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searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png/250px-Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png/375px-Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png/500px-Flag_of_the_Ponca_Tribe_of_Oklahoma.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="377" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3,783<sup id="cite_ref-oia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Otoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa tribe">Iowa</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma,</b> also known as the <b>Ponca Nation</b>, is one of two <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ponca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponca people">Ponca people</a>. The other is the <a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Ponca Tribe of Nebraska">Ponca Tribe of Nebraska</a>. Traditionally, peoples of both tribes have spoken the <a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They share many common cultural norms and characteristics with the Omaha, Osage, Kaw, and Quapaw peoples. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma has a democratically elected committee. The government offices are headquartered in White Eagle, near <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma" title="Ponca City, Oklahoma">Ponca City, Oklahoma</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Tribal_jurisdictional_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal jurisdictional area">tribal jurisdictional area</a> includes parts of <a href="/wiki/Kay_County,_Oklahoma" title="Kay County, Oklahoma">Kay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Oklahoma" title="Noble County, Oklahoma">Noble</a> counties.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, there were 3,783 enrolled tribal members.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the tribe requires a 1/8 minimum <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood quantum">blood quantum</a>, according to rules developed by the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_administration">Current administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to their written constitution, the seven-member governing council of the Ponca Tribe, called the Business Committee, is democratically elected for four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, one person is elected as chairman. Other offices include vice-chairman, and secretary/treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current tribal administration includes: </p> <ul><li>Oliver Little Cook, Chairman</li> <li>Robert Collins, Vice-Chairman</li> <li>Carla Carney, Secretary Treasurer</li> <li>Matilda De La Garza, Business Committee Member</li> <li>Scotty Simpson Jr., Business Committee Member</li> <li>Earl Howe III, Business Committee Member</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ponca tribe first opened a casino in Ponca City, which is no longer operational. The Ponca opened a second casino in the same location, which also went out of business because of the 2008 recession. </p><p>In September 2020, the tribe opened up a casino in <a href="/wiki/Perry,_Oklahoma" title="Perry, Oklahoma">Perry, Oklahoma</a> after a months-long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_culture">Language and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009 an estimated 33 tribal members spoke the Ponca language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1876 the tribe hosts an annual homecoming <a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">powwow</a>. It takes place in August in Ponca City.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standingbear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Standingbear.jpg/220px-Standingbear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Standingbear.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Standing Bear, his wife, and their son, all from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brent_greenwood_ponca_chickasaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brent_greenwood_ponca_chickasaw.jpg/220px-Brent_greenwood_ponca_chickasaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Brent_greenwood_ponca_chickasaw.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Brent Greenwood, contemporary Ponca artist<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ponca tribe was one of five tribes (Ponca, Omaha, Osage, Kansa, and Quaqaw) that inhabited the area northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The Ponca and the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha tribe">Omaha tribe</a> split from the others in the early 18th century as they were migrating west from the Great Lakes region prior to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. The Ponca eventually settled in present-day Nebraska and South Dakota. After European settlement, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and other introduced European diseases took a heavy toll on the numbers of the tribe repeatedly in the 18th and 19th centuries, as they had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to these diseases. The more powerful <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, also known as the Lakota, took these opportunities to encroach on their land areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties">Treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ponca never went to war with the United States. They signed their first peace treaty with the US in 1817. In the 1825 they signed a trade agreement. Treaties in 1858 and 1865 ceded lands. The 1860s and 1870s were a difficult time for the Ponca tribe, as the buffalo were disappearing, droughts destroyed crops, and warfare with the Sioux combined to threaten the Ponca with starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US broke most of their treaty obligations to the Ponca. They gave land reserved for the Ponca to the Sioux in 1868, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a>. The government relocated the Ponca to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forced removal of the Ponca from their former reservation in South Dakota to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (in Oklahoma) was unacceptably mismanaged. The U.S. government failed to work with tribal leaders, and did not accept any input from them. Among the repercussions to the Ponca tribe were that they arrived too late to plant crops, the government failed to provide them with adequate supplies, and their assigned location was plagued with <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. An estimated 158 Ponca died the first year after relocation: almost a third of the entire tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was the oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a>, a Ponca chief.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standing Bear took his son's body back to Nebraska for burial in traditional lands. There he was arrested by the Army for having left the reservation, but he gained the sympathy of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a>. With help from prominent attorneys working <i>pro bono,</i> Standing Bear filed a <i>habeas corpus</i> suit challenging his arrest. The US District Court judge's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear_v._Crook" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Bear v. Crook">Standing Bear v. Crook</a></i> (1879) established the right of Indian people to exercise <i>habeas corpus</i> and their legal status as citizens under US law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White Eagle, a principal Ponca chief, settled on a 101,000-acre (410 km<sup>2</sup>) reservation in what would later be organized as <a href="/wiki/Kay_County,_Oklahoma" title="Kay County, Oklahoma">Kay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Oklahoma" title="Noble County, Oklahoma">Noble</a> counties in Oklahoma. He was pressured under the allotment act to lease much of the land to the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Brothers_101_Ranch" title="Miller Brothers 101 Ranch">101 Ranch</a> for pasture (and later, oil development). In the 1890s <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> and government agents tried to make the Ponca abandon their traditional tribal dances and ways of life in an attempt to "Americanize" them.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, under the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Allotment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes Allotment Act">Dawes Allotment Act</a>, the US government registered the members of the tribe, and allocated individual plots of land to each household. This was intended to introduce them to fee ownership and subsistence farming, as well as extinguish Indian tribal land claims in Oklahoma prior to its becoming a state. The government declared the remaining reservation land as "surplus" and sold it to European-American settlers, who were able to use it productively.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_present">20th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> on Ponca lands in 1911 had mixed results for the people. Some became wealthy but others were taken advantage of by speculators and quickly lost their land.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a> religion was introduced in the 1910s. In 1918, Louis MacDonald and Frank Eagle, both educated Ponca, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After many Ponca served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, returning Ponca veterans founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> chapter Buffalo Post 38. In their community they revived traditional war dances, such as the <span title="Omaha–Ponca-language romanization"><i lang="oma-Latn">heluska</i></span> dance.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the 1936 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Indian_Welfare_Act" title="Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act">Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act</a>, the tribe reorganized their government. They ratified their constitution in 1950 and became federally recognized. Tribal headquarters were established in <a href="/wiki/White_Eagle,_Oklahoma" title="White Eagle, Oklahoma">White Eagle</a>, located south of Ponca City.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Warrior" title="Clyde Warrior">Clyde Warrior</a>, a Ponca, cofounded the National Indian Youth Council. He promoted <a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">self-determination</a> and inspired many young Native activists during the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years since allocation of plots under the Dawes Act, these land holdings and interests became highly divided among heirs. In addition, the departments of Interior and Treasury were found in the late 20th century to have mismanaged the fee accounts and payments due to holders of land for drilling and mineral leases. In 2009 the US government settled a major class action suit against it brought by <a href="/wiki/Elouise_Cobell" class="mw-redirect" title="Elouise Cobell">Elouise Cobell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a>) in 1996, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Cobell_v._Salazar" title="Cobell v. Salazar">Cobell v. Salazar</a></i> suit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ponca are participating in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of Interior</a>'s Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations, developed as part of this settlement. In August 2016, Interior officials announced that it had offered approximately $7 million in purchase offers to "more than 1,300 landowners with fractional interests at the Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma" as part of the Land Buy-Back Program for Tribal Nations (Buy-Back Program). Recipients had 45 days to complete the transaction. This program is designed to purchase fractionated interests and transfer land back to tribes in trust, to increase their communal holdings and ability to better use the land.<sup id="cite_ref-pressbuyback_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressbuyback-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Ponca Nation enacted a <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of Nature">Rights of Nature</a> law which is a resolution that gives the Ponca Tribal Court the power to punish crimes against nature with prison and fines.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ponca.com/enrollment.html">[1]</a> <i>Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma.</i>. Retrieved 10 Jan 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohs_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van de Logt, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html">"Ponca"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.</i> 2009 (6 August 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spthb.org/about-us/who-we-serve/ponca-tribe-of-oklahoma/">"Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma"</a>. <i>www.spthb.org</i>. 10 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&oldid=1242322203">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma&oldid=1242322203</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" 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