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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gymnosperm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaksadiges" title="Naaksadiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Naaksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacods%C7%A3dplante" title="Nacodsǣdplante – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nacodsǣdplante" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عاريات البذور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عاريات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximnospermes" title="Ximnospermes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ximnospermes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1lpaqtoxumlular" title="Çılpaqtoxumlular – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çılpaqtoxumlular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="নগ্নবীজী উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগ্নবীজী উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D-ch%C3%AD_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Lō-chí si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō-chí si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Яланғас орлоҡлолар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яланғас орлоҡлолар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Голанасенныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Голанасенныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Голанасенныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Голанасенныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Голосеменни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Golosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnospermes" title="Gimnospermes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gimnospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Çара вăрăлли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çара вăрăлли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahosemenn%C3%A9" title="Nahosemenné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nahosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8genfr%C3%B8ede" title="Nøgenfrøede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nøgenfrøede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacktsamige_Pflanzen" title="Nacktsamige Pflanzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nacktsamige Pflanzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljasseemnetaimed" title="Paljasseemnetaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paljasseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γυμνόσπερμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυμνόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnospermoj" title="Gimnospermoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gimnospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnospermo" title="Gimnospermo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gimnospermo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بازدانگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازدانگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperme" title="Gymnosperme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gymnosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximnospermas" title="Ximnospermas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ximnospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%89%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="겉씨식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겉씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="अनावृतबीजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनावृतबीजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Golosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnospermi" title="Gimnospermi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gimnospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Гоммыггагджынтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гоммыггагджынтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Berfrævingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="חשופי זרע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשופי זרע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_wiji_kabukak" title="Tetanduran wiji kabukak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran wiji kabukak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ನಗ್ನಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಗ್ನಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შიშველთესლოვნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შიშველთესლოვნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашықтұқымдылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашықтұқымдылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimnosp%C3%A8m" title="Jimnospèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jimnospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жылаңач уруктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылаңач уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kails%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Kailsēkļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kailsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plikas%C4%97kliai" title="Plikasėkliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plikasėkliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyitvaterm%C5%91k" title="Nyitvatermők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyitvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Голосеменици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голосеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="അനാവൃതബീജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനാവൃതബീജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="अनावृत्तबीजी वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनावृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عاريات البذور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عاريات البذور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_terbuka" title="Biji terbuka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biji terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D1%86%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нүцгэн үртэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүцгэн үртэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petl%C4%81uhxinachtli" title="Petlāuhxinachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Petlāuhxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaktzadigen" title="Naaktzadigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naaktzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="裸子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Nakenfrøede planter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nakenfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B8ingar" title="Nakenfrøingar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nakenfrøingar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosp%C3%A8rmes" title="Gimnospèrmes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gimnospèrmes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Чаранӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чаранӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੰਗਬੀਜੀ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੰਗਬੀਜੀ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%92_%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ننگے بی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ننگے بی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagonasienne" title="Nagonasienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gymnospermae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosperme" title="Gimnosperme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gimnosperme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llat%27an_muruyuq" title="Llat'an muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llat'an muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Голосеменные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голосеменные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gymnosperm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gymnosperm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Nahosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nahosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosemenke" title="Golosemenke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Golosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosemenice" title="Golosemenice – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Golosemenice" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Golosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljassiemeniset" title="Paljassiemeniset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paljassiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B6iga_v%C3%A4xter" title="Nakenfröiga växter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nakenfröiga växter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வித்துமூடியிலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வித்துமூடியிலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ачыкорлыклылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ачыкорлыклылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వివృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వివృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="พืชเมล็ดเปลือย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชเมล็ดเปลือย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık tohumlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Голонасінні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BA%A1t_tr%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thực vật hạt trần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật hạt trần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naktzoadign" title="Naktzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Naktzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="裸子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="裸子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="裸子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133712#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gymnosperm" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133712" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clade of non-flowering, naked-seeded vascular plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the flowering plant genera <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperma" title="Gymnosperma">Gymnosperma</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnospermium" title="Gymnospermium">Gymnospermium</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Gymnosperm<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:111.69230769231px; width:108.30769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:110.54153846154px; width:109.45846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:111.54153846154px; width:107.45846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnospermae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/220px-Gymnospermae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/330px-Gymnospermae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/440px-Gymnospermae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="4074" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Various gymnosperms. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Gymnosperms" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">Spermatophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Living orders<sup id="cite_ref-Phylogenomics_of_gymnosperms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylogenomics_of_gymnosperms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycadopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadopsida">Cycadopsida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoopsida" title="Ginkgoopsida">Ginkgoopsida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinopsida">Pinopsida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupressidae" title="Cupressidae">Cupressidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetopsida">Gnetopsida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedrales">Ephedrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschiales">Welwitschiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>gymnosperms</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/En-us-gymnosperm.ogg\/En-us-gymnosperm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-gymnosperm.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/En-us-gymnosperm.ogg/En-us-gymnosperm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-gymnosperm.ogg" title="File:En-us-gymnosperm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">nə-spurmz, -⁠noh-</i></a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">revealed seeds</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) are a group of woody, perennial <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed-producing plants</a>, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">gnetophytes</a>, forming the clade <b>Gymnospermae</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>gymnosperm</i> comes from the composite word in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">γυμνόσπερμος</span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">γυμνός</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">gymnos</i></span>, 'naked' and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σπέρμα</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">sperma</i></span>, 'seed'), and literally means 'naked seeds'. The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds contrasts with the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (<a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>), which are enclosed within an <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, which are often modified to form <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a>, or on their own as in <a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">yew</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i>. </p><p>The life cycle of a gymnosperm involves <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>, with a dominant <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> phase, and a reduced <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> phase, which is dependent on the sporophytic phase.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "gymnosperm" is often used in <a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">paleobotany</a> to refer to (the <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> group of) all non-angiosperm seed plants. In that case, to specify the modern <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group of gymnosperms, the term <b>Acrogymnospermae</b> is sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gymnosperms and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> together constitute the <a href="/wiki/Spermatophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophytes">spermatophytes</a> or seed plants. The spermatophytes are subdivided into five <a href="/wiki/Division_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (botany)">divisions</a>, the angiosperms and four divisions of gymnosperms: the <a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a> (also known as Coniferophyta). Newer classification place the gnetophytes among the conifers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous extinct seed plant groups are recognised including those considered <a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">pteridosperms/seed ferns</a>, as well other groups like the Bennettitales.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven-2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (<i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i> (a single living species). About 65% of gymnosperms are <a href="/wiki/Dioecy" title="Dioecy">dioecious</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but conifers are almost all <a href="/wiki/Monoecy" title="Monoecy">monoecious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walasetal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walasetal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some genera have <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza" title="Ectomycorrhiza">ectomycorrhiza</a> fungal associations with roots (<i>Pinus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in some others (<i>Cycas</i>) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_and_origin">Diversity and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diversity and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/170px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/255px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/340px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="8670" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos_sclavoi" title="Encephalartos sclavoi">Encephalartos sclavoi</a></i> cone, about 30 cm long</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 1,000 living species of gymnosperm exist.<sup id="cite_ref-TPL_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a> period, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">lycopsid</a> rainforests of the tropical region, but more recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged from the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Carboniferous">Early Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radiation of gymnosperms during the late Carboniferous appears to have resulted from a whole <a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">genome duplication</a> event around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=319">319</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiao2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiao2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early characteristics of seed plants are evident in fossil <a href="/wiki/Progymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Progymnosperms">progymnosperms</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period around 383 million years ago. It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of <a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">scorpionflies</a> that had specialized <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> for feeding on pollination drops. The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ren_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ren-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by <a href="/wiki/Kalligrammatidae" title="Kalligrammatidae">Kalligrammatid lacewings</a>, a now-extinct family with members which (in an example of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/220px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/330px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/440px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i>Zamia integrifolia,</i> a cycad native to Florida</figcaption></figure> <p>All gymnosperms are <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in other extant gymnosperms the soft and highly <a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue#Parenchyma" title="Ground tissue">parenchymatous</a> wood in cycads is poorly lignified,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their main structural support comes from an armor of sclerenchymatous leaf bases covering the stem,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of species with underground stems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> gymnosperms and compared to angiosperms they occupy fewer <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a>, but have evolved both parasites (<i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zamia_pseudoparasitica" title="Zamia pseudoparasitica">Zamia pseudoparasitica</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Rheophyte" title="Rheophyte">rheophytes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum_minus" title="Retrophyllum minus">Retrophyllum minus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 65–70 genera and 600–630 species (696 accepted names).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalogue_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalogue-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most conifers are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> of many conifers are long, thin and needle-like, while other species, including most <a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a>, have flat, triangular scale-like leaves. <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i> in Araucariaceae and <i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i> in Podocarpaceae have broad, flat strap-shaped leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycads</a>, small palm-like trees,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms, with two or three families, 11 genera, and approximately 338 species. A majority of cycads are native to tropical climates and are most abundantly found in regions near the equator. The other extant groups are the 95–100 species of <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta"><i>Gnetophytes</i></a> and one species of <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i>. The ginkgo or maidenhair trees are tall and have bilobed leaves, while gnetophytes are a diverse groups of plants and shrubs including the horizontally growing <a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">welwitschia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Raven-2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven-2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, gymnosperms are the most threatened of all plant groups.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of Gymnosperms<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:400px"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Diooideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Zamioideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Pinoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Abietoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Araucarieae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Agathideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Phyllocladoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r928595387">.mw-parser-output table.clade div.mw-collapsible>div>span:not(.mw-customtoggle){display:none}</style><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1" style="font-size:100;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol1 mw-customtoggle-myClade1 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol1" style="font-size:100;">⊟</span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade1"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pectinopitys" title="Pectinopitys">Pectinopitys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Podocarpoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387" /><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2" style="font-size:100;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol2 mw-customtoggle-myClade2 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol2" style="font-size:100;">⊟</span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade2"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Cephalotaxeae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Taxoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Cunninghamioideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Taiwanioideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Athrotaxidoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Sequoioideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Taxodioideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Actinostroboideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387" /><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3" style="font-size:100;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol3 mw-customtoggle-myClade3 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol3" style="font-size:100;">⊟</span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade3"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Cupressoideae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r928595387" /><table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4"><div class="mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4" style="font-size:100;">⊞</div></div></div></td><td style="padding:0 0 0.0em 0;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-collapseSymbol4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4"><span class="mw-customtoggle-expandSymbol4 mw-customtoggle-myClade4 mw-customtoggle-collapseSymbol4" style="font-size:100;">⊟</span></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;" class="clade-interactive"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" id="mw-customcollapsible-myClade4"><div class="mw-collapsible-content mw-customtoggle-NOT_ON_CONTENT"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota_decussata" title="Microbiota decussata">Microbiota</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophyte</a></div> <p>A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantino2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantino2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>. The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> that do not belong to the four modern groups, including seed-bearing trees that have a somewhat <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>-like vegetative morphology (the so-called "seed ferns" or <a href="/wiki/Pteridosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridosperm">pteridosperms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When fossil gymnosperms such as these and the <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossopterid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopterid">glossopterids</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Caytonia" title="Caytonia">Caytonia</a></i> are considered, it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnospermae clade, although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear. </p><p>The extant gymnosperms include 12 main families and 83 genera which contain more than 1000 known species.<sup id="cite_ref-TPL_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPL-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Gnetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetidae">Gnetidae</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschiales">Welwitschiales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Ephedrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedrales">Ephedrales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Order <b><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></b> <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Actinostrobus" title="Actinostrobus">Actinostrobus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fokienia" title="Fokienia">Fokienia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiota (plant)">Microbiota</a></i></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinct_groupings">Extinct groupings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extinct groupings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Corystospermales" class="mw-redirect" title="Corystospermales">Corystospermales</a> (also known as Umkomasiales)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a> (cycadeoids)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Erdtmanithecales" title="Erdtmanithecales">Erdtmanithecales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnosperm_life_cycle_(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/250px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/330px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/500px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Example of gymnosperm lifecycle</figcaption></figure> <p>Gymnosperms, like all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a>, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Like all <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a>, they are <a href="/wiki/Heterospory" title="Heterospory">heterosporous</a>, having two spore types, <a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">microspores</a> (male) produced in <a href="/wiki/Microsporangium" title="Microsporangium">microsporangium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">megaspores</a> (female) produced in <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">megasporangium</a> that are typically present in pollen cones or ovulate cones respectively. The microsporangium is carried by <a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">microsporophyll</a> (modified leaf) and seeds are carried by ovuliferous scales in the male and female cones respectively. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Concepts_of_Biology_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concepts_of_Biology-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exception is the females in the cycad genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i>, which form a loose structure called megasporophylls instead of cones.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all heterosporous plants, the gametophytes develop within the spore wall. Pollen grains (microgametophytes) mature from microspores, and ultimately produce sperm cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Concepts_of_Biology_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concepts_of_Biology-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule. Gymnosperms produce multiple <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a>, which produce the female gametes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During pollination, pollen grains are physically transferred between plants from the pollen cone to the ovule. Pollen is usually moved by wind or insects. Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat (<a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a>) called the micropyle. The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells. Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms. Cycads and <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i> have <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellated</a> motile sperm<sup id="cite_ref-AJB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas conifers and <a href="/wiki/Gnetophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetophyte">gnetophytes</a> have sperm with no flagella that are moved along a <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a> to the egg. After <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">syngamy</a> (joining of the sperm and egg cell), the zygote develops into an embryo (young sporophyte). More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte#Seed_plants" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>, which serves as a food supply, and the <a href="/wiki/Seed-coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed-coat">seed coat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters1996_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters1996-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gymnosperms ordinarily reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, and only rarely express parthenogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Horandl2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horandl2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual reproduction in gymnosperms appears to be required for maintaining long-term <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Horandl2024_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horandl2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a> in sexual land plants provides a direct mechanism for <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repairing DNA</a> in reproductive tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Horandl2024_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horandl2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likely primary benefit of cross-pollination in gymnosperms, as in other eukaryotes, is that it allows the avoidance of inbreeding depression caused by the presence of recessive deleterious mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of <i><a href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Picea abies</a></i> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Some, such as pine, fir, spruce, and cedar, are used for <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>, paper production, and resin. Some other common uses for gymnosperms are <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a>, food, gum, and <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phylogenomics_of_gymnosperms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phylogenomics_of_gymnosperms_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYangFergusonLiuMao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yang Y, Ferguson DK, Liu B, Mao KS, Gao LM, Zhang SZ, Wan T, Rushforth K, Zhang ZX (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9363647">"Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification"</a>. <i>Plant Diversity</i>. <b>44</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PlDiv..44..340Y">2022PlDiv..44..340Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2022.05.003">10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2659">2468-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9363647">9363647</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35967253">35967253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249117306">249117306</a>.</cite><span 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(May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12211">"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>497</b> (7451): <span class="nowrap">579–</span>584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.497..579N">2013Natur.497..579N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12211">10.1038/nature12211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-4110028">1854/LU-4110028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23698360">23698360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Norway+spruce+genome+sequence+and+conifer+genome+evolution&rft.volume=497&rft.issue=7451&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E584&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-4110028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23698360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.497..579N&rft.aulast=Nystedt&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Street%2C+NR&rft.au=Wetterbom%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature12211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiswasJohri1997" class="citation book cs1">Biswas, C.; Johri, B.M. (1997). "Economic Importance". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-662-13164-0.pdf"><i>The Gymnosperms</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. <span class="nowrap">440–</span>456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-13164-0_23">10.1007/978-3-662-13164-0_23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-13166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-13166-4"><bdi>978-3-662-13166-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Importance&rft.btitle=The+Gymnosperms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E456&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-13164-0_23&rft.isbn=978-3-662-13166-4&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Johri%2C+B.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252F978-3-662-13164-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCantino2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (August 2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">822–</span>846. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25065864">10.2307/25065864</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065864">25065864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Towards+a+phylogenetic+nomenclature+of+Tracheophyta&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E822-%3C%2Fspan%3E846&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25065864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25065864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cantino&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Sean+W.&rft.au=Judd%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Olmstead%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gymnosperms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gymnosperms">Gymnosperms</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gymnosperm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conifers.org/">Gymnosperm Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409044237/http://www.huh.harvard.edu/research/mathews-lab/atolHtmlSite/">Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Seward1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Seward" title="Albert Seward">Albert Seward</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gymnosperms"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gymnosperms">"Gymnosperms" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gymnosperms&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Albert+Seward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nigel_Page" title="Christopher Nigel Page">Christopher Nigel Page</a> (2023).The Evolution of Arborescent Gymnosperms. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26309-2">978-1-009-26309-2</a>. 2 volumes (volume one on the conifers of the Northern hemisphere and volume 2 on the conifers of the southern hemisphere).</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l.1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida230" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteorhodophytina" title="Proteorhodophytina">Proteorhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurhodophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhodophytina">Eurhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiales" title="Klebsormidiales">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes228" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*91" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template talk:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Acrogymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrogymnospermae">Acrogymnospermae</a> (living <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnosperms</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ginkgoales14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cycadales13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diooideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zamioideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pinaceae12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abietoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phyllocladoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectinopitys" title="Pectinopitys">Pectinopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podocarpoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cephalotaxeae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninghamioideae">Cunninghamioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanioideae">Taiwanioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Athrotaxidoideae">Athrotaxidoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxodioideae" title="Taxodioideae">Taxodioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitroideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callitroideae">Callitroideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressoideae">Cupressoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">Microbiota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1060" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1060" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gymnospermae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133712" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q133712">Q133712</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=61">61</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=846506">846506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/">gymnosperma</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/43000115">43000115</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133712#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nacktsamer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129481-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gymnosperms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058078">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gymnospermes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934879x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gymnospermes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934879x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569301">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nahosemenné rostliny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115415&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545698405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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