mw-redirect" title="Belching">Belching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">Chyme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Informally known as (chiefly <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">U.S.</a>) <b>upchucking</b>, <b>barfing</b>, <b>heaving</b>, and (chiefly <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Brit.</a>) <b>being sick</b> or <b>getting sick</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTintinalli,_Judith_E.2010" class="citation book cs1">Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). <i>Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 830. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148480-0"><bdi>978-0-07-148480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Medicine%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study+Guide+%28Emergency+Medicine+%28Tintinalli%29%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=830&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148480-0&rft.au=Tintinalli%2C+Judith+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hauser-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hauser_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hauser_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauserAzzamKasi2022" class="citation web cs1">Hauser, Joshua M.; Azzam, Joseph S.; Kasi, Anup (2022-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/">"Antiemetic Medications"</a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335336">30335336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532303/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiemetic+Medications&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30335336&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Joshua+M.&rft.au=Azzam%2C+Joseph+S.&rft.au=Kasi%2C+Anup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK532303%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFgA5NzT-BwC&pg=PA49"><i>Forbidden Drugs</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-262955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-262955-7"><bdi>0-19-262955-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=fFgA5NzT-BwC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Drugs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-262955-7&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFgA5NzT-BwC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersHuangMatthews2015" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, David; Huang, Christopher; Matthews, Gareth (January 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ma8BQAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+alcohol+%22aspiration+pneumonia%22+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=PA277"><i>Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63782-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-63782-5"><bdi>978-1-107-63782-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075325/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ma8BQAAQBAJ&dq=vomit+alcohol+%22aspiration+pneumonia%22+inpublisher:university+inpublisher:press&pg=PA277#v=onepage&q=vomit%20alcohol%20%22aspiration%20pneumonia%22%20inpublisher%3Auniversity%20inpublisher%3Apress&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Physiology+for+Anaesthetists&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-107-63782-5&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Huang%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ma8BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvomit%2Balcohol%2B%2522aspiration%2Bpneumonia%2522%2Binpublisher%3Auniversity%2Binpublisher%3Apress%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandKufeWeichselbaumPollock2003" class="citation book cs1">Holland, James F.; Kufe, Donald W.; Weichselbaum, Ralph R.; Pollock, Raphael E.; Frei III, Emil; Gansler, Ted S.; Bast Jr., Robert C. 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Hamilton, Ontario [u.a.]: Decker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-213-4"><bdi>978-1-55009-213-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+medicine&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+Ontario+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=6.+%5Bed.%5D.&rft.pub=Decker&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55009-213-4&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Kufe%2C+Donald+W.&rft.au=Weichselbaum%2C+Ralph+R.&rft.au=Pollock%2C+Raphael+E.&rft.au=Frei+III%2C+Emil&rft.au=Gansler%2C+Ted+S.&rft.au=Bast+Jr.%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcancermedicine60002unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornby2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hornby, PJ (2001). 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"Non-coeliac gluten/wheat sensitivity: advances in knowledge and relevant questions". <i><a href="/wiki/Expert_Review_of_Gastroenterology_%26_Hepatology" title="Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology">Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology</a></i> (Review). <b>11</b> (1): 9–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17474124.2017.1260003">10.1080/17474124.2017.1260003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852116">27852116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34881689">34881689</a>. <q>A lower proportion of NCG/WS patients (from 30% to 50%) complain of upper gastrointestinal tract manifestations, e.g. vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, aerophagia and aphthous stomatitis. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-44838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-44838-3"><bdi>978-0-323-44838-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228075055/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRhCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA590#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+Clinical+Advisor+2017+E-Book%3A+5+Books+in+1&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-323-44838-3&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=FF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRhCDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vomiting" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Vomiting">Vomiting</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vomiting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vomiting">vomiting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvsa.org.uk">Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Emetics"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Emetics">"Emetics" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emetics&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVomiting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal<br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">Heartburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichophagia" title="Trichophagia">Trichophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">Pagophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia" title="Oropharyngeal dysphagia">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia" title="Esophageal dysphagia">esophageal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">Bad breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Xerostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">Hypersalivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">Burping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodsall%27s_rule" title="Goodsall's rule">Goodsall's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaiditi_syndrome" title="Chilaiditi syndrome">Chilaiditi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance%27s_sign" title="Dance's sign">Dance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_sign" title="Aaron's sign">Aaron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapov%27s_contracture" title="Arapov's contracture">Arapov's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markle%27s_sign" title="Markle's sign">Markle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherren%27s_triangle" title="Sherren's triangle">Sherren's triangle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiologic_sign" title="Radiologic sign">Radiologic signs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hampton%27s_line" title="Hampton's line">Hampton's line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm%27s_sign" title="Klemm's sign">Klemm's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Councilman_body" title="Councilman body">Councilman body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory_body" title="Mallory body">Mallory body</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>biliary:</i> <a href="/wiki/Boas%27_sign" title="Boas' sign">Boas' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law" title="Courvoisier's law">Courvoisier's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad" title="Charcot's cholangitis triad">Charcot's cholangitis triad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_pentad" title="Reynolds' pentad">Reynolds' pentad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign" title="Murphy's sign">Murphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pine%27s_sign" title="Lépine's sign">Lépine's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardi_test" title="Nardi test">Nardi test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">Flatulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encopresis" title="Encopresis">encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Rectal tenesmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Obstructed defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_discharge" title="Rectal discharge">Rectal discharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">Acute abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_guarding" title="Abdominal guarding">Abdominal guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumberg%27s_sign" title="Blumberg's sign">Blumberg's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distension" title="Abdominal distension">Abdominal distension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">Bloating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympany" title="Tympany">Tympany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_dullness" title="Shifting dullness">Shifting dullness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_wave_test" title="Fluid wave test">Fluid wave test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_mass" title="Abdominal mass">Abdominal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly" title="Hepatosplenomegaly">Hepatosplenomegaly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallet-Guy%27s_sign" title="Mallet-Guy's sign">Mallet-Guy's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle_sign" title="Puddle sign">Puddle sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballance%27s_sign" title="Ballance's sign">Ballance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">Aortic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell%27s_sign" title="Castell's sign">Castell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehr%27s_sign" title="Kehr's sign">Kehr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howship%E2%80%93Romberg_sign" title="Howship–Romberg sign">Howship–Romberg sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign" title="Hannington-Kiff sign">Hannington-Kiff sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoas_sign" title="Psoas sign">Psoas sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_sign" title="Obturator sign">Obturator sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovsing%27s_sign" title="Rovsing's sign">Rovsing's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_sign" title="Hamburger sign">Hamburger sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_tap_sign" title="Heel tap sign">Heel tap sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aure-Rozanova%27s_sign" title="Aure-Rozanova's sign">Aure-Rozanova's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunphy%27s_sign" title="Dunphy's sign">Dunphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder%27s_sign" title="Alder's sign">Alder's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockwood%27s_sign" title="Lockwood's sign">Lockwood's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstein%27s_sign" title="Rosenstein's sign">Rosenstein's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_sign" title="Cupola sign">Cupola sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothergill%27s_sign" title="Fothergill's sign">Fothergill's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnett%27s_sign" title="Carnett's sign">Carnett's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massouh%27s_sign" title="Massouh's sign">Massouh's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Mary_Joseph_nodule" title="Sister Mary Joseph nodule">Sister Mary Joseph nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumer%27s_shelf" title="Blumer's shelf">Blumer's shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127076#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127076#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127076#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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