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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>List of Chiefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legislative department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Judicial department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Government Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Foreign Relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>2008 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_(1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_(1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_(1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation_establishment_in_Oklahoma_(1830–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation_establishment_in_Oklahoma_(1830–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reservation establishment in Oklahoma (1830–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservation_establishment_in_Oklahoma_(1830–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Cyrus_Kingsbury's_Choctaw_Mission_(1840)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Cyrus_Kingsbury's_Choctaw_Mission_(1840)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Influence of Cyrus Kingsbury's Choctaw Mission (1840)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Cyrus_Kingsbury's_Choctaw_Mission_(1840)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Irish_Famine_aid_(1847)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Irish_Famine_aid_(1847)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Great Irish Famine aid (1847)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Irish_Famine_aid_(1847)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_Slaveholding_and_separation_from_Chickasaw_Nation_(1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_Slaveholding_and_separation_from_Chickasaw_Nation_(1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Controversy over Slaveholding and separation from Chickasaw Nation (1855)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_Slaveholding_and_separation_from_Chickasaw_Nation_(1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_in_Indian_Territory_(1861–65)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_in_Indian_Territory_(1861–65)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>American Civil War in Indian Territory (1861–65)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_in_Indian_Territory_(1861–65)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_transition_to_statehood_(1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_transition_to_statehood_(1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Territory transition to statehood (1900)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory_transition_to_statehood_(1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pioneering_the_use_of_code_talking_(1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneering_the_use_of_code_talking_(1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Pioneering the use of code talking (1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneering_the_use_of_code_talking_(1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_(1920s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_(1920s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Citizenship (1920s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_(1920s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination_efforts_(1950s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination_efforts_(1950s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Termination efforts (1950s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination_efforts_(1950s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-determination_1970s-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-determination_1970s-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Self-determination 1970s-present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-determination_1970s-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_tribal_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_tribal_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable tribal members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_tribal_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Choctaw Nation" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Choctaw Nation (disambiguation)">Choctaw Nation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian reservation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Choctaw Nation</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Choctaw-language text"><i lang="cho">Chahta Okla</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>)</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Choctaw Nation"><img alt="Flag of the Choctaw Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/140px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/210px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/280px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Choctaw Nation"><img alt="Official seal of Choctaw Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choctaw_seal.svg/80px-Choctaw_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choctaw_seal.svg/120px-Choctaw_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Choctaw_seal.svg/160px-Choctaw_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Na Yimmi, Chukkachvffa, Micha Aiimvlhpesa</i><br /><span class="nowrap">(English: Faith, Family, Culture)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <br /><small>("<span title="Choctaw-language text"><i lang="cho"><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">Nahata Fichik Tohwikeli</a>"</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Antvt bilia"<br />used for some occasions)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChoctawOSTA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location (red) in the U.S. state of Oklahoma"><img alt="Location (red) in the U.S. state of Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChoctawOSTA.svg/250px-ChoctawOSTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChoctawOSTA.svg/375px-ChoctawOSTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ChoctawOSTA.svg/500px-ChoctawOSTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location (red) in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized</th><td class="infobox-data">January 3, 1786 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 27, 1830 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expansions</th><td class="infobox-data">1843–1855</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reductions</th><td class="infobox-data">1855–1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data">January 11, 1860<span class="noprint">; 164 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1860-01-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 16, 1907<span class="noprint">; 117 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1907-11-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma#"Five_Civilized_Tribes"_now_recognized" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">Reservation Reconstituted</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 2020<span class="noprint">; 4 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-07-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant</a> (<i>de facto</i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">12 Districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Choctaw Nation Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Assistant Chief</th><td class="infobox-data">Jack Austin, Jr.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Speaker of the Choctaw Council</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas Williston</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chief Justice</th><td class="infobox-data">David Burrage</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House Delegate-designee</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">28,140 km<sup>2</sup> (10,864 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">226,984</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">8.1/km<sup>2</sup> (21/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">48,000<br />Choctaw/Nat. Am.<br />185,126 <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> and other</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://choctawnation.com/">choctawnation<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/250px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/375px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Choctaw_flag.svg/500px-Choctaw_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">223,279 total enrollment,<br />84,670 enrolled in Oklahoma<sup id="cite_ref-oia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">United States (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Evangelical Protestantism</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">other <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> bands, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>: <i>Chahta Okla</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Native American reservation</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occupying portions of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At roughly 6,952,960 acres (28,138 km<sup>2</sup>; 10,864 sq mi), it is the second-largest reservation in area after the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo</a>, exceeding that of <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">eight U.S. states</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> The seat of government is located in <a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant, Oklahoma</a>. </p><p>As of 2011, the tribe has 223,279 enrolled members, of whom 84,670 live within the state of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 41,616 live within the Choctaw Nation's jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 233,126 people live within these boundaries, with its <a href="/wiki/Tribal_jurisdictional_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal jurisdictional area">tribal jurisdictional area</a> comprising 10.5 counties in the state. </p><p>The Choctaw Nation is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> in the United States, and shares borders with the reservations of the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a>, as well as the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. The original territory has expanded and shrunk several times since the 19th century, reaching its current boundaries in 1867. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Choctaw_Nation,_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg/250px-Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg/375px-Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg/500px-Map_of_Choctaw_Nation%2C_Indian_territory_-_compiled_from_official_records_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey_LOC_2007627519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7954" data-file-height="8828" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Choctaw Nation, c. 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the official name for the area was “Choctaw Nation”, as outlined in Article III of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">1866 Reconstruction Treaty</a> following the Civil War. During its time of sovereignty within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">United States Indian Territory</a>, it also utilized the title “Choctaw Republic”.<sup id="cite_ref-AD_Book_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD_Book-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1971, it is officially referred to as the <b>Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</b>. The Choctaw Nation maintains a special relationship with both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Oklahoma" title="Government of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> governments. </p><p>Officially a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">domestic dependent nation</a> since 1971, in July 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/McGirt_v._Oklahoma" title="McGirt v. Oklahoma">McGirt v. Oklahoma</a></i> that the eastern area of Oklahoma—about half of the modern state—never lost its status as a Native reservation. This includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a> (located between Muscogee and Cherokee territory). The area includes lands of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee and Seminole. Among other effects, the decision potentially overturns convictions of over a thousand cases in the area involving tribe members convicted under state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling is based on an 1832 treaty, which the court ruled was still in force, adding that, “Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word.”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the Choctaw Nation returned from a <i>domestic dependent nation</i> status to that of an Indian reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talimenavista1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Talimenavista1.jpg/280px-Talimenavista1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Talimenavista1.jpg/420px-Talimenavista1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Talimenavista1.jpg/560px-Talimenavista1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Hills and forests of the Choctaw Nation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/280px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/420px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg/560px-Boundaries_of_the_Five_Tribes_in_1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries of the Choctaw Nation and the remaining "Five Civilized Tribes" in Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma's reservation covers 10,864 square miles (28,140 km<sup>2</sup>), encompassing eight whole counties and parts of five counties in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Oklahoma">Southeastern Oklahoma</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoka_County,_Oklahoma" title="Atoka County, Oklahoma">Atoka County</a>,</li> <li>most of <a href="/wiki/Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Bryan County, Oklahoma">Bryan County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw County, Oklahoma">Choctaw County</a>,</li> <li>most of <a href="/wiki/Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Coal County, Oklahoma">Coal County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Oklahoma" title="Haskell County, Oklahoma">Haskell County</a>,</li> <li>half of <a href="/wiki/Hughes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Hughes County, Oklahoma">Hughes County</a>,</li> <li>a portion of <a href="/wiki/Johnston_County,_Oklahoma" title="Johnston County, Oklahoma">Johnston County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Latimer County, Oklahoma">Latimer County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Flore_County,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Flore County, Oklahoma">Le Flore County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="McCurtain County, Oklahoma">McCurtain County</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pittsburg County, Oklahoma">Pittsburg County</a>,</li> <li>a portion of <a href="/wiki/Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pontotoc County, Oklahoma">Pontotoc County</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pushmataha County, Oklahoma">Pushmataha County</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Choctaw_Nation_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption>Choctaw Nation Headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/220px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/330px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg/440px-Choctaw_capitol_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The historic Choctaw Capitol in Tuskahoma, now a tribal museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tribal Headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant</a>, and house the office of the Chief. Opened in June 2018, the new headquarters is a 5-story, 500,000 square foot building located on an 80-acre campus in south Durant. It is near other tribal buildings, such as the Regional Health Clinic, Wellness Center, Community Center, Child Development Center, and Food Distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, headquarters was located in the former Oklahoma Presbyterian College, with more offices scattered around Durant. The chief of the Choctaw Nation is <a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a>, who took office on April 29, 2014, after the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_E._Pyle" title="Gregory E. Pyle">Gregory E. Pyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-executive_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-executive-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the assistant chief is Jack Austin, Jr. The Tribal Council meets monthly at <a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tvshka Homma</a>, across the street from the historic <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Capitol_Building" title="Choctaw Capitol Building">Choctaw Capitol Building</a>, built in 1884 and since been adapted for use as the Choctaw Nation Museum. </p><p>The tribe is governed by the Choctaw Nation Constitution, which was ratified by the people on June 9, 1984. The constitution provides for an executive, a legislative and a judicial branch of government. The chief of the Choctaw Tribe, elected every four years, is not a voting member of the Tribal Council. These members are elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> for four-year terms. The legislative authority of the tribe is vested in the Tribal Council, which consists of twelve members. </p><p>Citizenship in the Choctaw Nation is outlined in Article II Section I of the constitution which states that membership is for "Choctaw Indians by blood whose names appear on the final rolls of the Choctaw Nation approved pursuant to Section 2 of the Act of April 26, 1906, and their lineal descendant." The constitution cannot be amended without a vote of tribal members and currently excludes <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constitutional amendment can be passed through "two methods: (1) a proposal of Tribal Council requiring 8 affirmative votes and/or (2) by a petition containing the entire text of the amendment and signed by no less than 30 percent of the total number of qualified voters voting in the last Chief's election." While the current Chief, Gary Batton, disagrees that denying citizenship to the freedmen is a race issue,<sup id="cite_ref-KOSU_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOSU-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this ignores the historical racist legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, because the Nation, along with the other <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>, supported the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War, they severed ties with the federal government,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the U.S. require these tribes to make new peace treaties, emancipate their slaves, and offer full citizenship. Numerous families had intermarried by that time or had other personal ties to the tribe as well,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Choctaw Nation did not uphold the Treaty of 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-KOSU_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOSU-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some like Chief Batton and Dr. Blue Clarke, a Muscogee Nation citizen and a professor of Indigenous Law at Oklahoma City University, claim it is an issue about tribal sovereignty, though it's only within the last 50 years that they have not been recognized as citizens. The "Freedmen were adopted in as part of the tribe in 1885" but in "1983, the Choctaw Nation added a 'by-blood' requirement into the constitution that excluded many." While tribal sovereignty at times seeks for the tribe to be treated like a country with similar rights, tribes have "treaty relationships with the United States, which makes that relationship part of the foundational fabric of the U.S. government" and the Five Tribes also made agreements with the government after losing in the Civil War when they sided with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. For many Choctaw Freedmen, it is about getting the tribe to acknowledge its participation in chattel slavery through <a href="/wiki/Native_American_slave_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American slave ownership">Native American slave ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The citizenship definition of many tribal nations runs counter to how other countries or nations define their citizenship (based on borders, birth location, naturalization, instead of descendance, race, or ethnicity), and most federally recognized tribes are subject to the U.S. Government's final acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Fund Operating Budget, the Health Systems Operating Budget, and the Capital Projects Budget for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2017, and ending September 30, 2018, was $516,318,568.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 9, 2023, the tribal council approved a comprehensive budget for fiscal year 2024 of $2.529 billion. The budgeted operating expense is $1.585 billion, budgeted maintenance capital is $36.5 million, and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_goods_sold" title="Cost of goods sold">cost of goods sold</a> being $495 million that totals a budgeted request of $2.116 billion, resulting in an anticipated net income of $412.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, the Choctaw Nation is completely encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district">Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district</a>, represented by Republican and Choctaw citizen <a href="/wiki/Josh_Brecheen" title="Josh Brecheen">Josh Brecheen</a>. With a majority of both Native American and white voters in the region leaning conservative, Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> carried every county in the Choctaw Nation in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2024 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2024 election</a>, as well as every county in the state of Oklahoma, continuing a trend seen in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2004 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2008 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2016 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2020 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">2020</a> elections. The Choctaw Nation is located in one of the most conservative areas of Oklahoma, and while registered Democrats outnumber Republicans, the region has consistently gone to Republican candidates. The current head of the government, Chief <a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Republican</a>. </p><p>The Choctaw Nation also has the right to appoint a non-voting delegate to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, per the 1830 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a>; as of 2024 however, no delegate has been named or sent to the Congress by the Choctaw Nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Department">Executive Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Executive Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The supreme executive power of the Choctaw Nation is assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Chief_magistrate" title="Chief magistrate">chief magistrate</a>, styled as the "Chief of the Choctaw Nation". The Assistant Chief is appointed by the Chief with the advice and consent of the Tribal Council, and can be removed at the discretion of the Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Chief of the Choctaw Nation is <a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a>, and the current Assistant Chief is Jack Austin, Jr. </p><p>The Chief's birthday (Batton's is December 15) is a tribal holiday. </p><p>In 2021, the tribal council instituted October 16 as <i>Choctaw Flag Day</i>, a holiday to celebrate the adoption of the Choctaw Nation Seal on October 16, 1860. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> was admitted to the union as a state in 1907, the Choctaw Nation was divided into three districts: <a href="/wiki/Apukshunnubbee_District" title="Apukshunnubbee District">Apukshunnubbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshulatubbee_District" title="Moshulatubbee District">Moshulatubbee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pushmataha_District" title="Pushmataha District">Pushmataha</a>. Each district had its own chief from 1834 to 1857; afterward, the three districts were put under the jurisdiction of one <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a>. The three districts were re-established in 1860, again each with their own chief, with a fourth chief to be Principal Chief of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These districts were abolished at the time of statehood, as tribal government and land claims were dissolved in order for the territory to be admitted as a state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tribe reorganized to re-establish its government and passed a constitution re-establishing the council in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sapulpa_Daily_Herald_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapulpa_Daily_Herald-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the elections held that year, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Wright_O%27Leary_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Wright O'Leary James">Harriet Wright O'Leary James</a> became the first woman elected to serve on the nation's council.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapulpa_Daily_Herald_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapulpa_Daily_Herald-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_Chiefs">List of Chiefs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of Chiefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png/400px-Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png/600px-Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png/800px-Old_Choctaw_Nation_District_Map_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Former districts and capitals of Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, that existed from 1834 to 1857, shown with present-day Oklahoma counties.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="33" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Choctaw Nation,<br />Indian Territory<br />(1834–1906) </th> <th colspan="6" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Districts </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Moshulatubbee_District" title="Moshulatubbee District">Moshulatubbee</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Apukshunnubbee_District" title="Apukshunnubbee District">Apukshunnubbee</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pushmataha_District" title="Pushmataha District">Pushmataha</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">District Chief </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">District Chief </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">District Chief </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moshulatubbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshulatubbee">Moshulatubbee</a> </td> <td>1834–1836 </td> <td rowspan="2">Thomas LeFlore </td> <td rowspan="2">1834–1838 </td> <td rowspan="2">Nitakechi </td> <td rowspan="2">1834–1838 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Kincaid </td> <td>1836–1838 </td></tr> <tr> <td>John McKinney </td> <td>1838–1842 </td> <td>James Fletcher </td> <td>1838–1842 </td> <td>Pierre Juzan </td> <td>1838–1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nathaniel Folsom </td> <td>1842–1846 </td> <td rowspan="2">Thomas LeFlore </td> <td rowspan="2">1842–1850 </td> <td>Isaac Folsom </td> <td>1841–1846 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Folsom </td> <td>1846–1850 </td> <td>Salas Fisher </td> <td>1846–1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_McCurtain" title="Cornelius McCurtain">Cornelius McCurtain</a> </td> <td>1850–1854 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Harkins" title="George W. Harkins">George W. Harkins</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">1850–1857 </td> <td>George Folsom </td> <td>1850–1854 </td></tr> <tr> <td>David McCoy </td> <td>1854–1857 </td> <td>Nicholas Cochnauer </td> <td>1854–1857 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;">Districts abolished in 1857 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Unified Nation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Governor </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Alfred Wade </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1857–1858 </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tandy Walker </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1858–1859 </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Basil_LeFlore" title="Basil LeFlore">Basil LeFlore</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1859–1860 </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Principal Chief </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">George Hudson </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1860–1862 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Samuel Garland </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1862–1864 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Peter Pitchlynn</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1864–1866 </td> <td style="background:#DDDDBB;">Independent </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Allen Wright</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1866–1870 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">William Bryant </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1870–1874 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Cole" title="Coleman Cole">Coleman Cole</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1874–1878 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Isaac Levi Garvin </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1878–1880 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_McCurtain" title="Jackson McCurtain">Jackson McCurtain</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1880–1884 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_McCurtain" title="Edmund McCurtain">Edmund McCurtain</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1884–1886 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Thompson McKinney </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1886–1888 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Benjamin Smallwood</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1888–1890 </td> <td style="background:#00DDDD;">National </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Wilson N. Jones </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1890–1894 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jefferson Gardner </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1894–1896 </td> <td style="background:#FF69B4;">Progressive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Green_McCurtain" title="Green McCurtain">Green McCurtain</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1896–1900 </td> <td style="background-color:#EA9978">Tuskahoma </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Dukes" title="Gilbert Dukes">Gilbert Wesley Dukes</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1900–1902 </td> <td style="background-color:#EA9978">Tuskahoma </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Green_McCurtain" title="Green McCurtain">Green McCurtain</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1902–1906 </td> <td style="background-color:#EA9978">Tuskahoma </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="13" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Choctaw Nation<br />of Oklahoma<br />(1906–Present) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Chief </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Term </th> <th style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Green McCurtain </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1906–1910<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> in 1906)</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Victor Locke, Jr. </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1910–1918<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>)</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">William F. Semple </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1918–1922<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>)</span> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">William H. Harrison </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1922–1929<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>)</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ben Dwight </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1929–1937<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>)</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Durant" title="William A. Durant">William A. Durant</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1937–1948<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>)</span> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._W._Belvin" title="Harry J. W. Belvin">Harry J. W. Belvin</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"> <p>1948–1959<br />1959–1970<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(First appointed by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>)</span><br />1971–1975 </p> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">C. David Gardner </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1975–1978 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hollis_E._Roberts" title="Hollis E. Roberts">Hollis E. Roberts</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1978–1997 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_E._Pyle" title="Gregory E. Pyle">Gregory E. Pyle</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1997–2014 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2014–Present </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_department">Legislative department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legislative department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislative authority is vested in the Tribal Council. Members of the Tribal Council are elected by the Choctaw people, one for each of the twelve districts in the Choctaw Nation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png/500px-Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="647" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png/750px-Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png/1000px-Choctaw_Nation_District_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Current district map of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Current Tribal Council </th></tr> <tr> <th>District </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Councilman </th> <th>First elected </th> <th>Term ends </th></tr> <tr> <td>District 1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Thomas Williston </td> <td>November 29, 2010 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Johnathan Ward </td> <td>September 7, 2015 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 3 </td> <td> </td> <td>Eddie Bohanan </td> <td>September 2, 2019 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Delton Cox </td> <td>September 3, 2001 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Ronald Perry </td> <td>September 5, 2011 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 6 </td> <td> </td> <td>Jennifer Woods </td> <td>September 4, 2017 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 7 </td> <td> </td> <td>Jack Austin </td> <td>September 3, 2001 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 8 </td> <td> </td> <td>Perry Thompson </td> <td>September 1, 1987 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 9 </td> <td> </td> <td>James Dry </td> <td>September 4, 2017 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 10 </td> <td> </td> <td>Anthony Dillard </td> <td>September 5, 2005 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 11 </td> <td> </td> <td>Robert Karr </td> <td>September 2, 2019 </td> <td>September 4, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>District 12 </td> <td> </td> <td>James Frazier </td> <td>September 3, 1990 </td> <td>September 5, 2021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg/220px-Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg/330px-Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Norma_howard_choctaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Award-winning painter Norma Howard, whose works depicted traditional Choctaw life.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tribal council members are the voice and representation of the Choctaw people in the tribal government. In order to be elected as council members, candidates must have resided in their respective districts for at least one year immediately preceding the election and must be at least one-fourth Choctaw Indian by blood and at least twenty-one years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once elected, council members must remain a resident of their district during the term in office. </p><p>Once in office, the Tribal council members have regularly scheduled county council meetings. The presence of these tribal leaders in the Indian community creates a sense of understanding of their community and its needs. The Tribal Council is responsible for adopting rules and regulations which govern the Choctaw Nation, for approving all budgets, decisions concerning the management of tribal property, and all other legislative matters. The Tribal Council assists the community to implement an economic development strategy and to plan, organize, and direct Tribal resources to achieve self-sufficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_department">Judicial department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durant is also the seat of the tribe's judicial department, housed in the Choctaw Nation Judicial Center, near the Headquarters. The judicial authority of the Choctaw Nation is assigned to the Court of General Jurisdiction (which includes the District Court and the Appellate Division) and the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court consists of a three-member court, who are appointed by the Chief. At least one member, the presiding <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> (Chief Justice), must be a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> licensed to practice before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Oklahoma">Supreme Court of Oklahoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members">Members</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Constitutional Court<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Chief Justice David Burrage</li> <li>Judge Mitch Mullin</li> <li>Judge Frederick Bobb</li></ul></li> <li>Appellate Division<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Presiding Judge Pat Phelps</li> <li>Judge Bob Rabon</li> <li>Judge Warren Gotcher</li></ul></li> <li>District Court<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Presiding District Judge Richard Branam</li> <li>District Judge Mark Morrison</li> <li>District Judge Rebecca Cryer</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_Treaties">Government Treaties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Choctaw underwent many changes to their government since its first interactions with the United States. The Choctaw Nation acknowledges these treaties and categorizes them by “Pre-Removal Treaties” and “Post-Removal Treaties”.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_Relations">Foreign Relations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Choctaw supported Ireland by donating money during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a> of 1847. The two nations have maintained relations ever since. In 2018 Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a> announced the Choctaw-Ireland Scholarship Programme – an opportunity for Choctaw students to study in Ireland. The program was launched "in recognition of the act of generosity and humanitarianism shown by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma towards the people of Ireland during the Great Famine of the mid-Nineteenth Century, and to foster and deepen the ties between the two nations today". The programme is available for postgraduate students, and those studying at University College Cork; within the disciplines of Art, Social Sciences or Celtic Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 a sculpture known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_Spirits_(sculpture)" title="Kindred Spirits (sculpture)">Kindred Spirits</a></i> was erected in the town of <a href="/wiki/Midleton" title="Midleton">Midleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> to commemorate the Choctaw Nation's donation. A delegation of 20 members of the Choctaw Nation attended the opening ceremony along with the County Mayor of Cork. In 2024 a companion sculpture <i>Sacred Hearts</i> was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a> to commemorate Choctaw-Irish relations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Choctaw Nation's economic impact in 2022 was over $2.51 billion. The nation employs around 12,000 people, of which 4,200 of those work in Durant, the city's largest single employer. Wages and benefits expenditures were over $838 million,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with total revenues from tribal businesses and governmental entities was expected to be $2.45 billion in fiscal year 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation has contributed to raising Bryan County's <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> to about $24,000. The Choctaw Nation has helped build <a href="/wiki/Water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water system">water systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">towers</a>, roads and other infrastructure, and has contributed to additional <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> units and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement</a> needs that have accompanied <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. </p><p>The Choctaw Nation operates several types of businesses. It has seven <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casinos</a>, 14 tribal smoke shops, 13 truck stops, and two <a href="/wiki/Chili%27s" title="Chili's">Chili's</a> franchises in Atoka and Poteau.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also owns a <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing operation</a>, a corporate <a href="/wiki/Drug_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug testing">drug testing</a> service, <a href="/wiki/Hospice_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospice care">hospice care</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">metal fabrication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal manufacturing">manufacturing</a> business, a document backup and archiving business, and a <a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">management services</a> company that provides staffing at <a href="/wiki/Military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="Military bases">military bases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a> and other sites, among other enterprises. McAlester had long been the largest city in the nation, as well its primary business center and economic anchor. However, it was surpassed in population by Durant at the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_system">Health system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_March_2016_48_(Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg/220px-Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg/330px-Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg/440px-Hugo_March_2016_48_%28Choctaw_Nation_Tribal_Services_Center%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Choctaw Nation Tribal Services Center in <a href="/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma" title="Hugo, Oklahoma">Hugo, Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Choctaw Nation is the first indigenous tribe in the United States to build its own hospital with its own funding.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Choctaw Nation Health Care Center, located in <a href="/wiki/Talihina,_Oklahoma" title="Talihina, Oklahoma">Talihina</a>, is a 145,000-square-foot (13,500 m<sup>2</sup>) health facility with 37 hospital beds for inpatient care and 52 exam rooms. The $22 million hospital is complete with $6 million worth of state-of-the-art<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="vague (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> equipment and furnishing. It serves 150,000–210,000 outpatient visits annually. The hospital also houses the Choctaw Nation Health Services Authority, the hub of the tribal health care services of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Oklahoma">Southeastern Oklahoma</a>. </p><p>The tribe also operates eight Indian clinics, one each in <a href="/wiki/Atoka,_Oklahoma" title="Atoka, Oklahoma">Atoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Bow, Oklahoma">Broken Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma" title="Hugo, Oklahoma">Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma" title="Idabel, Oklahoma">Idabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/McAlester,_Oklahoma" title="McAlester, Oklahoma">McAlester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma" title="Poteau, Oklahoma">Poteau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stigler,_Oklahoma" title="Stigler, Oklahoma">Stigler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award">2008 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2008 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma has participated in a great deal of help for those outside of their nation. In fact, they took part in helping United States troops overseas. They did this by putting together care packages. Their total of packages sent out were close to 3,500. These packages were sent to troops throughout Iraq and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Department of Defense has an award called the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Defense_Employer_Support_Freedom_Award" title="Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award">Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award</a>. This award is the highest recognition given by the U.S. Government to employers for their outstanding support of employees who serve in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reserve_component_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve component of the Armed Forces of the United States">Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive Director of the National Committee for Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve, Dr. L. Gordon Sumner Jr., said, "We are pleased and excited to announce Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma as a recipient of the 2008 Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award. The tremendous support Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma provides for Guard and Reserve employees and their families is exemplary and helps our citizen warriors protect our nation without concern for their jobs." </p><p>The Choctaw Nation was one of 15 recipients of that year's Freedom Award, selected from 2,199 nominations. Its representatives received the award September 18, 2008, in Washington, D.C. They received the award based on their large employer status with the National Guard and Reserves. The Choctaw Nation is the first Native American tribe to receive this award. </p><p>“Oklahomans who serve our country do so at tremendous personal expense and risk. The Choctaw Nation has gone above and beyond to support those men and women,” said Sen. Jay Paul Gumm. “They are a shining example of how employers and communities can go that extra mile for our military personnel.”<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_2">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_(1830)"><span id="Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek_.281830.29"></span>Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg/330px-Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg/440px-Chickasaw_and_Choctaw_land_cessions_in_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>Chickasaw and Choctaw territory in Mississippi; the remaining lands ceded in the 1830s in the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek and the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Choctaw were recognized as a sovereign nation under the protection of the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty of Hopewell</a> in 1786. They were militarily aligned with the United States during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Civil War">Creek Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. However, relations soured following the election of Andrew Jackson. At Jackson's personal request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson1829-5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson1829-5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was very close: The Senate passed the measure, 28 to 19, while in the House it passed, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830,<sup id="cite_ref-jackson1829-5_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson1829-5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and turned his focus onto the Choctaw in Mississippi Territory. </p><p>On August 25, 1830, the Choctaws were supposed to meet with Jackson in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin, Tennessee</a>, but Greenwood Leflore, a district Choctaw chief, informed Secretary of War John H. Eaton that the warriors were fiercely opposed to attending.<sup id="cite_ref-remini_submit_expected_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remini_submit_expected-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson was angered. Journalist Len Green writes "although angered by the Choctaw refusal to meet him in Tennessee, Jackson felt from LeFlore's words that he might have a foot in the door and dispatched Secretary of War Eaton and John Coffee to meet with the Choctaws in their nation."<sup id="cite_ref-len_green_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-len_green-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson appointed Eaton and General John Coffee as commissioners to represent him to meet the Choctaws at the Dancing Rabbit Creek near present-day <a href="/wiki/Noxubee_County,_Mississippi" title="Noxubee County, Mississippi">Noxubee County, Mississippi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Say to them as friends and brothers to listen [to] the voice of their father, & friend. Where [they] now are, they and my white children are too near each other to live in harmony & peace.... It is their white brothers and my wishes for them to remove beyond the Mississippi, it [contains] the [best] advice to both the Choctaws and Chickasaws, whose happiness... will certainly be promoted by removing.... There... their children can live upon [it as] long as grass grows or water runs.... It shall be theirs forever... and all who wish to remain as citizens [shall have] reservations laid out to cover [their improv]ements; and the justice due [from a] father to his red children will [be awarded to] them. [Again I] beg you, tell them to listen. [The plan proposed] is the only one by which [they can be] perpetuated as a nation.... I am very respectfully your friend, & the friend of my Choctaw and Chickasaw brethren. Andrew Jackson. -Andrew Jackson to the Choctaw & Chickasaw Nations, 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Letter_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Letter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The commissioners met with the chiefs and headmen on September 15, 1830, at Dancing Rabbit Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-remini_submit_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remini_submit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In carnival-like atmosphere, the policy of removal was explained to an audience of 6,000 men, women, and children.<sup id="cite_ref-remini_submit_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remini_submit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Choctaws would now face migration or submit to US law as citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-remini_submit_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remini_submit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty would sign away the remaining traditional homeland to the US; however, a provision in the treaty made removal more acceptable:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosholatubbee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mosholatubbee.jpg/220px-Mosholatubbee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mosholatubbee.jpg/330px-Mosholatubbee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mosholatubbee.jpg/440px-Mosholatubbee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>In 1830 <a href="/wiki/Mosholatubbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosholatubbee">Mosholatubbee</a> sought to be elected to the Congress of the United States before moving to Indian Territory. 1834, Smithsonian American Art Museum</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ART. XIV. Each Choctaw head of a family being desirous to remain and become a citizen of the States, shall be permitted to do so, by signifying his intention to the Agent within six months from the ratification of this Treaty, and he or she shall thereupon be entitled to a reservation of one section of six hundred and forty acres of land.... —Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 1830</p></blockquote> <p>On September 27, 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> was signed. It represented one of the largest transfers of land that was signed between the US government and Native Americans without being instigated by warfare. By the treaty, the Choctaws signed away their remaining traditional homelands, opening them up for European-American settlement. The Choctaw were the first to walk the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Trail_of_Tears" title="Choctaw Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. Article XIV allowed for nearly 1,300 Choctaws to remain in the state of Mississippi and to become the first major non-European ethnic group to become US citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-us_citizenship_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_citizenship-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-david_baird_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david_baird-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrc_programs_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc_programs-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MAA_k_carlton_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAA_k_carlton-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 22 sought to put a Choctaw representative in the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-us_citizenship_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_citizenship-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Choctaw at this crucial time split into two distinct groups: the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a>. The nation retained its autonomy, but the tribe in Mississippi submitted to state and federal laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_2007;_Kidwell_1995_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_2007;_Kidwell_1995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To the voters of Mississippi. Fellow Citizens:-I have fought for you, I have been by your own act, made a citizen of your state; ... According to your laws I am an American citizen, ... I have always battled on the side of this republic ... I have been told by my white brethren, that the pen of history is impartial, and that in after years, our forlorn kindred will have justice and "mercy too" ... I wish you would elect me a member to the next Congress of the [United] States.-Mushulatubba, <i>Christian Mirror and N.H. Observer</i>, July 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-us_congress2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us_congress2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservation_establishment_in_Oklahoma_(1830–1860)"><span id="Reservation_establishment_in_Oklahoma_.281830.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Reservation establishment in Oklahoma (1830–1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reservation establishment in Oklahoma (1830–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a>, a law implementing Removal Policy, was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> on May 28, 1830. The act delineated <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, where the U.S. federal government forcibly relocated tribes from across the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuchi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuchi people">Yuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>). The forced relocation of the Choctaw Nation in 1831 is called the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. In 1834, U.S. Congress defined the first Indian Territory,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Five Civilized Tribes occupying the land that eventually became the State of Oklahoma, excluding its panhandle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Cyrus_Kingsbury's_Choctaw_Mission_(1840)"><span id="Influence_of_Cyrus_Kingsbury.27s_Choctaw_Mission_.281840.29"></span>Influence of Cyrus Kingsbury's Choctaw Mission (1840)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence of Cyrus Kingsbury's Choctaw Mission (1840)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reverend <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Kingsbury" title="Cyrus Kingsbury">Cyrus Kingsbury</a>, who had ministered among the Choctaw since 1818, accompanied the Choctaws from the Mayhew Mission in <a href="/wiki/Oktibbeha_County,_Mississippi" title="Oktibbeha County, Mississippi">Oktibbeha County, Mississippi</a>, to their new location in Indian Territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established the church in <a href="/wiki/Boggy_Depot,_Oklahoma" title="Boggy Depot, Oklahoma">Boggy Depot</a> in 1840. The church building was the temporary capitol of the Choctaw Nation in 1859. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Allen Wright</a> (principal chief of the Choctaw Republic from late 1866 to 1870) lived much of his early life with Kingsbury at <a href="/wiki/Doaksville,_Choctaw_Nation" title="Doaksville, Choctaw Nation">Doaksville</a> and the mission school at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge,_Oklahoma" title="Pine Ridge, Oklahoma">Pine Ridge</a>. Armstrong Academy was founded in <a href="/wiki/Chahta_Tamaha,_Indian_Territory" title="Chahta Tamaha, Indian Territory">Chahta Tamaha, Indian Territory</a> as a school for Choctaw boys in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_towns_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost_towns-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named after William Armstrong, a popular agent of the Choctaws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Irish_Famine_aid_(1847)"><span id="Great_Irish_Famine_aid_.281847.29"></span>Great Irish Famine aid (1847)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Great Irish Famine aid (1847)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choctaw_Stickball_Player,_Painted_by_George_Catlin,_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg/220px-Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg/330px-Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg/440px-Choctaw_Stickball_Player%2C_Painted_by_George_Catlin%2C_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Choctaw Stickball Player, Painted by George Catlin, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>Midway through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine (1845–1849)</a>, a group of Choctaw collected $170 ($6,000 in current dollar terms) and sent it to help starving Irish men, women and children. "It had been just 16 years since the Choctaw people had experienced the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, and they had faced starvation... It was an amazing gesture. By today's standards, it might be a million dollars," wrote Judy Allen in 1992, editor of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma's newspaper, <i>Bishinik</i>. To mark the 150th anniversary, eight Irish people came to the US to retrace the Trail of Tears to raise money for <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalian</a> relief.<sup id="cite_ref-famine_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famine-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Following publication of <a href="/wiki/Angie_Debo" title="Angie Debo">Angie Debo</a>'s <i>The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic</i>, various articles corrected the cited amount of this donation, saying it was $170 ($6,000).) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_Slaveholding_and_separation_from_Chickasaw_Nation_(1855)"><span id="Controversy_over_Slaveholding_and_separation_from_Chickasaw_Nation_.281855.29"></span>Controversy over Slaveholding and separation from Chickasaw Nation (1855)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversy over Slaveholding and separation from Chickasaw Nation (1855)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen#Government_involvement" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen § Government involvement</a></div> <p>In Spring 1855, the ABCFM sent Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_Warren_Wood" title="George Warren Wood">George Warren Wood</a> to visit the Choctaw Mission in Oklahoma to resolve a crisis over the abolition issue.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Eagletown,_Oklahoma" title="Eagletown, Oklahoma">Stockbridge Mission</a>, Wood spent over two weeks days visiting missions including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodwater_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodwater Mission (page does not exist)">Goodwater Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelock_Academy" title="Wheelock Academy">Wheelock Academy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spencer_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spencer Academy (page does not exist)">Spencer Academy</a>, and other mission schools. He met with missionaries to discuss <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selah_B_Treat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selah B Treat (page does not exist)">Selah B Treat</a>'s June 22, 1848, letter permitting them to maintain fellowship with slaveholders.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the crisis was not resolved, and by 1859, the Board cut ties to the Choctaw mission altogether. </p><p>In 1855, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations formally separated. <a href="/wiki/Doaksville,_Choctaw_Nation" title="Doaksville, Choctaw Nation">Doaksville</a> served as the capital of the Choctaw Nation between 1860 and 1863. An 1860 convention in Doaksville ratified the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doaksville_Constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doaksville Constitution (page does not exist)">Doaksville Constitution</a> that guided the Choctaw Nation until 1906.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The capital moved to Mayhew Mission in 1859, then to <a href="/wiki/Chahta_Tamaha,_Indian_Territory" title="Chahta Tamaha, Indian Territory">Chahta Tamaha</a> in 1863.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conf_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conf-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oklahoma Historical Society claims that Doaksville began to decline in importance in 1854, when the U.S. Army abandoned <a href="/wiki/Fort_Towson" title="Fort Towson">Fort Towson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHS2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War_in_Indian_Territory_(1861–65)"><span id="American_Civil_War_in_Indian_Territory_.281861.E2.80.9365.29"></span>American Civil War in Indian Territory (1861–65)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: American Civil War in Indian Territory (1861–65)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>The Choctaws sided with the South during the Civil War. Tribal members had become successful cotton planters—owning many slaves. The most famous Choctaw planter was <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDonald_Jones" title="Robert McDonald Jones">Robert M. Jones</a>. He was part Choctaw and had become influential in politics. Jones eventually supported the Confederacy and became a non-voting member in the Confederacy's House of Representatives. Jones was key for steering the Choctaw Nation in an alliance with the Confederacy. By 1860, the Choctaw Nation lived in a relatively calm and remote society. Many Indian citizen members had become successful farmers, planters, and business men. <a href="/wiki/Angie_Debo" title="Angie Debo">Angie Debo</a>, author of <i>The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic</i>, wrote: "Taken as a whole the generation from 1833 to 1861 presents a record of orderly development almost unprecedented in the history of any people."<sup id="cite_ref-AD_Book2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD_Book2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The Choctaws alone, of all the Indian nations, have remained perfectly united in their loyalty to this Government. It was said to me by more than one influential and reliable Choctaw during my sojourn in their country that not only had no member of that nation ever gone over to the enemy, but that no Indian had ever done so in whose veins coursed Choctaw blood."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>S.S. Scott to James A. Seddon, January 12, 1863</i><sup id="cite_ref-WOR-SIV-VII_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WOR-SIV-VII-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Former flag of the Choctaw Nation, adopted in 1860 and carried by <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">troops</a> during the American Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory_transition_to_statehood_(1900)"><span id="Territory_transition_to_statehood_.281900.29"></span>Territory transition to statehood (1900)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Territory transition to statehood (1900)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenwood_mccurtain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greenwood_mccurtain.jpg/200px-Greenwood_mccurtain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Greenwood_mccurtain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_McCurtain" title="Green McCurtain">Green McCurtain</a>, the last independent Choctaw Chief before the Tribal Republic's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma#Oklahoma_gains_statehood" title="History of Oklahoma">annexation by the U.S. government into the new state of Oklahoma.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequoyah_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sequoyah_map.jpg/200px-Sequoyah_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sequoyah_map.jpg/300px-Sequoyah_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sequoyah_map.jpg/400px-Sequoyah_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="4820" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">State of Sequoyah</a>, a U.S. state for Indian Territory proposed in 1905. The Choctaw supported the proposition and were included in the new map. However, the statehood proposal was rejected by Congress, and Indian Territory was annexed in 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early twentieth century, the United States government had passed laws that reduced the Choctaw's sovereignty and tribal rights in preparation for the extinguishing of land claims and for Indian Territory to be admitted, along with Oklahoma Territory, as part of the State of Oklahoma. </p><p>Under the Dawes Act, in violation of earlier treaties, the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Commission" title="Dawes Commission">Dawes Commission</a> registered tribal members in official rolls. It forced individual land allotments upon the Tribe's heads of household, and the government classified land beyond these allotments as "surplus", and available to be sold to both native and non-natives. It was primarily intended for European-American (white) settlement and development. </p><p>The government created "guardianship" by third parties who controlled allotments while the owners were underage. During the oil boom of the early 20th century, the guardianships became very lucrative; there was widespread abuse and financial exploitation of Choctaw individuals. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Haskell">Charles Haskell</a>, the future governor of Oklahoma, was among the white elite who took advantage of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Act of 1906 spelled out the final tribal dissolution agreements for all of the five civilized tribes and dissolved the Choctaw government. The Act also set aside a timber reserve, which might be sold at a later time; it specifically excluded coal and asphalt lands from allotment. After Oklahoma was admitted as a state in 1907, tribal chiefs of the Choctaw and other nations were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneering_the_use_of_code_talking_(1918)"><span id="Pioneering_the_use_of_code_talking_.281918.29"></span>Pioneering the use of code talking (1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pioneering the use of code talking (1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War I the American army fighting in France became stymied by the Germans' ability to intercept its communications. The Germans successfully decrypted the codes, and were able to read the Americans' secrets and know their every move in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenspan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenspan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Choctaw serving in the 142nd Infantry suggested using their native tongue, the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw language</a>, to transmit army secrets. The Germans were unable to penetrate their language. This change enabled the Americans to protect their actions and almost immediately contributed to a turn-around on the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne">Meuse-Argonne</a> front. Captured German officers said they were baffled by the Choctaw words, which they were completely unable to translate. According to historian Joseph Greenspan, the Choctaw language did not have words for many military ideas, so the code-talkers had to invent other terms from their language. Examples are "'big gun' for artillery, 'little gun shoot fast' for machine gun, 'stone' for grenade and 'scalps' for casualties."<sup id="cite_ref-Greenspan_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenspan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians credit these soldiers with helping bring World War I to a faster conclusion. </p><p>There were fourteen <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Code_Talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Code Talkers">Choctaw Code Talkers</a>. The Army repeated the use of Native Americans as code talkers during World War II, working with soldiers from a variety of American Indian tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a>. Collectively the Native Americans who performed such functions are known as <a href="/wiki/Code_talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Code talkers">code talkers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship_(1920s)"><span id="Citizenship_.281920s.29"></span>Citizenship (1920s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citizenship (1920s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Burke_Act" title="Burke Act">Burke Act</a> of 1906 provided that tribal members would become full United States citizens within 25 years, if not before. In 1928 tribal leaders organized a convention of Choctaw and Chickasaw tribe members from throughout Oklahoma. They met in <a href="/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma" title="Ardmore, Oklahoma">Ardmore</a> to discuss the burdens being placed upon the tribes due to passage and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a> and the Burke Act. Since their tribal governments had been abolished, the tribes were concerned about the inability to secure funds that were due them for leasing their coal and asphalt lands, in order to provide for their tribe members. <a href="/wiki/Czarina_Conlan" title="Czarina Conlan">Czarina Conlan</a> was selected as chair of the convention. They appointed a committee composed of Henry J. Bond, Conlan, Peter J. Hudson, T.W. Hunter and Dr. E. N Wright, for the Choctaw; and Ruford Bond, Franklin Bourland, George W. Burris, Walter Colbert and Estelle Ward, for the Chickasaw to determine how to address their concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-delegation_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delegation-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After meeting to prepare the recommendation, the committee broke with precedent when it sent <a href="/wiki/Czarina_Conlan" title="Czarina Conlan">Czarina Conlan</a> (Choctaw) and <a href="/wiki/Estelle_Chisholm_Ward" title="Estelle Chisholm Ward">Estelle Chisholm Ward</a> (Chickasaw) to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to argue in favor of passage of a bill proposed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilburn_Cartwright" title="Wilburn Cartwright">Wilburn Cartwright</a>. It proposed sale of the coal and asphalt holdings, but continuing restrictions against sales of Indian lands. This was the first time that women had been sent to Washington as representatives of their tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-women_representatives_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women_representatives-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termination_efforts_(1950s)"><span id="Termination_efforts_.281950s.29"></span>Termination efforts (1950s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Termination efforts (1950s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 1940s through the 1960s, the federal government pursued an <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">Indian termination policy</a>, to end the special relationship of tribes. Retreating from the emphasis of self-government of Indian tribes, Congress passed a series of laws to enable the government to end its trust relationships with native tribes. On 13 August 1946, it passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> Act of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-726, ch. 959. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches (which were numerous), unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation on land purchases or annuity payments. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period. </p><p>Most of the 370 complaints submitted were filed at the approach of the 5-year deadline in August 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_(1999)_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_(1999)-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the government had appropriated funds for the sale of Choctaw tribal coal and asphalt resources. Though the Choctaw won their case, they were charged by the courts with almost 10% of the $8.5 million award in administrative fees. In 1951, the tribe took advantage of the new law and filed a claim for over $750,000 to recover those fees.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._W._Belvin" title="Harry J. W. Belvin">Harry J. W. Belvin</a> was appointed chief of the Choctaw in 1948 by the Secretary of the Interior, he realized that only federally recognized tribes were allowed to file a claim with the Commission. If he wanted to get that money back, his tribe needed to reorganize and re-establish its government. He created a democratically elected tribal council and a constitution to re-establish a government, but his efforts were opposed by the Area Director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>. </p><p>Ultimately, the Choctaw filed a claim with the Claims Commission on a technicality in 1951. The suit was classified as a renewal of the 1944 case against the US Court of Claims, but that did not stop the antagonism between Belvin and the area BIA officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BIA had had management issues for decades. Poorly trained personnel, inefficiency, corruption, and lack of consistent policy plagued the organization almost from its founding.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Belvin, relief from BIA oversight of policies and funds seemed as if it might enable the Choctaw to maintain their own traditional ways of operating and to reform their own governing council.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After eleven years as Choctaw chief, Belvin persuaded Representative <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> of Oklahoma to introduce federal legislation to begin terminating the Choctaw tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April 1959, the BIA confirmed that H.R. 2722 had been submitted to Congress at the request of the tribe. It would provide for the government to sell all remaining tribal assets, but would not affect any individual Choctaw earnings. It also provided for the tribe to retain half of all mineral rights, to be managed by a tribal corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-BIA_-_23_April_1959_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIA_-_23_April_1959-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 August 1959, Congress passed a bill<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Law_86-192_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Law_86-192-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to terminate the tribe; it was called "Belvin's law" because he was the main advocate behind it. Belvin created overwhelming support for termination among tribespeople through his promotion of the bill, describing the process and expected outcomes. Tribal members later interviewed said that Belvin never used the word "termination" for what he was describing, and many people were unaware he was proposing termination.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_AIQ_Vol._31_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert_AIQ_Vol._31-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisions of the bill were intended to be a final disposition of all trust obligations and a final "dissolution of the tribal governments."<sup id="cite_ref-BIA_-_23_April_1959_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIA_-_23_April_1959-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original act was to have expired in 1962, but was amended twice to allow more time to sell the tribal assets. As time wore on, Belvin realized that the bill severed the tribe members' access to government loans and other services, including the tribal tax exemption. By 1967, he had asked Oklahoma Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ed_Edmondson_(politician)" title="Ed Edmondson (politician)">Ed Edmondson</a> to try to repeal the termination act.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public sentiment was changing as well. The Choctaw people had seen what termination could do to tribes, since they witnessed the process with four other tribes in Oklahoma: the <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria tribe">Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modoc_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma">Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma</a>. In 1969, ten years after passage of the Choctaw termination bill and one year before the Choctaws were to be terminated, word spread throughout the tribe that Belvin's law was a termination bill. Outrage over the bill generated a feeling of betrayal, and tribal activists formed resistance groups opposing termination. Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Youth_Movement" title="Choctaw Youth Movement">Choctaw Youth Movement</a> (from the nationalist perspective) and some <a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power chapters</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">pan-Indianist</a> perspective) in the late 1960s fought politically against the termination law. They helped create a new sense of tribal pride, especially among younger generations. Their protest delayed termination; Congress repealed the law on 24 August 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambert_AIQ_Vol._31_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambert_AIQ_Vol._31-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-determination_1970s-present">Self-determination 1970s-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Self-determination 1970s-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22">"Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Choctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 1970s were a crucial and defining decade for the Choctaw. To a large degree, the Choctaw repudiated the more extreme Indian activism. They sought a local grassroots solution to reclaim their cultural identity and sovereignty as a nation. </p><p>Republican President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, long sympathetic to American Indian rights, ended the government's push for termination. On August 24, 1970, he signed a bill repealing the Termination Act of 1959, before the Choctaw would have been terminated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Oklahoma Choctaw organized a grassroots movement to change the direction of the tribal government. In 1971, the Choctaw held their first popular election of a chief since Oklahoma entered the Union in 1907. Nixon stated the tribes had a right to determine their own destiny. </p><p>A group calling themselves the Oklahoma City Council of Choctaws endorsed thirty-one-year-old David Gardner for chief, in opposition to the current chief, seventy-year-old Harry Belvin. Gardner campaigned on a platform of greater financial accountability, increased educational benefits, the creation of a tribal newspaper, and increased economic opportunities for the Choctaw people. Amid charges of fraud and rule changes concerning age, Gardner was declared ineligible to run. He did not meet the new minimum age requirement of thirty-five. Belvin was re-elected to a four-year term as chief. </p><p>In 1975, thirty-five-year-old David Gardner defeated Belvin to become the Choctaw Nation's second popularly elected chief. 1975 also marked the year that the United States Congress passed the landmark <a href="/wiki/Indian_Self-Determination_and_Education_Assistance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act</a>, which had been supported by Nixon before he resigned his office due to the Watergate scandal. This law revolutionized the relationship between Indian Nations and the federal government by providing for nations to make contracts with the BIA, in order to gain control over general administration of funds destined for them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Native American tribes such as the Choctaw were granted the power to negotiate and contract directly for services, as well as to determine what services were in the best interest of their people. During Gardner's term as chief, a tribal newspaper, <i>Hello Choctaw</i>, was established. In addition, the Choctaw directed their activism at regaining rights to land and other resources. With the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> nations, the Choctaw successfully sued the federal and state government over riverbed rights to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>. </p><p>Discussions began on the issue of drafting and adopting a new constitution for the Choctaw people. A movement began to increase official enrollment of members, increase voter participation, and preserve the Choctaw language. In early 1978, David Gardner died of cancer at the age of thirty-seven. <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollis Roberts">Hollis Roberts</a> was elected chief in a special election, serving from 1978 to 1997. </p><p>In June 1978 the <i>Bishinik</i> replaced <i>Hello Choctaw</i> as the tribal newspaper. Spirited debates over a proposed constitution divided the people. In May 1979, they adopted a new constitution for the Choctaw nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Faced with termination as a sovereign nation in 1970, the Choctaws emerged a decade later as a tribal government with a constitution, a popularly elected chief, a newspaper, and the prospects of an emerging economy and infrastructure that would serve as the basis for further empowerment and growth. </p><p>The Choctaw Nation is one of three federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> tribes; the others are the sizable <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a>, with 10,000 members and territory in several communities, and the <a href="/wiki/Jena_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Jena Band of Choctaw Indians">Jena Band of Choctaw Indians</a> in Louisiana, with a few hundred members. The latter two bands are descendants of Choctaw who resisted the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forced relocation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. The Mississippi Choctaw preserved much of their culture in small communities and reorganized as a tribal government in 1945 under new laws after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reorganization Act of 1934">Indian Reorganization Act of 1934</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ferguson_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferguson-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_tribal_members">Notable tribal members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable tribal members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Adams" title="Lane Adams">Lane Adams</a> (b. 1989), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> (nephew of Choctaw member and attorney <a href="/wiki/Kalyn_Free" title="Kalyn Free">Kalyn Free</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Amerman" title="Marcus Amerman">Marcus Amerman</a> (b. 1959), bead, glass, and performance artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Astigarraga" title="Tara Astigarraga">Tara Astigarraga</a>, software engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Weaver Barnes</a> (b. 1933), poet, writer, rancher, and former professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Batton" title="Gary Batton">Gary Batton</a> (b. 1966), current Chief of the Choctaw Nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bench" title="Johnny Bench">Johnny Bench</a> (b. 1947), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Brecheen" title="Josh Brecheen">Josh Brecheen</a> (b. 1979), U.S. representative for <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district">Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district</a> since 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_E._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada E. Brown">Ada E. Brown</a> (b. 1974), appointed by President Donald Trump to be a federal judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas">United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burrage" title="Michael Burrage">Michael Burrage</a> (b. 1950), former U.S. District Judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Burrage" title="Sean Burrage">Sean Burrage</a> (b. 1968), President of Southeastern Oklahoma State University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Burrage" title="Steve Burrage">Steve Burrage</a> (b. 1952), former Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_K._Burris" title="Tony K. Burris">Tony K. Burris</a> (1929–1951), Medal of honor recipient and soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Carnes" title="Clarence Carnes">Clarence Carnes</a> (1927–1988), imprisoned at Alcatraz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Cleveland" title="Bobby Cleveland">Bobby Cleveland</a> (b. 1943), Sunday School teacher, former member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czarina_Conlan" title="Czarina Conlan">Czarina Conlan</a> (1871–1958), archivist, suffragist, first woman to represent the Choctaw in Washington D.C., and first woman elected to a school board in Oklahoma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Crain" title="Samantha Crain">Samantha Crain</a> (b. 1986), singer-songwriter, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Dukes" title="Gilbert Dukes">Gilbert Dukes</a> (1849–1919), Justice of the Choctaw Supreme Court from 1885 to 1889, and Chief from 1900 to 1902, candidate for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma">Oklahoma lieutenant governor</a> in 1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Durant" title="William A. Durant">William A. Durant</a> (1866–1948), former Chief, sergeant-at-arms at the 1906 Oklahoma constitutional convention, 3rd <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives">Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fetgatter" title="Scott Fetgatter">Scott Fetgatter</a> (b. 1968), Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shug_Fisher" title="Shug Fisher">Shug Fisher</a> (1907–1984), singer, musician, and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_William_Frazier,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Tobias William Frazier, Sr.">Tobias William Frazier, Sr.</a> (1892–1975), Choctaw code talker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyn_Free" title="Kalyn Free">Kalyn Free</a>, attorney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Frix" title="Avery Frix">Avery Frix</a>, businessman and member of the Oklahoma Senate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Grant_and_Delia_Bell" title="Bill Grant and Delia Bell">Bill Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a> musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosella_Hightower" title="Rosella Hightower">Rosella Hightower</a> (1920–2008), prima ballerina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Howard" title="Norma Howard">Norma Howard</a> (1958–2024), painter and visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeAnne_Howe" title="LeAnne Howe">LeAnne Howe</a> (b. 1951), writer and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Pitchlynn_Howell" title="Rhoda Pitchlynn Howell">Rhoda Pitchlynn Howell</a> (1814–1911), rancher and community leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Lucas" title="Phil Lucas">Phil Lucas</a> (1942–2007), filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_McCurtain" title="Green McCurtain">Green McCurtain</a> (1848–1910), Chief from 1896 to 1900, and again from 1902 to 1910, served as Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Constitutional_Convention" title="Sequoyah Constitutional Convention">Sequoyah Constitutional Convention</a> in 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austin_McCurtain" title="Jane Austin McCurtain">Jane Austin McCurtain</a> (1842–1924), educator and political advisor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_McLish" title="Cal McLish">Cal McLish</a> (1925–2010), Major League Baseball pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_A._Mihesuah" title="Devon A. Mihesuah">Devon A. Mihesuah</a> (b. 1957), author, historian, former editor of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Quarterly" title="American Indian Quarterly">American Indian Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oklahombi" title="Joseph Oklahombi">Joseph Oklahombi</a> (1895–1960), Choctaw code talker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Peter Pitchlynn</a> (1806–1881), Ambassador, Head of the <a href="/wiki/Lighthorse_(American_Indian_police)" title="Lighthorse (American Indian police)">Lighthorse</a>, Chief from 1864 to 1866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_E._Pyle" title="Gregory E. Pyle">Gregory E. Pyle</a> (1949–2019), former Chief who initiated the Choctaw Language Program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_E._Roberts" title="Hollis E. Roberts">Hollis E. Roberts</a> (1943–2011), <a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power reformist</a>, former Chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Roberts" title="Oral Roberts">Oral Roberts</a> (1918–2009), evangelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Trent_Shores" title="R. Trent Shores">R. Trent Shores</a> (b. 1976), U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Oklahoma, 2017–21</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grady_Stigler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grady Stigler">William Grady Stigler</a> (1891–1952), U.S. Representative from Oklahoma's 2nd Congressional District, 1944–52</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Terry" title="Bryan Terry">Bryan Terry</a> (b. 1968), Member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from the 48th district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Tingle" title="Tim Tingle">Tim Tingle</a> (b. 1948), writer and storyteller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Victor" title="Wilma Victor">Wilma Victor</a> (1919–1987), educator, first lieutenant in Women's Army Corps (1943–1946), special assistant to Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Walters" title="Karina Walters">Karina Walters</a> (b. 1964), social epidemiologist and health promotion scholar<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Wesley" title="Summer Wesley">Summer Wesley</a> (b. 1981), attorney, writer, and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (1820–1880), Choctaw slave and Freedmen owned by Britt Willis, composer of <a href="/wiki/Negro_spirituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro spirituals">Negro spirituals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roll,_Jordan,_Roll" title="Roll, Jordan, Roll">Roll, Jordan, Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wingard" title="Jonathan Wingard">Jonathan Wingard</a> (b. 1982), dairy farmer, grassroots activist, member of the Oklahoma Senate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Allen Wright</a> (1826–1885), Chief from 1866 to 1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Wright_O%27Leary" title="Harriet Wright O'Leary">Harriet Wright O'Leary</a> (1916–1999), teacher, first woman to serve on the tribal council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Hazel_Wright" title="Muriel Hazel Wright">Muriel Hazel Wright</a> (1889–1975), teacher, historian, former editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicles of Oklahoma">Chronicles of Oklahoma</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_code_talkers" title="Choctaw code talkers">Choctaw code talkers</a>, World War I veterans who provided a secure means of communication in their language; first Native American code talkers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Culture">Choctaw culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Trail_of_Tears" title="Choctaw Trail of Tears">Choctaw Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Jena Band of Choctaw Indians">Jena Band of Choctaw Indians</a>, Louisiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian reservations">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayhew mission was abandoned when the Choctaws left, and remained vacant. The remaining townspeople moved when the Mobile and Ohio Railroad bypassed the community in 1857. Almost nothing except the cemetery and the church remains of the original community.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.choctawnation.com/biskinik/news/tribal-council-approves-official-choctaw-flag-salute/">Tribal Council approves Official Choctaw Flag Salute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G9dDXruDo8">The Star Spangled Banner – Nahata Fichik Tohwikeli – Choctaw</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/research-data/prc-publications/2020_Census_NCAI_Region_Eastern_Oklahoma_Southern_Plains_Summary_9_14_2021_FINAL.pdf">"2020 Census Results: NCAI Eastern Oklahoma and Southern Plains Region Tribal Land Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Results%3A+NCAI+Eastern+Oklahoma+and+Southern+Plains+Region+Tribal+Land+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncai.org%2Fpolicy-research-center%2Fresearch-data%2Fprc-publications%2F2020_Census_NCAI_Region_Eastern_Oklahoma_Southern_Plains_Summary_9_14_2021_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027102135/https://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">"2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission</i>. September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+Indian+Affairs+Commission&rft.atitle=2011+Oklahoma+Indian+Nations+Pocket+Pictorial+Directory&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ok.gov%2Foiac%2Fdocuments%2F2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.choctawnation.com/history-culture/history">"History"</a>. <i>www.choctawnation.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SEAC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=As+Long+as+Grass+Grows&rft.btitle=Fort+Benning+%E2%80%93+The+Land+and+the+People&rft.pub=SEAC&rft.au=Sharyn+Kane+%26+Richard+Keeton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fseac%2Fbenning-book%2Fch11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remini_submit_expected-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-remini_submit_expected_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit". <i>Andrew Jackson</i>. History Book Club. p. 272. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9650631-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9650631-0-0">0-9650631-0-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brothers%2C+Listen+...+You+Must+Submit&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=History+Book+Club&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-len_green-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-len_green_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1978" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Len_Green" title="Len Green">Green, Len</a> (October 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215033006/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/chotreat.htm">"Choctaw Treaties"</a>. Bishinik. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/chotreat.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choctaw+Treaties&rft.pub=Bishinik&rft.date=1978-10&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.umn.edu%2F~mboucher%2Fmikebouchweb%2Fchoctaw%2Fchotreat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_Letter-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Letter_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLen_Green2009" class="citation web cs1">Len Green (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110715142233/http://www.raabcollection.com/manuscript/Andrew-Jackson-Autograph-Trail.aspx">"President Andrew Jackson's Original Instructions to the "Civilized" Indian Tribes to Move West"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Andrew+Jackson%27s+Original+Instructions+to+the+%22Civilized%22+Indian+Tribes+to+Move+West&rft.pub=The+Raab+Collection&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Len+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raabcollection.com%2Fmanuscript%2FAndrew-Jackson-Autograph-Trail.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remini_submit-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-remini_submit_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-remini_submit_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-remini_submit_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit". <i>Andrew Jackson</i>. History Book Club. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9650631-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9650631-0-7">0-9650631-0-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brothers%2C+Listen+...+You+Must+Submit&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.pub=History+Book+Club&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us_citizenship-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us_citizenship_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us_citizenship_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kappler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Kappler (page does not exist)">Kappler, Charles</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517182743/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fcho0310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david_baird-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-david_baird_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1973" class="citation book cs1">Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843". <i>The Choctaw People</i>. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-80708">73-80708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Choctaws+Meet+the+Americans%2C+1783+to+1843&rft.btitle=The+Choctaw+People&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Indian+Tribal+Series&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-80708&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc_programs-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrc_programs_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Indian_Nations2005" class="citation web cs1">Council of Indian Nations (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcprograms.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cin_hist_citizenshipact">"History & Culture, Citizenship Act – 1924"</a>. 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Carleton (page does not exist)">Carleton, Ken</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715115205/http://www.msarchaeology.org/maa/carleton.pdf">"A Brief History of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mississippi Archaeological Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msarchaeology.org/maa/carleton.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Mississippi+Band+of+Choctaw+Indians&rft.pub=Mississippi+Archaeological+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msarchaeology.org%2Fmaa%2Fcarleton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidwell_2007;_Kidwell_1995-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_2007;_Kidwell_1995_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidwell (2007); Kidwell (1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us_congress2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-us_congress2_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"An Indian Candidate for Congress". Christian Mirror and N.H. Observer, Shirley, Hyde & Co. July 15, 1830.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Indian+Candidate+for+Congress&rft.date=1830-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.R. Rep. No. 496, pt. 1, at 7 (Jan. 23, 1906)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowndes.msghn.org/mayhewhistory.shtml">Herrick, C. L. "Mayhew, Lowndes County, Mississippi." Lowndes, Mississippi Genealogy & History Network. 2017.</a> Accessed March 24, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghost_towns-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghost_towns_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1977" class="citation book cs1">Morris, John (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSqmnpHFEF0C"><i>Ghost Towns of Oklahoma</i></a>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1420-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-1420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Towns+of+Oklahoma&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1420-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSqmnpHFEF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famine-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famine_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1992" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Mike (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025025556/http://www.uwm.edu/~michael/choctaw/retrace.html">"Irish Repay Choctaw Famine Gift: March Traces Trail of Tears in Trek for Somalian Relief"</a>. <i>American-Stateman Capitol</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/~michael/choctaw/retrace.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American-Stateman+Capitol&rft.atitle=Irish+Repay+Choctaw+Famine+Gift%3A+March+Traces+Trail+of+Tears+in+Trek+for+Somalian+Relief&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwm.edu%2F~michael%2Fchoctaw%2Fretrace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring1996" class="citation book cs1">Spring, Joel (1996). <i>The Cultural Transformation of A Native American Family and Its Tribe 1763–1995: A Basket of Apples</i>. New York, London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-2303-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-2303-4"><bdi>0-8058-2303-4</bdi></a>. <q>in 1855, the American Board decided to send George Wood to investigate the situation in Indian Missions... While visiting the Choctaw Nation, Wood spent 3 days each at the Wheelock and Spencer Academies, and 9 days at other schools</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Transformation+of+A+Native+American+Family+and+Its+Tribe+1763%E2%80%931995%3A+A+Basket+of+Apples&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis+Group%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8058-2303-4&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassityGoble2009" class="citation book cs1">Cassity, Michael; Goble, Danney (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SHgCBQAAQBAJ&q=%22George%20Wood%22%20Choctaw%22&pg=PA77"><i>Divided Hearts: The Presbyterian Journey Through Oklahoma History</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 77–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3848-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3848-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-3848-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2016</span>. <q>members of the mission met Wood at Goodwater Mission, a school that had been suspended since 1853 ... Part of the key [to cordial discussion] was Wood's decision at the outset to 'drop for the present' the contentious letter from the American Board of June 22, 1848</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Hearts%3A+The+Presbyterian+Journey+Through+Oklahoma+History&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=77-80&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3848-0&rft.aulast=Cassity&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Goble%2C+Danney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSHgCBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522George%2520Wood%2522%2520Choctaw%2522%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conf-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conf_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2009" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Max (2009-09-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsok.com/article/3403996">"Fort Towson vicinity boasts rich history"</a>. <i>Daily Oklahoman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=Fort+Towson+vicinity+boasts+rich+history&rft.date=2009-09-27&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsok.com%2Farticle%2F3403996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHS2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OHS2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/sites/ftdoaksville.php">"Doaksville." Oklahoma Historical Society.</a> Retrieved August 7, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AD_Book2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AD_Book2_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebo1934" class="citation book cs1">Debo, Angie (1934). "Life in the New Land". <i>The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+New+Land&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Choctaw+Republic&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Debo&rft.aufirst=Angie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOR-SIV-VII-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WOR-SIV-VII_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The War of the Rebellion, Series IV, Volume II</i>. 1900. p. 353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%2C+Series+IV%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angie Debo, <i>And Still the Waters Run,</i> Princeton University Press, 1972, pg 159–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidwell_(2002)-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidwell_(2002)_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidwell2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kidwell, Clara Sue (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/5782/ins.v03.n1.3-18.pdf?sequence=1">"The Resurgence of the Choctaws in the Twentieth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indigenous Nations Studies Journal</i>. . 3, No. 1 (Spring 2002): 8–10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indigenous+Nations+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Resurgence+of+the+Choctaws+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=.+3%2C+No.+1&rft.issue=Spring+2002&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kidwell&rft.aufirst=Clara+Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F5782%2Fins.v03.n1.3-18.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenspan-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenspan_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenspan_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"World War I's Native American Code Talkers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/world-war-is-native-american-code-talkers">Greenspan, Joseph. "World War I's Native American Code Talkers."</a>, <i>History</i>, 29 May 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delegation-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delegation_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/profile/susun-wilkinson/clipnumber/66010/">"Chickasaws and Choctaws to Send Delegation to Capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Ardmoreite" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Ardmoreite">The Daily Ardmoreite</a></i>. Ardmore, Oklahoma. March 25, 1928. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ardmore, Oklahoma. April 3, 1928. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology&rft.pub=Mississippi+Band+of+Choctaw+Indians&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Leigh+Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choctaw.org%2Fhistory%2Fchronology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabak2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Tabak" title="Lawrence A. Tabak">Tabak, Lawrence A.</a> (2023-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/dr-karina-walters-selected-lead-nih-tribal-health-research-office">"Dr. Karina Walters selected to lead NIH Tribal Health Research Office"</a>. <i>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institutes+of+Health+%28NIH%29&rft.atitle=Dr.+Karina+Walters+selected+to+lead+NIH+Tribal+Health+Research+Office&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft.aulast=Tabak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fabout-nih%2Fwho-we-are%2Fnih-director%2Fstatements%2Fdr-karina-walters-selected-lead-nih-tribal-health-research-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoctaw+Nation+of+Oklahoma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choctawnation.com">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601101611/http://www.cnhsa.com/">Choctaw Nation Health Services Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Choctaws.html">D. L. Birchfield, "Choctaws."</a> Accessed May 15, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Choctaw" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbf9aa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Choctaw" title="Template:Choctaw"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Choctaw" title="Template talk:Choctaw"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Choctaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Choctaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Choctaw" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#dbf9aa;"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Jena Band of Choctaw Indians">Jena Band of Choctaw Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/MOWA_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians">MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor_Indian_Community" title="Mount Tabor Indian Community">Mount Tabor Indian Community</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#dbf9aa;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Choctaw" title="Culture of the Choctaw">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Indian_Fair" title="Choctaw Indian Fair">Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Tribal_School_System" title="Choctaw Tribal School System">Choctaw Tribal School System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashofa" title="Pashofa">Pashofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#dbf9aa;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanih_Waiya" title="Nanih Waiya">Nanih Waiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Campaign_of_1736" title="Chickasaw Campaign of 1736">Chickasaw Campaign of 1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Trail_of_Tears" title="Choctaw Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Capitol_Building" title="Choctaw Capitol Building">Choctaw Capitol Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_code_talkers" title="Choctaw code talkers">Code talkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Choctaw_Indian_Federation" title="Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation">Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#dbf9aa;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Choctaw_chiefs" title="List of Choctaw chiefs">List of Choctaw chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Choctaw_treaties" title="List of Choctaw treaties">List of Choctaw treaties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians_v._Holyfield" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#dbf9aa;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Academy_(Oklahoma)" title="Jones Academy (Oklahoma)">Jones Academy</a> (Oklahoma)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#dbf9aa;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Choctaw" title="Category:Choctaw">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Counties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Counties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Atoka_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atoka_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Atoka County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atoka_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Atoka County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atoka_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atoka County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Atoka_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Atoka_County,_Oklahoma" title="Atoka County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Atoka County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Atoka,_Oklahoma" title="Atoka, Oklahoma"><span>Atoka</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoka,_Oklahoma" title="Atoka, Oklahoma">Atoka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Atoka County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Atoka_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Atoka County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caney,_Oklahoma" title="Caney, Oklahoma">Caney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stringtown,_Oklahoma" title="Stringtown, Oklahoma">Stringtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushka,_Oklahoma" title="Tushka, Oklahoma">Tushka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentley,_Oklahoma" title="Bentley, Oklahoma">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane,_Oklahoma" title="Lane, Oklahoma">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardville,_Oklahoma" title="Wardville, Oklahoma">Wardville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other <br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boggy_Depot,_Oklahoma" title="Boggy Depot, Oklahoma">Boggy Depot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chockie,_Oklahoma" title="Chockie, Oklahoma">Chockie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy,_Oklahoma" title="Daisy, Oklahoma">Daisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farris,_Oklahoma" title="Farris, Oklahoma">Farris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony,_Oklahoma" title="Harmony, Oklahoma">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Oklahoma" title="Hopewell, Oklahoma">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Gap,_Oklahoma" title="Limestone Gap, Oklahoma">Limestone Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_Chapel,_Oklahoma" title="Wards Chapel, Oklahoma">Wards Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley,_Oklahoma" title="Wesley, Oklahoma">Wesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive,_Oklahoma" title="Mount Olive, Oklahoma">Mt. Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redden,_Oklahoma" title="Redden, Oklahoma">Redden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Bryan_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Bryan County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Bryan County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bryan County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Bryan_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Bryan_County,_Oklahoma" title="Bryan County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Bryan County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma"><span>Durant</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma" title="Durant, Oklahoma">Durant</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bryan County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Bryan_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Bryan County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achille,_Oklahoma" title="Achille, Oklahoma">Achille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong,_Oklahoma" title="Armstrong, Oklahoma">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington,_Oklahoma" title="Bennington, Oklahoma">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokchito,_Oklahoma" title="Bokchito, Oklahoma">Bokchito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo,_Oklahoma" title="Caddo, Oklahoma">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calera,_Oklahoma" title="Calera, Oklahoma">Calera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbert,_Oklahoma" title="Colbert, Oklahoma">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrix,_Oklahoma" title="Hendrix, Oklahoma">Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp,_Oklahoma" title="Kemp, Oklahoma">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenefic,_Oklahoma" title="Kenefic, Oklahoma">Kenefic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead,_Oklahoma" title="Mead, Oklahoma">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo,_Oklahoma" title="Silo, Oklahoma">Silo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Oklahoma" title="Albany, Oklahoma">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue,_Oklahoma" title="Blue, Oklahoma">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright,_Oklahoma" title="Cartwright, Oklahoma">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter,_Oklahoma" title="Platter, Oklahoma">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Point,_Oklahoma" title="Sand Point, Oklahoma">Sand Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Oklahoma" title="Utica, Oklahoma">Utica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other <br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison,_Oklahoma" title="Allison, Oklahoma">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banty,_Oklahoma" title="Banty, Oklahoma">Banty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown,_Oklahoma" title="Brown, Oklahoma">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cade,_Oklahoma" title="Cade, Oklahoma">Cade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobb,_Oklahoma" title="Cobb, Oklahoma">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiersey,_Oklahoma" title="Kiersey, Oklahoma">Kiersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romia,_Oklahoma" title="Romia, Oklahoma">Romia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta,_Oklahoma" title="Roberta, Oklahoma">Roberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade,_Oklahoma" title="Wade, Oklahoma">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarnaby,_Oklahoma" title="Yarnaby, Oklahoma">Yarnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba,_Oklahoma" title="Yuba, Oklahoma">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finchtown,_Oklahoma" title="Finchtown, Oklahoma">Finchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatsboro,_Oklahoma" title="Hatsboro, Oklahoma">Hatsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paucaunla,_Oklahoma" title="Paucaunla, Oklahoma">Paucaunla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Choctaw County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Choctaw County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Choctaw County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Choctaw County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma" title="Hugo, Oklahoma"><span>Hugo</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma" title="Hugo, Oklahoma">Hugo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Choctaw County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Choctaw_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Choctaw County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boswell,_Oklahoma" title="Boswell, Oklahoma">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Towson,_Oklahoma" title="Fort Towson, Oklahoma">Fort Towson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyer,_Oklahoma" title="Sawyer, Oklahoma">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soper,_Oklahoma" title="Soper, Oklahoma">Soper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grant,_Oklahoma" title="Grant, Oklahoma">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swink,_Oklahoma" title="Swink, Oklahoma">Swink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple,_Oklahoma" title="Apple, Oklahoma">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallon,_Oklahoma" title="Fallon, Oklahoma">Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogville,_Oklahoma" title="Frogville, Oklahoma">Frogville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay,_Oklahoma" title="Gay, Oklahoma">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamden,_Oklahoma" title="Hamden, Oklahoma">Hamden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messer,_Oklahoma" title="Messer, Oklahoma"> Messer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_Oklahoma" title="Nelson, Oklahoma">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencerville,_Oklahoma" title="Spencerville, Oklahoma">Spencerville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Coal_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Coal County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Coal County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Coal_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Coal County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Coal County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Coalgate,_Oklahoma" title="Coalgate, Oklahoma"><span>Coalgate</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Centrahoma, Oklahoma">Centrahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalgate,_Oklahoma" title="Coalgate, Oklahoma">Coalgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh,_Oklahoma" title="Lehigh, Oklahoma">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Oklahoma" title="Tupelo, Oklahoma">Tupelo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coal County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Coal_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Coal County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromide,_Oklahoma" title="Bromide, Oklahoma">Bromide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips,_Oklahoma" title="Phillips, Oklahoma">Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarita,_Oklahoma" title="Clarita, Oklahoma">Clarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonwood,_Coal_County,_Oklahoma" title="Cottonwood, Coal County, Oklahoma">Cottonwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Oklahoma" title="Cairo, Oklahoma">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olney,_Oklahoma" title="Olney, Oklahoma">Olney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Haskell_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haskell_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Haskell County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haskell_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Haskell County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Haskell_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Oklahoma" title="Haskell County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Haskell County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Stigler,_Oklahoma" title="Stigler, Oklahoma"><span>Stigler</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stigler,_Oklahoma" title="Stigler, Oklahoma">Stigler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Haskell County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Haskell_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Haskell County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keota,_Oklahoma" title="Keota, Oklahoma">Keota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinta,_Oklahoma" title="Kinta, Oklahoma">Kinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCurtain,_Oklahoma" title="McCurtain, Oklahoma">McCurtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaha,_Oklahoma" title="Tamaha, Oklahoma">Tamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Oklahoma" title="Whitefield, Oklahoma">Whitefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_Oklahoma" title="Enterprise, Oklahoma">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt,_Oklahoma" title="Hoyt, Oklahoma">Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lequire,_Oklahoma" title="Lequire, Oklahoma"> Lequire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Hughes_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hughes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Hughes County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hughes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Hughes County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hughes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hughes County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Hughes_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Hughes_County,_Oklahoma" title="Hughes County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Hughes County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Holdenville,_Oklahoma" title="Holdenville, Oklahoma"><span>Holdenville</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holdenville,_Oklahoma" title="Holdenville, Oklahoma">Holdenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetumka,_Oklahoma" title="Wetumka, Oklahoma">Wetumka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hughes County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Hughes_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Hughes County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen,_Oklahoma" title="Allen, Oklahoma">Allen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atwood,_Oklahoma" title="Atwood, Oklahoma">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin,_Oklahoma" title="Calvin, Oklahoma">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin,_Oklahoma" title="Dustin, Oklahoma">Dustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty,_Oklahoma" title="Gerty, Oklahoma">Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horntown,_Oklahoma" title="Horntown, Oklahoma">Horntown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Oklahoma" title="Lamar, Oklahoma">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaulding,_Oklahoma" title="Spaulding, Oklahoma">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart,_Oklahoma" title="Stuart, Oklahoma">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeager,_Oklahoma" title="Yeager, Oklahoma">Yeager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Johnston_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Johnston_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Johnston County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Johnston_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Johnston County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Johnston_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Johnston County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Johnston_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Johnston_County,_Oklahoma" title="Johnston County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Johnston County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma"><span>Tishomingo</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Johnston County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Johnston_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Johnston County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromide,_Oklahoma" title="Bromide, Oklahoma">Bromide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannsville,_Oklahoma" title="Mannsville, Oklahoma">Mannsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milburn,_Oklahoma" title="Milburn, Oklahoma">Milburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek,_Oklahoma" title="Mill Creek, Oklahoma">Mill Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravia,_Oklahoma" title="Ravia, Oklahoma">Ravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapanucka,_Oklahoma" title="Wapanucka, Oklahoma">Wapanucka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee,_Oklahoma" title="Bee, Oklahoma">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman,_Oklahoma" title="Coleman, Oklahoma">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connerville,_Oklahoma" title="Connerville, Oklahoma">Connerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl,_Oklahoma" title="Earl, Oklahoma">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emet,_Oklahoma" title="Emet, Oklahoma">Emet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontotoc,_Oklahoma" title="Pontotoc, Oklahoma">Pontotoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan,_Oklahoma" title="Reagan, Oklahoma">Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore,_Oklahoma" title="Fillmore, Oklahoma">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom,_Oklahoma" title="Folsom, Oklahoma">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida,_Oklahoma" title="Nida, Oklahoma">Nida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russett,_Oklahoma" title="Russett, Oklahoma">Russett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy,_Oklahoma" title="Troy, Oklahoma">Troy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Latimer_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Latimer County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Latimer County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latimer County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Latimer_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Latimer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Latimer County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Latimer County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wilburton,_Oklahoma" title="Wilburton, Oklahoma"><span>Wilburton</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton,_Oklahoma" title="Wilburton, Oklahoma">Wilburton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Latimer County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Latimer_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Latimer County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanshawe,_Oklahoma" title="Fanshawe, Oklahoma">Fanshawe</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Oak,_Oklahoma" title="Red Oak, Oklahoma">Red Oak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gowen,_Oklahoma" title="Gowen, Oklahoma"> Gowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panola,_Oklahoma" title="Panola, Oklahoma"> Panola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:LeFlore County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:LeFlore County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LeFlore County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/LeFlore_County,_Oklahoma" title="LeFlore County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">LeFlore County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma" title="Poteau, Oklahoma"><span>Poteau</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavener,_Oklahoma" title="Heavener, Oklahoma">Heavener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma" title="Poteau, Oklahoma">Poteau</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="LeFlore County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Le_Flore_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>LeFlore County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkoma,_Oklahoma" title="Arkoma, Oklahoma">Arkoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokoshe,_Oklahoma" title="Bokoshe, Oklahoma">Bokoshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron,_Oklahoma" title="Cameron, Oklahoma">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlington,_Oklahoma" title="Cowlington, Oklahoma">Cowlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanshawe,_Oklahoma" title="Fanshawe, Oklahoma">Fanshawe</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Coffee,_Oklahoma" title="Fort Coffee, Oklahoma">Fort Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howe,_Oklahoma" title="Howe, Oklahoma">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeFlore,_Oklahoma" title="LeFlore, Oklahoma">LeFlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama,_Oklahoma" title="Panama, Oklahoma">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocola,_Oklahoma" title="Pocola, Oklahoma">Pocola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Oklahoma" title="Rock Island, Oklahoma">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Point,_Oklahoma" title="Shady Point, Oklahoma">Shady Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro,_Oklahoma" title="Spiro, Oklahoma">Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talihina,_Oklahoma" title="Talihina, Oklahoma">Talihina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wister,_Oklahoma" title="Wister, Oklahoma">Wister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodgen,_Oklahoma" title="Hodgen, Oklahoma"> Hodgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Oklahoma" title="Monroe, Oklahoma"> Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesboro,_Oklahoma" title="Whitesboro, Oklahoma">Whitesboro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cedar,_Oklahoma" title="Big Cedar, Oklahoma"> Big Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun,_Oklahoma" title="Calhoun, Oklahoma">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conser,_Oklahoma" title="Conser, Oklahoma"> Conser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill,_Oklahoma" title="Forest Hill, Oklahoma"> Forest Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrester,_Oklahoma" title="Forrester, Oklahoma"> Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmore,_Oklahoma" title="Gilmore, Oklahoma"> Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Oklahoma" title="Glendale, Oklahoma"> Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honobia,_Oklahoma" title="Honobia, Oklahoma"> Honobia</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hontubby,_Oklahoma" title="Hontubby, Oklahoma"> Hontubby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox,_Oklahoma" title="Lenox, Oklahoma"> Lenox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving,_Oklahoma" title="Loving, Oklahoma"> Loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse,_Oklahoma" title="Muse, Oklahoma"> Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia,_Oklahoma" title="Octavia, Oklahoma"> Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page,_Oklahoma" title="Page, Oklahoma">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petros,_Oklahoma" title="Petros, Oklahoma"> Petros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichert,_Oklahoma" title="Reichert, Oklahoma"> Reichert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullyville,_Oklahoma" title="Skullyville, Oklahoma"> Scullyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapp,_Oklahoma" title="Stapp, Oklahoma"> Stapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfield,_Oklahoma" title="Summerfield, Oklahoma"> Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe,_Oklahoma" title="Zoe, Oklahoma"> Zoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:McCurtain County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:McCurtain County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:McCurtain County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="McCurtain County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">McCurtain County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma" title="Idabel, Oklahoma"><span>Idabel</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Bow, Oklahoma">Broken Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma" title="Idabel, Oklahoma">Idabel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Oklahoma highlighting McCurtain County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_McCurtain_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Map of Oklahoma highlighting McCurtain County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garvin,_Oklahoma" title="Garvin, Oklahoma">Garvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haworth,_Oklahoma" title="Haworth, Oklahoma">Haworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochatown,_Oklahoma" title="Hochatown, Oklahoma">Hochatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerton,_Oklahoma" title="Millerton, Oklahoma">Millerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Oklahoma" title="Smithville, Oklahoma">Smithville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valliant,_Oklahoma" title="Valliant, Oklahoma">Valliant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_City,_Oklahoma" title="Wright City, Oklahoma">Wright City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagletown,_Oklahoma" title="Eagletown, Oklahoma"> Eagletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden,_Oklahoma" title="Golden, Oklahoma"> Golden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other <br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battiest,_Oklahoma" title="Battiest, Oklahoma"> Battiest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel,_McCurtain_County,_Oklahoma" title="Bethel, McCurtain County, Oklahoma">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokhoma,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokhoma, Oklahoma"> Bokhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clebit,_Oklahoma" title="Clebit, Oklahoma"> Clebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris,_Oklahoma" title="Harris, Oklahoma"> Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens,_Oklahoma" title="Pickens, Oklahoma"> Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringold,_Oklahoma" title="Ringold, Oklahoma"> Ringold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufe,_Oklahoma" title="Rufe, Oklahoma"> Rufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood,_Oklahoma" title="Sherwood, Oklahoma"> Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom,_Oklahoma" title="Tom, Oklahoma"> Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Oklahoma" title="Watson, Oklahoma"> Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America,_Oklahoma" title="America, Oklahoma">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim,_Oklahoma" title="Slim, Oklahoma">Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Court_House,_Oklahoma" title="Miller Court House, Oklahoma">Miller Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_Point,_Texas" title="Pecan Point, Texas">Pecan Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Pittsburg County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Pittsburg County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pittsburg County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pittsburg County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Pittsburg County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/McAlester,_Oklahoma" title="McAlester, Oklahoma"><span>McAlester</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haileyville,_Oklahoma" title="Haileyville, Oklahoma">Haileyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartshorne,_Oklahoma" title="Hartshorne, Oklahoma">Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krebs,_Oklahoma" title="Krebs, Oklahoma">Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAlester,_Oklahoma" title="McAlester, Oklahoma">McAlester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pittsburg County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pittsburg_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Pittsburg County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderson,_Oklahoma" title="Alderson, Oklahoma">Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Oklahoma" title="Ashland, Oklahoma">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian,_Oklahoma" title="Canadian, Oklahoma">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Landing,_Oklahoma" title="Carlton Landing, Oklahoma">Carlton Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowder,_Oklahoma" title="Crowder, Oklahoma">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Pittsburg_County,_Oklahoma" title="Indianola, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma">Indianola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa,_Oklahoma" title="Kiowa, Oklahoma">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Oklahoma" title="Pittsburg, Oklahoma">Pittsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton,_Oklahoma" title="Quinton, Oklahoma">Quinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna,_Oklahoma" title="Savanna, Oklahoma">Savanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson,_Oklahoma" title="Adamson, Oklahoma">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpelar,_Oklahoma" title="Arpelar, Oklahoma">Arpelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bache,_Oklahoma" title="Bache, Oklahoma">Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco,_Oklahoma" title="Blanco, Oklahoma">Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugtussle,_Oklahoma" title="Bugtussle, Oklahoma">Bug Tussle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shores,_Oklahoma" title="Canadian Shores, Oklahoma">Canadian Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywood,_Oklahoma" title="Haywood, Oklahoma">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtown,_Oklahoma" title="Longtown, Oklahoma">Longtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio,_Oklahoma" title="Scipio, Oklahoma">Scipio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocker,_Oklahoma" title="Blocker, Oklahoma">Blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti,_Oklahoma" title="Ti, Oklahoma">Ti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in another county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Pontotoc_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pontotoc County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Pontotoc County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma"><span>Ada</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma">Ada</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pontotoc County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pontotoc_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Pontotoc County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen,_Oklahoma" title="Allen, Oklahoma">Allen</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byng,_Oklahoma" title="Byng, Oklahoma">Byng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh,_Oklahoma" title="Fitzhugh, Oklahoma">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Oklahoma" title="Francis, Oklahoma">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roff,_Oklahoma" title="Roff, Oklahoma">Roff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall,_Oklahoma" title="Stonewall, Oklahoma">Stonewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fittstown,_Oklahoma" title="Fittstown, Oklahoma"> Fittstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latta,_Oklahoma" title="Latta, Oklahoma"> Latta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett,_Oklahoma" title="Pickett, Oklahoma">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoss,_Oklahoma" title="Vanoss, Oklahoma"> Vanoss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaar_Corner,_Oklahoma" title="Gaar Corner, Oklahoma">Gaar Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happyland,_Oklahoma" title="Happyland, Oklahoma"> Happyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harden_City,_Oklahoma" title="Harden City, Oklahoma"> Harden City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw Nation</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Pushmataha County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Pushmataha County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pushmataha County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Pushmataha County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Pushmataha County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Antlers,_Oklahoma" title="Antlers, Oklahoma"><span>Antlers</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antlers,_Oklahoma" title="Antlers, Oklahoma">Antlers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pushmataha County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Pushmataha_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Pushmataha County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion,_Oklahoma" title="Albion, Oklahoma">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Oklahoma" title="Clayton, Oklahoma">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan,_Oklahoma" title="Rattan, Oklahoma">Rattan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finley,_Oklahoma" title="Finley, Oklahoma"> Finley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyers,_Oklahoma" title="Moyers, Oklahoma"> Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashoba,_Oklahoma" title="Nashoba, Oklahoma"> Nashoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma"> Tuskahoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adel,_Oklahoma" title="Adel, Oklahoma"> Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzoni,_Oklahoma" title="Belzoni, Oklahoma"> Belzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudy,_Oklahoma" title="Cloudy, Oklahoma"> Cloudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinne,_Oklahoma" title="Corinne, Oklahoma"> Corinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Oklahoma" title="Darwin, Oklahoma"> Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela,_Oklahoma" title="Dela, Oklahoma"> Dela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel,_Oklahoma" title="Ethel, Oklahoma"> Ethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewell,_Oklahoma" title="Fewell, Oklahoma"> Fewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbo,_Oklahoma" title="Jumbo, Oklahoma"> Jumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellond,_Oklahoma" title="Kellond, Oklahoma"> Kellond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosoma,_Oklahoma" title="Kosoma, Oklahoma"> Kosoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller,_Oklahoma" title="Miller, Oklahoma"> Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleta,_Oklahoma" title="Oleta, Oklahoma"> Oleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow,_Oklahoma" title="Snow, Oklahoma"> Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobol,_Oklahoma" title="Sobol, Oklahoma"> Sobol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Oklahoma" title="Stanley, Oklahoma"> Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott, Oklahoma">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohn,_Oklahoma" title="Cohn, Oklahoma">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crum_Creek,_Oklahoma" title="Crum Creek, Oklahoma">Crum Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar,_Oklahoma" title="Dunbar, Oklahoma">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubanks,_Oklahoma" title="Eubanks, Oklahoma">Eubanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee,_Oklahoma" title="Gee, Oklahoma">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honobia,_Oklahoma" title="Honobia, Oklahoma">Honobia</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns,_Oklahoma" title="Johns, Oklahoma">Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiamichi,_Oklahoma" title="Kiamichi, Oklahoma">Kiamichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum,_Oklahoma" title="Lyceum, Oklahoma">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolia,_Oklahoma" title="Nolia, Oklahoma">Nolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney,_Oklahoma" title="Rodney, Oklahoma">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis,_Oklahoma" title="Sardis, Oklahoma">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson,_Pushmataha_County,_Oklahoma" title="Wilson, Pushmataha County, Oklahoma">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoraya,_Oklahoma" title="Zoraya, Oklahoma">Zoraya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Choctaw Nation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5103726#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124536081">VIAF</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Choctaw Nation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145884318">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007489402705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&oldid=1258537019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma&oldid=1258537019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Category:Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes in Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Indian_reservations_in_Oklahoma" 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