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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1873–1903)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Return to Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_to_politics_(1903–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_to_politics_(1903–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Introduction to politics (1903–1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_to_politics_(1903–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Anti-Re-election_Movement_(1908–1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Anti-Re-election_Movement_(1908–1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Leader of the Anti-Re-election Movement (1908–1909)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Anti-Re-election_Movement_(1908–1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign,_arrest,_escape_1910" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign,_arrest,_escape_1910"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Campaign, arrest, escape 1910</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign,_arrest,_escape_1910-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_of_San_Luis_Potosí_and_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_of_San_Luis_Potosí_and_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Plan of San Luis Potosí and rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_of_San_Luis_Potosí_and_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim_presidency_of_De_la_Barra_(May–November_1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_presidency_of_De_la_Barra_(May–November_1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Interim presidency of De la Barra (May–November 1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_presidency_of_De_la_Barra_(May–November_1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_and_assassination_(November_1911_–_February_1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_and_assassination_(November_1911_–_February_1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidency and assassination (November 1911 – February 1913)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_and_assassination_(November_1911_–_February_1913)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency and assassination (November 1911 – February 1913) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_and_assassination_(November_1911_–_February_1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zapatista_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zapatista_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Zapatista rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zapatista_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reyes_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reyes_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Reyes rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reyes_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vázquez_Gómez_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vázquez_Gómez_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Vázquez Gómez rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vázquez_Gómez_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orozco_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orozco_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Orozco rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orozco_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Félix_Díaz_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Félix_Díaz_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Félix Díaz rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Félix_Díaz_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._and_the_Madero_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._and_the_Madero_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>U.S. and the Madero government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._and_the_Madero_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_and_the_Madero_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_the_Madero_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany and the Madero government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_the_Madero_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successful_coup_against_Madero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successful_coup_against_Madero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Successful coup against Madero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successful_coup_against_Madero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath of coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_memory_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_memory_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical memory and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_memory_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco I. Madero</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرانسيسكو ماديرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيسكو ماديرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero" title="Francisco Ignacio Madero – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francisco Ignacio Madero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisko_%C4%B0qnasio_Madero" title="Fransisko İqnasio Madero – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransisko İqnasio Madero" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Мадеро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсиско Мадеро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Francisco Ignacio Madero González – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francisco Ignacio Madero González" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Φρανσίσκο Μαδέρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανσίσκο Μαδέρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو مادرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکو مادرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94_%EB%A7%88%EB%8D%B0%EB%A1%9C" title="프란시스코 마데로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란시스코 마데로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero" title="Francisco Ignacio Madero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francisco Ignacio Madero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95" title="פרנסיסקו מדרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסיסקו מדרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Мадеро Франсиско Индалесио – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадеро Франсиско Индалесио" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_I._Madero" title="Franciscus I. Madero – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Franciscus I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero" title="Francisco Ignacio Madero – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francisco Ignacio Madero" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرانسيسكو ماديرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيسكو ماديرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Мадеро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франсиско Мадеро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%87%E3%83%AD" title="フランシスコ・マデロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ・マデロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero" title="Francisco Ignacio Madero – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francisco Ignacio Madero" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%89%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرانسیسکو آی ماډېرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسیسکو آی ماډېرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Мадеро, Франсиско Игнасио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадеро, Франсиско Игнасио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Франсиско Мадеро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франсиско Мадеро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero" title="Francisco Madero – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francisco Madero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Франсіско Ігнасіо Мадеро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франсіско Ігнасіо Мадеро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" title="弗朗西斯科·马德罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗西斯科·马德罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Francisco I. Madero" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85" title="弗朗西斯科·馬德羅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗朗西斯科·馬德羅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Francisco Madero" redirects here. For the Argentine politician, see <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bernab%C3%A9_Madero" title="Francisco Bernabé Madero">Francisco Bernabé Madero</a>. For the municipality in Hidalgo, see <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero_Municipality,_Hidalgo" title="Francisco I. Madero Municipality, Hidalgo">Francisco I. Madero Municipality, Hidalgo</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Madero</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> González</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Francisco I. Madero</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I_Madero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/220px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/330px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/440px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="5457" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Francisco I. Madero, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910–13</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 November 1911 – 19 February 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Mexico">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Francisco Ignacio Madero González</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1873-10-30</span>)</span>30 October 1873<br /><a href="/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuente" class="mw-redirect" title="Parras de la Fuente">Parras de la Fuente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1913<span style="display:none">(1913-02-22)</span> (aged 39)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> (gunshot wounds)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Monumento a la Revolución">Monument to the Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Constitutionalist_Party_(Mexico)" title="Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Mexico)">Progressive Constitutionalist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (previously the Anti-Reelectionist Party)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sara_P%C3%A9rez_Romero" title="Sara Pérez Romero">Sara Pérez Romero</a> (m. 1903)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>brothers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Madero" title="Emilio Madero">Emilio Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Madero_(politician)" title="Raúl Madero (politician)">Raúl Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Madero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Madero (page does not exist)">Gabriel Madero</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106650668#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q106650668"><span title=""Gabriel Madero" in other languages">d</span></a>]</span></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaristo_Madero_Elizondo" class="extiw" title="es:Evaristo Madero Elizondo">Evaristo Madero</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Madero" class="extiw" title="es:Julio Madero">Julio Madero</a></li></ul></li> <li>uncle <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero" title="Ernesto Madero">Ernesto Madero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero_Hern%C3%A1ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Madero Hernández">Francisco Madero Hernández</a> (father)<br />Mercedes González Treviño (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Hoche" title="Lycée Hoche">Lycée Hoche</a> de Versailles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Writer, revolutionary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco I. Madero's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/128px-Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/192px-Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/256px-Signature_of_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="91" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Francisco Ignacio Madero González</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[fɾanˈsisko<span class="wrap"> </span>jɣˈnasjo<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈðeɾo<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣonˈsales]</a></span>; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and <a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">statesman</a>, who served as the 37th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president of Mexico</a> from 1911 until he was deposed in <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">a coup d'état</a> in February 1913 and assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to prominence as an advocate for democracy and as an opponent of President and <i>de facto</i> dictator <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>. After Díaz claimed to have won the fraudulent election of 1910 despite promising a return to democracy, Madero started the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> to oust Díaz. The Mexican revolution would continue until 1920, well after Madero and Díaz's deaths, with hundreds of thousands dead. </p><p>A member of one of Mexico's wealthiest families, Madero studied business at the <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris</a>. An advocate for <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and democracy, his 1908 book <i>The Presidential Succession in 1910</i> called Mexican voters to prevent the reelection of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, whose regime had become increasingly authoritarian. Bankrolling the opposition <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Constitutionalist_Party_(Mexico)" title="Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Mexico)">Anti-Reelectionist Party</a>, Madero's candidacy garnered widespread support in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He challenged Díaz in the <a href="/wiki/1910_Mexican_general_election" title="1910 Mexican general election">1910 election</a>, which resulted in his arrest. After Díaz declared himself winner for an eighth term in a <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">rigged election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero escaped from jail, fled to the United States, and called for the overthrow of his regime in the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Plan of San Luis Potosí">Plan of San Luis Potosí</a>, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>. </p><p>Madero's armed support was concentrated in northern Mexico and was aided by access to arms and finances in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Madero recruited wealthy landowner <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(governor)" title="Abraham González (governor)">Abraham González</a> to his movement, appointing him provisional governor of the state. González then enlisted <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Orozco" title="Pascual Orozco">Pascual Orozco</a> as revolutionary leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero crossed from Texas into Mexico and took command of a band of revolutionaries, but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casas_Grandes" title="Battle of Casas Grandes">Battle of Casas Grandes</a> by the Federal Army, which led him to abandon military command roles.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_(1911)" title="Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1911)">Battle of Ciudad Juárez</a> would cause casualties in the American city of <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> and prompt foreign intervention, Madero ordered Villa and Orozco to retreat, but they disobeyed and captured Juárez. Díaz resigned on 25 May 1911 after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Treaty of Ciudad Juárez">Treaty of Ciudad Juárez</a> and went into exile. Madero retained the Federal Army and dismissed the revolutionary fighters who had forced Díaz's resignation. </p><p>Madero was enormously popular among many sectors but did not immediately assume the presidency. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">An interim president</a> was installed, and elections were scheduled. Madero <a href="/wiki/1911_Mexican_general_election" title="1911 Mexican general election">was elected</a> in a landslide and sworn into office on 6 November 1911. The Madero administration soon encountered opposition from conservatives and more radical revolutionaries. Hesitation to implement large-scale <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">land reform</a> efforts upset many of his followers, who viewed it as a promised demand from conflict participation. Workers also became disillusioned by his moderate policies. Former supporter <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> declared himself in rebellion against Madero in the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayala" title="Plan of Ayala">Plan of Ayala</a>, and in the north, Pascual Orozco <a href="/wiki/Plan_Orozquista" title="Plan Orozquista">led an insurrection</a> against him. Foreign investors became concerned that Madero could not maintain political stability, while foreign governments were concerned that a destabilized Mexico would threaten international order. </p><p>In February 1913, a coup d'état backed by the United States and led by conservative Generals <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="Félix Díaz (politician)">Félix Díaz</a> (a nephew of Porfirio Díaz), <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a>, and general <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> was staged in Mexico City, with the latter taking the presidency. Madero was captured and assassinated along with vice-president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a> in a series of events now called the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Ten Tragic Days</a>, where his brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo</a> was tortured and killed. After his assassination, Madero became a unifying force among revolutionary factions against the Huerta regime. In the north, <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>, then Governor of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, led the nascent <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalists_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="Constitutionalists in the Mexican Revolution">Constitutionalist Army</a>; meanwhile, Zapata continued his rebellion against the Federal Government under the Plan of Ayala. Once Huerta was ousted in July 1914, the revolutionary coalitions met in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Aguascalientes" title="Convention of Aguascalientes">Convention of Aguascalientes</a>, where disagreements persisted, and Mexico entered a new stage of civil war. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_(1873–1903)"><span id="Early_years_.281873.E2.80.931903.29"></span>Early years (1873–1903)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years (1873–1903)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background">Family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Abuelo,Parras_de_la_Fuente,Coahuila_(16629013085).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg/220px-Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg/330px-Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg/440px-Casa_del_Abuelo%2CParras_de_la_Fuente%2CCoahuila_%2816629013085%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Hacienda del Rosario in <a href="/wiki/Parras" title="Parras">Parras</a>, birthplace of President Madero</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Francisco_Madero_Hernandez_Sr._and_Thomas_Edison_in_front_of_the_Building_5_entrance_at_Edison%27s_West_Orange_Laboratory._(eea201b06e1b4f57af2a2a5121e86e2a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mr._Francisco_Madero_Hernandez_Sr._and_Thomas_Edison_in_front_of_the_Building_5_entrance_at_Edison%27s_West_Orange_Laboratory._%28eea201b06e1b4f57af2a2a5121e86e2a%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mr._Francisco_Madero_Hernandez_Sr._and_Thomas_Edison_in_front_of_the_Building_5_entrance_at_Edison%27s_West_Orange_Laboratory._%28eea201b06e1b4f57af2a2a5121e86e2a%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mr._Francisco_Madero_Hernandez_Sr._and_Thomas_Edison_in_front_of_the_Building_5_entrance_at_Edison%27s_West_Orange_Laboratory._%28eea201b06e1b4f57af2a2a5121e86e2a%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Madero_Hern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Madero Hernández (page does not exist)">Francisco Madero Hernández</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Madero_Hern%C3%A1ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Francisco Madero Hernández">es</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Francisco Ignacio Madero González was born in 1873 into a large and extremely wealthy family in northeastern Mexico at the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a> of El Rosario, in <a href="/wiki/Parras_de_la_Fuente" class="mw-redirect" title="Parras de la Fuente">Parras de la Fuente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>. His grandfather <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaristo_Madero_Elizondo" class="extiw" title="es:Evaristo Madero Elizondo">Evaristo Madero Elizondo</a> had built an enormous and diversified fortune as a young man and briefly served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Coahuila">Governor of Coahuila</a>, from 1880 to 1884,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the four-year <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> of Porfirio Díaz's rule (1880–1884), when Díaz's right-hand man General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González</a> served as president, doing a poor job in Díaz's opinion. Díaz returned to the presidency in 1884 and did not relinquish the office until 1911, when Francisco Madero's revolutionary movement forced him to resign. Díaz had permanently sidelined Evaristo Madero from further political office. He was of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>-Jewish descent<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaristo was the founder of a commercial transport business. Taking advantage of economic opportunity, he transported cotton from the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate states</a> to Mexican ports during the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a> (1861–65). </p><p>Evaristo married twice, with the first marriage before he made his fortune to sixteen-year-old María Rafaela Hernádez Lombaraña (1847–1870), the daughter of an influential landowner, together producing seven children. She was the half-sister of the powerful miner and banker <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_V._Hern%C3%A1ndez_Benavides" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio V. Hernández Benavides">Antonio V. Hernández Benavides</a>, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a>, Secretary of Finance. Alongside his brother-in-law and others of his new political family's relations, Evaristo founded the <i>Compañía Industrial de Parras</i>, initially involved in commercial vineyards, cotton, and textiles, and later also in mining, cotton mills, ranching, banking, coal, <a href="/wiki/Guayule" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayule">guayule</a> rubber, and foundries in the later part of the nineteenth century. After Rafaela Hernández's death at age 38, Evaristo married Manuela Farías y Benavides (1870–1893), producing eleven children. She was a member of one of northern Mexico's most influential families, daughter of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_Far%C3%ADas_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Uribe" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Francisco de Farías y Sánchez de Uribe">Juan Francisco Farías</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Rio Grande Republic</a>. The surviving children of Evaristo's marriages also married into prominent families and expanded the Madero family's power and wealth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernesto_Madero_and_wife,_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ernesto_Madero_and_wife%2C_Francisco_Madero_and_Elenora_Madero_LCCN2014698738.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Francisco Madero Hernández with half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero" title="Ernesto Madero">Ernesto Madero Farías</a>, Secretary of Finance, Leonor Olivares Tapia (Mrs. Ernesto Madero), and niece Leonor Madero Olivares.</figcaption></figure> <p>For many years despite their exclusion from political office, the family prospered during <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>'s regime, and by 1910 the family was one of the richest in Mexico, worth 30 million pesos ($15 million U.S. dollars<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the day, and almost $500 million U.S. dollars in today's money). Much of this wealth arose from the diversification of Madero lands during the 1890s into the production of <i>guayule</i> rubber plants.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unusually for a Mexican landowner, many of whom stayed close to home, the patriarch Evaristo traveled to Europe, as did Francisco's father. Francisco's father was interested in the increasingly popular philosophical movement of <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a>, and subscribed to the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Revue_Spirite" class="extiw" title="fr:La Revue Spirite">La Revue Spirite</a></i> and the Société Parisienne d'Études Spirites, whilst completing his studies at the École Commercial in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>). Back in Mexico, he hired <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> to electrify his hacienda and neighboring town of <a href="/wiki/Parras" title="Parras">Parras</a>. Young Francisco was sent to Paris to study business alongside his brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo</a> and became a devotee of spiritism himself. He wrote extensively about spiritism in his diaries. "He was searching for ethical connections between Spiritualism and the Christian Gospels. 'I have no doubts that the moral transformation I have experienced is due to my becoming a medium.'"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francisco I. Madero was the first-born son of Evaristo's first-born son of his first marriage, Francisco Ignacio Madero Hernández and Mercedes González Treviño, and was Evaristo's first-born grandson. Young Francisco was the first of his father's eleven children. This wealthy and prolific extended family could provide vast resources to young Francisco when he challenged Porfirio Díaz for the presidency in 1910. He was a sickly child and was small in stature as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely believed that Madero's middle initial, I, stood for Indalecio, but according to his birth certificate it stood for Ignacio.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the birth certificate, Ignacio was written with the archaic spelling of <i>Ygnacio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After winning election to the presidency in 1911, Francisco confirmed his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero_Far%C3%ADas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto Madero Farías">Ernesto Madero Farías</a>, from his grandfather's second marriage, as his Minister of Finance (a post which he had since the previous presidency), which was used to accuse him of nepotism. Francisco was close to his brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a> as a trusted advisor when president. His brother Gustavo was murdered during <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">the coup</a> that overthrew Francisco from the presidency. His brothers Emilio, Julio, and Raúl fought in the Mexican Revolution. </p><p>Although Francisco I. Madero's marriage to Sara Pérez was childless and there are no direct descendants of his line of the Maderos, the descendants of Evaristo Madero make up some of Mexico's most influential families today. Thus, young Francisco was a member of an extended and powerful northern Mexican clan with a focus on commercial rather than political interests.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau,_HEC_Paris,_Jouy-en-Josas,_South_view_20160501_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg/220px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg/330px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg/440px-Chateau%2C_HEC_Paris%2C_Jouy-en-Josas%2C_South_view_20160501_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7184" data-file-height="4908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris</a>, where Madero and his brother studied business.</figcaption></figure> <p>Francisco and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a> attended the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> college of San Juan in <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a> and wanted to then become a Jesuit. He and his brother Gustavo briefly attended another religious school in the U.S. His English was poor, so he learned little in his short time there, and he abandoned any notion of a religious vocation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1886 and 1892, Madero was educated in France and then the United States, attending the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Hoche" title="Lycée Hoche">Lycée Hoche</a> de Versailles, <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Hoche" title="Lycée Hoche">Lycée Hoche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France, he completed the <a href="/wiki/Classe_pr%C3%A9paratoire_aux_grandes_%C3%A9coles" title="Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles">classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles</a> program. Soon after, he was admitted to study business at the prestigious <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris</a> (HEC). His father's subscription to the magazine <i>Revue Spirite</i> awakened in the young Madero an interest in <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>, an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>. During his time in Paris, Madero made a pilgrimage to the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a>, the founder of Spiritism, and became a passionate advocate of the belief, soon coming to believe he was a <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a>. Following business school, Madero studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, to pursue courses in agricultural techniques and to improve his English. During his time there, he was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophist</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, which were prominent at nearby <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._247-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Mexico">Return to Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg/220px-Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg/330px-Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg/440px-Mr_and_Mrs_Francisco_I_Madero_cph.3b47072.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Francisco I. Madero with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Sara_P%C3%A9rez_Romero" title="Sara Pérez Romero">Sara Pérez Romero</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1893, the 20-year-old Madero returned to Mexico and assumed management of one of the Madero family's <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Coahuila" title="San Pedro, Coahuila">San Pedro, Coahuila</a>. Well-traveled and well-educated, he was now in robust health.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._247-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proving an enlightened and progressive member of the Madero commercial complex,<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_56_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_56-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco installed new irrigation, introduced American-made cotton and cotton machinery, and built a soap factory and also an ice factory. He embarked on a lifelong commitment to philanthropy. His employees were well paid and received regular medical exams; he built schools, hospitals, and community kitchens; and he paid to support orphans and award scholarships. He also taught himself <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> and offered medical treatments to his employees. Francisco became increasingly engaged with Spiritism and in 1901 was convinced that the spirit of his brother Raúl, who had died at age 4, was communicating with him, urging him to do charity work and practice self-discipline and self-abnegation. Madero became a vegetarian and stopped drinking alcohol and smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already well-connected to a wealthy family and now well-educated in business, he had built a personal fortune of over 500,000 pesos<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_56_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_56-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._247-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invested in mines with other members of his family,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came to compete with interests of the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_family" title="Guggenheim family">Guggenheim family</a> in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family was organized on patriarchal principles, so that even though young Francisco was wealthy in his own right, his father and especially his grandfather Evaristo viewed him as someone who should be under the authority of his elders. As the eldest sibling, Francisco exercised authority over his younger brothers and sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1903, he married <a href="/wiki/Sara_P%C3%A9rez_Romero" title="Sara Pérez Romero">Sara Pérez Romero</a>, first in a civil ceremony, and then a Catholic nuptial mass celebrated by the archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_to_politics_(1903–1908)"><span id="Introduction_to_politics_.281903.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Introduction to politics (1903–1908)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Introduction to politics (1903–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 April 1903, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, violently crushed a political demonstration, an example of the increasingly authoritarian policies of president <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>. Madero was deeply moved and, believing himself to be receiving advice from the spirit of his late brother Raúl, he decided to act.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spirit of Raúl told him, "Aspire to do good for your fellow citizens...working for a lofty ideal that will raise the moral level of society, that will succeed in liberating it from oppression, slavery, and fanaticism."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero founded the <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> Democratic Club and ran for municipal office in 1904, though he lost the election narrowly. In addition to his political activities, Madero continued his interest in Spiritualism, publishing a number of articles under the pseudonym of <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> (a prince from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._249_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._249-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, Madero became increasingly involved in opposition to the Díaz government, which had excluded his family from political power. He organized political clubs and founded a political newspaper (<i>El Demócrata</i>) and a satirical periodical (<i>El Mosco</i>, "The Fly"). Madero's preferred candidate, Frumencio Fuentes, was defeated by that of Porfirio Díaz in Coahuila's 1905 gubernatorial elections. Díaz considered jailing Madero, but Bernardo Reyes suggested that Francisco's father be asked to control his increasingly political son.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._249_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._249-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Anti-Re-election_Movement_(1908–1909)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Anti-Re-election_Movement_.281908.E2.80.931909.29"></span>Leader of the Anti-Re-election Movement (1908–1909)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leader of the Anti-Re-election Movement (1908–1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creelman04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Creelman04.jpg/220px-Creelman04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Creelman04.jpg/330px-Creelman04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Creelman04.jpg/439px-Creelman04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (1830–1915) that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/James_Creelman" title="James Creelman">Creelman</a> interview in <i><a href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_Magazine" title="Pearson's Magazine">Pearson's Magazine</a></i> (1908).</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG/220px-AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG/330px-AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG/440px-AntireelecionistaPosadaDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption>"Manifestación antireeleccionista" by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Posada" title="José Guadalupe Posada">José Guadalupe Posada</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In an interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Creelman" title="James Creelman">James Creelman</a> published on 17 February 1908 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_Magazine" title="Pearson's Magazine">Pearson's Magazine</a></i>, President Díaz said that Mexico was ready for a democracy and that the 1910 presidential election would be a free election. </p><p>Madero spent the bulk of 1908 writing a book, which he believed was at the direction of spirits, now including that of Benito Juárez himself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book, published in January 1909, was titled <i>La sucesión presidencial en 1910</i> (<i>The Presidential Succession of 1910</i>). The book quickly became a bestseller in Mexico. The book proclaimed that the concentration of absolute power in the hands of one man – Porfirio Díaz – for so long had made Mexico sick. Madero pointed out the irony that in 1871, Porfirio Díaz's political slogan had been "No Re-election". Madero acknowledged that Porfirio Díaz had brought peace and a measure of economic growth to Mexico. However, Madero argued that this was counterbalanced by the dramatic loss of freedom, including the brutal treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui people">Yaqui people</a>, the repression of workers in <a href="/wiki/Cananea" title="Cananea">Cananea</a>, excessive concessions to the United States, and an unhealthy centralization of politics around the person of the president. Madero called for a return of the Liberal <a href="/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 Constitution of Mexico">1857 Constitution</a>. To achieve this, Madero proposed organizing a Democratic Party under the slogan <i>Sufragio efectivo, no reelección</i> ("Effective Suffrage. No Re-election"). Porfirio Díaz could either run in a free election or retire.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madero's book was well received, and widely read. Many people began to call Madero <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apostle_of_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Apostle of Democracy">the Apostle of Democracy</a></i>. Madero sold off much of his property – often at a considerable loss – to finance anti-re-election activities throughout Mexico. He founded the Anti-Re-election Center in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in May 1909, and soon thereafter lent his backing to the periodical <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Antirreeleccionista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Antirreeleccionista (page does not exist)">El Antirreeleccionista</a></i>, which was run by the young lawyer/philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> and another intellectual, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Cabrera_Lobato" title="Luis Cabrera Lobato">Luis Cabrera Lobato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._253_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._253-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Puebla, <a href="/wiki/Aquiles_Serd%C3%A1n" title="Aquiles Serdán">Aquiles Serdán</a>, from a politically engaged family, contacted Madero and as a result, formed an Anti-Re-electionist Club to organize for the 1910 elections, particularly among the working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero traveled throughout Mexico giving anti-reelectionist speeches, and everywhere he went he was greeted by crowds of thousands. His candidacy cost him financially, since he sold much of his property at a loss to back his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Krauze,_p._253_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krauze,_p._253-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg/300px-Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg/450px-Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg/600px-Francisco_I_Madero_and_leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Francisco I Madero and leaders.</figcaption></figure><p> In spite of the attacks by Madero and his earlier statements to the contrary, Díaz ran for re-election. In a show of U.S. support, Díaz and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> planned a summit in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, Texas, and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, Chihuahua, for 16 October 1909, a historic first meeting between a Mexican and a U.S. president and also the first time a U.S. president would cross the border into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meeting, Diaz told <a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond" title="John Hays Hammond">John Hays Hammond</a>, "Since I am responsible for bringing several billion dollars in foreign investments into my country, I think I should continue in my position until a competent successor is found."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg/210px-Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg/315px-Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg/420px-Francisco_I_Madero_campaigning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Francisco I. Madero campaigns from the back of a railway car in 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>The summit was a great success for Díaz, but it could have been a major tragedy. On the day of the summit, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, the celebrated scout, and Private C.R. Moore, a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger</a>, discovered a man holding a concealed <a href="/wiki/Protector_Palm_Pistol" title="Protector Palm Pistol">palm pistol</a> along the procession route and they disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris2009_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Porfirian regime reacted to Madero by placing pressure on the Madero family's banking interests, and at one point even issued a warrant for Madero's arrest on the grounds of "unlawful transaction in rubber".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero was not arrested, though, apparently due in part to the intervention of Díaz's finance minister, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a>, a friend of the Madero family.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1910, the Anti-Re-electionist Party met and selected Madero as their nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a>. </p><p>During the convention, the governor of Veracruz arranged a meeting between Madero and Díaz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teodoro_Dehesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teodoro Dehesa (page does not exist)">Teodoro Dehesa</a>, and took place in Díaz's residence on 16 April 1910. Only the candidate and the president were present for the meeting, so the only account of it is Madero's correspondence. A political solution and compromise might have been possible, with Madero withdrawing his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became clear to Madero that Díaz was a decrepit old man, out of touch politically, and unaware of the extent of formal political opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross,_p._100_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross,_p._100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting was important for strengthening Madero's resolve that political compromise was not possible and he is quoted as saying "Porfirio is not an imposing chief. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to start a revolution to overthrow him. But who will crush it afterwards?"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero was worried that Porfirio Díaz would not willingly relinquish office, warned his supporters of the possibility of electoral fraud and proclaimed that "Force shall be met by force!"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign,_arrest,_escape_1910"><span id="Campaign.2C_arrest.2C_escape_1910"></span>Campaign, arrest, escape 1910</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaign, arrest, escape 1910"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png/220px-Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png/330px-Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png/440px-Centre_des_Arts_de_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_Centenario.png 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Madero's prison in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, currently an art museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Madero campaigned across the country on a message of reform and met with numerous supporters. Resentful of the "peaceful invasion" from the United States "which came to control 90 percent of Mexico's mineral resources, its national railroad, its oil industry and, increasingly, its land," Mexico's poor and middle-class overwhelmingly showed their support for Madero.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearful of a dramatic change in direction, on 6 June 1910, the Porfirian regime arrested Madero in <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> and sent him to a prison in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a>. Approximately 5,000 other members of the Anti-Re-electionist movement were also jailed. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mez" title="Francisco Vázquez Gómez">Francisco Vázquez Gómez</a> took over the nomination, but during Madero's time in jail, a fraudulent election was held on 21 June 1910 that gave Díaz an unbelievably large margin of victory. </p><p>Madero's father used his influence with the state governor and posted bond to give Madero the right to move about the city on horseback during the day. On 4 October 1910, Madero galloped away from his guards and took refuge with sympathizers in a nearby village. Three days later he was smuggled across the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">U.S. border</a>, hidden in a baggage car by sympathetic railway workers. He took up residence in San Antonio, Texas, where he plotted his next moves. He wrote the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Plan of San Luis Potosí">Plan of San Luis Potosí</a> in San Antonio, but back dated and situated in to last place he had been in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_of_San_Luis_Potosí_and_rebellion"><span id="Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos.C3.AD_and_rebellion"></span>Plan of San Luis Potosí and rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plan of San Luis Potosí and rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Plan of San Luis Potosí">Plan of San Luis Potosí</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg/220px-Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg/330px-Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Roque_Gonzalez_y_Madero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Madero (center) in San Antonio, Texas while in exile</figcaption></figure> <p>Madero set up shop in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas, and quickly issued his <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Plan of San Luis Potosí">Plan of San Luis Potosí</a>, which had been written during his time in prison, partly with the help of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_L%C3%B3pez_Velarde" title="Ramón López Velarde">Ramón López Velarde</a>. The plan proclaimed the elections of 1910 null and void, and called for an armed revolution to begin at 6 pm on 20 November 1910, against the "illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Díaz". At that point, Madero declared himself provisional President of Mexico, and called for a general refusal to acknowledge the central government, restitution of land to villages and Indian communities, and freedom for political prisoners. Madero's policies painted him as a leader of each of the different sectors of Mexican society at the time. He was a member of the upper class; the middle class saw that he sought to gain entry into political processes; the lower class saw that he promised fairer politics and a much more substantial, equitable economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Fierro_(center)_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rodolfo_Fierro_%28center%29_with_Francisco_Villa_Raul_Madero_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="5010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> and Raúl Madero</figcaption></figure> <p>The family drew on its financial resources to make regime change possible, with Madero's brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a> hiring the law firm of Washington lawyer <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Hopkins" title="Sherburne Hopkins">Sherburne Hopkins</a>, the "world's best rigger of Latin American revolutions" to foment support in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strategy to discredit Díaz with U.S. business and the U.S. government did meet some success, with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> engaging in talks with Gustavo Madero, but more importantly, the U.S. government "bent neutrality laws for the revolutionaries."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Senate held hearings in 1913 as to whether the U.S. had any role in fomenting revolution in Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins gave testimony that "he did not believe that it cost the Maderos themselves more than $400,000 gold", with the aggregate cost being $1,500,000US.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madero supposedly initiated the Mexican Revolution with guidance from spirits<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Madero identified as a medium who communicated with ghosts, including historical figures like <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juarez</a> and even his deceased younger brother.)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El Paso, Texas, became a major staging point for Madero's insurrection against Díaz. It is directly across the Rio Grande from Ciudad Juárez, where two railway Mexican lines, the Mexican National Railroad and the Mexican Northwest Railroad, are connected with the U.S. Southern Pacific Railroad. El Paso was the site of a historic meeting between Mexican President Porfirio Díaz and U.S. President William Howard Taft in 1909. The population of the twin border cities increased dramatically in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with legal commerce and considerable smuggling, "a time-honored occupation along the border."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the political tensions in Mexico increased, the smuggling of guns and ammunition to insurrectionists was big business. Madero remained in San Antonio, Texas, but his main man in Chihuahua, Abraham González had recruited gifted, natural military leaders, Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco, to Madero's cause. Chihuahua became the hub of insurrectionist activity. Villa and Orozco had increasing success against the Federal Army, which drew more recruits to Madero's cause since it seemed to have a real chance at success.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_I._Villareal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio I. Villareal (page does not exist)">Antonio I. Villareal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_I._Villareal" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio I. Villareal">es</a>]</span>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a>, who forbade members of the Magonista movement to have anything to do with the Madero movement, but the pragmatist Villareal joined Madero.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November 1910, Madero arrived at the border and planned to meet up with 400 men raised by his uncle Catarino Benavides Hernández to launch an attack on Ciudad Porfirio Díaz (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila" title="Piedras Negras, Coahuila">Piedras Negras, Coahuila</a>). However, his uncle arrived late and brought only ten men. Madero decided to postpone the revolution. Instead, he and his brother Raúl (who had been given the same name as his late brother) traveled incognito to New Orleans, Louisiana. </p><p>On 14 February 1911, Madero crossed the border into Chihuahua state from Texas, and on 6 March 1911 led 130 men in an attack on <a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes,_Chihuahua" title="Casas Grandes, Chihuahua">Casas Grandes, Chihuahua</a>. Although holding democratic ideals that attracted many to his movement, Madero learned he was not a military leader. "Madero didn't know the first thing about warfare," initially capturing the town from the Federal Army, but he did not realize he needed to scout whether Federal reinforcements were on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were heavy casualties among the insurrectionists, a number of whom were foreigners, including many from the U.S. and some from Germany. Two survivors of the Casas Grandes debacle were <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi II">Giuseppe Garibaldi II</a>, grandson of the famous Italian revolutionary, and General <a href="/wiki/Ben_Viljoen" title="Ben Viljoen">Benjamin Johannis Voljoen</a>, an Afrikaner veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>. Madero was slightly wounded in his right arm in the fighting, shown bandaged in a photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero was saved by his personal bodyguard and Revolutionary general <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_Castillo" title="Máximo Castillo">Máximo Castillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained head of the movement in the north to oust Díaz. Madero movement successfully imported arms from the United States, procured by agents in the United States. Some were shipped directly from New York, disguised so that they would not be intercepted by the U.S. government. There were two businesses in El Paso that sold arms and ammunition to the rebels. The U.S. government of President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> hired agents to surveil insurrectionists, fairly openly operated in El Paso. But the U.S. government efforts to halt the flow of arms to the Mexican revolutionaries failed. </p><p>By April the Revolution had spread to eighteen <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">states</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> where the leader was <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>. On 1 April 1911, Porfirio Díaz claimed that he had heard the voice of the people of Mexico, replaced his cabinet, and agreed to restitution of the lands of the dispossessed. Madero did not believe this statement and instead demanded the resignation of President Díaz and Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corral" title="Ramón Corral">Ramón Corral</a>. Madero then attended a meeting with the other revolutionary leaders – they agreed to a fourteen-point plan which called for pay for revolutionary soldiers; the release of political prisoners; and the right of the revolutionaries to name several members of cabinet. Madero was moderate, however. He believed that the revolutionaries should proceed cautiously so as to minimize bloodshed and should strike a deal with Díaz if possible. </p><p>In early May, Madero wanted to extend a ceasefire, but his fellow revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Orozco" title="Pascual Orozco">Pascual Orozco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> disagreed and went ahead without orders on 8 May to attack <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>. It surrendered after two days of bloody fighting. The revolutionaries won this battle decisively, making it clear that Díaz could no longer retain power. </p><p>On 21 May 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Treaty of Ciudad Juárez">Treaty of Ciudad Juárez</a> was signed. Under the terms of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, Díaz and Corral agreed to resign by the end of May 1911, with Díaz's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a>, becoming interim president solely for the purpose of calling general elections. Madero did not want to come to power by force of arms, but by a democratic election. </p><p>This first phase of the Mexican Revolution thus ended with Díaz leaving for exile in Europe at the end of May 1911. He was escorted to the port of Veracruz by General <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>. On 7 June 1911, Madero entered <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in triumph where he was greeted with huge crowds shouting "<i>¡Viva Madero!</i>" </p><p>Madero was arriving not as the conquering hero, but as a presidential candidate who now embarked on campaigning for the fall presidential election. He left in place all but the top political figures of the Díaz regime as well as the Federal Army, which had just been defeated by revolutionary forces. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Coahuila">Governor of Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Cabrera_Lobato" title="Luis Cabrera Lobato">Luis Cabrera</a> had strongly advised Madero not to sign the treaty, since it gave away the power the revolutionary forces had won. For Madero, that was not the only consideration. Madero saw that revolutionaries like Orozco were not going to docilely obey his orders not to attack and the situation could get even more out of hand when Díaz resigned. Madero recognized the legitimacy of the Federal Army and called on revolutionary forces to disband. "Having removed Díaz, it appeared that Madero was trying to contain the Revolutionary tiger before it had time to enjoy its liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interim_presidency_of_De_la_Barra_(May–November_1911)"><span id="Interim_presidency_of_De_la_Barra_.28May.E2.80.93November_1911.29"></span>Interim presidency of De la Barra (May–November 1911)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interim presidency of De la Barra (May–November 1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg/214px-Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg/321px-Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg/428px-Picture_of_Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a> (1863–1939), whose interim presidency in 1911 gave Madero's enemies time to organize.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg/261px-Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg/392px-Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Madero_en_Cuernavaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Francisco I. Madero campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, June 1911 and meeting <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>. Zapata rebelled in 1911, because of President Madero's slowness to implement land reform.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Madero and his supporters had forced Porfirio Díaz from power, he did not assume the presidency in June 1911. Instead, following the terms of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, he was a candidate for president and had no formal role in the interim presidency of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a>, a diplomat and lawyer. Left in place was the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Mexico">Congress of Mexico</a>, which was full of candidates whom Díaz had handpicked for the 1910 election. By doing this, Madero was true to his ideological commitment to constitutional democracy, but with members of the Díaz regime still in power, he was caused difficulties in the short and long term. The German ambassador to Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Paul von Hintze</a>, who associated with the Interim President, said of him that "De la Barra wants to accommodate himself with dignity to the inevitable advance of the ex-revolutionary influence, while accelerating the widespread collapse of the Madero party...."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero sought to be a moderate democrat and follow the course outlined in treaty bringing about exile of Díaz, but by calling for the disarming and demobilization of his revolutionary base, he undermined his support. The Mexican Federal Army, just defeated by the revolutionaries, was to continue as the armed force of the Mexican state. Madero argued that the revolutionaries should henceforth proceed solely by peaceful means. In the south, revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> was skeptical about disbanding his troops, especially since the Federal Army from the Díaz era remained essentially intact. However, Madero traveled south to meet with Zapata at <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuautla,_Morelos" title="Cuautla, Morelos">Cuautla, Morelos</a>. Madero assured Zapata that the land redistribution promised in the Plan of San Luis Potosí would be carried out when Madero became president. </p><p>With Madero now campaigning for the presidency, which he was expected to win, several landowners from Zapata's state of <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> took advantage of his not being head of state and appealed to President De la Barra and the Congress to restore their lands which had been seized by Zapatista revolutionaries. They spread exaggerated stories of atrocities committed by Zapata's irregulars, calling Zapata the "<a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> of the South". De la Barra and the Congress, therefore, decided to send regular troops under <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> to suppress Zapata's revolutionaries. Madero once again traveled south to urge Zapata to disband his supporters peacefully, but Zapata refused on the grounds that Huerta's troops were advancing on <a href="/wiki/Yautepec_de_Zaragoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Yautepec de Zaragoza">Yautepec</a>. Zapata's suspicions proved accurate as Huerta's Federal soldiers moved violently into Yautepec. Madero wrote to De la Barra, saying that Huerta's actions were unjustified and recommending that Zapata's demands be met. However, when he left the south, he had achieved nothing. Nevertheless, he promised the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_the_South" title="Liberation Army of the South">Zapatistas</a> that once he became president, things would change. Most Zapatistas had grown suspicious of Madero, however. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_and_assassination_(November_1911_–_February_1913)"><span id="Presidency_and_assassination_.28November_1911_.E2.80.93_February_1913.29"></span>Presidency and assassination (November 1911 – February 1913)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidency and assassination (November 1911 – February 1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/180px-Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/270px-Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg/360px-Presidente_Francisco_I._Madero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Francisco I. Madero, President of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_(c._1911),_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif/lossy-page1-300px-El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif/lossy-page1-450px-El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif/lossy-page1-600px-El_presidente_Francisco_I._Madero_y_su_estado_mayor_presidencial_%28c._1911%29%2C_de_Agust%C3%ADn_V%C3%ADctor_Casasola.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Madero and his staff, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>Madero became president in November 1911, and, intending to reconcile the nation, appointed a cabinet that included many of Porfirio Díaz's supporters, as well as Madero's uncle <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero" title="Ernesto Madero">Ernesto Madero</a>, as Minister of Finance. A curious fact is that almost immediately after taking office in November, Madero became the first head of state in the world to fly in an airplane, which the Mexican press was later to mock.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero was unable to achieve the reconciliation he desired since conservative Porfirians had organized themselves during the interim presidency and now mounted a sustained and effective opposition to Madero's reform program. Conservatives in the Senate refused to pass the reforms he advocated. At the same time, several of Madero's allies denounced him for being overly conciliatory with the Porfirians and with not moving aggressively forward with reforms. </p><p>After years of censorship, Mexican newspapers took advantage of their newly found <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> to harshly criticize Madero's performance as president. <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a>, the president's brother, remarked that "the newspapers bite the hand that took off their muzzle." President Madero refused the recommendation of some of his advisors that he bring back censorship. The press was particularly critical of Madero's handling of rebellions that broke out against his rule shortly after he became president. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png/300px-Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png/450px-Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png/600px-Francisco_I._Madero_y_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez_en_los_funarales_de_Justo_Sierra.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Madero and his vice president Pino Suárez (to his right, one step below) at the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Justo_Sierra" title="Justo Sierra">Justo Sierra</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite internal and external opposition, the Madero administration had a number of important accomplishments, including freedom of the press. He freed political prisoners and abolished the death penalty. He did away with the practice of the Díaz government, which appointed local political bosses (<i>jefes políticos</i>), and instead set up a system of independent municipal authorities. State elections were free and fair. He was concerned about the improvement of education, establishing new schools and workshops. An important step was the creation of a federal department of labor, limited the workday to 10 hours, and set in place regulations on women's and children's labor. Unions were granted the right to freely organize. The <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Obrero_Mundial" title="Casa del Obrero Mundial">Casa del Obrero Mundial</a></i> ("House of the World Worker"), an organization with <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalist</a> was founded during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madero alienated a number of his political supporters when he created a new political party, the Constitutionalist Progressive party, which replaced the Anti-Reelectionist Party. He ousted leftist Emilio Vázquez Gómez from his cabinet, brother of Francisco Vázquez Gómez, whom Madero had replaced as his vice presidential candidate with Pino Suárez.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madero made gestures of reform to those who had helped bring him to power, but his aim was a democratic transition to power, fulfilled by his election. His supporters were offered mild gestures of reform, creating a Department of Labor and a National Agrarian Commission, but organized labor and peasants seeking land did not have their fundamental situations changed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions">Rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emiliano_Zapata,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emiliano_Zapata%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Emiliano_Zapata%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Emiliano_Zapata%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Emiliano_Zapata%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Emiliano_Zapata%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Madero retained the Mexican Federal Army and ordered the demobilization of revolutionary forces. For revolutionaries who considered themselves the reason that Díaz resigned, this was a hard course to follow. Since Madero did not implement immediate, radical reforms that many of those had supported him had expected, he lost control of those areas in Morelos and Chihuahua. A series of internal rebellions challenged Madero's presidency before the February 1913 coup that deposed him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zapatista_rebellion">Zapatista rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Zapatista rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In Morelos, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayala" title="Plan of Ayala">Plan of Ayala</a> on 25 November 1911, which excoriated Madero's slowness on land reform and declared the signatories in rebellion. Zapata's plan recognized Pascual Orozco as fellow revolutionary, although Orozco was for the moment loyal to Madero, until 1912. Madero sent the Federal Army to suppress the rebellion, but failed to do so. For Madero's opponents this was evidence of his ineffectiveness as a leader.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernardo_Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bernardo_Reyes.jpg/220px-Bernardo_Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bernardo_Reyes.jpg/330px-Bernardo_Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Bernardo_Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a> (1850–1913).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reyes_rebellion">Reyes rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reyes rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1911, General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a>, whom Porfirio Díaz had sent to Europe on a diplomatic mission because Díaz worried that Reyes was going to challenge him for the presidency, launched a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, where he had previously served as governor. He called for "the people" to rise against Madero. "His rebellion was a total failure",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasting only eleven days before Reyes surrendered to the Federal Army at <a href="/wiki/Linares,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Linares, Nuevo León">Linares, Nuevo León</a>. When the rebellion broke out, Madero made a calculated decision to entrust Pascual Orozco to put it down. In the fight against Dįaz, Orozco had led revolutionary forces in the north capturing Ciudad Juárez, against Madero's orders. Madero had not treated him well after he was elected, but entrusted him over General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta had previously been a supporter of Reyes, and Madero was concerned that Huerta would join with Reyes rather than suppress the rebellion. In one historian's assessment, "would have ensued and seriously threatedPresident Madero played his political cards perfectly this occasion. Had he dispatched a large force to the north under the command of either Huerta of [General] Blanquet, it is quite possible that a major military defection, seriously threatening the government."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reyes was sent to the Santiago Tlatelolco military prison in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Madero allowed Reyes privileges while in prison, which allowed him to organize subsequent conspiracies from jail.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vázquez_Gómez_rebellion"><span id="V.C3.A1zquez_G.C3.B3mez_rebellion"></span>Vázquez Gómez rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vázquez Gómez rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly simultaneous with Reyes's rebellion, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mez" class="extiw" title="es:Emilio Vázquez Gómez">Emilio Vázquez Gómez</a>, rose in rebellion. Emilio was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_G%C3%B3mez" title="Francisco Vázquez Gómez">Francisco Vázquez Gómez</a> whom Madero replaced as the vice presidential candidate Pino Suárez when he successfully ran for president. Emilio gathered supporters in Chihuahua, with a number of small rebellions against the Madero's regime breaking out in December 1911. Although Madero sent the Federal Army, he then sent Orozco to put down the rebellion. Rebels had captured and looted Ciudad Juáréz. Orozco arrived with a contingent of troops. Still popular in Chihuahua, Orozco persuaded rebels to lay down their arms against Madero. Madero was delighted that Orozco had been so successful in dealing with two rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orozco_rebellion">Orozco rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orozco rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madero_(and)_Pascual_Orozco._(21879503251)_(cropped_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/200px-Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/300px-Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg/400px-Madero_%28and%29_Pascual_Orozco._%2821879503251%29_%28cropped_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Madero and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Orozco" title="Pascual Orozco">Pascual Orozco</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V_Huerta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/V_Huerta.jpg/220px-V_Huerta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/V_Huerta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> (1850–1916), who suppressed Orozco's rebellion against Madero's government</figcaption></figure> <p>The two small, northern rebellions that Orozco suppressed showed his again his military skills, but with the Vázquez Gómez rebellion, he realized his continued popularity. In his recent dealings with Madero, the president had shown him respect, which was much lacking after Orozco disobeyed Madero's orders not to take Ciudad Juárez in May 1911 when Madero was attempting non-military means to persuade Dįaz to resign. Orozco was personally resentful of how President Madero had treated him once he was in office. He launched a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> in March 1912 with the financial backing of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Terrazas" title="Luis Terrazas">Luis Terrazas</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Chihuahua" title="Governor of Chihuahua">Governor of Chihuahua</a> who was the largest landowner in Mexico. Northern oligarchs had opposed ousting of Díaz and Madero's presidency and saw in Orozco a potential ally, a rival to oust Madero. They began flattering him that he was the man to bring order to Mexico. Madero's advisors had repeatedly warned Madero that Orozco was untrustworthy, but Madero had just seen the demonstration of Orozco's loyalty in preserving his presidency. Orozco's "revolution came as a complete shock to Madero."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At his request, Madero dispatched troops under General José González Salas, the Secretary of War, to put down the rebellion. González Salas was not a seasoned campaign general, but he did not want Huerta to be dispatched. Unlike the two small, unsuccessful rebellions that attracted few followers, Orozco not only had an army to 8,000 men, he had backing from landowning interests, and a detailed battle plan to sweep through Chihuahua and capture Mexico City. Although González Salas commanded forces of 2,000 troops, he was an ineffective leader. In the first major encounter, Orozco triumphed, crushing the Federal Army. González Salas committed suicide after the military humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/220px-F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/330px-F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/440px-F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="Félix Díaz (politician)">Félix Díaz</a></figcaption></figure><p>General <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> assumed control of the federalist forces. Huerta was more successful, defeating Orozco's troops in three major battles and forcing Orozco to flee to the United States in September 1912. </p><p>Relations between Huerta and Madero grew strained during the course of this campaign when <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>, the commander of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_del_Norte" title="División del Norte">División del Norte</a></i>, refused orders from General Huerta. Huerta ordered Villa's execution, but Madero commuted the sentence and Villa was sent to the same Santiago Tlatelolco prison as Reyes from which he escaped on Christmas Day 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angry at Madero's commutation of Villa's sentence, Huerta, after a long night of drinking, mused about reaching an agreement with Orozco and together deposing Madero as president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When Mexico's Minister of War learned of General Huerta's comments, he stripped Huerta of his command, but Madero intervened and restored Huerta to command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Félix_Díaz_rebellion"><span id="F.C3.A9lix_D.C3.ADaz_rebellion"></span>Félix Díaz rebellion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Félix Díaz rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>October 1912, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="Félix Díaz (politician)">Félix Díaz</a> (nephew of Porfirio Díaz) launched a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, hoping to capitalize on his famous name and with support from the U.S. But even with U.S. support, Díaz's rebellion collapsed after no Mexican generals or the general populace supported it. Díaz was arrested and imprisoned. Although Díaz was sentenced to death for his rebellion, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Mexico">Supreme Court of Mexico</a>, whose judges were appointed by former President Díaz, declared that Félix Díaz would be imprisoned, but not executed. Madero did not interfere with the decision; Díaz was transferred to the same prison where Reyes was incarcerated, where the two plotted further conspiracies. "Madero displayed a fatal softness toward the leaders of these coup attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._and_the_Madero_government">U.S. and the Madero government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: U.S. and the Madero government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Lane_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Lane_Wilson.jpg/220px-Henry_Lane_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Henry_Lane_Wilson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lane_Wilson" title="Henry Lane Wilson">Henry Lane Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">ambassador of the United States in Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the U.S. was cautiously optimistic about Madero leading the new government. He had kept the Federal Army and the federal bureaucracy, and dismissed the revolutionary forces that brought him to power. Although his Plan of San Luis Potosí signaled his openness to land reform, he failed to move on it, which did not have an impact on the U.S. or its business interests. Madero displayed no overt anti-Americanism, but his resistance to U.S. pressure on a variety of issues were taken as that by the U.S. government and business interests. He did not follow through on promises made in his name, perhaps by his brother <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a>, to turn Mexico's oil industry over to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a>. He refused to satisfy U.S. demands for compensation for life and property outside of a bilateral commission. He planned to institute universal male military service, which would have strengthened Mexico's position against foreign powers. Furthermore, Madero's lifting of restrictions on labor organizing had resulted in strikes, which had an impact on U.S. companies in Mexico. Likewise, Madero was not deviating from President Díaz's firmness against demands that infringed on Mexican sovereignty and domestic policy, but the U.S. pressed the issues. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg/180px-Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg/271px-Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg/360px-Paul_von_Hintze_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Paul von Hintze</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The United States' position towards the Madero regime grew increasingly hostile. The U.S. Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lane_Wilson" title="Henry Lane Wilson">Henry Lane Wilson</a> conducted a campaign of anti-Madero propaganda and disinformation, aimed at alarming the American residents, a campaign against Madero in U.S. newspapers. The U.S. government and business interests, too, increasingly backed rebellions against Madero.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_the_Madero_government">Germany and the Madero government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany and the Madero government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany had business interests in Mexico, in banking and in exports from Germany, but it was reluctant to challenge the U.S. as the premier foreign arbiter in Mexico. In the period before the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, it followed the lead of the U.S. of initially being optimistic about Madero's moderation against revolutionary tendencies. But when U.S. turned against Madero, the U.S. ambassador and the German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Paul von Hintze</a> were in close contact. Hintze's reports on the situation in Mexico during the Madero presidency were a rich source of information about the regime. Although the U.S. attempted to draw Germany as well as Great Britain into intervention in Mexico, both held back. They also sought to prevent the U.S. from intervening itself. Hintze had a low opinion of Félix Díaz, and saw the head of the Mexican Federal Army, <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>, as an appropriate candidate as a military dictator. That view dictated his actions as a plan for a coup was hatched in early 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successful_coup_against_Madero">Successful coup against Madero</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Successful coup against Madero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Ten Tragic Days</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madero_1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Madero_1913.png/220px-Madero_1913.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Madero_1913.png/330px-Madero_1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Madero_1913.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>President Madero riding the streets near the Palace, acclaimed by his supporters, a few days before his tragic end.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks,_Mexico_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg/330px-Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg/440px-Dead_outside_National_Palace_during_one_of_the_outbreaks%2C_Mexico_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">The National Palace</a>, the target of the rebel artillery fire from the nearby arsenal. There were dead bodies in the zócalo and the capital's streets. Photographer, Manuel Ramos.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> In early 1913, General <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="Félix Díaz (politician)">Félix Díaz</a> (Porfirio Díaz's nephew) and General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a> plotted the overthrow of Madero. Now known in Mexican history as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Ten Tragic Days</a>, from 9 to 19 February events in the capital led to the overthrow and murder of Madero and his vice president. Rebel forces bombarded the National Palace and downtown Mexico City from the military arsenal (<i>ciudadela</i>). Madero's loyalists initially held their ground, but Madero's commander, General <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> secretly switched sides to support the rebels. Madero's decision to appoint Huerta as commander of forces in Mexico City was one "for which he would pay for with his life."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madero and his vice president were arrested. Under pressure Madero resigned the presidency, with the expectation that he would go into exile, as had President Díaz in May 1911. Madero's brother and advisor <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a> was kidnapped off the street, tortured, and killed. Following Huerta's coup d'état on 18 February 1913, Madero was forced to resign. After a 45-minute term of office, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a> was replaced by Huerta, who took over the presidency later that day.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg/300px-Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg/450px-Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Francisco_Ignacio_Madero_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Madero's capture</figcaption></figure><p>Following his forced resignation, Madero and his Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a> were kept under guard in the National Palace. On the evening of 22 February, they were told that they were to be transferred to the main city penitentiary, where they would be safer. At 11:15 pm, reporters waiting outside the National Palace saw two cars containing Madero and Suárez emerge from the main gate under a heavy escort commanded by Major Francisco Cárdenas, an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Rurales" title="Rurales">rurales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journalists on foot were outdistanced by the motor vehicles, which were driven towards the penitentiary. The correspondent for the <i>New York World</i> was approaching the prison when he heard a volley of shots. Behind the building, he found the two cars with the bodies of Madero and Suárez nearby, surrounded by soldiers and gendarmes. Major Cárdenas subsequently told reporters that the cars and their escort had been fired on by a group, as they neared the penitentiary. The two prisoners had leapt from the vehicles and ran towards their presumed rescuers. They had however been killed in the cross-fire.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account was treated with general disbelief, although the American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lane_Wilson" title="Henry Lane Wilson">Henry Lane Wilson</a>, a strong supporter of Huerta, reported to Washington that, "I am disposed to accept the (Huerta) government's version of the affair and consider it a closed incident".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Madero, dead at 39, was buried quietly in the French cemetery of Mexico City. A series of contemporary photographs taken by Manuel Ramos show Maderos's coffin being carried from the penitentiary and placed on a special funeral tram car for transportation to the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only his close family were permitted to attend, leaving for Cuba immediately after. Following Huerta's overthrow, Francisco Cárdenas fled to Guatemala where he committed suicide in 1920 after the new Mexican government had requested his extradition to stand trial for the murder of Madero.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_of_coup">Aftermath of coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath of coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg/220px-Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg/330px-Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg/440px-Widow_and_relatives_of_Mexico%27s_slain_president_photographed_upon_their_arrival_in_New_York._1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Madero's widow, brother, sisters, and niece upon their arrival in New York City after the assassination, March 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>There was shock at Madero's murder, but there were many, including Mexican elites and foreign entrepreneurs and governments, who saw the coup and the emergence of General Huerta as the desired strongman to return order to Mexico. Among elites in Mexico, Madero's death was a cause of rejoicing, seeing the time since Díaz's resignation as one of political instability and economic uncertainty. Ordinary Mexicans in the capital, however, were dismayed by the coup, since many considered Madero a friend, but their feelings did not translate into concrete action against the Huerta regime.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Mexico, Madero's overthrow and martyrdom united forces against Huerta's usurpation of power. Governor of Coahuila, <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a> refused to support the new regime although most state governors had. He brought together a coalition of revolutionaries under the banner of the Mexican Constitution, so that the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist Army">Constitutionalist Army</a> fought for the principles of constitutional democracy that Madero embraced. In southern Mexico, Zapata had been in rebellion against the Madero government for its slow action on land reform and continued in rebellion against the Huerta regime. However, Zapata repudiated his former high opinion of fellow revolutionary Pascual Orozco, who had also rebelled against Madero, when Orozco allied with Huerta. Madero's anti-reelectionist movement had mobilized revolutionary action that led to the resignation of Díaz. Madero's overthrow and murder during the Ten Tragic Days was a prelude to further years of civil war. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg/220px-Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg/330px-Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg/440px-Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Arias_Bernal" title="María Arias Bernal">María Arias Bernal</a>, who defended Madero's tomb from vandalism during the counter-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a> regime (1913–14).</figcaption></figure><p> For Mexicans hopeful of positive change with the Madero presidency, his performance in office was not inspiring, but as a martyr to the revolution ousted and murdered by reactionary forces with the aid of the United States ambassador, he became a powerful unifying force. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Coahuila">Governor of Coahuila</a>, Madero's home state, became the leader of the northern revolutionaries opposing the Huerta. <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a> had been put in office by Madero. Carranza named the broad-based, anti-Huerta northern coalition the Constitutionalist Army, invoking the Mexican Constitution of 1857 and rule of law that they hoped to restore. In 1915, a Constitutionalist supporter created a chart outlining the political leaders of the time, calling Madero "The Great Democrat, elected president by the unanimous will of the people." But by 1917, when the Constitutionalists had emerged as the winning faction of the revolution, Carranza began reshaping the historical narrative of the revolution that excluded Madero entirely. For Carranza, the revolution had three periods, with the start date being the armed struggle against Huerta, led by himself. After three years as constitutional president, Carranza himself was ousted and killed in a 1920 coup by Sonoran revolutionary generals, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a>. Madero's status as a hero of the revolution was restored by the Sonoran dynasty, which deliberately constructed a narrative of historical memory that endures. 20 November, the day that Madero set in the Plan of San Luis Potosí for the rebellion against Porfirio Díaz, became a <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day_(Mexico)" title="Revolution Day (Mexico)">national day of celebration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Francisco_I._Madero_frente_al_Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Madero in front of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a> in Mexico City.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_memory_and_popular_culture">Historical memory and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical memory and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrido_de_Madero.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Corrido_de_Madero.png/220px-Corrido_de_Madero.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Corrido_de_Madero.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> celebrating the entry of Francisco Madero into <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1911.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City, final resting place of Madero and other revolutionaries</figcaption></figure><p>Madero was known as "The Apostle of Democracy," but "Madero the martyr meant more to the soul of Mexico."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Madero's importance as a historical figure, there are relatively few memorials or monuments to him. It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Monumento a la Revolución">Monument to the Revolution</a> was completed in 1938 that Madero had a public resting place. He had been interred in the French cemetery in Mexico City after his death. His tomb had been an informal pilgrimage site on the anniversary of his murder (22 February) and the proclamation of his Plan of San Luis Potosí (20 November), which launched the Mexican Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the monument to the Revolution held the remains of Madero, Carranza, and Villa and was planned as a collective commemoration of the Revolution, not individual revolutionaries. Although it was completed on 20 November 1938, there was no inaugural ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí, 20 November, was a fixed official holiday in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day_(Mexico)" title="Revolution Day (Mexico)">Revolution Day</a>, but a 2005 change in the law makes the third Monday in November the day of commemoration. During the presidency of Venustiano Carranza, he ignored 20 November and commemorated 26 March, the anniversary of his <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Guadalupe">Plan de Guadalupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg/220px-Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg/330px-Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg/440px-Street_sign_Mexico_city_-_FCO_I_Madero_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Modern street sign and plaque with the former name of the section, <i>Calle de Plateros</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City Metro</a> has a stop named for Madero's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Pino Suárez">Metro Pino Suárez</a>, but not one to Madero. General <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregón">Alvaro Obregón</a> laid a foundation stone on the 10th anniversary of Madero's death of a planned Madero statue in the zócalo, but the statue was never built. A statue was erected in 1956 at a downtown intersection in Mexico City and has been moved to the presidential residence, <a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a>, not easily viewable by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is Avenida Madero in Mexico City. One contemporaneous honor by General Pancho Villa remains in Mexico City. On the morning of 8 December 1914, he declared that the street leading from the Zócalo in Mexico City towards the <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Reforma" title="Paseo de la Reforma">Paseo de la Reforma</a> would be named for Madero. Still officially called <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco I. Madero Avenue">Francisco I. Madero Avenue</a>, but commonly known simply as Madero street, it is one of the most popular and historically significant streets in the city. It was <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrianised</a> in 2009. </p><p>Mexican artist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Posada" title="José Guadalupe Posada">José Guadalupe Posada</a> created an <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadside (music)">broadside</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced on the occasion of Madero's election in 1910, titled "Calavera de Madero" portraying Madero as a <a href="/wiki/Calavera" title="Calavera">calavera</a>. </p><p>Madero appears in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Villa!" title="Viva Villa!">Viva Villa!</a></i> (1934), <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rides" title="Villa Rides">Villa Rides</a></i> (1968) and <i><a href="/wiki/Viva_Zapata!" title="Viva Zapata!">Viva Zapata!</a></i> (1952). </p><p>In the novel <i>The Friends of Pancho Villa</i> (1996) by <a href="/wiki/James_Carlos_Blake" title="James Carlos Blake">James Carlos Blake</a>, Madero is a major character. </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Hermila_Galindo" title="Hermila Galindo">Hermila Galindo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Serd%C3%A1n" title="Carmen Serdán">Carmen Serdán</a>, Madero appears on the obverse of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">1000 Mexican peso</a> banknote issued from 2020. </p><p>Madero and his family described in a very positive light in <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(novel)" title="All the Pretty Horses (novel)">All the Pretty Horses</a></i> in a prize winning novel by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">List of heads of state of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Madero" title="Emilio Madero">Emilio Madero</a>, brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero" title="Ernesto Madero">Ernesto Madero</a>, uncle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_A._Madero" title="Gustavo A. Madero">Gustavo A. Madero</a>, brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifiesto_a_la_Naci%C3%B3n_(Francisco_I._Madero)" title="Manifiesto a la Nación (Francisco I. Madero)">Manifiesto a la Nación (Francisco I. Madero)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(governor)" title="Abraham González (governor)">Abraham González (governor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maderism" title="Maderism">Maderism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorenzomeyer.org/Articulos-Revistas/38.pdf">Anti-Reelectionist-Progressive Constitutional</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204122634/http://www.lorenzomeyer.org/Articulos-Revistas/38.pdf">Archived</a> 4 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flores Rangel, Juan José. <i>Historia de Mexico 2</i>, p. 86. Cengage Learning Editores, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-686-185-8" title="Special:BookSources/970-686-185-8">970-686-185-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, Ronald M. <i>Latin American Political History</i>, p. 168. Westview Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4341-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4341-0">0-8133-4341-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidentes.mx/presidentes/francisco-i-madero">"Francisco I. Madero – 38° Presidente de México"</a>. <i>presidentes.mx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=presidentes.mx&rft.atitle=Francisco+I.+Madero+%E2%80%93+38%C2%B0+Presidente+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresidentes.mx%2Fpresidentes%2Ffrancisco-i-madero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cumberland, Charles C. <i>Mexican Revolution: Genesis Under Madero</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1952, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1910potosi.asp">"Modern History Sourcebook: Francisco Madero: The Plan of San Luis Potosi, November 20, 1910"</a>. <i>Internet History Sourcebooks Project</i>. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft.atitle=Modern+History+Sourcebook%3A+Francisco+Madero%3A+The+Plan+of+San+Luis+Potosi%2C+November+20%2C+1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F1910potosi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Charles H, III and Louis R. Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso, 1906–1920</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2009, ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris and Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso</i>, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris and Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso</i>, 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony2020" class="citation web cs1">Tony (17 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mexconnect.com/articles/278-glorious-innocent-the-tragedy-and-triumph-of-francisco-madero-1873-1913/">"Glorious innocent: The tragedy and triumph of Francisco Madero (1873–1913)"</a>. <i>MexConnect</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MexConnect&rft.atitle=Glorious+innocent%3A+The+tragedy+and+triumph+of+Francisco+Madero+%281873%E2%80%931913%29&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft.au=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F278-glorious-innocent-the-tragedy-and-triumph-of-francisco-madero-1873-1913%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Stanley R. <i>Francisco I. Madero, Apostle of Democracy</i>. New York: Columbia University Press 1955, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/110"><i>The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9"><bdi>0-8032-7770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution+Volume+1.+Porfirians%2C+Liberals+and+Peasants&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8032-7770-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanrevolutio0000knig%2Fpage%2F110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco Madero</i>, 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, Enrique. <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997, pp. 245–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator" class="citation web cs1">Administrator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201100430/http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/acces/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=264:revolucion--francisco-i-madero-con-qiq-de-ignacio-por-alejandro-rosas&catid=3:revolucion&Itemid=13">"Revolución / Francisco I. Madero: con "I" de Ignacio, por Alejandro Rosas"</a>. <i>www.bicentenario.gob.mx</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/acces/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=264:revolucion--francisco-i-madero-con-qiq-de-ignacio-por-alejandro-rosas&catid=3:revolucion&Itemid=13">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bicentenario.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Revoluci%C3%B3n+%2F+Francisco+I.+Madero%3A+con+%22I%22+de+Ignacio%2C+por+Alejandro+Rosas&rft.au=Administrator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Facces%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D264%3Arevolucion--francisco-i-madero-con-qiq-de-ignacio-por-alejandro-rosas%26catid%3D3%3Arevolucion%26Itemid%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/163897.html">"Madero era (Y)gnacio, no Indalecio"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madero+era+%28Y%29gnacio%2C+no+Indalecio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivo.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fnacion%2F163897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/55"><i>The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9"><bdi>0-8032-7770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution+Volume+1.+Porfirians%2C+Liberals+and+Peasants&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8032-7770-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanrevolutio0000knig%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madero, Francisco I. "Mis Memorias". Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía. Mexico 1922, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krauze,_p._247-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._247_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_56-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_56_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_56_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/56"><i>The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9"><bdi>0-8032-7770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution+Volume+1.+Porfirians%2C+Liberals+and+Peasants&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8032-7770-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanrevolutio0000knig%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080123223_C/1080123224_T2/1080123224_16.pdf">"Apuntes Para la Historia de Lampazos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714103224/http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080123223_C/1080123224_T2/1080123224_16.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Nuevo+Le%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Apuntes+Para+la+Historia+de+Lampazos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdigital.dgb.uanl.mx%2Fla%2F1080123223_C%2F1080123224_T2%2F1080123224_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calameo.com/eya-academy/read/003506270959ac93bd953">"Vol. VI, No. 21, Octubre-Diciembre 2003"</a>. <i>calameo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calameo.com&rft.atitle=Vol.+VI%2C+No.+21%2C+Octubre-Diciembre+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calameo.com%2Feya-academy%2Fread%2F003506270959ac93bd953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madero had another brother, also named Raúl, who survived to adulthood and participated in the Mexican Revolution. Ross, <i>Madero</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, pp. 248, and 820, footnote 10 who cites a Madero manuscript in a private collection.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krauze,_p._249-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._249_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._249_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, pp. 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krauze,_p._253-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._253_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krauze,_p._253_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaFrance, David G. "Aquiles Serdán" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 2, p. 1341. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris2009_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris2009_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisSadler2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). <i>The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 1–17, 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-4652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+in+El+Paso%3A+Mexican+Revolutionary+Intrigue%2C+1906%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pages=1-17%2C+213&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4652-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Obrador2014" class="citation book cs1">López Obrador, Andrés Manuel (2014). <i>Neoporfirismo: Hoy como ayer</i>. Berkeley, CA: Grijalbo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786073123266" title="Special:BookSources/9786073123266"><bdi>9786073123266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoporfirismo%3A+Hoy+como+ayer&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Grijalbo&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9786073123266&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Obrador&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross,_p._100-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._100_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross,_p._100_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Ross, <i>Francisco I. Madero</i>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Krauze, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeit2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Zeit, Joshua (4 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/02/the-last-time-the-us-invaded-mexico-214738">"The Last Time the U.S. Invaded Mexico"</a>. <i>Politico Magazine</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Last+Time+the+U.S.+Invaded+Mexico&rft.date=2017-02-04&rft.aulast=Zeit&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F02%2Fthe-last-time-the-us-invaded-mexico-214738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2012" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Mark (2012). <i>The Mexican Revolution: A Brief History with Documents</i>. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-53504-9"><bdi>978-0-312-53504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-312-53504-9&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Womack, John Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in <i>Mexico Since Independence</i>. Leslie Bethell, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Womack, "The Mexican Revolution", p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvert, Peter. <i>The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1914: The Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 77 citing United States, Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: Revolutions in Mexico, United States Senate, Sixty-Second Congress, Second Session pursuant to S. Res. 335...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvert, <i>The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1914</i>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/310e14f5-3699-4ec1-9416-7780dc312896/la-revolucion-de-los-espiritus">"La revolución de los espíritus | Alejandro Rosas, Yael Weiss"</a>. <i>Revista de la Universidad de México</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Universidad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=La+revoluci%C3%B3n+de+los+esp%C3%ADritus+%7C+Alejandro+Rosas%2C+Yael+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadelauniversidad.mx%2Farticles%2F310e14f5-3699-4ec1-9416-7780dc312896%2Fla-revolucion-de-los-espiritus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadero2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Madero, Francisco I. (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letraslibres.com/revista-mexico/los-diarios-espiritistas-de-francisco-i-madero/">"Los diarios espiritistas de Francisco I. Madero"</a>. <i>Letras Libres</i> (in Mexican Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Letras+Libres&rft.atitle=Los+diarios+espiritistas+de+Francisco+I.+Madero&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Madero&rft.aufirst=Francisco+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletraslibres.com%2Frevista-mexico%2Flos-diarios-espiritistas-de-francisco-i-madero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aristeguinoticias.com/0801/libros/el-espiritismo-forjo-la-cruzada-democratica-de-madero-alejandro-rosas/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'El espiritismo forjó la cruzada democrática de Madero': Alejandro Rosas"</a>. <i>Aristegui Noticias</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aristegui+Noticias&rft.atitle=%27El+espiritismo+forj%C3%B3+la+cruzada+democr%C3%A1tica+de+Madero%27%3A+Alejandro+Rosas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faristeguinoticias.com%2F0801%2Flibros%2Fel-espiritismo-forjo-la-cruzada-democratica-de-madero-alejandro-rosas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris and Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso</i>, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris and Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso</i>, 30, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris and Sadler, <i>The Secret War in El Paso</i>,44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casasola, Gustavo. <i>Historia gráfica de la Revolución Mexicana</i>. Mexico: Editorial F. Trillas, S.A. 1967, v. 1, 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo2016" class="citation book cs1">Castillo, Máximo (2016). Valdés, Jesús Vargas (ed.). <i>Máximo Castillo and the Mexican Revolution</i>. Translated by Aliaga-Buchenau, Ana-Isabel. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807163887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807163887"><bdi>978-0807163887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1ximo+Castillo+and+the+Mexican+Revolution&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0807163887&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ximo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewster, Keith. "Mexican Revolution October 1910 – February 1913." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mexico" title="Encyclopedia of Mexico">Encyclopedia of Mexico</a></i>, 853.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Katz" title="Friedrich Katz">Friedrich Katz</a>, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1171-did-you-know-the-world-s-first-aerial-bombing-the-battle-of-topolobampo-mexico">"Did You Know? The World's first aerial bombing: the Battle of Topolobampo, Mexico : Mexico History"</a>. <i>www.mexconnect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mexconnect.com&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3F+The+World%27s+first+aerial+bombing%3A+the+Battle+of+Topolobampo%2C+Mexico+%3A+Mexico+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexconnect.com%2Farticles%2F1171-did-you-know-the-world-s-first-aerial-bombing-the-battle-of-topolobampo-mexico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tortolero Cervantes,. "Francisco I. Madero" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 766–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaFrance, David. "Francisco I. Madero" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewster, "Mexican Revolution: October 1910–1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, Michael C. <i>Huerta: A Political Biography</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemeyer, Victor. "Frustrated Invasion: The Revolutionary Attempt of General Bernardo Reyes". <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i> 67 (July 1963 – June 1964), pp 213–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, <i>Huerta</i>, 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, <i>Huerta</i>, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, <i>Huerta</i>, 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heribert von Feilitzsch, <i>In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914</i>, Henselstone Verlag LLC, 2012, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>, 46–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>, 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/search/collection/mex/searchterm/Ag1996.1039/mode/exact">"Album, Mexican Revolution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Album%2C+Mexican+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.smu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsearch%2Fcollection%2Fmex%2Fsearchterm%2FAg1996.1039%2Fmode%2Fexact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, <i>The Secret War in Mexico</i>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krauze, Enrique. <i>Madero Vivo</i>. Mexico City: Clio, pp. 119–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/489"><i>The Mexican Revolution. Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanrevolutio0000knig/page/489">489</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7770-9"><bdi>0-8032-7770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution.+Volume+1.+Porfirians%2C+Liberals+and+Peasants&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8032-7770-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanrevolutio0000knig%2Fpage%2F489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken, Ronald. <i>Revolution! Mexico 1910–20</i>, pp. 142–143, 586 03669 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken, Ronald. <i>Revolution! Mexico 1910–20</i>, page 144, 586 03669 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/mex/id/138/rec/38">"President Madero's coffin being placed in funeral car, Mexico City :: Mexico – Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints"</a>. <i>digitalcollections.smu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.smu.edu&rft.atitle=President+Madero%27s+coffin+being+placed+in+funeral+car%2C+Mexico+City+%3A%3A+Mexico+%E2%80%93+Photographs%2C+Manuscripts%2C+and+Imprints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.smu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fmex%2Fid%2F138%2Frec%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken, Ronald. <i>Revolution! Mexico 1910–20</i>, p. 144, 586 03669 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montes Ayala, Francisco Gabriel (1993). Raúl Oseguera Pérez, ed. "Francisco Cárdenas. Un hombre que cambió la history". Sahuayo, Michoacán: Impresos ABC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>. <i>The Mexican Revolution</i>, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, Thomas, <i>La Revolución</i>: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History<i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, 64, 68–69</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Benjamin, Thomas. <i>La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, <i>La Revolución</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, <i>La Revolución</i>, pp. 131–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, <i>La Revolución</i>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, <i>La Revolución</i> pp. 124, 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/artgallery/exhibitions/2001/posada/Porfiriato/C50.html">"C50 Calavera de D. Francisco I. Madero"</a>. <i>www.hawaii.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=C50+Calavera+de+D.+Francisco+I.+Madero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fartgallery%2Fexhibitions%2F2001%2Fposada%2FPorfiriato%2FC50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballero2017" class="citation book cs1">Caballero, Raymond (2017). <i>Orozco: Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary</i>. Chicago: University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orozco%3A+Life+and+Death+of+a+Mexican+Revolutionary&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaballero2015" class="citation book cs1">Caballero, Raymond (2015). <i>Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox</i>. Create Space. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1514382509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1514382509"><bdi>978-1514382509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lynching+Pascual+Orozco%2C+Mexican+Revolutionary+Hero+and+Paradox&rft.pub=Create+Space&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1514382509&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cumberland, Charles C. <i>Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1952.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Katz" title="Friedrich Katz">Katz, Friedrich</a>. <i>The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>. <i>The Mexican Revolution</i>, 2 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9">0-06-016325-9</a></li> <li>Ross, Stanley R. <i>Francisco I. Madero, Apostle of Democracy</i>. New York: Columbia University Press 1955.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_I._Madero&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francisco_I._Madero" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Madero, Francisco Indalegio"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Madero,_Francisco_Indalegio">"Madero, Francisco Indalegio" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madero%2C+Francisco+Indalegio&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Ingram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancisco+I.+Madero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />6 November 1911 – 19 February 1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li>Madero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexican_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexican_Revolution" title="Template:Mexican Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexican_Revolution" title="Template talk:Mexican Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexican_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic History of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Haciendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> social system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857" title="Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French Intervention in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz#The_Porfiriato" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cient%C3%ADfico" title="Científico">Científicos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pino_Su%C3%A1rez" title="José María Pino Suárez">José María Pino Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Francisco "Pancho" Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Orozco" title="Pascual Orozco">Pascual Orozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Serd%C3%A1n" title="Carmen Serdán">Carmen Serdán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiles_Serd%C3%A1n" title="Aquiles Serdán">Aquiles Serdán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corral" title="Ramón Corral">Ramón Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="Félix Díaz (politician)">Félix Díaz Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Reyes" title="Bernardo Reyes">Bernardo Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufemio_Zapata" title="Eufemio Zapata">Eufemio Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Palafox" title="Manuel Palafox">Manuel Palafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovevo_de_la_O" title="Genovevo de la O">Genovevo de la O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Plan of San Luis Potosí">Plan of San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayala" title="Plan of Ayala">Plan of Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Guadalupe" title="Plan of Guadalupe">Plan of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Agua_Prieta" title="Plan of Agua Prieta">Plan of Agua Prieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego" title="Plan of San Diego">Plan of San Diego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political developments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Treaty of Ciudad Juárez">Treaty of Ciudad Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Decena trágica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Commune" title="Morelos Commune">Morelos Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Aguascalientes" title="Convention of Aguascalientes">Convention of Aguascalientes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza#The_Constitutional_Convention_of_Quer.C3.A9taro.2C_1916.E2.80.931917" title="Venustiano Carranza">Querétaro Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formations_of_the_United_States_Army_during_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="List of formations of the United States Army during the Mexican Revolution">formations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexican Constitution of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico#Land_reform_from_1910_to_1934" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">1968 student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Revolution in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_the_Mexican_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution">Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Monumento a la Revolución">Monument to the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentic_Party_of_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution">Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_factions_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="List of factions in the Mexican Revolution">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_the_South" title="Liberation Army of the South">Liberation Army of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalists_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="Constitutionalists in the Mexican Revolution">Constitutionalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_del_Norte" title="División del Norte">División del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Army" title="Federal Army">Federales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicistas" title="Felicistas">Felicistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonistas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldaderas" title="Soldaderas">Soldaderas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="Sonora in the Mexican Revolution">Sonora in the Mexican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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