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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthophyte_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnepine_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnepine_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gnepine hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnepine_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnetophyte-sister_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnetophyte-sister_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gnetophyte-sister hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnetophyte-sister_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_gnetophytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_gnetophytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fossil gnetophytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_gnetophytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نباتات غنيمونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نباتات غنيمونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qnetumlar_(%C5%9F%C3%B6b%C9%99)" title="Qnetumlar (şöbə) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qnetumlar (şöbə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гнетавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гнетавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Гнетови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гнетови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnethophyta" title="Gnethophyta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gnethophyta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnet%C3%B2fits" title="Gnetòfits – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gnetòfits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Γνητόφυτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνητόφυτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetales" title="Gnetales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gnetales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetofitoj" title="Gnetofitoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gnetofitoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گنتوم‌تباران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنتوم‌تباران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%99%A9%EB%AC%B8" title="마황문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마황문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3)" title="Գնետայիններ (կարգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնետայիններ (կարգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גנטאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנטאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საფართესლოვანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფართესლოვანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnet%C5%ABnai" title="Gnetūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gnetūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leplesmagv%C3%BAak" title="Leplesmagvúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leplesmagvúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شعبة الجنتويات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعبة الجنتويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8D%E3%83%84%E3%83%A0%E9%A1%9E" title="グネツム類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グネツム類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Гнетовидные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гнетовидные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="نيٽوفائٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيٽوفائٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianovcorasty" title="Lianovcorasty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lianovcorasty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetales" title="Gnetales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gnetales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_sukau" title="ʻakau sukau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau sukau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гнетоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гнетоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_D%C3%A2y_g%E1%BA%AFm" title="Lớp Dây gắm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Dây gắm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gnetophyta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B7%E9%BA%BB%E8%97%A4%E9%96%80" title="買麻藤門 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="買麻藤門" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309147#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Division of plants containing three genera of gymnosperms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Gnetophyta<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Jurassic–recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:127.12615384615px; width:92.873846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:151.83384615385px; width:68.166153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:152.83384615385px; width:66.166153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg/220px-Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg/330px-Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg/440px-Gnetum_luofuense_125787614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum_luofuense" title="Gnetum luofuense">Gnetum luofuense</a></i> with female cones </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg/220px-Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg/330px-Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg/440px-Welwitschia_at_Ugab_River_basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia_mirabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschia mirabilis">Welwitschia mirabilis</a></i> female plant with cones </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Gnetopsida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnetophyta</a><br /><small>Bessey 1907</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnetopsida</a><br /><small>Thom 1886</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Families and genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a><br />   <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a><br />   <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a><br />   <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A distribution map of Gnetophyta colour-coded by genus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG/220px-Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG/330px-Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG/440px-Gnetophyta_distribution_genera_separate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution, separated by genus: <br />Green – <i>Welwitschia</i><br />Blue – <i>Gnetum</i><br />Red – <i>Ephedra</i><br />Purple – <i>Gnetum</i> and <i>Ephedra</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Gnetophyta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a division of plants (alternatively considered the subclass <b>Gnetidae</b> or order <b>Gnetales</b>), grouped within the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> (which also includes <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgos</a>), that consists of some 70 species across the three <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Gnetaceae), <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a>). The earliest unambiguous records of the group date to the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, and they achieved their highest diversity during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>. The primary difference between gnetophytes and other <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">vessel elements</a>, a system of small tubes (<a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>) that transport water within the plant, similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>. Because of this, gnetophytes were once thought to be the closest gymnosperm relatives to flowering plants, but more recent molecular studies have brought this hypothesis into question, with many recent phylogenies finding them to be nested within the conifers. </p><p>Though it is clear they are all related, the exact evolutionary inter-relationships between gnetophytes are unclear. Some classifications hold that all three genera should be placed in a single <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> (Gnetales), while other classifications say they should be distributed among three separate orders, each containing a single family and genus. Most morphological and molecular studies confirm that the genera <i>Gnetum</i> and <i>Welwitschia</i> diverged from each other more recently than they did from <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)"><i>Ephedra</i>.</a><sup id="cite_ref-crane_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gugerli_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gugerli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rai_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ickert-Bond_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ickert-Bond-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg/220px-Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg/330px-Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg/440px-Welwitschia_mirabilis_S%26J6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Welwitschia mirabilis</i> bearing male cones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_distachya_(male_flowers)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg/220px-Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg/330px-Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg/440px-Ephedra_distachya_%28male_flowers%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i>Ephedra distachya</i> (male cones)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephedra_distachya_(female_plant_in_bloom).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg/220px-Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg/330px-Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg/440px-Ephedra_distachya_%28female_plant_in_bloom%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i>Ephedra distachya</i> (female plant in bloom)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg/220px-Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg/330px-Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg/440px-Gnetum_gnemon_male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><i>Gnetum gnemon</i> male strobili</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG/250px-Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG/330px-Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG/500px-Gnetum_gnemon_BotGardBln1105C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Gnetum gnemon</i> female strobilus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png/220px-Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png/330px-Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png/440px-Female_Ephedra_californica_cone_-_journal.pone.0053652.g002-A.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Female <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_californica" title="Ephedra californica">Ephedra californica</a></i> cone</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_morphology">Ecology and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecology and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most biological groupings, it is difficult to find many common characteristics between all of the members of the gnetophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Arber_and_Parkin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arber_and_Parkin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">common characteristics</a> most commonly used are the presence of enveloping <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> around both the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">microsporangia</a> as well as a micropylar projection of the outer membrane of the ovule that produces a <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> droplet,<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these are highly specific compared to the similarities between most other plant divisions. L. M. Bowe refers to the gnetophyte genera as a "bizarre and enigmatic" trio<sup id="cite_ref-Bowe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the gnetophytes' specialization to their respective environments is so complete that they hardly resemble each other at all. <i>Gnetum</i> species are mostly <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody</a> vines in tropical forests, though the best-known member of this group, <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum_gnemon" title="Gnetum gnemon">Gnetum gnemon</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-wan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a tree native to western <a href="/wiki/Malesia" title="Malesia">Malesia</a>. The one remaining species of <i>Welwitschia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia_mirabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschia mirabilis">Welwitschia mirabilis</a></i>, native only to the dry deserts of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, is a ground-hugging species with only two large strap-like leaves that grow continuously from the base throughout the plant's life. <i>Ephedra</i> species, known as "jointfirs" in the United States, have long slender branches which bear tiny scale-like leaves at their nodes. Infusions from these plants have been traditionally used as a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substance</a> today in many places because of the risk of harmful or even fatal <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdosing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With just three well-defined genera within an entire division, there still is understandable difficulty in establishing an unambiguous interrelationship among them; in earlier times matters were even more difficult, with Pearson in the early 20th century discussing about the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> Gnetales, rather than the order.<sup id="cite_ref-PearsonH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PearsonH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G.H.M. Lawrence referred to them as an order, but remarked that the three families were distinct enough to deserve recognition as separate orders.<sup id="cite_ref-GHML_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHML-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster & Gifford accepted this principle, and placed the three orders together in a common class for convenience, which they called Gnetopsida.<sup id="cite_ref-FosGif_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FosGif-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general the evolutionary relationships among the <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a> still are unresolved, and the Gnetophyta have played an important role in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> hypotheses. Molecular phylogenies of extant gymnosperms have conflicted with morphological characters with regard to whether the gymnosperms as a whole (including gnetophytes) comprise a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> one that gave rise to angiosperms. At issue is whether the Gnetophyta are the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of angiosperms, or whether they are sister to, or nested within, other extant gymnosperms. Numerous fossil gymnosperm clades once existed that are morphologically at least as distinctive as the four living <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> groups, such as Bennettitales, <i><a href="/wiki/Caytonia" title="Caytonia">Caytonia</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">glossopterids</a>. When these gymnosperm fossils are considered, the question of gnetophyte relationships to other seed plants becomes even more complicated. Several hypotheses, illustrated below, have been presented to explain seed plant evolution. Some morphological studies have supported a close relationship between Gnetophyta, <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Erdtmanithecales" title="Erdtmanithecales">Erdtmanithecales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research by Lee, Cibrian-Jaramillo, <i>et al.</i> (2011) suggests that the Gnetophyta are a sister group to the rest of the gymnosperms,<sup id="cite_ref-lee_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contradicting the anthophyte hypothesis, which held that gnetophytes were sister to the flowering plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnetifer_hypothesis">Gnetifer hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gnetifer hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the gnetifer hypothesis, the gnetophytes are sister to the <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group, sister to the angiosperms.The gnetifer hypothesis first emerged formally in the mid-twentieth century, when vessel elements in the gnetophytes were interpreted as being derived from <a href="/wiki/Tracheid" title="Tracheid">tracheids</a> with circular bordered pits, as in conifers.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It however only gained strong support with the emergence of molecular data in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qui_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qui-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rydin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rydin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Braukmann_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braukmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the most salient morphological evidence still largely supports the anthophyte hypothesis, some more obscure morphological commonalities between the gnetophytes and conifers lend support to the gnetifer hypothesis.These shared traits include: <a href="/wiki/Tracheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheids">tracheids</a> with scalariform pits with tori interspersed with annular thickenings, absence of scalariform pitting in primary <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>, scale-like and strap-shaped <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i>; and reduced <a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">sporophylls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magallon_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>angiosperms (flowering plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">gymnosperms </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>cycads </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ginkgo</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">“<b>Gnetifers</b>” </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>conifers </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>gnetophytes </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthophyte_hypothesis">Anthophyte hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anthophyte hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early twentieth century, the anthophyte hypothesis was the prevailing explanation for <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plant</a> evolution, based on shared <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characters between the gnetophytes and angiosperms. In this hypothesis, the gnetophytes, along with the extinct order Bennettitales, are sister to the angiosperms, forming the "anthophytes".<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some morphological characters that were suggested to unite the anthophytes include vessels in wood, net-veined leaves (in <i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i> only), <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> chemistry, the layering of cells in the apical <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">megaspore</a> features (including thin megaspore wall), short cambial initials, and lignin syringal groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Donaghue_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donaghue-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loconte_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loconte-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most genetic studies, as well as more recent morphological analyses,<sup id="cite_ref-Coiro_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coiro-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have rejected the anthophyte hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaw_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qui_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qui-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magallon_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaw2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goremykin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goremykin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hajibabaei_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajibabaei-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samigullin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samigullin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (January 2022)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several of these studies have suggested that the gnetophytes and angiosperms have independently derived characters, including flower-like reproductive structures and tracheid vessel elements, that appear shared but are actually the result of parallel evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowe_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaw2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ginkgo</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>cycads </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">anthophytes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>angiosperms (flowering plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>gnetophytes </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnepine_hypothesis">Gnepine hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gnepine hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gnepine hypothesis is a modification of the gnetifer hypothesis, and suggests that the gnetophytes belong within the conifers as a sister group to the <a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this hypothesis, the conifers as currently defined are not a monophyletic group, in contrast with molecular findings that support its monophyly.<sup id="cite_ref-Rydin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rydin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All existing evidence for this hypothesis comes from molecular studies since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowe_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gugerli_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gugerli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaw2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hajibabaei_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hajibabaei-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magallon_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qui_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qui-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ran2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stull2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stull2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 phylogenomic study estimated the divergence between Gnetales and Pinaceae at around 241 millions of years ago, in the early <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ran2018_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2021 study placed it earlier, in the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stull2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stull2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the morphological evidence remains difficult to reconcile with the gnepine hypothesis. If the gnetophytes are nested within conifers, they must have lost several shared derived characters of the conifers (or these characters must have evolved in parallel in the other two conifer lineages): narrowly triangular leaves (gnetophytes have diverse leaf shapes), <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> canals, a tiered <a href="/wiki/Proembryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Proembryo">proembryo</a>, and flat woody ovuliferous <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a> scales.<sup id="cite_ref-Magallon_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kinds of major morphological changes are not without precedent in the <a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a>, however: the <a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a>, for example, have lost the classical cone of the conifers in favor of a single-terminal ovule, surrounded by a fleshy aril.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaw2_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaw2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> (flowering plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">“<b>Gnepines</b>” </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> (the pine family) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnetophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetophytes">gnetophytes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(other conifers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnetophyte-sister_hypothesis">Gnetophyte-sister hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gnetophyte-sister hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some partitions of the genetic data suggest that the gnetophytes are sister to all of the other extant seed plant groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judd_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magallon_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magallon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rydin_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rydin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yinzhi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yinzhi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no morphological evidence nor examples from the fossil record to support the gnetophyte-sister hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnetophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetophytes">gnetophytes</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>angiosperms (flowering plants) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>cycads </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Ginkgo</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>conifers </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_gnetophytes">Fossil gnetophytes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil gnetophytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knowledge of gnetophyte history through fossil discovery has increased greatly since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-crane_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crane-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some fossils that have been proposed to be gnetophytes have been found as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zi-Qiang_Wang-2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zi-Qiang_Wang-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their affinities to the group are equivocal. The oldest fossils that are definitely assignable to the group date to the Late Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-Coiro-2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coiro-2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the fossil record of the group is richest during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>, exhibiting a substantial decline during the Late Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Coiro-2022_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coiro-2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ephedraceae </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leongathia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leongathia (page does not exist)">Leongathia</a></i> V.A. Krassilov, D.L. Dilcher & J.G. Douglas 1998<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Koonwarra,_Victoria" title="Koonwarra, Victoria">Koonwarra fossil bed</a>, Australia, Early Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jianchangia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jianchangia (page does not exist)">Jianchangia</a></i> Yang, Wang and Ferguson, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jiufotang_Formation" title="Jiufotang Formation">Jiufotang Formation</a>, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eamesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eamesia (page does not exist)">Eamesia</a></i> Yang, Lin and Ferguson, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yixian_Formation" title="Yixian Formation">Yixian Formation</a>, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognetella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognetella (page does not exist)">Prognetella</a></i> Krassilov et Bugdaeva, 1999 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (initially interpreted as an angiosperm)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengia (page does not exist)">Chengia</a></i> Yang, Lin & Wang, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaoyangia_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaoyangia (plant) (page does not exist)">Chaoyangia</a></i> Duan, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eragrosites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eragrosites (page does not exist)">Eragrosites</a></i> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurvanella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurvanella (page does not exist)">Gurvanella</a></i> China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alloephedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alloephedra (page does not exist)">Alloephedra</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphiephedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphiephedra (page does not exist)">Amphiephedra</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beipiaoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beipiaoa (page does not exist)">Beipiaoa</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedrispermum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedrispermum (page does not exist)">Ephedrispermum</a></i> Portugal, Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephedrites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephedrites (page does not exist)">Ephedrites</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erenia (page does not exist)">Erenia</a></i> China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaoxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaoxia (page does not exist)">Liaoxia</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichoephedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichoephedra (page does not exist)">Dichoephedra</a></i> China, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laiyangia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laiyangia (page does not exist)">Laiyangia</a></i> P.H. Jin, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, Early Cretaceous</li></ul> <p>Gnetaceae </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khitania (page does not exist)">Khitania</a></i> Guo et al. 2009<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li></ul> <p>Welwitschiaceae </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscowelwitschia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscowelwitschia (page does not exist)">Priscowelwitschia</a></i> Dilcher et al., 2005 <a href="/wiki/Crato_Formation" title="Crato Formation">Crato Formation</a>, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cratonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cratonia (page does not exist)">Cratonia</a></i> Rydin et al., 2003 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welwitschiostrobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welwitschiostrobus (page does not exist)">Welwitschiostrobus</a></i> Dilcher et al., 2005 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li></ul> <p><i>Incertae sedis</i>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archangelskyoxylon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archangelskyoxylon (page does not exist)">Archangelskyoxylon</a></i> Brea, Gnaedinger & Martínez, 2023 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roca_Blanca_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roca Blanca Formation (page does not exist)">Roca Blanca Formation</a>, Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Sinemurian" title="Sinemurian">Sinemurian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a> (closely related to Weltwitschia and Gnetum).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drewria" title="Drewria">Drewria</a></i> Crane & Upchurch, 1987 <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Group" title="Potomac Group">Potomac Group</a>, USA, <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> (possible affinities to Welwitschiaceae)<sup id="cite_ref-Friis-2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friis-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicatia (page does not exist)">Bicatia</a></i> Friis, Pedersen and Crane, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-Friis-2014_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friis-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Figueira_da_Foz_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Figueira da Foz Formation (page does not exist)">Figueira da Foz Formation</a>, Portugal, Early Cretaceous (late Aptian early Albian), <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Group" title="Potomac Group">Potomac Group</a>, USA, Albian (possible affinities to Welwitschiaceae)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liaoningia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liaoningia (page does not exist)">Liaoningia</a></i> Yang et al, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protognetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protognetum (page does not exist)">Protognetum</a></i> Y. Yang, L. Xie et D.K. Ferguson, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daohugou_Bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Daohugou Bed">Daohugou Bed</a>, China, Middle Jurassic (<a href="/wiki/Callovian" title="Callovian">Callovian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itajuba_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itajuba (plant) (page does not exist)">Itajuba</a></i> Ricardi-Branco et al, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoephedrites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoephedrites (page does not exist)">Protoephedrites</a></i> Rothwell et Stockey, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada, <a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> (possible ephedroid affinities)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siphonospermum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siphonospermum (page does not exist)">Siphonospermum</a></i> Rydin et Friis, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welwitschiophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welwitschiophyllum (page does not exist)">Welwitschiophyllum</a></i> Dilcher et al., 2005 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian), <a href="/wiki/Akrabou_Formation" title="Akrabou Formation">Akrabou Formation</a>, Morocco, Late Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) (Initially interpreted as a member of Welwitschiaceae, later considered uncertain).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayvaultia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayvaultia (page does not exist)">Dayvaultia</a></i> Manchester et al. 2021<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a>, USA, Late Jurassic (<a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daohugoucladus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daohugoucladus (page does not exist)">Daohugoucladus</a></i> Yang et al. 2023<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daohugou_Bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Daohugou Bed">Daohugou Bed</a>, China, Middle Jurassic (<a href="/wiki/Callovian" title="Callovian">Callovian</a>)</li></ul> <p>Possible gnetophytes (not confirmed as members of the group) </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaestrobilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaestrobilus (page does not exist)">Archaestrobilus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Trujillo_Formation" title="Trujillo Formation">Trujillo Formation</a>, Texas, United States, Upper Triassic</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dechellyia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dechellyia (page does not exist)">Dechellyia</a></i>-<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masculostrobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masculostrobus (page does not exist)">Masculostrobus</a></i> Mongolia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinophyton" title="Dinophyton">Dinophyton</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a>, United States, Upper Triassic</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nataligma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nataligma (page does not exist)">Nataligma</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Molteno_Formation" title="Molteno Formation">Molteno Formation</a>, South Africa, Upper Triassic (Carnian)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeognetaleana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeognetaleana (page does not exist)">Palaeognetaleana</a></i> Wang, 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-Zi-Qiang_Wang-2004_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zi-Qiang_Wang-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China, Upper Permian</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanmiguelia" title="Sanmiguelia">Sanmiguelia</a></i> United States, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoantha (page does not exist)">Eoantha</a></i> Russia, Early Cretaceous</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassitheca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassitheca (page does not exist)">Bassitheca</a></i> Morrison Formation, USA, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnetophyta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crane-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crane_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.3159%2F1095-5674(2006)133%5B119%3APATBOS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1">"Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny"</a>. <i>Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</i>. <b>133</b>: <span class="nowrap">119–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3159%2F1095-5674%282006%29133%5B119%3APATBOS%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86395036">86395036</a>.</cite><span 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<dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida230" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteorhodophytina" title="Proteorhodophytina">Proteorhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurhodophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhodophytina">Eurhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiales" title="Klebsormidiales">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes228" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*91" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4056" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4056" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gnetophyta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309147" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q309147">Q309147</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gnetophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GNEP">1GNEP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/78">78</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/325923">325923</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18053">18053</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58022">58022</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=10209">10209</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=263827">263827</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gnetopsida</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1011212" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1011212">Q1011212</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gnetopsida" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gnetopsida">Gnetopsida</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BZ">BZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GNEC">1GNEC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/282">282</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/151883">151883</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1173">1173</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18054">18054</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3372">3372</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bba9e8b8-fd00-403b-8592-b1e20826af63">bba9e8b8-fd00-403b-8592-b1e20826af63</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=47951">47951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54804">54804</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/gnetopsida/">gnetopsida</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6ac0efda-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f">6ac0efda-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=886448">886448</a></span></span></li></ul> 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