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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunostimulans" title="Imunostimulans – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imunostimulans" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunstimulans" title="Immunstimulans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immunstimulans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmunoestimulador" title="Inmunoestimulador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmunoestimulador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunostimulacija" title="Imunostimulacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imunostimulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunostimulator" title="Imunostimulator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imunostimulator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunostimolante" title="Immunostimolante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immunostimolante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%A2%97%E5%BC%B7%E8%96%AC" title="免疫増強薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="免疫増強薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunostymulacja" title="Immunostymulacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Immunostymulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Иммуностимуляторы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иммуностимуляторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunostimulant" title="Imunostimulant – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Imunostimulant" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunostimulator" title="Imunostimulator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imunostimulator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k_uyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1lar" title="Bağışıklık uyarıcılar – Turkish" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Immunostimulants</b>, also known as <b>immunostimulators</b>, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> usually in a non-specific manner by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a>. The goal of this stimulated immune response is usually to help the body have a stronger immune system response in order to improve outcomes in the case of an infection or cancer malignancy. There is also some evidence that immunostimulants may be useful to help decrease severe acute illness related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or acute infections in the lungs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main categories of immunostimulants:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Specific immunostimulants</b> provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> or any <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>.</li> <li><b>Non-specific immunostimulants</b> act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">adjuvants</a> and non-specific immunostimulators.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-specific">Non-specific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-specific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, <a href="/wiki/Female_sex_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sex hormones">female sex hormones</a> are known to stimulate both adaptive<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and innate <a href="/wiki/Immune_responses" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune responses">immune responses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some autoimmune diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a> strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some publications point towards the effect of <a href="/wiki/Deoxycholic_acid" title="Deoxycholic acid">deoxycholic acid</a> (DCA) as an immunostimulant<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the non-specific <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, activating its main actors, the <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of DCA in the human body corresponds to a good immune reaction of the non-specific immune system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Claims made by marketers of various products and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative health providers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopaths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncturists</a> to be able to stimulate or "boost" the immune system generally lack meaningful explanation and evidence of effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immunostimulants have been recommended to help prevent acute illness related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and they are sometimes used to treat chronic bronchitis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence in the form of high quality clinical trials to support their use is weak, however, there is some evidence of benefit and they appear to be safe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly used immunostimulant type for this purpose are bacterial-derived immunostimulants. The goal is to stimulate the person's immune system in order to prevent future infections that may result in an acute episode or <a href="/wiki/Exacerbation" title="Exacerbation">exacerbation</a> of COPD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">Antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-stimulation" title="Co-stimulation">Co-stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenicity" title="Immunogenicity">Immunogenicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Immunologic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endogenous_immunostimulants">Endogenous immunostimulants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endogenous immunostimulants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycholic_acid" title="Deoxycholic acid">Deoxycholic acid</a>, a stimulator of macrophages</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_immunostimulants">Synthetic immunostimulants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthetic immunostimulants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">Imiquimod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resiquimod" title="Resiquimod">resiquimod</a>, activate immune cells through the <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_7" title="Toll-like receptor 7">toll-like receptor 7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36373977">36373977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Immunostimulants+versus+placebo+for+preventing+exacerbations+in+adults+with+chronic+bronchitis+or+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease&rft.volume=2022&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9661939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36373977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013343.pub2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Poole%2C+Phillippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9661939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunostimulant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunostimulant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ees.elsevier.com/vetimm/">Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Immunostimulants">Immunostimulants</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327072544/http://www.dca-immunity.com/">Deoxycholic acid as immunostimulant</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunostimulants" title="Template:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunostimulants" title="Template talk:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunostimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunostimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immunostimulants_(L03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Immunostimulants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L03" title="ATC code L03">L03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">G-CSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efbemalenograstim_alfa" title="Efbemalenograstim alfa">Efbemalenograstim alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eflapegrastim" title="Eflapegrastim">Eflapegrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">GM-CSF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">SCF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestim" title="Ancestim">Ancestim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>alpha</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> natural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ropeginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Ropeginterferon alfa-2b">Ropeginterferon alfa-2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_feline_interferon_omega" title="Recombinant feline interferon omega">feline "omega"</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>beta</i>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta</a> natural</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">Aldesleukin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprelvekin" title="Oprelvekin">Oprelvekin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other protein / peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunocyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocyanin">Immunocyanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegademase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegademase">Pegademase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasonermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasonermin">Tasonermin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sex steroids">Female sex steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_dihydrochloride" title="Histamine dihydrochloride">Histamine dihydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_ICLC" title="Poly ICLC">Poly ICLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">heterocyclic compound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plerixafor" title="Plerixafor">Plerixafor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Hydroxyquinoline" title="8-Hydroxyquinoline">hydroxyquinoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roquinimex" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquinimex">Roquinimex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifamurtide" title="Mifamurtide">Mifamurtide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopeptide" title="Oligopeptide">oligopeptides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glatiramer_acetate" title="Glatiramer acetate">Glatiramer acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopentin" title="Thymopentin">Thymopentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyribonucleotide" 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