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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Election to Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bill_of_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bill_of_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bill of Rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_of_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_the_Democratic–Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_the_Democratic–Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Founding the Democratic–Republican Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_the_Democratic–Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adams_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adams_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Adams presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adams_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State_(1801–1809)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State_(1801–1809)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Secretary of State (1801–1809) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_State_(1801–1809)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secretary of State (1801–1809) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State_(1801–1809)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1808_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1808_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1808 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1808_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1809–1817)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1809–1817)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidency (1809–1817) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1809–1817)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1809–1817) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1809–1817)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Inauguration and cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Prelude to war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Military actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period_and_decline_of_the_Federalist_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period_and_decline_of_the_Federalist_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Postwar period and decline of the Federalist opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period_and_decline_of_the_Federalist_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Native American policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1816" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1816"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Election of 1816 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1816-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1817–1836)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1817–1836)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Post-presidency (1817–1836) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1817–1836)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (1817–1836) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1817–1836)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political and religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political and religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Federalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James Madison</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" > 136 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ጄምስ ማዲሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ማዲሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Madison" title="Iacobus Madison – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus Madison" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جيمس ماديسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس ماديسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स म्याडिसन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जेम्स म्याडिसन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Medison" title="Ceyms Medison – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Medison" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جئیمز مدیسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز مدیسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="জেমস ম্যাডিসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস ম্যাডিসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джэймс Мэдысан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Мэдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джэймз Мэдысан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Мэдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Мадисън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Мадисън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Мэдисон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Мэдисон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="دجيمس ماديسون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجيمس ماديسون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޖޭމްސް މެޑިސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޭމްސް މެޑިސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζέιμς Μάντισον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Μάντισον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیمز مدیسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز مدیسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%A4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A8" title="제임스 매디슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 매디슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B9)" title="Ջեյմս Մեդիսոն (քաղաքական գործիչ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Մեդիսոն (քաղաքական գործիչ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स मैडिसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स मैडिसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס מדיסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס מדיסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ მადისონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ მადისონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Мэдисон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Мэдисон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жеймс Мэдисон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жеймс Мэдисон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Madisonius" title="Iacobus Madisonius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Madisonius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Medisons" title="Džeimss Medisons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Medisons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स म्याडिसन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जेम्स म्याडिसन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Медисон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Медисон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ജയിംസ് മാഡിസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജയിംസ് മാഡിസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स मॅडिसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स मॅडिसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ მედისონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ მედისონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جيمس ماديسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس ماديسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیمز مادیسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیمز مادیسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жеймс Мэдисон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеймс Мэдисон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် မဒီဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် မဒီဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जेम्स म्याडिसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स म्याडिसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・マディソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・マディソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇਮਸ ਮੈਡੀਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਸ ਮੈਡੀਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جیمز میڈیسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز میڈیسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جيمز ماډيسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جيمز ماډيسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Madison" title="Ceyms Madison – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ceyms Madison" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Мэдисон, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мэдисон, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhejms_Madison" title="Xhejms Madison – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhejms Madison" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේම්ස් මැඩිසන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේම්ස් මැඩිසන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="جەیمز مەدیسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز مەدیسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Медисон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Медисон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் மாடிசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் மாடிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Җеймс Мәдисон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җеймс Мәдисон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เจมส์ แมดิสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ แมดิสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᏥᎻ ᎺᏗᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏥᎻ ᎺᏗᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Madison" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C3%BDms_Madison" title="Jeýms Madison – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jeýms Madison" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Медісон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Медісон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جیمز میڈیسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز میڈیسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founding Father, 4th U.S. president (1809 to 1817)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Madison (disambiguation)">James Madison (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/James_Maddison" title="James Maddison">James Maddison</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James Madison</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/220px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/330px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/440px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, 1816</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning2000-1">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1809–1812)</li> <li>None (1812–1813)<a href="#cite_note-vp-3">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li>None (1814–1817)<a href="#cite_note-vp-3">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199019-4">[3]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas Jefferson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006148–150-5">[4]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Dawson (Virginia politician)">John Dawson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 5th congressional district">5th district</a> (1789–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 15th congressional district">15th district</a> (1793–1797)</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Delegate from Virginia to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 6, 1786 – October 30, 1787<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200212–13-6">[5]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Madison Jr.</div> (1751-03-16)March 16, 1751 <a href="/wiki/Port_Conway,_Virginia" title="Port Conway, Virginia">Port Conway, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 28, 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85) <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic–Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">Federalist</a> (until 1791)<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">5 ft 4 in (163 cm)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1993344-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Payne</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1794)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_New_Jersey_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="College of New Jersey (18th century)">College of New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_sig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Madison's signature"><img alt="James Madison signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/128px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/192px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/James_Madison_sig.svg/256px-James_Madison_sig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="78" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1775–1776 1814</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel Commander in Chief</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Orange County Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> James Madison (March 16, 1751 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 5, 1750] – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> who served as the fourth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1809 to 1817. Madison was popularly acclaimed the "<a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">Father of the Constitution</a>" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. Madison was born into a prominent slave-owning <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. In 1774, zealously opposing British taxation, Madison sided with the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, he helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> government against <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">democratic</a> assembly. Madison's <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> was the basis for the convention's deliberations. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and joined <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> in writing <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>, a series of pro-ratification essays that remain prominent among works of political science in American history. Madison emerged as an important leader in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and was a close adviser to President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> Hamilton. Alongside <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, he organized the <a href="/wiki/Democratic%E2%80%93Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic–Republican Party">Democratic–Republican Party</a> in opposition to Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>. Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809, during which time he helped convince Jefferson to submit the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> Treaty for approval by the Senate. Madison was <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">elected president in 1808</a>. Motivated by a desire to acquire land held by Britain, Spain, and Native Americans, and after diplomatic protests with a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American-shipped goods, Madison led the United States into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Although the war ended inconclusively, many Americans viewed it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. Madison was <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">re-elected in 1812</a>. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. He presided over the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> and the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">protective</a> <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">Tariff of 1816</a>. By treaty or through war, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a> ceded 26 million acres (11 million ha) of land to the United States during Madison's presidency. Retiring from public office at the end of his presidency in 1817, Madison returned to his plantation, <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a>, where he died in 1836. Madison was a <a href="/wiki/Slave_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave owner">slave owner</a>; he freed one slave in 1783 to prevent a slave rebellion at Montpelier but did not free any in his will. Historians regard Madison as one of the most significant Founding Fathers of the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">have generally ranked</a> him as an above-average president, although they are critical of his endorsement of slavery and his leadership during the War of 1812. Madison's name is commemorated in many landmarks across the nation, with prominent examples including <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">capitol city of Wisconsin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison" title="USS James Madison">USS James Madison</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751 (March 5, 1750, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>), at <a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove</a> Plantation near <a href="/wiki/Port_Conway,_Virginia" title="Port Conway, Virginia">Port Conway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, to <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a>. His family had lived in Virginia since the mid-17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200257-10">[9]</a> Madison's maternal grandfather, Francis Conway, was a prominent planter and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> merchant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham19905-11">[10]</a> His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a>, then called <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(James_Madison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montpelier (James Madison)">Mount Pleasant</a>, which he inherited upon reaching adulthood. With an estimated 100 <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200257-10">[9]</a> and a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) plantation, Madison's father was among the largest landowners in Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier_Foundation-12">[11]</a> In the early 1760s, the Madison family moved into a newly built house that they named Montpelier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> Madison was the oldest of twelve children,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham199012-14">[13]</a> with seven brothers and four sisters, though only six lived to adulthood:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> brothers Francis, Ambrose, and William, and sisters Nelly, Sarah, and Frances. Ambrose helped to manage Montpelier for his father and older brother until he died in 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003370–371-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison's birthplace. It is on the west side of US 301 in front of Emmanuel Episcopal Church and is just north of the Rappahannock River bridge. Belle Grove plantation house, the actual birthplace, was located 400 yards east and is no longer in existence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg/220px-MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg/330px-MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg/440px-MadisonBirthplacePortConwayVA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Virginia historic marker for Birthplace of President James Madison in Port Conway, Virginia</figcaption></figure> From ages 11 to 16, Madison studied under Donald Robertson, a tutor for several prominent <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> families. Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and classical languages, becoming exceptionally proficient in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd,_2013-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> At age 16, Madison returned to Montpelier, where he studied under the Reverend Thomas Martin to prepare for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not attend the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>, as the lowland <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> climate—thought to be more likely to harbor infectious disease—might have impacted his health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutzman20122-17">[16]</a> Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey (later <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman20173–7-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1811,_Sharples,_James,_James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison as a young man at Princeton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/220px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/330px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg/440px-1811%2C_Sharples%2C_James%2C_James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Madison as a student at Princeton, portrait by <a href="/wiki/James_Sharples_(portrait_painter)" title="James Sharples (portrait painter)">James Sharples</a></figcaption></figure> His college studies included Latin, Greek, theology, and the works of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman20175–6-19">[18]</a> and emphasized speech and debate. Madison was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">American Whig–Cliosophic Society</a>, which competed on campus with a political counterpart, the Cliosophic Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200335-20">[19]</a> During his time at Princeton, Madison's closest friend was future Attorney General <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200334-21">[20]</a> Along with classmate <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, Madison completed the college's three-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in two years, graduating in 1771.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman20174–5-22">[21]</a> He had contemplated either entering the clergy or practicing law after graduation, but instead, he remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> under the college's president, <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200257-10">[9]</a> He returned home to Montpelier in early 1772.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham199051-23">[22]</a> Madison's ideas on philosophy and morality were profoundly shaped by Witherspoon, who converted him to the philosophy, values, and modes of thinking of the Age of Enlightenment. Biographer Terence Ball wrote that at Princeton, Madison <blockquote>was immersed in the liberalism of the Enlightenment, and converted to eighteenth-century political radicalism. From then on James Madison's theories would advance the rights of happiness of man, and his most active efforts would serve devotedly the cause of civil and political liberty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall201745–46-24">[23]</a></blockquote> After returning to Montpelier, without a chosen career, Madison tutored his younger siblings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman20177–8-25">[24]</a> He began to study law books in 1773, asking his friend Bradford, a law apprentice, to send him a plan of study. Madison had acquired an understanding of legal publications by 1783. He saw himself as a law student but not as a lawyer. Madison did not apprentice himself to a lawyer and never joined the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilder2010390–391-26">[25]</a> Following the Revolutionary War, he spent time at Montpelier studying ancient democracies in preparation for the Constitutional Convention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough200621-27">[26]</a> Madison suffered from episodes of mental exhaustion and illness with associated nervousness, which often caused short-term incapacity after periods of stress. The descriptions of Madison's sudden attacks fit today's understanding of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> He enjoyed good physical health until his final years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200258-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution_and_Articles_of_Confederation">American Revolution and Articles of Confederation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></div> In 1765, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a>, which caused strong opposition by the colonists and initiated a conflict that would culminate in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201696–100-31">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out on April 19, 1775.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2004-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016132–135-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatersonCliffordMaddock201420-33">[32]</a> The colonists formed three prominent factions: <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>, who continued to support King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of the United Kingdom; a significant neutral faction without firm commitments to either Loyalists or Patriots; and the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a>, whom Madison joined, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJillsonWilson19944-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016135–139,_123–127-35">[34]</a> Madison believed that Parliament had overstepped its bounds by attempting to tax the American colonies, and he sympathized with those who resisted British rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201717–18-36">[35]</a> Historically, debate about the consecration of bishops was ongoing, and eventual legislation was passed in the British Parliament (subsequently called the Consecration of Bishops Abroad Act 1786) to allow bishops to be consecrated for an American church outside of allegiance to the British Crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443-37">[36]</a> The new Anglican churches began incorporating more active forms of polity in their own self-government, collective decision-making, and self-supported financing; these measures would be consistent with the separation of religious and secular identities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984322-38">[37]</a> Madison believed these measures to be insufficient, and favored <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablishing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> in Virginia; he thought that tolerance of an established religion was detrimental not only to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> but also because it encouraged excessive deference to any authority that might be asserted by an established church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201710–14-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison,_by_Charles_Willson_Peale,_1783.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison portrait as a young man." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png/170px-James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png/255px-James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png/340px-James_Madison%2C_by_Charles_Willson_Peale%2C_1783.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Madison's portrait as congressional delegate at age 32 when he was already recognized as a contributor to politics and government. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></figcaption></figure> After returning to Montpelier in 1774, Madison took a seat on the local <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committee of Safety</a>, a pro-revolution group that oversaw the local Patriot militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201722-40">[39]</a> In October 1775, he was commissioned as the colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange County</a> militia, serving as his father's second-in-command until he was elected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Fifth Virginia Convention</a>, which was tasked with producing Virginia's first <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200212–13-6">[5]</a> Although Madison never fought in the Revolutionary War, he rose to prominence in Virginia politics as a wartime leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201014–15-41">[40]</a> At the Virginia constitutional convention, he convinced delegates to alter the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a>, originally drafted on May 20, 1776, to provide for "equal entitlement", rather than mere "tolerance", in the exercise of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201725–27-42">[41]</a> With the enactment of the Virginia constitution, Madison became part of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a>, and he was subsequently elected to the Virginia governor's Council of State,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201048–49,_59–60-43">[42]</a> where he became a close ally of Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201065–66-44">[43]</a> On July 4, 1776, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> was formally printed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress506–507-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoelho201361-46">[45]</a> Madison participated in the debates concerning the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016337–339-47">[46]</a> in November 1777, contributing to the discussion of religious freedom that affected the drafting of the Articles, though his signature was not required for adopting the Articles of Confederation. Madison had proposed liberalizing the article on religious freedom, but the larger Virginia Convention stripped the proposed constitution of the more radical language of "free expression" of faith to the less controversial mention of highlighting "tolerance" within religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1970274–289-48">[47]</a> Madison again served on the Council of State, from 1777 to 1779, when he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, the governing body of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a> During Madison's term in Congress from 1780 to 1783, the U.S. faced a difficult war against Great Britain, along with runaway <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, financial troubles, and a lack of cooperation between the different levels of government. According to historian J. C. A. Stagg, Madison worked to become an expert on financial issues, emerging as a legislative workhorse and a master of parliamentary coalition building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_2019-51">[49]</a> Frustrated by the failure of the states to supply needed requisitions, Madison proposed to amend the Articles of Confederation to grant Congress the power to independently raise revenue through <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariffs</a> on imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201096–97-52">[50]</a> Although General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and other leaders also favored the tariff amendment, it failed to win the ratification of all thirteen states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201096–98-53">[51]</a> While a member of Congress, Madison was an ardent supporter of a close alliance between the United States and France. As an advocate of westward expansion, he insisted that the new nation must ensure its right to navigation on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and control of all lands east of it in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which ended the Revolutionary War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003120–123-54">[52]</a> Following his term in Congress, Madison won election to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010xxiv-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ratification_of_the_Constitution">Ratification of the Constitution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">James Madison as Father of the Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></div> As a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, Madison continued to advocate for religious freedom, and, along with Jefferson, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>. That amendment, which guaranteed freedom of religion and disestablished the Church of England, was passed in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200217–19-56">[54]</a> Madison also became a land speculator, purchasing land along the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> in partnership with another Jefferson protégé, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201770-57">[55]</a> Throughout the 1780s, Madison became increasingly concerned about the states' disunity and the central government's weakness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201096–97,_128–130-58">[56]</a> He believed that <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> caused social decay and that a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republican</a> government would be effective against <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisanship</a> and factionalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllott2003321-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller200522-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson1992290-61">[59]</a> He was particularly troubled by laws that legalized <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">paper money</a> and denied <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a> to ambassadors from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2011104-62">[60]</a> Madison was also concerned about the lack of ability in Congress to capably create foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010129–130-63">[61]</a> As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland198714-64">[62]</a> Madison committed to an intense study of law and political theory and also was influenced by Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010136–137-65">[63]</a> Madison especially sought out works on international law and the constitutions of "ancient and modern confederacies" such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201756–57,_74–75-66">[64]</a> He came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by its size which geographically combined 13 colonies; with so many competing interests, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201798–99,_121–122-67">[65]</a> Additionally, navigation rights to the major trade routes accessed by the Mississippi River highly concerned Madison. He opposed the proposal by <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> that the United States concede claims to the river for 25 years, and, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ketcham" title="Ralph Ketcham">Ralph Ketcham</a>, Madison's desire to fight the proposal was a major motivation in his return to Congress in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003177–179-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_the_United_States,_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of handwritten copy of the Constitution." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/220px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/330px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg/440px-Constitution_of_the_United_States%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7258" data-file-height="8785" /></a><figcaption>First page of the original handwritten copy of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Supportive image of signing of the Constitution with various signers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/220px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/330px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg/440px-Foundation_of_the_American_Government_by_Henry_Hintermeister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> witnesses <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a> sign the Constitution while Madison sits in front of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and next to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hintermeister" title="John Henry Hintermeister">John Henry Hintermeister</a>'s 1925 painting, Foundation of the American Government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1999117-69">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> Leading up to the 1787 ratification debates for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">Constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017107-70">[68]</a> Madison worked with other members of the Virginia delegation, especially <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>, to create and present the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a>, an outline for a new federal constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010150–151-71">[69]</a> It called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>) apportioned by population, and a federal <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Revision" title="Council of Revision">Council of Revision</a> that would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010140–141-72">[70]</a> The Virginia Plan did not explicitly lay out the structure of the executive branch, but Madison himself favored a strong <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">single executive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017115–117-73">[71]</a> Many delegates were surprised to learn that the plan called for the abrogation of the Articles and the creation of a new constitution, to be ratified by special conventions in each state, rather than by the state legislatures. With the assent of prominent attendees such as Washington and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, the delegates agreed in a secret session that the abrogation of the Articles and the creation of a new constitution was a plausible option and began scheduling the process of debating its ratification in the individual states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200225–27-74">[72]</a> As a compromise between small and large states, large states got a proportional House, while the small states got equal representation in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017199–200-75">[73]</a> After the Philadelphia Convention ended in September 1787, Madison convinced his fellow congressmen to remain neutral in the ratification debate and allow each state to vote on the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010164–166-76">[74]</a> Those who supported the Constitution were called Federalists; that included Madison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021118-77">[75]</a> Opponents of the Constitution, known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>, began a public campaign against ratification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021118-77">[75]</a> In response, starting in October 1787,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Federalist_Papersxxv-78">[76]</a> Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, both Federalists, began publishing a series of pro-ratification newspaper articles in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017177–178-79">[77]</a> After Jay dropped out of the project, Hamilton approached Madison, who was in New York on congressional business, to write some of the essays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017179–180-80">[78]</a> The essays were published under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> of Publius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021130-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonMadisonJay1992xxv-82">[80]</a> The trio produced 85 essays known as <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonMadisonJay1992xxv-82">[80]</a> The 85 essays were divided into two parts: 36 letters against the Articles of Confederation, and 49 letters that favored the new Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Federalist_Papersxxv-78">[76]</a> The articles were also published in book form and used by the supporters of the Constitution in the ratifying conventions. <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>, Madison's first contribution to The Federalist Papers, became highly regarded in the 20th century for its advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200231–35-83">[81]</a> In it, Madison describes the dangers posed by the majority <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> and argues that their effects can be limited through the formation of a large republic. He theorizes that in large republics the large number of factions that emerge will control their influence because no single faction can become a majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonMadisonJay1992-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017180–183-85">[83]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">Federalist No. 51</a>, he explains how the separation of powers between three branches of the federal government, as well as between state governments and the federal government, establishes a system of <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> that ensures that no one institution would become too powerful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017208–209-86">[84]</a> As the Virginia ratification convention began, Madison focused on winning the support of the relatively small number of undecided delegates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010179–180-87">[85]</a> His long correspondence with Randolph paid off at the convention, as Randolph announced that he would support unconditional ratification of the Constitution, with amendments to be proposed after ratification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017231–233-88">[86]</a> Though former Virginia governor <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> gave several persuasive speeches arguing against ratification, Madison's expertise on the subject he had long argued for allowed him to respond with rational arguments to Henry's <a href="/wiki/Anti-federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-federalism">anti-Federalist</a> appeals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200235–37-89">[87]</a> Madison was also a defender of federal veto rights and, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> "pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a veto over state laws".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2004571–574-90">[88]</a> In his final speech to the ratifying convention, Madison implored his fellow delegates to ratify the Constitution as it had been written, arguing that failure to do so would lead to the collapse of the entire ratification effort, as each state would seek favorable amendments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017239–240-91">[89]</a> On June 25, 1788, the convention voted 89–79 in favor of ratification. The vote came a week after New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify, securing the Constitution's adoption and a new form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmar20056-92">[90]</a> The following January, Washington was elected the nation's <a href="/wiki/1788-89_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1788-89 United States presidential election">first president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Vernon,_Essay-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressman_and_party_leader_(1789–1801)">Congressman and party leader (1789–1801)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_Congress">Election to Congress</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></div> After Virginia ratified the constitution, Madison returned to New York and resumed his duties in the Congress of the Confederation. Madison unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate in Virginia in 1788.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> After Madison was defeated in his bid for the Senate, and with concerns for both his political career and the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> and his allies would arrange for a second constitutional convention, Madison ran for the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200238–39-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017247–248,_251–252-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives_Founders_Online-97">[95]</a> Henry and the Anti-Federalists were in firm control of the General Assembly in the autumn of 1788.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives_Founders_Online-97">[95]</a> At Henry's behest, the Virginia legislature designed to deny Madison a seat by <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">gerrymandering</a> congressional districts. Henry and his supporters ensured Orange County was in a district heavily populated with Anti-Federalists, roughly three to one, to oppose Madison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives_Founders_Online-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021162-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives_Founders_Online-97">[95]</a> Henry also recruited <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, a strong challenger to Madison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021162-98">[96]</a> Locked in a difficult race against Monroe, Madison promised to support a series of constitutional amendments to protect individual liberties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200238–39-95">[93]</a> In an open letter, Madison wrote that, while he had opposed requiring alterations to the Constitution before ratification, he now believed that "amendments, if pursued with a proper moderation and in a proper mode ... may serve the double purpose of satisfying the minds of well-meaning opponents, and of providing additional guards in favor of liberty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017252–253-99">[97]</a> Madison's promise paid off, as in <a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">Virginia's 5th district election</a>, he gained a seat in Congress with 57 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006148–150-5">[4]</a> Madison became a key adviser to Washington, who valued Madison's understanding of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200238–39-95">[93]</a> Madison helped Washington write his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">first inaugural address</a> and also prepared the official House response to Washington's speech. He played a significant role in establishing and staffing the three <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> departments, and his influence helped Thomas Jefferson become the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010189–193,_203-100">[98]</a> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">first Congress</a>, he introduced a tariff bill similar to the one he had advocated for under the Articles of the Confederation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017258–259-101">[99]</a> and Congress established a federal tariff on imports by enacting the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordewich2016100–102-102">[100]</a> The following year, Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton introduced an ambitious economic program that called for the federal assumption of state debts and the funding of that debt through the issuance of federal <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a>. Hamilton's plan favored <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a> speculators and was disadvantageous to states, such as Virginia, that had already paid off most of their debt; Madison emerged as one of the principal congressional opponents of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010213–217-103">[101]</a> After prolonged legislative deadlock, Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a>, which provided for the enactment of Hamilton's assumption plan, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1790" title="Funding Act of 1790">Funding Act of 1790</a>. In return, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>, which established the federal capital district of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010217–220-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_of_Rights">Bill of Rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a></div> During the first Congress, Madison took the lead in advocating for several constitutional amendments to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010195–197-105">[103]</a> His primary goals were to fulfill his 1789 campaign pledge and to prevent the calling of a second constitutional convention, but he also hoped to safeguard the rights and liberties of the people against broad actions of Congress and individual states. He believed that the enumeration of specific rights would fix those rights in the public mind and encourage judges to protect them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017264–274-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990290-107">[105]</a> After studying more than two hundred amendments that had been proposed at the state ratifying conventions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010197–199-108">[106]</a> Madison introduced the Bill of Rights on June 8, 1789. His amendments contained numerous restrictions on the federal government and would protect, among other things, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and the right to peaceful assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017267–269-109">[107]</a> While most of his proposed amendments were drawn from the ratifying conventions, Madison was largely responsible for proposals to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, protect property from government seizure, and ensure <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010197–199-108">[106]</a> He also proposed an amendment to prevent states from abridging "equal rights of conscience, or freedom of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017270–271-110">[108]</a> To prevent a permanent standing federal army, Madison proposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a>, which gave state-regulated militia groups and private citizens, the "right to bear arms." Madison and the Republicans desired a free government to be established by the consent of the governed, rather than by national military force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021331-111">[109]</a> Madison's Bill of Rights faced little opposition; he had largely co-opted the Anti-Federalist goal of amending the Constitution but had avoided proposing amendments that would alienate supporters of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017274–275-112">[110]</a> His amendments were mostly adopted by the House of Representatives as proposed, but the Senate made several changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017275–276-113">[111]</a> Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states was eliminated, as was his change to the Constitution's preamble which he thought would be enhanced by including a prefatory paragraph indicating that governmental power is vested by the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006232-114">[112]</a> He was disappointed that the Bill of Rights did not include protections against actions by state governments,<a href="#cite_note-116">[c]</a> but the passage of the document mollified some critics of the original constitution and shored up his support in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010197–199-108">[106]</a> Ten amendments were finally ratified on December 15, 1791, becoming known in their final form as the Bill of Rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBill_of_Rights,_National_Archives-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_the_Democratic–Republican_Party">Founding the Democratic–Republican Party</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Jefferson who was a close friend and confidant of Madison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/220px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/330px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/440px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> with Madison and broadly represented Southern interests.</figcaption></figure> After 1790, the Washington administration became polarized into two main factions. One faction, led by Jefferson and Madison, broadly represented Southern interests and sought close relations with France. This faction became the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> opposition to Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. The other faction, led by Hamilton and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a>, broadly represented Northern financial interests and favored close relations with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010207–208-120">[116]</a> In 1791, Hamilton introduced a plan that called for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a> to provide loans to emerging industries and oversee the money supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010221–224-121">[117]</a> Madison and the Democratic-Republican Party fought back against Hamilton's attempt to expand the power of the Federal Government with the formation of a national bank; Madison argued that under the Constitution, Congress did not have the power to create a federally empowered national bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017199–211-122">[118]</a> Despite Madison's opposition, Congress passed a bill to create the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>, which Washington signed into law in February 1791.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010221–224-121">[117]</a> As Hamilton implemented his economic program and Washington continued to enjoy immense prestige as president, Madison became increasingly concerned that Hamilton would seek to abolish the federal republic in favor of a centralized monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017343-123">[119]</a> When Hamilton submitted his <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">Report on Manufactures</a>, which called for federal action to stimulate the development of a diversified economy, Madison once again challenged Hamilton's proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017343–347-124">[120]</a> Along with Jefferson, Madison helped <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> establish the <a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a>, a Philadelphia newspaper that attacked Hamilton's proposals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017324–326-125">[121]</a> In an essay in the newspaper in September 1792, Madison wrote that the country had divided into two factions: his faction, which believed "that mankind are capable of governing themselves", and Hamilton's faction, which allegedly sought the establishment of an aristocratic monarchy and was biased in favor of the wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017366–367-126">[122]</a> Those opposed to Hamilton's economic policies, including many former Anti-Federalists, continued to strengthen the ranks of the Democratic–Republican Party,<a href="#cite_note-128">[e]</a> while those who supported the administration's policies supported Hamilton's Federalist Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010279–280-129">[124]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a>, both major parties supported Washington for re-election, but the Democratic–Republicans sought to unseat Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>. Because the Constitution's rules essentially precluded Jefferson from challenging Adams,<a href="#cite_note-131">[f]</a> the party backed New York Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> for the vice presidency, but Adams still won.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017369–370-132">[126]</a> With Jefferson out of office after 1793, Madison became the de facto leader of the Democratic–Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010305–306-133">[127]</a> When Britain and France <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">went to war</a> in 1793, the U.S. needed to determine which side to support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010261–262-134">[128]</a> While the differences between the Democratic–Republicans and the Federalists had previously centered on economic matters, foreign policy became an increasingly important issue, as Madison and Jefferson favored France and Hamilton favored Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017373–374-135">[129]</a> War with Britain became imminent in 1794 after the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies. Madison believed that a trade war with Britain would probably succeed, and would allow Americans to assert their independence fully. The <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, Madison maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarg196374-136">[130]</a> Similarly, Madison argued that British industry was highly dependent on the demand of American consumers and would suffer heavily if this market was denied to the British.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> Washington secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> of 1794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200238–44-138">[132]</a> Madison and his Democratic–Republican allies were outraged by the treaty; the Democratic–Republican <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> wrote to Madison that the treaty "sacrifices every essential interest and prostrates the honor of our country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017396–398-139">[133]</a> Madison's strong opposition to the treaty led to a permanent break with Washington, ending their friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200238–44-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3></div> On September 15, 1794, Madison married <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Payne_Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolley Payne Todd">Dolley Payne Todd</a>, the 26-year-old widow of John Todd, a Quaker farmer who died during a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990377-140">[134]</a> Earlier that year, Madison and Dolley Todd had been formally introduced at Madison's request by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>. Burr had become friends with her when staying at the same Philadelphia boardinghouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrant1950406–407-141">[135]</a> The two quickly became romantically engaged and prepared for a wedding that summer, but Todd suffered recurring illnesses because of her exposure to yellow fever in Philadelphia. They eventually traveled to <a href="/wiki/Harewood_(West_Virginia)" title="Harewood (West Virginia)">Harewood in Virginia</a> for their wedding. Only a few close family members attended, and <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a> reverend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balmain" title="Alexander Balmain">Alexander Balmain</a> presided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003376–380-142">[136]</a> Dolley became a renowned figure in Washington, D.C., and excelled at hosting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> She subsequently helped to establish the modern image of the first lady of the United States as an individual who has a leading role in the social affairs of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017479–480-143">[137]</a> Throughout his life, Madison maintained a close relationship with his father, James Sr. At age 50, Madison inherited the large plantation of Montpelier and other possessions, including his father's slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017443–444-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003370–371-15">[14]</a> While Madison never had children with Dolley, he adopted her one surviving son, <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (known as Payne), after the couple's marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010321–322-145">[139]</a> Some of his colleagues, such as Monroe and Burr, believed Madison's lack of offspring weighed on his thoughts, though he never spoke of any distress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003386-146">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> has suggested Madison may have fathered a child with his enslaved half-sister, a cook named Coreen, but researchers were unable to gather the <a href="/wiki/DNA_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA evidence">DNA evidence</a> needed to determine the validity of the accusation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMummolo2007-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201619–20-148">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adams_presidency">Adams presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></div> Washington chose to retire after serving two terms and, in advance of the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 presidential election</a>, Madison helped convince Jefferson to run for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010305–306-133">[127]</a> Despite Madison's efforts, Federalist candidate John Adams defeated Jefferson, taking a narrow majority of the electoral vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010317–318-149">[143]</a> Under the rules of the Electoral College then in place, Jefferson became vice president because he finished with the second-most electoral votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017408–400-150">[144]</a> Madison, meanwhile, had declined to seek re-election to the House, and he returned to Montpelier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010321–322-145">[139]</a> On Jefferson's advice, Adams considered appointing Madison to an American delegation charged with ending French attacks on American shipping, but Adams's cabinet members strongly opposed the idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017411–414-151">[145]</a> Though he was out of office, Madison remained a prominent Democratic–Republican leader in opposition to the Adams administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200248–49-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2004571–574-90">[88]</a> Madison and Jefferson believed that the Federalists were using the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> with France to justify the violation of constitutional rights by passing the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>, and they increasingly came to view Adams as a monarchist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017415–417-153">[147]</a> Both Madison and Jefferson expressed the belief that natural rights were non-negotiable even in war. Madison believed that the Alien and Sedition Acts formed a dangerous precedent, by giving the government the power to look past the natural rights of its people in the name of national security.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Magazine,_July_5,_2004-155">[149]</a> In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson argued that the states had the power to <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullify</a> federal law on the basis of the Constitution being a compact among the states. Madison rejected this view of nullification and urged that states respond to unjust federal laws through <a href="/wiki/Interposition" title="Interposition">interposition</a>, a process by which a state legislature declared a law to be unconstitutional but did not take steps to actively prevent its enforcement. Jefferson's doctrine of nullification was widely rejected, and the incident damaged the Democratic–Republican Party as attention was shifted from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the unpopular nullification doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017417–421-156">[150]</a> In 1799, Madison was elected to the Virginia legislature. At the same time, Madison planned for Jefferson's campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017424–425-157">[151]</a> Madison issued the <a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a>, which attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional. That report held that Congress was limited to legislating on its <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">enumerated powers</a> and that punishment for sedition violated freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Jefferson embraced the report, and it became the unofficial Democratic–Republican platform for the 1800 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017428–430-158">[152]</a> With the Federalists divided between supporters of Hamilton and Adams, and with news of the end of the Quasi-War not reaching the United States until after the election, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, defeated Adams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017433–436-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017438–439-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State_(1801–1809)">Secretary of State (1801–1809)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></div> Madison was one of two major influences in Jefferson's cabinet, the other being Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>. Madison was appointed Secretary of State despite lacking foreign policy experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200250–51-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197636–38-162">[156]</a> An introspective individual, he received assistance from his wife,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017479–480-143">[137]</a> relying deeply on her in dealing with the social pressures of being a public figure both in his own Cabinet appointment as Secretary of State and afterward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> As the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in France had dulled Democratic–Republican enthusiasm for the French cause, Madison sought a neutral position in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a> between France and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010373–374-163">[157]</a> Domestically, the Jefferson administration and the Democratic–Republican Congress rolled back many Federalist policies; Congress quickly repealed the Alien and Sedition Act, abolished internal taxes, and reduced the size of the army and navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197642–44-164">[158]</a> Gallatin, however, convinced Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009293–296-165">[159]</a> Though the Federalist political power was rapidly fading at the national level, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> ensured that Federalist ideology retained an important presence in the judiciary. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a>, Marshall simultaneously ruled that Madison had unjustly refused to deliver federal commissions to individuals who had been appointed by the previous administration, but that the Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction over the case. Most importantly, Marshall's opinion established the principle of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017465–466-166">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Louisiana Purchase under Jefferson as supported by Madison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/330px-Louisiana_Purchase.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/495px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/660px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption>The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled 827,987 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a> (2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States.</figcaption></figure> Jefferson was sympathetic to the westward expansion of Americans who had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, supported by his concern for the sparse regional demographics in the far west compared to the more populated eastern states, the far west being inhabited almost exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. Jefferson promoted such western expansion and hoped to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, west of the Mississippi River, for expansionist purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–359,_366–367-167">[161]</a> Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana territory to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010374–376-168">[162]</a> In 1802, Jefferson and Madison sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, which controlled access to the Mississippi River and thus was immensely important to the farmers of the American frontier. Rather than merely selling New Orleans, Napoleon's government offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana. Despite lacking explicit authorization from Jefferson, Monroe, along with Livingston, whom Jefferson had appointed as America's minister to France, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, in which France sold more than 827,987 square miles (2,144,480 square kilometers) of land in exchange for $15 million (equivalent to $271,433,333.33 in 2021).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010382–389-169">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Madison by Gilbert Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/220px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/330px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/440px-James_Madison_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>James Madison as Secretary of State painted by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1805–1807</figcaption></figure> Despite the time-sensitive nature of negotiations with the French, Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and he privately favored introducing a constitutional amendment explicitly authorizing Congress to acquire new territories. Madison convinced Jefferson to refrain from proposing the amendment, and the administration ultimately submitted the Louisiana Purchase Treaty for approval by the Senate, without an accompanying constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017463–465-170">[164]</a> Unlike Jefferson, Madison had no doubts of its constitutionality because agreements between nations (such as the Louisiana Purchase) are treaties, and treaties are specifically authorized by the Constitution. The President negotiated the treaty, the Senate quickly ratified it, and the House, with equal alacrity, passed enabling legislation, as specified in the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990419–421-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200251–52-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017462–463-173">[167]</a> Early in his tenure, Jefferson was able to maintain cordial relations with both France and Britain, but relations with Britain deteriorated after 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1976100–101-174">[168]</a> The British ended their policy of tolerance towards American shipping and began seizing American goods headed for French ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009640–642-175">[169]</a> They also <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressed</a> American sailors, some of whom had originally defected from the British navy, but some of whom had never been British subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200281–84-176">[170]</a> In response to the attacks, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Non-importation_Act" title="Non-importation Act">Non-importation Act</a>, which restricted many, but not all, British imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009640–642-175">[169]</a> Tensions with Britain were heightened due to the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a>, a June 1807 naval confrontation between American and British naval forces, while the French also began attacking American shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009644–649-177">[171]</a> Madison believed that economic pressure could force the British to end their seizure of American shipped goods, and he and Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a>, which banned all exports to foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017493–495-178">[172]</a> The embargo proved ineffective, unpopular, and difficult to enforce, especially in New England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017494–495-179">[173]</a> In March 1809, Congress replaced the embargo with the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a>, which allowed trade with nations other than Britain and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009652–657-180">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1808_presidential_election">1808 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1808.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Election maps by state for election of 1808." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ElectoralCollege1808.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1808.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ElectoralCollege1808.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1808.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ElectoralCollege1808.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1808.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Following Jefferson's presidency, Madison's 1808 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> Speculation regarding Madison's potential succession to Jefferson commenced early in Jefferson's first term. Madison's status in the party was damaged by his association with the embargo, which was unpopular throughout the country and especially in the Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010457–458-181">[175]</a> With the Federalists collapsing as a national party after 1800, the chief opposition to Madison's candidacy came from other members of the Democratic–Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010438–439-182">[176]</a> Madison became the target of attacks from Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a>, a leader of a faction of the party known as the <a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">tertium quids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010434–435-183">[177]</a> Randolph recruited Monroe, who had felt betrayed by the administration's rejection of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a> with Britain, to challenge Madison for leadership of the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017496–497-184">[178]</a> Many Northerners, meanwhile, hoped that Vice President Clinton could unseat Madison as Jefferson's successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010457–459-185">[179]</a> Despite this opposition, Madison won his party's presidential nomination at the January 1808 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017498-186">[180]</a> The Federalist Party mustered little strength outside New England, and Madison easily defeated Federalist candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a> in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland19905-187">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1809–1817)">Presidency (1809–1817)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration_and_cabinet">Inauguration and cabinet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison engraving circa 1809." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg/220px-James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg/330px-James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg/440px-James_Madison_Portrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>James Madison as President, engraving by <a href="/wiki/David_Edwin" title="David Edwin">David Edwin</a> from between 1809 and 1817</figcaption></figure> Madison's inauguration took place on March 4, 1809, in the House chamber of the U.S. Capitol. Chief Justice Marshall administered the presidential oath of office to Madison while outgoing President Jefferson watched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrant195613-188">[182]</a> Vice President George Clinton was sworn in for a second term, making him the first U.S. vice president to serve under two presidents. Unlike Jefferson, who enjoyed relatively unified support, Madison encountered political opposition from former political allies such as Monroe and Clinton. Additionally, the Federalist Party was resurgent due to opposition to the embargo. Aside from his planned nomination of Gallatin for Secretary of State, the remaining members of Madison's Cabinet were chosen merely to promote political harmony, and, according to historians <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ketcham" title="Ralph Ketcham">Ketcham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Rutland" title="Suzanne Rutland">Rutland</a>, were largely unremarkable or incompetent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199032–33,_51,_55-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200261–62-190">[184]</a> Due to the resistance of Monroe and Clinton, Madison immediately faced opposition to his planned nomination of Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin as Secretary of State. Madison eventually opted not to nominate Gallatin, keeping him in the Treasury Department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199032–33-191">[185]</a> Madison settled instead on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> to be the Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200261–62-190">[184]</a> However, for the next two years, Madison performed most of the duties of the Secretary of State due to Smith's incompetence. After bitter intra-party contention, Madison finally replaced Smith with Monroe in April 1811.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200262-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017524–527-193">[187]</a> With a Cabinet full of those he distrusted, Madison rarely called Cabinet meetings and instead frequently consulted with Gallatin alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200264–65-194">[188]</a> Early in his presidency, Madison sought to continue Jefferson's policies of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199020-195">[189]</a> In 1811, Congress allowed the charter of the First Bank of the United States to lapse after Madison declined to take a strong stance on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199068–70-196">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins of the War of 1812</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prelude_to_war">Prelude to war</h4></div> Congress had repealed the Embargo Act of 1807 shortly before Madison became president, but troubles with the British and French continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199013-197">[191]</a> Madison settled on a new strategy that was designed to pit the British and French against each other, offering to trade with whichever country would end their attacks against American shipping. The gambit almost succeeded, but negotiations with the British collapsed in mid-1809.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017508–512-198">[192]</a> Seeking to drive a wedge between the Americans and the British, Napoleon offered to end French attacks on American shipping so long as the United States punished any countries that did not similarly end restrictions on trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199062–64-199">[193]</a> Madison accepted Napoleon's proposal in the hope that it would convince the British to finally end their policy of commercial warfare. Notwithstanding, the British refused to change their policies, and the French reneged on their promise and continued to attack American shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199064–66,_81-200">[194]</a> With sanctions and other policies having failed, Madison determined that war with Britain was the only remaining option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017532–537-201">[195]</a> Many Americans called for a "second war of independence" to restore honor and stature to their new nation, and an angry public elected a "<a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawk</a>" Congress, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERisjord1961196–210-202">[196]</a> With Britain already engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, many Americans including Madison believed that the United States could easily capture <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, using it as a bargaining chip for other disputes or simply retaining control of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200297–98-203">[197]</a> On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, stating that the United States could no longer tolerate Britain's "state of war against the United States". The declaration of war was passed along sectional and party lines, with opposition to the declaration coming from Federalists and from some Democratic–Republicans in the Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017543–545-204">[198]</a> In the years prior to the war, Jefferson and Madison had reduced the size of the military, leaving the country with a military force consisting mostly of poorly trained militia members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990159-205">[199]</a> Madison asked Congress to quickly put the country "into an armor and an attitude demanded by the crisis", specifically recommending expansion of the army and navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990509-206">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_actions">Military actions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Naval warfare of USS Constitution in battle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/220px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/330px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg/440px-USS_Constitution_vs_Guerriere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/HMS_Guerriere_(1806)" title="HMS Guerriere (1806)">HMS Guerriere</a>, a significant event during the war. U.S. nautical victories boosted American morale.</figcaption></figure> Given the circumstances involving Napoleon in Europe, Madison initially believed the war would result in a swift American victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200297–98-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a> Madison ordered three landed military spearhead incursions into Canada, beginning from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a>, aimed to loosening British control around American-held <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> and destroying the British supply lines from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. These actions were intended to gain leverage for concessions to protect American shipping in the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a> Without a standing army, Madison counted on regular state militias to rally to the flag and invade Canada; however, governors in the Northeast failed to cooperate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017551–552-208">[202]</a> The British army was more organized, utilized professional soldiers, and fostered an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_confederacy" title="Tecumseh's confederacy">Native American tribes led by Tecumseh</a>. On August 16, during the British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">siege of Detroit</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a> panicked, after the British fired on the fort, killing two American officers. Terrified of a Native American attack, drinking heavily, Hull quickly ordered a white tablecloth out a window and unconditionally surrendered Fort Detroit and his entire army to British Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021334-209">[203]</a> Hull was court-martialed for cowardice, but Madison intervened and saved him from execution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021334-209">[203]</a> On October 13, a separate force from the United States was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a>, although Brock was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017548–550-210">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a> Commanding General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, hampered by mutinous New England infantry, retreated to winter quarters near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, failing to destroy Montreal's vulnerable British supply lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a> Lacking adequate revenue to fund the war, the Madison administration was forced to rely on high-interest loans provided by bankers in New York City and Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990126–127-211">[205]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 presidential election</a>, held during the early stages of the war, Madison was re-nominated without opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199092–93-212">[206]</a> A dissident group of New York Democratic-Republicans nominated <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a>, the lieutenant governor of New York and a nephew of the recently deceased Vice President George Clinton, to oppose Madison in the 1812 election. This faction of Democratic-Republicans hoped to unseat the president by forging a coalition among Democratic-Republicans opposed to the impending war, as well as those party faithful angry with Madison for not moving more decisively toward war, northerners weary of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a> and southern control of the White House, and many <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englanders</a> wanted Madison replaced. Dismayed by their prospects of beating Madison, a group of top Federalists met with Clinton's supporters to discuss a strategy for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">unification</a>. Difficult as it was for them to join forces, they nominated Clinton for President and <a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a>, a Philadelphia lawyer, for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_2019-51">[49]</a> Hoping to shore up his support in the Northeast, where the War of 1812 was unpopular, Madison selected Governor <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> of Massachusetts as his running mate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2002115–116-213">[207]</a> though Gerry would only survive two years after the election due to old age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillias1976323-214">[208]</a> Despite the maneuverings of Clinton and the Federalists, Madison won re-election, though by the narrowest margin of any election since that of 1800 in the popular vote, as later supported by the electoral vote as well. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE1812_Presidential_Election:_American_Presidency_Project-215">[209]</a> With Clinton winning most of the Northeast, Madison won Pennsylvania in addition to having swept the South and the West, which ensured his victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009682–683-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017555–557-217">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Burning_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British action against Madison in 1814." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/220px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/330px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/440px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>The British set ablaze the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> among other buildings in the capital while Madison was President on August 24, 1814.</figcaption></figure> After the disastrous start to the war, Madison accepted Russia's invitation to arbitrate and sent a delegation led by Gallatin and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (the son of former President John Adams) to Europe to negotiate a peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200297–98-203">[197]</a> While Madison worked to end the war, the United States experienced some impressive naval successes, by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> and other warships, that boosted American morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017554,_566–567-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200265-207">[201]</a> Victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>, the U.S. crippled the supply and reinforcement of British military forces in the western theater of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1999147–152-219">[213]</a> General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> defeated the forces of the British and of Tecumseh's confederacy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a>. The death of <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> in that battle marked the permanent end of armed Native American resistance in the Old Northwest and any hope of a united Indian nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990133-220">[214]</a> In March 1814, Major General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> broke the resistance of the British-allied <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> Creek in the Old Southwest with his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990138–139,_150-221">[215]</a> Despite these successes, the British continued to repel American attempts to invade Canada, and a British force captured <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> and burned the American city of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> in late 1813.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017569–571-222">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Military action in New Orleans under Madison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg/220px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg/330px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg/440px-Battle_of_New_Orleans_Jean-Hyacinthe_Laclotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of New Orleans took place while the Treaty of Ghent was being negotiated in 1815.</figcaption></figure> On August 24, 1814, the British landed a large force on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and routed General <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William Winder</a>'s army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017579–585-223">[217]</a> Madison, who had earlier inspected Winder's army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021346-224">[218]</a> escaped British capture by fleeing to Virginia, though the British <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">captured Washington</a> and burned many of its buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017586–588-225">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200267-226">[220]</a> Dolley had abandoned the capital and fled to Virginia, but only after securing the portrait of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021346-224">[218]</a> The charred remains of the capital signified a humiliating defeat for James Madison and America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200266–67-227">[221]</a> On August 27, Madison returned to Washington to view the carnage of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200266–67-227">[221]</a> Dolley returned the next day, and on September 8, the Madisons moved into <a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">the Octagon House</a>. The British army next advanced on <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, but the U.S. repelled the British attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Battle of Baltimore</a>, and the British army departed from the Chesapeake region in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990165–167-228">[222]</a> That same month, U.S. forces repelled a British invasion from Canada with a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Plattsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2002130–131-229">[223]</a> The British public began to turn against the war in North America, and British leaders started to look for a quick exit from the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990179–180-230">[224]</a> In January 1815, Jackson's troops defeated the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990185-231">[225]</a> Just over a month later, Madison learned that his negotiators had finalized the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> on December 24, 1814, which ended the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Heritage,_December,_1960-232">[226]</a> Madison promptly sent the treaty to the Senate, which ratified it on February 16, 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990186–188-233">[227]</a> Although the overall outcome of the war resulted in a standoff, the rapid succession of events at the war's conclusion, including the burning of the capital, the Battle of New Orleans, and the Treaty of Ghent, made it seem as though American bravery at New Orleans had compelled the British to surrender. This perspective, although inaccurate, significantly contributed to enhancing Madison's reputation as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1987188-234">[228]</a> Napoleon's defeat at the June 1815 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> marked a definitive end to the Napoleonic Wars and thus concluded the hostile seizure of American shipping by British and French forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990192–201-235">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_period_and_decline_of_the_Federalist_opposition">Postwar period and decline of the Federalist opposition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></div> The postwar period of Madison's second term saw the transition into the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>" between mid-1815 and 1817, with the Federalists experiencing a further decline in influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010547–548-236">[230]</a> During the war, delegates from the New England states held the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a>, where they asked for several amendments to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2002145–150-237">[231]</a> Though the Hartford Convention did not explicitly call for the secession of New England,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017599–600-238">[232]</a> the Convention became an adverse political millstone around the Federalist Party as general American sentiment had moved towards a celebrated unity among the states in what they saw as a successful "second war of independence" from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990211–212-239">[233]</a> Madison hastened the decline of the Federalists by adopting several programs he had previously opposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010559–560-240">[234]</a> Recognizing the difficulties of financing the war and the necessity of an institution to regulate American currency, Madison proposed the re-establishment of a national bank. He also called for a tariff designed to <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protect</a> American goods from foreign competition, and a constitutional amendment authorizing the federal government to fund the construction of <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> such as roads and canals. Madison's initiatives to now act on behalf of a national bank appeared to reverse his earlier opposition to Hamilton and were opposed by strict constructionists such as John Randolph, who stated that Madison's proposals now "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990195–198-241">[235]</a> Responding to Madison's proposals, the <a href="/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress" title="14th United States Congress">14th Congress</a> compiled one of the most productive legislative records up to that point in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200782–84-242">[236]</a> Congress granted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> a twenty-five-year charter<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990195–198-241">[235]</a> and passed the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">Tariff of 1816</a>, which set high import duties for all goods that were produced outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200782–84-242">[236]</a> Madison approved federal spending on the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Road">Cumberland Road</a>, which provided a link to the country's western lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990198–199-243">[237]</a> However, in his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed the internal improvements <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Bill_of_1817" title="Bonus Bill of 1817">Bonus Bill of 1817</a>, arguing that it was not within the <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumerated powers">enumerated powers</a> of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990204–207-244">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_policy">Native American policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)" title="Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)">Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippecanoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tippecanoe and Native American Policy under Madison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tippecanoe.jpg/220px-Tippecanoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tippecanoe.jpg/330px-Tippecanoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Tippecanoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Tippecanoe took place in the Northwest Territory on November 7, 1811.</figcaption></figure> Upon becoming president, Madison said the federal government's duty was to convert Native Americans by the "participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199020-195">[189]</a> In 1809, General Harrison began to push for a treaty to open more land for white American settlement. The <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wea" title="Wea">Wea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> were vehemently opposed to selling any more land around the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007200-247">[241]</a> Harrison decided, against the wishes of Madison, to first conclude a treaty with the tribes who were willing to sell and use those treaties to help influence those who held out. In September 1809, Harrison invited the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_people" title="Eel River people">Eel Rivers</a>, and Miami to a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a>. Harrison promised large subsidies and direct payments to the tribes if they would cede the other lands under discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007201–203-248">[242]</a> On September 30, 1809, Madison agreed to the Treaty of Fort Wayne, negotiated and signed by <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>'s Governor Harrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappler1904101–102-249">[243]</a> In the treaty, the Native American tribes were compensated $5,200 (equivalent to $90,092.77 in 2021) in goods and $500 in cash (equivalent to $8,662.77 in 2021), with $250 in annual payments (equivalent to $4,331.38 in 2021), in return for the cession of 3 million acres of land (approximately 12,140 square kilometers) with incentivized subsidies paid to individual tribes for exerting their influence over less cooperative tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007201–203Kappler1904101–102-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007205-251">[245]</a> The treaty angered Shawnee leader Tecumseh, who said, "Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry,_2016,_essay-252">[246]</a> Like Jefferson, Madison had a paternalistic attitude toward Native Americans, encouraging them to become farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199037-253">[247]</a> Madison believed the adoption of European-style agriculture would help Native Americans assimilate the values of British–U.S. civilization. As pioneers and settlers moved West into large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> territory, Madison ordered the U.S. Army to protect Native American lands from intrusion by settlers. This was done to the chagrin of his military commander Andrew Jackson, who wanted Madison to ignore Native Americans pleas to stop the invasion of their lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990199–200-254">[248]</a> Tensions continued to mount between the United States and Tecumseh over the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, which ultimately led to Tecumseh's alliance with the British and the Battle of Tippecanoe, on November 7, 1811, in the Northwest Territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990199–200-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006166–169Owens2007214-255">[249]</a> The divisions among the Native American leaders were bitter and before leaving the discussions, Tecumseh informed Harrison that unless the terms of the negotiated treaty were largely nullified, he would seek an alliance with the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006166-256">[250]</a> The situation continued to escalate, eventually leading to the outbreak of hostilities between Tecumseh's followers and American settlers later that year. Tensions continued to rise, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a> during a period sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006167-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2007214-258">[252]</a> Tecumseh was defeated and Native Americans were pushed off their tribal lands, replaced entirely by white settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990199–200-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangguth2006166–169Owens2007214-255">[249]</a> In addition to the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, other wars with Native Americans included the <a href="/wiki/Peoria_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria War">Peoria War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>. Negotiated by Jackson, in the aftermath of the Creek War, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a> of August 9, 1814, added approximately 23 million acres of land (93,000 square kilometers) to Georgia and Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198243-259">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200526-260">[254]</a> Privately, Madison did not believe Native Americans could be fully assimilated to the values of Euro-American culture and may have been unwilling to make "the transition from the hunter, or even the herdsman state, to the agriculture". Madison feared that Native Americans had too great an influence on the settlers they interacted with, who in his view was "irresistibly attracted by that complete liberty, that freedom from bonds, obligations, duties, that absence of care and anxiety which characterize the savage state". In March 1816, Madison's Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William Crawford</a> advocated for the government to encourage intermarriages between Native Americans and Whites as a way of assimilating the former. This prompted public outrage and exacerbated anti-Indigenous bigotry among White Americans, as seen in hostile letters sent to Madison, who remained publicly silent on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry,_2016,_essay-252">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1816">Election of 1816</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816 United States presidential election</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816 presidential election</a>, Madison and Jefferson both favored the candidacy of Secretary of State James Monroe, who defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford in the party's congressional nominating caucus. As the Federalist Party continued to collapse, Monroe easily defeated Federalist candidate, New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a>, in the 1816 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010559–563-261">[255]</a> Madison left office as a popular president; former president Adams wrote that Madison had "acquired more glory, and established more union, than all his three predecessors, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, put together".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017616-262">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1817–1836)">Post-presidency (1817–1836)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_James_Madison,_c._1821,_NGA_56914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stuart portrait of Madison in 1821." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of James Madison after the completion of his two terms as president <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1821, by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></figcaption></figure> When Madison left office in 1817 at age 65, he retired to Montpelier. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency poorer than when he came in. His plantation experienced a steady financial collapse, due to price declines in tobacco and his stepson's mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> In his retirement, Madison occasionally became involved in public affairs, advising Andrew Jackson and other presidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010608–609-263">[257]</a> He remained out of the public debate over the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, though he privately complained about the North's opposition to the extension of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010578–581-264">[258]</a> Madison had warm relations with all four of the major candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, but, like Jefferson, largely stayed out of the race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010589–591-265">[259]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson's presidency</a>, Madison publicly disavowed the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification</a> movement and argued that no state had the right to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010603–604-266">[260]</a> Madison also helped Jefferson establish the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010585-267">[261]</a> In 1826, after the death of Jefferson, Madison was appointed as the second rector of the university. He retained the position as college chancellor for ten years until his death in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_Foundation,_Essay-268">[262]</a> In 1829, at the age of 78, Madison was chosen as a representative to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">Virginia Constitutional Convention</a> for revision of the commonwealth's constitution. It was his last appearance as a statesman. <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> of adequate representation was the central issue at the convention for the western districts of Virginia. The increased population in the Piedmont and western parts of the state were not proportionately represented in the legislature. Western reformers also wanted to extend suffrage to all white men, in place of the prevailing property ownership requirement. Madison made modest gains but was disappointed at the failure of Virginians to extend suffrage to all white men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeysaar200926–27-269">[263]</a> In his later years, Madison became highly concerned about his historical legacy. He resorted to modifying letters and other documents in his possession, changing days and dates, and adding and deleting words and sentences. By his late seventies, Madison's self-editing of his own archived letters and older materials had become almost an obsession. As an example, he edited a letter written to Jefferson criticizing <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a>; Madison not only inked out original passages but in other correspondence he even forged Jefferson's handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2002162-270">[264]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Drew_R._McCoy" title="Drew R. McCoy">Drew R. McCoy</a> wrote: <blockquote>During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal [financial] troubles that were threatening to engulf him ... At times mental agitation issued in physical collapse. For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced ... Literally sick with anxiety, he began to despair of his ability to make himself understood by his fellow citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1989151-271">[265]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> Madison's health slowly deteriorated through the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_Jefferson_Encyclopedia-272">[266]</a> He died of <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> at Montpelier on the morning of June 28, 1836, at the age of 85.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990669–670-273">[267]</a> According to one common account of his final moments, he was given his breakfast, which he tried eating but was unable to swallow. His favorite niece, Nellie Madison Willis, who sat by to keep him company, asked him, "What is the matter, Uncle James?" Madison died immediately after he replied, "Nothing more than a change of mind, my dear."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnet2013321–322-274">[268]</a> He was buried in the family cemetery at Montpelier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison-13">[12]</a> He was one of the last prominent members of the Revolutionary War generation to die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010608–609-263">[257]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will and testament">last will and testament</a> left significant sums to the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, Princeton, and the University of Virginia, as well as $30,000 ($897,000 in 2021) to his wife, Dolley. Left with a smaller sum than James had intended, Dolley suffered financial troubles until her death in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010609–611-275">[269]</a> In the 1840s Dolley sold Montpelier, its remaining slaves, and the furnishings to pay off outstanding debts. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(abolitionist)" title="Paul Jennings (abolitionist)">Paul Jennings</a>, one of Madison's younger slaves, later recalled in his memoir, <blockquote>In the last days of her life, before Congress purchased her husband's papers, she was in a state of absolute poverty, and I think sometimes suffered for the necessaries of life. While I was a servant to Mr. Webster, he often sent me to her with a market-basket full of provisions, and told me whenever I saw anything in the house that I thought she was in need of, to take it to her. I often did this, and occasionally gave her small sums from my own pocket, though I had years before bought my freedom of her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings,_1865-276">[270]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_religious_views">Political and religious views</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalism">Federalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?68744-1/sacred-fire-liberty-james-madison">Booknotes interview with Lance Banning on The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic, February 11, 1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> During his first stint in Congress in the 1780s, Madison came to favor amending the Articles of Confederation to provide for a stronger central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201085–86-277">[271]</a> In the 1790s, he led the opposition to Hamilton's centralizing policies and the Alien and Sedition Acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010232–234-278">[272]</a> Madison's support of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in the 1790s has been referred to as "a breathtaking evolution for a man who had pleaded at the Constitutional Convention that the federal government should possess a veto over state laws".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2004571–74-279">[273]</a> Others historians disagree, and see Madison's political philosophy as remarkably consistent. Perhaps more importantly, they point out that Madison's loyalty was to the Constitution, not to his personal preferences. Madison had advocated in the debates of the Constitutional Convention that the proposed federal government have veto power over state laws, but he was willing to follow the Constitution as it was adopted and ratified, rather than what he might have wished that it said. Madison had written in Federalist #45 that the proposed federal government would have powers that were "few and defined" (as enumerated in Article I of the Constitution). He felt strongly that to interpret it otherwise would be a breach of faith with "We the People" who had ratified the Constitution based on that understanding.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> Madison, who was the author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, was also faithfully following the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10th Amendment</a>, which says that all "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> Although baptized as an Anglican and educated by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> clergymen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman20177-290">[284]</a> young Madison was an avid reader of English <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> tracts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffer2006363-291">[285]</a> As an adult, Madison paid little attention to religious matters. Though most historians have found little indication of his religious leanings after he left college,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutson2003156-292">[286]</a> some scholars suggest he leaned toward deism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiroff2011149-293">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett201378-294">[288]</a> Others maintain that Madison accepted Christian tenets and formed his outlook on life with a Christian worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham199047-295">[289]</a> Regardless of his own religious beliefs, Madison believed in religious liberty, and he advocated for Virginia's disestablishment of state-sponsored religious institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010106–107-296">[290]</a> He also opposed the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> for Congress and the armed forces, arguing that such appointments produce religious exclusion as well as political disharmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadison,_Detached_Memoranda,_1817-297">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadison1908432-298">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></div> Throughout his life, Madison's views on slavery were conflicted. He was born into a plantation society that relied on slave labor, and both sides of his family profited from tobacco farming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> While he viewed slavery as essential to the Southern economy, he was troubled by the instability of a society that depended on a large slave population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg201026,_200–202-300">[294]</a> Madison also believed slavery was incompatible with American Revolutionary principles, though he owned over one hundred <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> According to historian Paris Spies-Gans, Madison's anti-slavery thought was strongest "at the height of Revolutionary politics. But by the early 1800s, when in a position to truly impact policy, he failed to follow through on these views." Spies-Gans concluded, "[u]ltimately, Madison's personal dependence on slavery led him to question his own, once enlightened, definition of liberty itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> Madison grew up on Montpelier, which like other southern plantations depended on slave labor. When Madison left for college on August 10, 1769, he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> accompanied by Sawney, an enslaved man charged with handling Madison's expenses and with relaying messages to his family back home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> In 1783, fearing the possibility of a slave rebellion at Montpelier, Madison emancipated one slave, <a href="/wiki/William_Gardner_(former_slave)" title="William Gardner (former slave)">Billey</a>, selling him into a seven-year apprentice contract. After his manumission, Billey changed his name to William Gardner<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECost2021255-301">[295]</a> and became a shipping agent, representing Madison in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatts19901289Ketcham1990374–375Taylor201227-302">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013French2001New_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019-303">[297]</a> Madison inherited Montpelier and its more than one hundred slaves after his father died in 1801.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg20104,_26-304">[298]</a> That same year, Madison moved to Washington D.C., running Montpelier from afar making no effort to free his slaves. After his election to the presidency in 1808, Madison brought his slaves to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> During the 1820s and 1830s, Madison sold some of his land and slaves to repay debt. In 1836, at the time of Madison's death, he owned 36 taxable slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwater2012188-305">[299]</a> In his will, Madison gave his remaining slaves to his wife Dolley, and charged her not to sell the slaves without their permission. To pay off debts, Dolley later sold the slaves without their permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013-299">[293]</a> As was consistent with Virginia's customs at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins,_2019-306">[300]</a> Madison was known from his farm papers for advocating the humane treatment of his slaves. He instructed an overseer to "treat the Negroes with all the humanity and kindness consistent with their necessary subordination and work."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201-307">[301]</a> Madison also ensured that his slaves had milk cows and meals for their daily food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990374–375-308">[302]</a> By the 1790s, Sawney, while enslaved, was an overseer of part of the plantation. Some slaves at Montpelier could read.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990374–375-308">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(abolitionist)" title="Paul Jennings (abolitionist)">Paul Jennings</a> was a slave of the Madisons for 48 years and worked as Madison's footman at the White House. In his memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison, published in 1865, Jennings said that he "never knew [Madison] to strike a slave, although he had over one hundred; neither would he allow an overseer to do it." Jennings condemned slavery but called James Madison "one of the best men that ever lived", and Dolley Madison "a remarkably fine woman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service_2022-309">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201222-310">[304]</a> Madison called slavery "the most oppressive dominion" that ever existed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017121-311">[305]</a> and according to historian <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ketcham" title="Ralph Ketcham">Ralph Ketcham</a> he had a "lifelong abhorrence" for the institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990149-312">[306]</a> In 1785 Madison spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Assembly">Virginia Assembly</a> favoring a bill that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> had proposed for the <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual abolition of slavery</a>, and he also helped defeat a bill designed to outlaw the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of individual slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990149-312">[306]</a> As a slaveholder, Madison was aware that owning slaves was not consistent with revolutionary values,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017p._52:_"Madison_knew_that_the_institution_of_slavery_contradicted_the_humanitarian_ideals_of_the_Revolution._His_livelihood,_then_and_throughout_his_life,_depended_on_slavery&nbsp;..._He_was_not_trying_to_introduce_abolition_by_subtleties._Madison_was_attempting_the_doubtful,_self-contradictory_goal_of_being_a_humane_slaveholder,_one_actuated_by_revolutionary_principles"_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017p._52:_"Madison_knew_that_the_institution_of_slavery_contradicted_the_humanitarian_ideals_of_the_Revolution._His_livelihood,_then_and_throughout_his_life,_depended_on_slavery&nbsp;..._He_was_not_trying_to_introduce_abolition_by_subtleties._Madison_was_attempting_the_doubtful,_self-contradictory_goal_of_being_a_humane_slaveholder,_one_actuated_by_revolutionary_principles"-313">[307]</a> but, as a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatist</a>, this sort of self-contradiction was a common feature in his political career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman201716–17-314">[308]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Drew_R._McCoy" title="Drew R. McCoy">Drew R. McCoy</a> said that Madison's <a href="/wiki/Antislavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Antislavery">antislavery</a> principles were indeed "impeccable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1989260-315">[309]</a> Ketcham wrote, "[a]lthough Madison abhorred slavery, he nonetheless  ... depend[ed] all his life on a slave system that he could never square with his republican beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham200257-10">[9]</a> There is no evidence Madison thought <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">black people were inherently inferior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1987241-316">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017121-311">[305]</a> Madison believed <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">blacks and whites were unlikely to co-exist peacefully</a> due to "the prejudices of the whites" as well as feelings on both sides "inspired by their former relation as oppressors and oppressed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017284-317">[311]</a> As such, he became interested in the idea of <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> establishing colonies in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and later served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, which relocated former slaves to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010200–201,_607–608-318">[312]</a> Madison believed that this solution offered a gradual, long-term, but potentially feasible means of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">eradicating slavery in the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy19895-319">[313]</a> but that peaceful co-existence between the two racial groups could eventually be achieved in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201-307">[301]</a> Madison initially opposed the Constitution's 20-year protection of the foreign <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>, but he eventually accepted it as a necessary compromise to get the South to ratify the document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_Madison_Memorial_Foundation-320">[314]</a> He also proposed that apportionment in the House of Representatives be according to each state's free and enslaved population, eventually leading to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010156–157-321">[315]</a> Madison supported the extension of slavery into the West during the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri crisis of 1819–1821</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019-322">[316]</a> asserting that the spread of slavery would not lead to more slaves, but rather diminish their generative increase through dispersing them,<a href="#cite_note-324">[g]</a> thus substantially improving their condition, accelerating <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>, easing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">racial tensions</a>, and increasing "partial manumissions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1989268–269-325">[318]</a> Madison thought of slaves as "wayward (but still educable) students in need of regular guidance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201-307">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">List of memorials to James Madison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Madison portrait in advanced age." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg/220px-James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg/330px-James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg/440px-James_madison-Age82-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Madison after his health began to fail, age 82, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1833</figcaption></figure> Regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>, Madison had a wide influence on the founding of the nation and upon the early development of American constitutional government and foreign policy. Historian J.C.A. Stagg writes that "in some ways—because he was on the winning side of every important issue facing the young nation from 1776 to 1816—Madison was the most successful and possibly the most influential of all the Founding Fathers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_2019-51">[49]</a> Though he helped found a major political party and served as the fourth president, his legacy has largely been defined by his contributions to the Constitution; even in his own life he was hailed as the "Father of the Constitution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017625–626-326">[319]</a> Law professor Noah Feldman writes that Madison "invented and theorized the modern ideal of an expanded, federal constitution that combines local self-government with an overarching national order".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017627–628-327">[320]</a> Feldman adds that Madison's "model of liberty-protecting constitutional government" is "the most influential American idea in global political history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017627–628-327">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[h]</a> Various rankings of historians and political scientists tend to <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Madison as an above average president with a 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranking Madison as the twelfth best president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019-322">[316]</a> Various historians have criticized Madison's tenure as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore200445–56-330">[322]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a> said the conventional view of Madison was of an "incapable President" who "mismanaged an unnecessary war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelser,_1968,_introduction_by_Commager_&_Morris-331">[323]</a> A 2006 poll of historians ranked Madison's failure to prevent the War of 1812 as the sixth-worst mistake made by a sitting president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA_Today,_February_18,_2006-332">[324]</a> Regarding Madison's consistency and adaptability of policy-making during his many years of political activity, historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> says that Lance Banning, as in his Sacred Fire of Liberty (1995), is the "only present-day scholar to maintain that Madison did not change his views in the 1790s".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2006425-333">[325]</a> During and after the War of 1812, Madison came to support several of the policies that he opposed in the 1790s, including the national bank, a strong navy, and direct taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010521–522-334">[326]</a> Wood notes that many historians struggle to understand Madison, but Wood looks at him in the terms of Madison's times—as a nationalist but one with a different conception of nationalism from that of the Federalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2006425-333">[325]</a> Gary Rosen uses other approaches to suggest Madison's consistency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen19992–4,_6–9,_140–175-335">[327]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> wrote, "Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues.  ... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer.  ... No man could do everything for the country—not even Washington. Madison did more than most, and did some things better than any. That was quite enough."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2002164-336">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a>, the Madison family's plantation, has been designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. The <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> is part of the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and serves as the official memorial to Madison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Planning_Commission-337">[329]</a> In 1986, Congress created the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a> as part of the bicentennial celebration of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Capital_Planning_Commission2-338">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Courier-Journal,_p._b3-339">[331]</a> Other memorials include <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison County, Alabama</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Time_Alabama_July_17,_2020-340">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannett1905196-341">[333]</a> which were both named for Madison, as were <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS James Madison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendelsohn1995711–712-342">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisconsin_Historical_Society-343">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_memo,_25_January_2017-344">[336]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Metropolitan_School_District" title="Madison Metropolitan School District">Madison Metropolitan School District</a> renamed <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a> following community opposition to commemorating someone who used slave labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJournal_Sentinel-345">[337]</a> Madison has appeared on <a href="/wiki/Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Large denominations of United States currency">United States currency</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States five-thousand-dollar bill">five thousand dollar bill</a> (no longer in production since 1969).<a href="#cite_note-CN-346">[338]</a> In 2023, an example of the $5,000 Federal Reserve Madison Note sold at <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Auctions" title="Heritage Auctions">Heritage Auctions</a> for $300,000.<a href="#cite_note-Friedberg-347">[339]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:542px;max-width:542px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$5000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="19th century $5,000 Madison Note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg/263px-US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg/395px-US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg/526px-US-%245000-LT-1878-Fr.188-PROOF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4039" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">19th century Madison Note</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:273px;max-width:273px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:236px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$5000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="20th century $5,000 Madison Note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg/271px-US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg/407px-US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg/542px-US-%245000-FRN-1928-Fr-2220g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1550" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">20th century $5,000 Madison Note</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_James_Madison" title="Category:Cultural depictions of James Madison">Category:Cultural depictions of James Madison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okieriete_Onaodowan_in_Hamilton_costume,_July_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Okieriete_Onaodowan_in_Hamilton_costume%2C_July_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption> Madison is portrayed in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> by <a href="/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan" title="Okieriete Onaodowan">Okieriete Onaodowan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Madison, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a>, is a key protagonist in the 1946 film <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a>, a fictionalized account of Dolley Madison's romantic life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Cincinnati_Post,November_28,_1946,_p._23-348">[340]</a> Madison is also portrayed in the Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Henry" title="Joshua Henry">Joshua Henry</a> in the original 2013 Vassar version and then revised by <a href="/wiki/Okieriete_Onaodowan" title="Okieriete Onaodowan">Okieriete Onaodowan</a> for the 2015 Broadway opening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAIM_Media_Midwest,_July_17,_2015-349">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollywood_Reporter,_July_28,_2015-350">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwayWorld,_October_2,_2015-351">[343]</a> Onaodowan won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for his portrayal of Madison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECBS_News,_December_12,_2015-352">[344]</a> On July 3, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> released the film <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">Hamilton</a>, a professional recording of the Broadway stage production performed by the original cast.<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vp-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vp_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vp_3-1">b</a> Vice Presidents Clinton and Gerry both died in office. Neither was replaced for the remainder of their respective terms, as the Constitution did not have a provision for filling a vice presidential vacancy prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillias1976329-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> After the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Second Continental Congress became the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2003230–232-49">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Portions of the Bill of Rights would later be <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporated</a> against the states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006198-115">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> One of the two unratified amendments became part of the Constitution in 1992 as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-seventh Amendment</a>. The other unratified amendment, known as the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment Amendment</a>, is technically still pending before the states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201349-118">[115]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The Democratic–Republican Party was often referred to as the "Republican Party". It was a separate entity from the later <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, which was founded in the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeacham2012405–406-127">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Because the Constitution required presidential electors to vote for at least one individual from outside their home state, electors from Virginia would not have been able to vote for both Washington and Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017369-130">[125]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Drew_R._McCoy" title="Drew R. McCoy">McCoy</a>, through this reasoning, Madison implicitly rejected "the <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian logic of restrictionists</a>, who contended that diffusion, by increasing the supply of available subsistence to the black population, would indeed increase their numbers by accelerating the rate of natural growth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1989268-323">[317]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Historian Gordon Wood commends Madison for his steady leadership during the war and resolve to avoid expanding the president's power, noting one admirer's observation that the war was conducted "without one trial for treason, or even one prosecution for libel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009697–699-328">[321]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning2000-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanning2000_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanning2000">Banning 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillias1976329-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillias1976329_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillias1976">Billias 1976</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199019-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland199019_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutland1990">Rutland 1990</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabunski2006148–150-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006148–150_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabunski2006148–150_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabunski2006">Labunski 2006</a>, pp. 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200212–13-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200212–13_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200212–13_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWills2002">Wills 2002</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/duel-federalist-and-republican-party/">"The Federalist and the Republican Party | American Experience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+and+the+Republican+Party+%26%23124%3B+American+Experience&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fduel-federalist-and-republican-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Madison/The-father-of-the-Constitution">"James Madison - Founding Father, Constitution, Federalist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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James Madison and the Future of Limited Government, pp. 29-30, 34, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930865-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-930865-23-6">1-930865-23-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Read, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgkxEBSFMOkC&pg=PA12">Power Versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson and Jefferson</a>, pp. 12-14, 27-28, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1912-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1912-6">0-8139-1912-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Banning, Lance. The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic, 296-8, 371, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3152-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3152-2">0-8014-3152-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Sorenson, Leonard R. Madison on the "General Welfare" of America, pp. 84-5, 99-100, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8065-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8065-7">0-8476-8065-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Rosen, Gary. American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding, 126-8, 140-1, 145, 160, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0960-1">0-7006-0960-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Rossiter, Clinton, editor. The Federalist Papers, p. 260, Penguin Putnam, Inc., New York, New York, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Samples, John, editor. James Madison and the Future of Limited Government, pp. 29-30, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930865-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-930865-23-6">1-930865-23-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Read, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgkxEBSFMOkC&pg=PA49">Power Versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson and Jefferson</a>, pp. 49-50, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1912-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1912-6">0-8139-1912-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Sorenson, Leonard R. 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<a href="#CITEREFKetcham1990">Ketcham 1990</a>, pp. 374–375; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2012">Taylor 2012</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013French2001New_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpies-Gans,_2013French2001New_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpies-Gans,_2013">Spies-Gans, 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFrench2001">French 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019"> & New York Review of Books, June 6, 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg20104,_26-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg20104,_26_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, pp. 4, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwater2012188-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadwater2012188_305-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadwater2012">Broadwater 2012</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins,_2019-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins,_2019_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins,_2019">Hopkins, 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201_307-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBursteinIsenberg2010201_307-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010">Burstein & Isenberg 2010</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990374–375-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990374–375_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990374–375_308-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKetcham1990">Ketcham 1990</a>, pp. 374–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service_2022-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service_2022_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Park_Service_2022">National Park Service 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201222-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201222_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2012">Taylor 2012</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017121-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017121_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017121_311-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990149-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990149_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham1990149_312-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKetcham1990">Ketcham 1990</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017p._52:_"Madison_knew_that_the_institution_of_slavery_contradicted_the_humanitarian_ideals_of_the_Revolution._His_livelihood,_then_and_throughout_his_life,_depended_on_slavery&nbsp;..._He_was_not_trying_to_introduce_abolition_by_subtleties._Madison_was_attempting_the_doubtful,_self-contradictory_goal_of_being_a_humane_slaveholder,_one_actuated_by_revolutionary_principles"-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman2017p._52:_"Madison_knew_that_the_institution_of_slavery_contradicted_the_humanitarian_ideals_of_the_Revolution._His_livelihood,_then_and_throughout_his_life,_depended_on_slavery&nbsp;..._He_was_not_trying_to_introduce_abolition_by_subtleties._Madison_was_attempting_the_doubtful,_self-contradictory_goal_of_being_a_humane_slaveholder,_one_actuated_by_revolutionary_principles"_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldman2017">Feldman 2017</a>, p. 52: "Madison knew that the institution of slavery contradicted the humanitarian ideals of the Revolution. His livelihood, then and throughout his life, depended on slavery ... He was not trying to introduce abolition by subtleties. 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Numismatic News. April 23, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914142900/https://www.numismaticnews.net/paper-money/5000-federal-reserve-note-realizes-144000-in-auction">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+News&rft.atitle=%245%2C000+Federal+Reserve+Note+Realizes+%24144%2C000+in+Auction&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numismaticnews.net%2Fpaper-money%2F5000-federal-reserve-note-realizes-144000-in-auction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedberg-347"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedberg_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg" class="citation news cs1">Friedberg, Arthur L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coinworld.com/news/paper-money/high-denomination-notes-reaching-higher-prices-in-auctions">"High denomination notes reaching higher prices in auctions"</a>. CoinWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914142910/https://www.coinworld.com/news/paper-money/high-denomination-notes-reaching-higher-prices-in-auctions">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CoinWorld&rft.atitle=High+denomination+notes+reaching+higher+prices+in+auctions&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coinworld.com%2Fnews%2Fpaper-money%2Fhigh-denomination-notes-reaching-higher-prices-in-auctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Cincinnati_Post,November_28,_1946,_p._23-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Cincinnati_Post,November_28,_1946,_p._23_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Cincinnati_Post,November_28,_1946,_p._23">The Cincinnati Post,November 28, 1946, p. 23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAIM_Media_Midwest,_July_17,_2015-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAIM_Media_Midwest,_July_17,_2015_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAIM_Media_Midwest,_July_17,_2015">AIM Media Midwest, July 17, 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollywood_Reporter,_July_28,_2015-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollywood_Reporter,_July_28,_2015_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollywood_Reporter,_July_28,_2015">Hollywood Reporter, July 28, 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwayWorld,_October_2,_2015-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadwayWorld,_October_2,_2015_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadwayWorld,_October_2,_2015">BroadwayWorld, October 2, 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECBS_News,_December_12,_2015-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECBS_News,_December_12,_2015_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCBS_News,_December_12,_2015">CBS News, December 12, 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52637384">"Hamilton film to be released a year early on Disney+"</a>. May 12, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamilton+film+to+be+released+a+year+early+on+Disney%2B&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-52637384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllott2003" class="citation journal cs1">Allott, Philip (Winter 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp35&id=321&collection=journals">"The Emerging International Aristocracy"</a>. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics. 35 (2): 321. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-6237">1930-6237</a> – via HeinOnline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Journal+of+International+Law+and+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+International+Aristocracy&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1930-6237&rft.aulast=Allott&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fnyuilp35%26id%3D321%26collection%3Djournals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Amar, Akhil Reed</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasconstitu00amar_0">America's Constitution: A Biography</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6262-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6262-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Constitution%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6262-1&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasconstitu00amar_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2017" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Terence, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_dADwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT45">James Madison</a>. Milton Park, England: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15514-4"><bdi>978-1-351-15514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+England&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15514-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_dADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning2000" class="citation web cs1">Banning, Lance (2000) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0300303">"Madison, James"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_National_Biography" title="American National Biography">American National Biography</a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0300303">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860669-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Madison%2C+James&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0300303&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860669-7&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.001.0001%2Fanb-9780198606697-e-0300303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilder2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bilder, Mary Sarah (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25701109">"James Madison, Law Student and Demi-Lawyer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Law_and_History_Review" title="Law and History Review">Law and History Review</a>. 28 (2): 390–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0738248010000052">10.1017/S0738248010000052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-2480">0738-2480</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25701109">25701109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143805768">143805768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=James+Madison%2C+Law+Student+and+Demi-Lawyer&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2010-05&rft.issn=0738-2480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143805768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25701109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0738248010000052&rft.aulast=Bilder&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25701109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillias1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Athan_Billias" title="George Athan Billias">Billias, George</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elbridgegerryfou0000bill">Elbridge Gerry, Founding Father and Republican Statesman</a>. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005269-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005269-7"><bdi>978-0-07-005269-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elbridge+Gerry%2C+Founding+Father+and+Republican+Statesman&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-07-005269-7&rft.aulast=Billias&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felbridgegerryfou0000bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Bordewich" title="Fergus Bordewich">Bordewich, Fergus M.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcongresshow0000bord_h9j2">The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government</a>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-9193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-9193-1"><bdi>978-1-4516-9193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Congress%3A+How+James+Madison%2C+George+Washington%2C+and+a+Group+of+Extraordinary+Men+Invented+the+Government&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-9193-1&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcongresshow0000bord_h9j2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd,_2013" class="citation web cs1">Boyd-Rush, Dorothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807131547/http://www.jmu.edu/montpelier/2003Spring/MoldingAFoundingFather.shtml">"Molding a Founding Father"</a>. James Madison's Montpelier. Montpelier: James Madison University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmu.edu/montpelier/2003Spring/MoldingAFoundingFather.shtml">the original</a> on August 7, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Madison%27s+Montpelier&rft.atitle=Molding+a+Founding+Father&rft.aulast=Boyd-Rush&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmu.edu%2Fmontpelier%2F2003Spring%2FMoldingAFoundingFather.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant1950" class="citation book cs1">Brant, Irving (1950). James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. pp. 406–407. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007FE8EW">B0007FE8EW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+Father+of+the+Constitution%2C+1787-1800&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007FE8EW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant1956" class="citation book cs1">Brant, Irving (1956). James Madison: President, 1809-1812. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007FVWXC">B0007FVWXC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+President%2C+1809-1812&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007FVWXC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadwater2012" class="citation book cs1">Broadwater, Jeff. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesmadisonsono00broa">James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of a Nation</a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3530-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3530-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-3530-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Son+of+Virginia+and+a+Founder+of+a+Nation&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3530-2&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=Jeff.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmadisonsono00broa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBursteinIsenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Isenberg" title="Nancy Isenberg">Isenberg, Nancy</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madisonjefferson0000burs_v6f5">Madison and Jefferson</a>. New York, New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6728-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6728-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6728-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison+and+Jefferson&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6728-2&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Isenberg%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadisonjefferson0000burs_v6f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Cincinnati_Post,November_28,_1946,_p._23" class="citation news cs1">Carberry, Edward (November 28, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/113831991/magnificent-doll-movie-review/">"Movies: Keith's, Palace"</a>. The Cincinnati Post. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Post&rft.atitle=Movies%3A+Keith%27s%2C+Palace&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1946-11-28&rft.aulast=Carberry&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F113831991%2Fmagnificent-doll-movie-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iafgTEhU3QC&pg=PAPA573">Alexander Hamilton</a>. London, England: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303475-9"><bdi>978-0-14-303475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303475-9&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iafgTEhU3QC%26pg%3DPAPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"> At <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0000cher_y4u1">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoelho2013" class="citation book cs1">Coelho, Chris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVuDsVNCTygC&q=signed&pg=PA61">Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7443-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7443-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-7443-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timothy+Matlack%2C+Scribe+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7443-1&rft.aulast=Coelho&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVuDsVNCTygC%26q%3Dsigned%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2013" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZKTZ9nmOGIC&pg=PAPT78">Politics and Religion in the United States</a>. Milton Park, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-57975-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-57975-3"><bdi>978-1-135-57975-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Religion+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-57975-3&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZKTZ9nmOGIC%26pg%3DPAPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCost2021" class="citation book cs1">Cost, Jay (2021). James Madison America's First Politician. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9955-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9955-7"><bdi>978-1-5416-9955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison+America%27s+First+Politician&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-9955-7&rft.aulast=Cost&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Edwards_(priest)" title="David Edwards (priest)">Edwards, David L.</a> (1984). Christian England. Volume 3: From the 18th Century to the First World War. London, England: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215143-6"><bdi>978-0-00-215143-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11256111">11256111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+England.+Volume+3%3A+From+the+18th+Century+to+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11256111&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215143-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Heritage,_December,_1960" class="citation news cs1">Engelman, Fred L. (December 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/peace-christmas-eve">"The Peace of Christmas Eve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>. Vol. 12, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8738">0002-8738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Peace+of+Christmas+Eve&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1960-12&rft.issn=0002-8738&rft.aulast=Engelman&rft.aufirst=Fred+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fpeace-christmas-eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noah_Feldman" title="Noah Feldman">Feldman, Noah</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threelivesofjame0000feld/mode/2up">The Three Lives of James Madison: Genius, Partisan, President</a>. New York, New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9275-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9275-5"><bdi>978-0-8129-9275-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Lives+of+James+Madison%3A+Genius%2C+Partisan%2C+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9275-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreelivesofjame0000feld%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl">A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515924-0&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2001" class="citation news cs1">French, Mary Ann (July 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0706/p11s1.html">"The Slaves Who Freed Our Founders"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39512-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39512-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39512-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Words%3A+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+and+the+American+Language%2C+1776%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39512-0&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWk76qVz-pwC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutzman2012" class="citation book cs1">Gutzman, Kevin R. C. 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New York, New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4100-6"><bdi>978-1-4299-4100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison+and+the+Making+of+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4100-6&rft.aulast=Gutzman&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7AFJYHUKiscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Review_of_Books,_June_6,_2019" class="citation news cs1">Guyatt, Nicholas (June 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/06/06/how-proslavery-was-the-constitution/">"How Proslavery Was the Constitution?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=How+Proslavery+Was+the+Constitution%3F&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Guyatt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F06%2F06%2Fhow-proslavery-was-the-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonMadisonJay1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay, John</a> (1992) [1787-1788]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistpapers0000unse_n0x1/page/n7/mode/2up">The Federalist Papers</a>. 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Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8483-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-8483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brave+New+World%3A+A+History+of+Early+America&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8483-2&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Peter+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HlLTgmdPAEC%26pg%3DPAPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_2019" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Callie (August 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-james-madison-white-house">"The Enslaved Household of President James Madison"</a>. 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutson, James H. 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Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0570-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0570-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Features+of+the+Founding%3A+The+Recovery+of+Religious+Themes+in+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0570-2&rft.aulast=Hutson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMnWp4cNosJ4C%26pg%3DPAPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L64OOJGaCKIC&pg=PA229">Benjamin Franklin: An American Life</a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5807-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-5807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+An+American+Life&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5807-4&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL64OOJGaCKIC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings,_1865" class="citation web cs1">Jennings, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jennings/jennings.html">"Documents of the American South, University of North Carolina"</a>. 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Redwood City, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2293-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Dynamics%3A+Structure%2C+Coordination%2C+and+Choice+in+the+First+American+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2293-3&rft.aulast=Jillson&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kappler, Charles J. 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-4142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-4142-3"><bdi>978-0-1953-4142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Bill+of+Rights&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-1953-4142-3&rft.aulast=Labunski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmadisonstru00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry,_2016,_essay" class="citation news cs1">Landry, Alysa (January 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241130045313/https://ictnews.org/archive/james-madison-pushed-intermarriage-between-settlers-and-indians">"James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today" title="Indian Country Today">Indian Country Today</a>. 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Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17210-4"><bdi>978-1-305-17210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Relations%3A+A+History%2C+to+1920&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-305-17210-4&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Clifford%2C+J.+Garry&rft.au=Maddock%2C+Shane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkfAAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAmerican%2Bforeign%2Brelations%3A%2BA%2Bhistory%2C%2Bto%2B1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime_Magazine,_July_5,_2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Reed, Ishmael (July 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,994570,00.html">"Thomas Jefferson: The Patriot Act of the 18th Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111181625/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994570-1,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+Patriot+Act+of+the+18th+Century&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Ishmael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C994570%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_K._Risjord" title="Norman K. 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The William and Mary Quarterly. 18 (2): 196–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1918543">10.2307/1918543</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918543">1918543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=1812%3A+Conservatives%2C+War+Hawks+and+the+Nation%27s+Honor&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1918543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1918543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Risjord&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Raymond H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLxsfeV43-wC&q=foundation+of+the+American+government%2C+John+Henry+Hintermeister&pg=PA117">"The Marketing of an Icon"</a>. George Washington: American Symbol. New York, New York: Free Press. pp. 109–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55595-148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55595-148-1"><bdi>978-1-55595-148-1</bdi></a>. <q>Figure 56 John Henry Hintermeister (American 1869–1945) Signing of the Constitution, 1925 ...Alternatively labeled Title to Freedom and the Foundation of American Government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Marketing+of+an+Icon&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+American+Symbol&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55595-148-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Raymond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLxsfeV43-wC%26q%3Dfoundation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2Bgovernment%252C%2BJohn%2BHenry%2BHintermeister%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1999). 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January 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+Memo+Confirms+Nuclear+Sub+Crash&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-38744322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_of_Rights,_National_Archives" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights">"The Charters of Freedom: The Bill of Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. October 31, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Charters+of+Freedom%3A+The+Bill+of+Rights&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffounding-docs%2Fbill-of-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontpellier_Foundation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930190050/http://www.montpelier.org/explore/community/enslaved.php">"The Enslaved Community"</a>. James Madison's Montpelier. Montpelier Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montpelier.org/explore/community/enslaved.php">the original</a> on September 30, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Madison%27s+Montpelier&rft.atitle=The+Enslaved+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpelier.org%2Fexplore%2Fcommunity%2Fenslaved.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Federalist_Papers" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistpapers0000unse_n0x1/page/n5/mode/2up">The Federalist Papers</a>. Cutchogue, New York: Buccaneer Books. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89966-695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89966-695-2"><bdi>978-0-89966-695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+Papers&rft.place=Cutchogue%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Buccaneer+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89966-695-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalistpapers0000unse_n0x1%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Jefferson_Foundation,_Essay" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/james-madison">"James Madison"</a>. Monticello: Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison&rft.place=Monticello&rft.pub=Thomas+Jefferson+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fjefferson%2Fjames-madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Madison_Memorial_Foundation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesmadisonmuseum.org/slavery.html#4">"James Madison and Slavery"</a>. The James Madison Memorial Foundation. 2000. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+and+Slavery&rft.pub=The+James+Madison+Memorial+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesmadisonmuseum.org%2Fslavery.html%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Capital_Planning_Commission2" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cfr/title45/45-4.1.8.11.1.html#45:4.1.8.11.1.1.9.1">"Justitia US Law"</a>. Mountain View, California: National Capital Planning Commission. 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Retrieved June 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+in+Early+Madison&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FArticle%2FCS2904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives_Founders_Online" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219">"Madison's Election to the First Federal Congress, October 1788–February 1789 (Editorial Note)"</a>. founders.archive.gov. National Archives Founders Online. Retrieved April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archive.gov&rft.atitle=Madison%27s+Election+to+the+First+Federal+Congress%2C+October+1788%E2%80%93February+1789+%28Editorial+Note%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FMadison%2F01-11-02-0219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontpellier,_Life_of_James_Madison" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montpelier.org/learn/the-life-of-james-madison">"The Life of James Madison"</a>. James Madison's Montpelier. Montpelier Foundation. Retrieved October 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Madison%27s+Montpelier&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+James+Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpelier.org%2Flearn%2Fthe-life-of-james-madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service_2022" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/paul-jennings.htm">"Paul Jennings"</a>. nps.gov. National Park Service. February 16, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Paul+Jennings&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Fpaul-jennings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount_Vernon,_Essay" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/">"Presidential Election of 1789"</a>. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114004958/http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Election+of+1789&rft.place=Mount+Vernon%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association%2C+George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fresearch-collections%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fpresidential-election-of-1789%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadwayWorld,_October_2,_2015" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-FRIDAY-SIX-QAs-with-Your-Favorite-Broadway-Stars--HAMILTONs-Okieriete-Onaodowan-20151002">"Q&As with Your Favorite Broadway Stars- HAMILTON's Okieriete Onaodowan"</a>. BroadwayWorld.com. October 2, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.atitle=Q%26As+with+Your+Favorite+Broadway+Stars-+HAMILTON%27s+Okieriete+Onaodowan&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Farticle%2FTHE-FRIDAY-SIX-QAs-with-Your-Favorite-Broadway-Stars--HAMILTONs-Okieriete-Onaodowan-20151002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA_Today,_February_18,_2006" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-02-18-presidential-goofs_x.htm">"Scholars Rate Worst Presidential Errors"</a>. USA Today. AP. February 18, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Scholars+Rate+Worst+Presidential+Errors&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2006-02-18-presidential-goofs_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Courier-Journal,_p._b3" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114453358/uk-professor-in-line-for-post/">"UK Professor in Line for Post"</a>. The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. October 6, 1988. p. B3. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Journal&rft.atitle=UK+Professor+in+Line+for+Post&rft.pages=B3&rft.date=1988-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F114453358%2Fuk-professor-in-line-for-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Time_Alabama_July_17,_2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2020/07/violet-edwards-elected-madison-countys-first-black-woman-commissioner.html">"Violet Edwards Elected Madison County's First Black Woman Commissioner"</a>. Real Time Alabama. July 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Time+Alabama&rft.atitle=Violet+Edwards+Elected+Madison+County%27s+First+Black+Woman+Commissioner&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fnews%2Fhuntsville%2F2020%2F07%2Fviolet-edwards-elected-madison-countys-first-black-woman-commissioner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography of James Madison</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Edwards_(priest)" title="David Edwards (priest)">Edwards, David L.</a> (1983). Christian England. Volume 2: From the Reformation to the 18th Century. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-626663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-626663-1"><bdi>978-0-00-626663-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+England.+Volume+2%3A+From+the+Reformation+to+the+18th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-00-626663-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769425385">The Democracy Project : A History, a Crisis, a Movement</a>. New York: Spiegel & Grau. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9356-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-9356-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769425385">769425385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democracy+Project+%3A+A+History%2C+a+Crisis%2C+a+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769425385&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9356-1&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F769425385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a>, ed. (1995). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_New_York_City" title="The Encyclopedia of New York City">The Encyclopedia of New York City</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05536-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05536-8"><bdi>978-0-300-05536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05536-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, David (2007). The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8693-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8693-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-8693-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summer+of+1787%3A+The+Men+Who+Invented+the+Constitution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8693-0&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Madison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about James Madison <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Madison&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Madison">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=James+Madison&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By James Madison <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Madison&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Madison">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=James+Madison&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 5 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3894" data-mwtitle="En-James_Madison-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/En-James_Madison-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/En-James_Madison-article.ogg/En-James_Madison-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-James_Madison-article.ogg" title="File:En-James Madison-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 2 March 2019 (2019-03-02), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/madison">Scholarly coverage of Madison at Miller Center, U of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/madison/">James Madison: A Resource Guide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Madison%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Madison%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Madison%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Madison%22%29%20OR%20%28%221751-1836%22%20AND%20Madison%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Madison</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1973">Works by James Madison</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration_and_cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids (2002 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Federalist_Papers168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Papers" title="Template talk:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Papers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Papers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Federalist_Papers168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">(papers)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._1" title="Federalist No. 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._2" title="Federalist No. 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._3" title="Federalist No. 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._4" title="Federalist No. 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._5" title="Federalist No. 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._6" title="Federalist No. 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._7" title="Federalist No. 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._8" title="Federalist No. 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._9" title="Federalist No. 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._11" title="Federalist No. 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._12" title="Federalist No. 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._13" title="Federalist No. 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._14" title="Federalist No. 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._16" title="Federalist No. 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._17" title="Federalist No. 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._18" title="Federalist No. 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._19" title="Federalist No. 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._21" title="Federalist No. 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._22" title="Federalist No. 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._23" title="Federalist No. 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._24" title="Federalist No. 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._25" title="Federalist No. 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._26" title="Federalist No. 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._27" title="Federalist No. 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._28" title="Federalist No. 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._29" title="Federalist No. 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._30" title="Federalist No. 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._31" title="Federalist No. 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._32" title="Federalist No. 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._33" title="Federalist No. 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._34" title="Federalist No. 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._35" title="Federalist No. 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._36" title="Federalist No. 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._37" title="Federalist No. 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._38" title="Federalist No. 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._41" title="Federalist No. 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._42" title="Federalist No. 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._43" title="Federalist No. 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._44" title="Federalist No. 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._45" title="Federalist No. 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._47" title="Federalist No. 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._48" title="Federalist No. 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._49" title="Federalist No. 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._50" title="Federalist No. 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._52" title="Federalist No. 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._53" title="Federalist No. 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._54" title="Federalist No. 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._56" title="Federalist No. 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._57" title="Federalist No. 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._58" title="Federalist No. 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._59" title="Federalist No. 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._60" title="Federalist No. 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._61" title="Federalist No. 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._63" title="Federalist No. 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._64" title="Federalist No. 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._65" title="Federalist No. 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._66" title="Federalist No. 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._67" title="Federalist No. 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._68" title="Federalist No. 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._70" title="Federalist No. 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._71" title="Federalist No. 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._72" title="Federalist No. 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._73" title="Federalist No. 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._74" title="Federalist No. 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._75" title="Federalist No. 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._76" title="Federalist No. 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._77" title="Federalist No. 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._78" title="Federalist No. 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._79" title="Federalist No. 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._80" title="Federalist No. 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._81" title="Federalist No. 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._82" title="Federalist No. 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._83" title="Federalist No. 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._84" title="Federalist No. 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._85" title="Federalist No. 85">85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Journal" title="The Independent Journal">The Independent Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Anti-Federalist" title="The Complete Anti-Federalist">complete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Federalist_Papers" title="Category:The Federalist Papers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">Portal:History</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Federalist">The Federalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_the_United_States256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambert_(writer)" title="William Lambert (writer)">William Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New constituency </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 5th congressional district">Virginia's 5th congressional district</a> 1789–1793 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hancock_(Virginia_politician)" title="George Hancock (Virginia politician)">George Hancock</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 15th congressional district">Virginia's 15th congressional district</a> 1793–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dawson (U.S. politician)">John Dawson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> 1801–1809 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1809–1817 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic–Republican</a> nominee for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>, <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_James_Madison100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_James_Madison100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to James Madison</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template talk:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Thomas_Jefferson_(1801–1809)410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jefferson_cabinet" title="Template:Jefferson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jefferson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Jefferson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Thomas_Jefferson_(1801–1809)410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1801–1809)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/100px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/150px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/200px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1804)_1808_United_States_presidential_election_(1812_→)388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1808 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1808 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1808 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1804)_1808_United_States_presidential_election_(1812_→)388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">← 1804</a>) <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1808 elections: <a href="/wiki/1808_and_1809_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_and_1809_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1808)_1812_United_States_presidential_election_(1816_→)440" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1812 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1812_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:1812 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1812 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1808)_1812_United_States_presidential_election_(1816_→)440" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">← 1808</a>) <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008000;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endorsee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #EA9978;"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Straight-Federalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominee7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie" title="William Richardson Davie">William Richardson Davie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1812 elections: <a href="/wiki/1812_and_1813_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_and_1813_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_Madison_(1809–1817)407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madison_cabinet" title="Template:Madison cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madison_cabinet" title="Template talk:Madison cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madison_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madison cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_Madison_(1809–1817)407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a> (1809–1817)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/100px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/150px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/200px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1809–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1814–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a> 1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a> 1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_18123258" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_of_1812" title="Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_of_1812" title="Template talk:War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_of_1812" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_18123258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Origins</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>Involvement</li><li>Leaders</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council (1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon%27s_Bill_Number_2" title="Macon's Bill Number 2">Macon's Bill Number 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">War hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_1756" title="Rule of 1756">Rule of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_affair" title="Little Belt affair">Little Belt affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Assassination of Spencer Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_Kingdom" title="United States declaration of war on the United Kingdom">Declaration of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters and <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812_campaigns" title="War of 1812 campaigns">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Western theater of the War of 1812">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Gulf_Coast" title="War of 1812">Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of War of 1812 battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Spur's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Kentucky in the War of 1812">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Ohio in the War of 1812">Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Edward Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail" title="Laura Secord Legacy Trail">Laura Secord Legacy Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Society_of_the_War_of_1812" title="General Society of the War of 1812">General Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veteran_Corps_of_Artillery" title="Veteran Corps of Artillery">Military Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_United_States_Daughters_of_1812" title="National Society of United States Daughters of 1812">United States Daughters of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_Bicentennial" title="List of War of 1812 Bicentennial">War of 1812 Bicentennial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Bibliography of the War of 1812">Bibliography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Canadian" title="The Bold Canadian">The Bold Canadian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_of_Kentucky" title="The Hunters of Kentucky">The Hunters of Kentucky</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">Opposition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">Opposition in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Timeline of the War of 1812">Timeline of the War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of 1812">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> (1834–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lee_(valet)" title="Philip Lee (valet)">Philip Lee</a> (c. 1785–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a> (1736–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a> (1822–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a> (died 1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a> (1816–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Woodroof" title="Seth Woodroof">Seth Woodroof</a> (1805–1875)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruin%27s_Slave_Jail" title="Bruin's Slave Jail">Bruin's Slave Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cage_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="The Cage (Richmond, Virginia)">The Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremo_Slave_Chapel" title="Bremo Slave Chapel">Bremo Slave Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705" title="Virginia Slave Codes of 1705">Virginia Slave Codes of 1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion_and_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia_slave_market" title="Richmond, Virginia slave market">Richmond slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">James Madison at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" 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