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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-發現史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發現史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>發現史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發現史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-放射性單位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放射性單位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>放射性單位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放射性單位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衰变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>衰变</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-衰变-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关衰变子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-衰变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-衰变类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰变类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>衰变类型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衰变类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天然辐射的来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天然辐射的来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>天然辐射的来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天然辐射的来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-放射性的用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放射性的用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>放射性的用途</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放射性的用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關的警告標誌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關的警告標誌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相關的警告標誌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關的警告標誌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">放射性</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。111种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiwiteit" title="Radioaktiwiteit – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radioaktiwiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividat" title="Radioactividat – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radioactividat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A4" title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivid%C3%A1" title="Radioactividá – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radioactividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivlik" title="Radioaktivlik – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioaktivlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رادیوآکتیولیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوآکتیولیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluruhan_radioaktip" title="Paluruhan radioaktip – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paluruhan radioaktip" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C4%97j%C4%97akt%C4%ABvoms" title="Radėjėaktīvoms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Radėjėaktīvoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радыеактыўны распад – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыеактыўны распад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Радыяактыўнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыяактыўнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تیشکەچالاکی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیشکەچالاکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivita" title="Radioaktivita – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radioaktivita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Радиоактивлă аркану – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радиоактивлă аркану" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadfeilio_ymbelydrol" title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ραδιενέργεια – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveco" title="Radioaktiveco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radioaktiveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactividad" title="Radiactividad – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiactividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Radioaktiivsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo" title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Desintegrazio erradioaktibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativid%C3%A1" title="Radioatividá – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Radioatividá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="واپاشی پرتوزا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واپاشی پرتوزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivisuus" title="Radioaktiivisuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioaktiivisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioactivité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadioaktiwiteet" title="Raadioaktiwiteet – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadioaktiwiteet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-aktiviteit" title="Radio-aktiviteit – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Radio-aktiviteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_radaighn%C3%ADomhach" title="Meath radaighníomhach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meath radaighníomhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividade" title="Radioactividade – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radioactividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רדיואקטיביות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיואקטיביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रेडियोसक्रियता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियोसक्रियता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo-aktivite" title="Radyo-aktivite – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyo-aktivite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A1s" title="Radioaktivitás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Radioaktivitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռադիոակտիվություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոակտիվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radioactivitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluruhan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveso" title="Radioaktiveso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radioaktiveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geislavirkni" title="Geislavirkni – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geislavirkni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioattivit%C3%A0" title="Radioattività – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radioattività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" title="放射能 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Табиғи радиоактивтік – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи радиоактивтік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="방사성 붕괴 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사성 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%90%D9%88%D9%90%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Радиоактивдүүлүк – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радиоактивдүүлүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitas" title="Radioactivitas – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radioactivitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativit%C3%A0" title="Radioatività – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radioatività" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktyvumas" title="Radioaktyvumas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radioaktyvumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C4%81te" title="Radioaktivitāte – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radioaktivitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആണവാപചയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണവാപചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputan_radioaktif" title="Reputan radioaktif – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reputan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkutaa%27inna_Xaanxawaa_(Radioactive_decay)" title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%9F" title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87" title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Radioaktywność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radioaktywność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تابکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تابکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illanchaykuy" title="Illanchaykuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illanchaykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitad" title="Radioactivitad – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Radioactivitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radioactivitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радиоактивный распад – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоактивный распад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dioakt%C3%ADvny_rozpad" title="Rádioaktívny rozpad – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádioaktívny rozpad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiviteti" title="Radioaktiviteti – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radioaktiviteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unururifu" title="Unururifu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unururifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கதிரியக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிரியக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="రేడియో ధార్మికత – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియో ధార్మికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyoaktivite" title="Radyoaktivite – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyoaktivite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Радіоактивність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіоактивність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="اشعاعی تنزل – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشعاعی تنزل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiv_parchalanish" title="Radioaktiv parchalanish – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radioaktiv parchalanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivine_%C4%8Dihodamine" title="Radioaktivine čihodamine – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radioaktivine čihodamine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Phóng xạ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phóng xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactivit%C3%A9" title="Radiactivité – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiactivité" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunot_radyoaktibo" title="Dunot radyoaktibo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dunot radyoaktibo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%BAk%C3%A1_on%C3%ADt%C3%ADt%C3%A0nyindin" title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2ng-si%C4%81-s%C3%A8ng" title="Hòng-siā-sèng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòng-siā-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="核衰變 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核衰變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-fbde7bb6" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">放射性衰變</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-fbde7bb6" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="核能"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/220px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/330px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/440px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>放射性的標誌。<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>所收錄的編碼為U+2622（<span class="Unicode">☢</span>）</figcaption></figure> <p><b>放射性</b>或<b>辐射性</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是指某<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="核種">核種</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>不穩定，會自发性地放出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Α射线">α射线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Β射线">β射线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>等）而<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">衰变</a></b>成另一種核種（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰变产物</a>），這種特性稱為放射性。衡量<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性強度">放射性強度</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%B0%8E%E5%87%BA%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制導出單位">國際單位</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" title="贝克勒尔">貝克勒</a>（Bq），傳統單位則為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">居禮</a>（Ci）。 </p><p>原子核不穩定、具有放射性的核種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性核種">放射性核種</a>或放射性同位素，其衰变时放出的能量称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰变能量">衰变能量</a>。至於原子核足夠穩定，不會或無法觀測到其發生衰變的核種，則稱作<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="穩定核種">穩定核種</a>或穩定同位素。每種<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>都有著許多種放射性同位素，若某元素的所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>都具有放射性，則我們稱該元素為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">原子序數</a>為<a href="/wiki/83" title="83">83</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鉍">鉍</a>）以上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>都屬於放射性元素，而原子序數小於83的元素都具有至少一種穩定的同位素（<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">锝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>除外）。<sup id="cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魏明通2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有趣的是，絕大多數穩定核種的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="質子數">質子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="中子數">中子數</a>都至少有一個是偶數，質子和中子數皆為奇數的穩定核種非常稀少；而週期表中原子序為偶數的元素，其穩定同位素的數量通常也比相邻的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奇數">奇數</a>者來得多；此外，從原子序84（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%99" class="mw-redirect" title="釙">釙</a>）開始一直到97（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鉳">鉳</a>）之間的放射性元素中，原子序是偶數者，其最長壽同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>也都比相邻的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奇數">奇數</a>者长。这是由於原子核中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>互相成對時，能互相抵銷彼此的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="角動量">角動量</a>，使得原子核具有較大的穩定度，因此核子數為偶數的核素形成穩定核的可能性本身便比奇數者來得高。除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>是否成對外，原子核中具有特定數目的質子或中子時，將有利於形成特別穩定的配置結構，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="魔数">魔數</a>（皆為偶數）。<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魏明通2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>對單一原子來說，放射性衰变依照<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="隨機">隨機</a>過程，無法預測特定一個原子是否會衰变<sup id="cite_ref-IntroductionToHealthPhysics_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroductionToHealthPhysics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RadiationOncologyPrimer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadiationOncologyPrimer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過原子衰变的機率不會隨著原子存在的時間長短而改變。對大量的原子而言，可以用量測<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變常數">衰變常數</a>計算其衰變速率及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F#物理學" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>。放射性核種的半衰期沒有已知的時間上下限，範圍可以到55個數量級，短至幾乎瞬間，長至<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">宇宙年齡</a>的一兆倍。穩定性愈高的放射性核種，其半衰期愈長，放射性愈低。在所有元素的放射性同位素中，有650種的半衰期超過一小時，而有數千種的半衰期更短。 </p><p>發生衰變的放射性核種稱為母核種（parent nuclide）或母同位素（parent isotope），其衰變後產生的核種稱作子核種（daughter nuclide）或子同位素（daughter isotope）。子核種有可能是穩定核種，但也可能同樣具有放射性，會繼續衰變形成下一個子核種。大部分放射性核種並不直接衰變成穩定核種，而是經過一連串的衰變反應，最終達至穩定核種為止，稱作<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>。 </p><p>放射性衰变有許多種不同的類型。衰变過程中若原子核的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>數或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>數發生了改變，則稱此衰變為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AC%97%E5%8F%98" title="核嬗变">核嬗變</a>。若為中子數的改變，則核嬗變後的產物為同種元素的另一種同位素；若為質子數的改變，則核嬗變後的產物為另一種不同的化學元素。 </p><p>最常見的衰变種類是<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>。α衰變是原子核放出<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>），是發射<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>的衰變中最常見的。不過有些原子核也會放出<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="质子发射">質子發射</a>）或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84" title="中子發射">中子發射</a>），或者釋放比α粒子更重的原子核（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="自发分裂">自發分裂</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">簇衰变</a>）。β衰變是原子核釋放<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">正電子</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>，並將質子轉變為中子（或是將中子轉變為質子）<sup id="cite_ref-konya74_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konya74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。原子核的質子也可能捕獲軌道上的電子，使質子轉變為中子，此為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电子捕获">電子捕獲</a>。上述的衰变種類都屬於核嬗变。 </p><p>此外，也有一些核衰变不會改變原子核的組成，產生新的核種，例如γ衰变為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%99%BC%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="激發態">激發態</a>原子核的能量以<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ射線</a>的方式釋出，而<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內轉換" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internal conversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內轉換（页面不存在）">內轉換</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion" class="extiw" title="en:Internal conversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internal conversion</span></a></span>）</span></span>則是激发态原子核将能量转移至轨道电子上，轨道电子再脱离原子的現象。這類衰變通常並不單獨發生，而往往伴隨在α衰變、β衰變或電子捕獲之後而起。<sup id="cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-魏明通2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>目前地球上有34個天然存在的放射性<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primordial nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始核種（页面不存在）">原始核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Primordial nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primordial nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>，分屬於28個化學元素。它們的形成可以追溯到太陽系誕生之前，由於它們都具有非常長的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>，因此直至今日仍能以相當的量存在於地球上。著名的例子包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>等放射性元素，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40">鉀-40</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%A4-147&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釤-147（页面不存在）">釤-147</a>等非放射性元素的長壽放射性同位素。除了以上34種長壽放射性核種外，地球上也存在著約50個非原生的、壽命較短的放射性核種。其中一部分是放射性原始核種衰變後的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD-226" class="mw-redirect" title="镭-226">鐳-226</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">氡-222</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B-210" title="钋-210">釙-210</a>等），部分則是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82" title="宇宙射線散裂">宇宙射線散裂</a>產生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇生核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmogenic nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇生核種（页面不存在）">宇生放射性核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmogenic nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cosmogenic nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-32" title="磷-32">磷-32</a>等），如碳-14就是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射線</a>撞擊<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氮的同位素">氮-14</a>所產生。 </p><p>放射性核種也可透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>來人工合成。使用人工合成的方式能製造出許多自然界中不存在的放射性核種，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造同位素</a>，它們的壽命通常較短，且不處於自然界的3條主要衰變鏈中，因此只能以人工合成的方式生成。所有同位素皆為人造同位素的元素稱作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="人工合成元素">人工合成元素</a>或人造元素，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鑀">鑀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="鐨">鐨</a>等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發現史"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE.E5.8F.B2"></span>發現史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發現史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/220px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/330px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/440px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>居里夫婦及他們在巴黎的實驗室</figcaption></figure> <p>放射性是由法國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="亨利·贝克勒尔">亨利·贝克勒尔</a>在1896年研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89" title="磷光">磷光</a>材料時發現<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，磷光材料在暴露在日光下後，在黑暗中會發光，他認為<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射线</a>碰撞<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%A5%B5%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="陰極射線管">陰極射線管</a>後發出的光和磷光有關。他將照片底片捲在黑色紙張內．上面放置許多不同的磷光材料，一直到用<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>鹽時底片才有影像，即使底片被黑色紙張包覆在內．底片仍顯現出黑色的感光圖像。這種穿透性質的輻射被稱為「贝克勒尔射線」。 </p><p>後來很快就發現上述的感光和磷光無關．因為使用非磷光材料的鈾鹽甚至鈾金屬，也會有一樣的效果。因此推斷有一種不可見的輻射可以穿過黑色紙張，使底片感光而變黑。 </p><p>一開始人們認為這種輻射類似於剛發現的<a href="/wiki/X%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="X光">X光</a>。而贝克勒尔、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="保罗·维拉尔">保罗·维拉尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">瑪麗·居里</a>等人的研究發現這種輻射比X光複雜。卢瑟福是第一個發現具有這種輻射性質的元素會依循著指數形式衰減的人。卢瑟福和他的學生<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA" title="弗雷德里克·索迪">弗雷德里克·索迪</a>最早發現元素的衰變過程會使其原子<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AC%97%E5%8F%98" title="核嬗变">嬗变</a>成另一種元素的原子。隨後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA" title="弗雷德里克·索迪">弗雷德里克·索迪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8F%9A%E6%96%AF" title="卡西米爾·法揚斯">卡西米爾·法揚斯</a>提出<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索迪-法揚斯放射位移定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA-%E6%B3%95%E6%8F%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索迪-法揚斯放射位移定律（页面不存在）">索迪-法揚斯放射位移定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radioactive_displacement_law_of_Fajans_and_Soddy" class="extiw" title="en:radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy</span></a></span>）</span></span>，用於描述<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>及<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>的產物。 </p><p>早期的研究者也發現除了鈾之外，一些其他的化學元素也具有這種輻射性質，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="皮埃爾·居禮">皮埃爾·居禮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="瑪麗·居禮">瑪麗·居禮</a>發現<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">瀝青鈾礦</a>的輻射劑量遠高於理論值，因此推斷其中含有放射性遠強於鈾的未知元素，並經過反覆實驗後成功從中分離出兩種新元素：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">钋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">镭</a>。镭一方面具有放射性，而且化學性質類似<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鋇">鋇</a>，增加了分離的難度，瑪麗·居禮也因分離了這二種元素而獲得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>居禮夫婦對放射性的研究隊科學和醫學界有著重大影響。他們發現了釙和鐳之後，創造了「放射性」（radioactivity）<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一詞來定義這種重元素發射高能<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a>的性質<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（後來該詞的定義被擴展到所有元素）。他們對放射性的研究和鐳的發現開啟了使用鐳治療癌症的時代，不但是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="核技術">核能</a>的首個和平用途，更是現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a>的開端。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="放射性單位"><span id=".E6.94.BE.E5.B0.84.E6.80.A7.E5.96.AE.E4.BD.8D"></span>放射性單位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：放射性單位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactivity_and_radiation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png/220px-Radioactivity_and_radiation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png/330px-Radioactivity_and_radiation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Radioactivity_and_radiation.png/440px-Radioactivity_and_radiation.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>放射性和偵測到电离辐射之間的關係</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>（SI制）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性強度">放射性強度</a>單位為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="贝可勒尔">贝可勒尔</a>（Bq），得名自科學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·貝克勒尔</a>，1贝可勒尔定義為一秒有一個原子衰變。 </p><p>較早期放射性活度的單位為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">居里</a>（Ci），定義為其一克的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>226放射性活度。現在一居里定義為每秒<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7010370000000000000♠</span>3.7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup></span>個原子衰變，因此1 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">居里</a> （Ci） = <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7010370000000000000♠</span>3.7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> Bq</span>。在放射保護的應用上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="美国核能管理委员会">美国核能管理委员会</a>允許使用居里及国际单位制單位 <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲测量单位指令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European units of measurement directives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲测量单位指令（页面不存在）">欧洲测量单位指令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" class="extiw" title="en:European units of measurement directives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European units of measurement directives</span></a></span>）</span></span>要求在公共衛生方面，自1985年12月31日起不能使用居里單位<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="衰变"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E5.8F.98"></span>衰变</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：衰变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>放射性衰变是指不穩定的原子核放射出<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="电离辐射">電離輻射</a>並轉換其核子組成或能階的現象。放射性衰变通常都有一定的周期，并且一般不因物理或化学环境而改变，这也就是放射性可用于确定年代的原因。由於一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的衰變是自然地發生，即不能預知何時會發生，因此會以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>來表示。假設每顆原子衰變的機率大致相同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>為一小時的原子，一小時後其未衰變的原子會剩下原來的二分之一，兩小時後會是四分之一，三小時後會是八分之一。 </p><p>放射性衰变根據過程和產物的不同分為非常多種類型，某些原子的放射性衰變會生成另一種核種的原子，並釋放出<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>等粒子，在發生衰變後，處於激發態的原子還會釋出<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ射線</a>。每種放射性核種通常都有其固定的衰變模式，但有些核種有可能發生多種形式的衰變，稱為分支衰變（branching decay），例如鉀-40有89.28%的機率發生<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β<sup>-</sup>衰变</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="鈣">鈣</a>-40，10.72%發生<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">電子俘獲</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">氬</a>-40。 </p><p>通常衰變所生成的產物大多也帶有放射性，因此會進行一連串的衰變過程，直至該原子衰變成一穩定的核種，稱作<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>。但像<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>、鉀-40等核種則只會經過一次衰變便形成穩定核種，並不會一連串地發生衰變。 </p><p>衰變後的實物<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>靜止質量的總合會少於衰變前實物粒子靜止質量的總和，根據質能方程，<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>可以表現出<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>。當物體的能量增加E，其質量則增加E/C²，當物體的能量減少E，其質量也減少E/C²，如果一個原子核衰變後放出實物粒子，假設該原子核在衰變前相對於某一惯性參照物靜止，衰變後的新原子核和所放出的實物粒子相對於該慣性參照物運動，即對於該慣性參照物而言，新原子核和所放出的實物粒子具有動能，當新原子核或所放出的實物粒子與其他粒子發生碰撞，它便會失去能量。因此，衰變前和衰變後質量和能量都是守恆的，粒子的靜止質量則不守恆。如果該原子核放出<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>，同樣的，光子也具有質量，但沒有靜止質量。 </p><p>發生核衰變的放射性核種中，有的是在自然界中天然存在的，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>等，也有很多是經過粒子對撞等方法人工合成的核種，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-60" title="鈷-60">鈷-60</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D-99m" title="鎝-99m">鎝-99m</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衰变类型"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E5.8F.98.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>衰变类型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：衰变类型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>放射性原子核能以许多不同的形式进行衰变以使自身达到更稳定的状态，每種放射性核種均有其固定的衰變模式。下表中总结了主要的几种衰变类型。一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="质量数">质量数</a>为<i>A</i>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">原子序数</a>为<i>Z</i>的原子核在表中描述为（<i>A</i>, <i>Z</i>），“子核”一栏以这种描述方式指出母核衰变后产生的子核与母核的不同。例如，（<i>A</i> − 1，<i>Z</i> + 1）意为“子核质量数比母核少1（少一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>），而原子序数比母核多1（多一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">质子</a>）”。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#eee0e0" style="white-space: nowrap"> <th>代號</th> <th>衰变类型</th> <th>衰變模式</th> <th>子核</th> <th>例子 </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" colspan="5"><b>伴随核子发射的衰变类型：</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>α</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a></td> <td>原子核中放射出一个<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>（<i>A</i> = 4，<i>Z</i> = 2）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − 4，<i>Z</i> − 2）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">238<br />92</span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7-232" class="mw-redirect" title="釷-232"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">234<br />90</span>Th<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">4<br />2</span>He<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="质子发射">质子发射</a></td> <td>原子核中放射出一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">质子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>p<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − 1，<i>Z</i> − 1）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎦的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">151<br />71</span>Lu<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐿的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">150<br />70</span>Yb<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">p</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="中子发射">中子发射</a></td> <td>原子核中放射出一个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>n<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − 1，<i>Z</i>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈹的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">15<br />4</span>Be<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">14<br />4</span>Be<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> + <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2p</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双质子发射（页面不存在）">双质子发射</a></td> <td>原子核中<b>同时</b>放射出两个质子的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − 2，<i>Z</i> − 2）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐵的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">45<br />26</span>Fe<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉻的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">43<br />24</span>Cr<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + 2<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">p</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2n</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双中子发射（页面不存在）">双中子发射</a></td> <td>原子核中<b>同时</b>放射出两个中子的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − 2，<i>Z</i>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB-5" title="氫-5"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">5<br />1</span>H<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br />1</span>H<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a>+ 2<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="自发裂变">自发裂变</a></td> <td>原子核自发地<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核分裂">分裂</a>成两个或多个较小的原子核及其他粒子的衰变类型</td> <td>隨機</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋦的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">250<br />96</span>Cm<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碲的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">130<br />52</span>Te<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%95%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釕的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">120<br />44</span>Ru<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CD</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">簇衰變</a></td> <td>原子核放射出一簇特定类型的较小的原子核或其他粒子（<i>A</i><sub>1</sub>，<i>Z</i><sub>1</sub>，比α粒子大，但比自发裂变的子核小）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i> − <i>A</i><sub>1</sub>，<i>Z</i> − <i>Z</i><sub>1</sub>）+ （<i>A</i><sub>1</sub>，<i>Z</i><sub>1</sub>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐳的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">223<br />88</span>Ra<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉛的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">209<br />82</span>Pb<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">14<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" colspan="5"><b>各种<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a>类型：</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>-</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β<sup>-</sup>衰变</a></td> <td>原子核中放射出一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span>）和一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反電中微子">反电中微子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span>）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> + 1）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-32" title="磷-32"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">32<br />15</span>P<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硫的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">32<br />16</span>S<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> </a> + <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9B%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="反電中微子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β<sup>+</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">正电子发射</a>（β<sup>+</sup>衰变）</td> <td>原子核中放射出一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子">正电子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span>）和一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子">电中微子</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span>）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> − 1）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-11" title="碳-11"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">11<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硼的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">11<br />5</span>B<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span> </a> + <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EC、ε</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">电子俘获</a></td> <td>原子核吸收一个轨道电子并放射出一个电中微子的衰变类型（衰变后的原子核以不稳定激发态的形式存在）</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> − 1）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錳的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">53<br />25</span>Mn<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> </a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉻的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">53<br />24</span>Cr<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="电中微子"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2β<sup>-</sup>、β<sup>-</sup>β<sup>-</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="双β衰变">双β<sup>-</sup>衰变</a></td> <td>原子核中放射出两个电子和两个反电中微子的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> + 2）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碲的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">130<br />52</span>Te<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氙的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">130<br />54</span>Xe<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + 2<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> + 2<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2β<sup>+</sup>、β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="双β衰变">双正电子发射</a>（双β<sup>+</sup>衰变）</td> <td>原子核中放射出两个正电子和两个电中微子的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> − 2）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DEC、εε</td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双电子俘获" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Double electron capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双电子俘获（页面不存在）">双电子俘获</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_electron_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Double electron capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Double electron capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <td>原子核吸收两个轨道电子并放射出两个电中微子的衰变类型（衰变后的原子核以不稳定激发态的形式存在）</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i> − 2）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋇的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">130<br />56</span>Ba<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + 2<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">130<br />54</span>Xe<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> + 2<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" colspan="5"><b>同种原子核间的转换：</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>γ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ衰變">γ衰變</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%8F%91%E6%80%81" title="激发态">激发态</a>原子核放射出高能<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>）的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎳的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">60<br />28</span>Ni<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a><sup>*</sup> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">60<br />28</span>Ni<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> + <a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IT</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="同质异能跃迁">同质异能跃迁</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="亚稳态">亚稳态</a>原子核（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E7%B4%A0" title="核同质异能素">核同质异能素</a>）放射出高能<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>）的衰变类型，即半衰期較長（10<sup>−9</sup>秒以上）的γ衰變</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D-99m" title="鎝-99m"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">99m<br />43</span>Tc<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎝的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">99<br />43</span>Tc<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> + <a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IC</td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內轉換" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internal conversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內轉換（页面不存在）">內轉換</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion" class="extiw" title="en:Internal conversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internal conversion</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <td>激发态原子核将能量转移至轨道电子上，轨道电子再脱离原子的衰变类型</td> <td>（<i>A</i>，<i>Z</i>）</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%88%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉈的同位素"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">203<br />81</span>Tl<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a><sup>*</sup> → <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">203<br />81</span>Tl<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> + 內轉換電子 + <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="特性X射線">特性X射線</a> + <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%AD%87%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="俄歇电子">俄歇电子</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="天然辐射的来源"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E7.84.B6.E8.BE.90.E5.B0.84.E7.9A.84.E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>天然辐射的来源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：天然辐射的来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自然界中的放射線是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="天然放射性核種">天然放射性核種</a>所放射出，而天然放射性核種有以下四種可能的來源： </p> <ul><li>原始放射性核種：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primordial nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始核種（页面不存在）">原始核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Primordial nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primordial nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>是指在地球起源时就存在于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中的核種，大多是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸的過程中產生，包括所有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="穩定核種">穩定核種</a>和一些半衰期極長的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性核種">放射性核種</a>，其中一些核種的半衰期甚至長達<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">宇宙年齡</a>的數倍，因此直到近年來才檢測出其放射性。地殼中的原始放射性核種经歷數十億年的长久地质年代，母、子体之间已达到平衡，其中最重的三種核種在地殼中的衰變過程組成了現今自然界中三條最主要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>，分別是以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238"><sup>238</sup>U</a>为母体的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="铀衰变链">铀系</a>、以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235"><sup>235</sup>U</a>为母体的<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="锕衰变链">锕系</a>和以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7-232" class="mw-redirect" title="釷-232"><sup>232</sup>Th</a>为母体的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="钍衰变链">钍系</a>，这三條衰變鏈的初始核種具有极长的半衰期，且衰變的終點都是<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>的穩定同位素。除了以上三種核種外，其他代表性的原始放射性核種還包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40"><sup>40</sup>K</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99-48" title="钙-48"><sup>48</sup>Ca</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B-209" title="铋-209"><sup>209</sup>Bi</a>等，總共約34種。</li> <li>次生天然放射性核種：為上述原始放射性核種的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰變產物</a>。它們的半衰期通常較短，但由於處在自然界的三大衰變鏈中，因此能不斷地作為衰變產物生成。例子包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%99" class="mw-redirect" title="釙">釙</a>等的天然同位素。由於它們的半衰期較短，單位時間內的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B4%BB%E5%BA%A6" title="放射性活度">放射劑量</a>較大，因此礦場和地下室的放射性危害通常是由這些短壽命核種造成的。</li> <li>宇生放射性核種：來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="外太空">外太空</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射线">宇宙射线</a>與地球上的物質發生碰撞（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82" title="宇宙射線散裂">宇宙射線散裂</a>）後會產生許多新的核種，稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇生核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmogenic nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇生核種（页面不存在）">宇生核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmogenic nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cosmogenic nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>，包括穩定核種和放射性核種。代表性的宇生放射性核種包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚"><sup>3</sup>H</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14"><sup>14</sup>C</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-32" title="磷-32"><sup>32</sup>P</a>等。</li> <li>核生成放射性核種：地球上的原子發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="自发分裂">自發分裂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E7%8D%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中子捕獲">中子捕獲</a>等作用後也能產生各種穩定核種和放射性核種，稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核生成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nucleogenic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核生成（页面不存在）">核生成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleogenic" class="extiw" title="en:Nucleogenic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nucleogenic</span></a></span>）</span></span>核種。例如自然界中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鎝-99" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technetium-99"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%9D-99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎝-99（页面不存在）"><sup>99</sup>Tc</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99" class="extiw" title="en:Technetium-99"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technetium-99</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>等放射性核種主要是由核生成作用所產生。</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/235px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/353px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg/471px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> α粒子的穿透力最小，一张纸可挡住。β粒子可由<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>片屏蔽。γ射線穿透力強，必须使用实质性的障碍，例如一层非常厚的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a>，但仍然未能完全阻挡<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="放射性的用途"><span id=".E6.94.BE.E5.B0.84.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>放射性的用途</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：放射性的用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>医学</b>：<a href="/wiki/X%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="X光">X光</a>檢查、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>電疗</li> <li><b>矿业</b>：放射性<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E7%9F%BF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="选矿工程">选矿</a></li> <li><b>工业</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電">發電</a>、探测焊接点和金属铸件的裂縫、工業<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="生產線">生產線</a>上的自動<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="品質控制">品質控制</a>系統、量度<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%8D%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="電鍍">電鍍</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C" title="薄膜">薄膜</a>的厚度、消除<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="靜電">靜電</a></li> <li><b>农业</b>：知道<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料">肥料</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="吸收">吸收</a>及流失</li> <li><b>考古</b>：鑑定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%A9" title="古物">古物</a>所屬的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="年代">年代</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a>）</li> <li><b>其他</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣">大氣</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E7%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="核試爆">核試爆</a>、夜光手錶、煙火感應器、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="螢光">螢光</a>指示牌、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%93%81" title="藝術品">藝術品</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關的警告標誌"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E7.9A.84.E8.AD.A6.E5.91.8A.E6.A8.99.E8.AA.8C"></span>相關的警告標誌</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：相關的警告標誌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="三葉形符號警告有電離輻射"><img alt="三葉形符號警告有電離輻射" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/138px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/207px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/276px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">三葉形符號警告有電離輻射</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_iso_radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2007 針對IAEA1-3級的ISO輻射危險符號，可能會造成死亡或嚴重傷害的放射源[15]"><img alt="2007 針對IAEA1-3級的ISO輻射危險符號，可能會造成死亡或嚴重傷害的放射源[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/145px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/217px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Logo_iso_radiation.svg/290px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2007 針對IAEA1-3級的ISO輻射危險符號，可能會造成死亡或嚴重傷害的放射源<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dangclass7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="輻射物質的危險物質運送標誌（II 级黄放射性物质）"><img alt="輻射物質的危險物質運送標誌（II 级黄放射性物质）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dangclass7.svg/120px-Dangclass7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dangclass7.svg/180px-Dangclass7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dangclass7.svg/240px-Dangclass7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">輻射物質的危險物質運送標誌（II 级黄放射性物质）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="放射性物質管理区域"><img alt="放射性物質管理区域" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg/150px-%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg/225px-%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg/300px-%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">放射性物質管理区域</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No,4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一半ISO垃圾箱准备运输"><img alt="一半ISO垃圾箱准备运输" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg/150px-Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg/225px-Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg/300px-Half_ISO_Waste_containers_ready_for_transport_No%2C4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="2470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一半ISO垃圾箱准备运输</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:核技术">核技术主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">核裂变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="核能">核能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伽馬射線">伽馬射线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="人工合成元素">人工合成元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="背景輻射">背景輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="切尔诺贝利核事故">車諾比核事故</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核放射事故列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核放射事故列表（页面不存在）">核放射事故列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">核工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="核子動力">核子動力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="泊松过程">泊松过程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線療法">放射線療法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="放射性污染">放射性污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" title="希沃特积分">希沃特积分</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">蔡嘉一，《輻射安全》，第1頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-魏明通2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-魏明通2005_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">魏明通. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S8wRoI6d4T0C&pg=PA191">核化學</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3632-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3632-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3632-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E6%98%8E%E9%80%9A&rft.btitle=%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3632-5&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8wRoI6d4T0C%26pg%3DPA191&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radiochemistry-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">葉錫溶蔡長書. 放射化學（第二版）. 台灣台北縣: 新文京開發出版股份有限公司. 2008-03-26. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-150-830-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-150-830-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-150-830-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E8%91%89%E9%8C%AB%E6%BA%B6+%E8%94%A1%E9%95%B7%E6%9B%B8&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-150-830-6&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E4%BA%AC%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroductionToHealthPhysics-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IntroductionToHealthPhysics_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stabin, Michael G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/1105894">3</a>. Stabin, Michael G (编). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing（页面不存在）">Springer</a>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-09-15</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-387-49982-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-387-49982-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-387-49982-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-49983-3"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419203044/http://cds.cern.ch/record/1105894">存档</a>于2020-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.atitle=3&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft.aulast=Stabin&rft.btitle=Radiation+Protection+and+Dosimetry%3A+An+Introduction+to+Health+Physics&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-387-49982-6&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1105894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-49983-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadiationOncologyPrimer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RadiationOncologyPrimer_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Best, Lara; Rodrigues, George; Velker, Vikram. 1.3. Radiation Oncology Primer and Review. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demos_Medical_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demos Medical Publishing（页面不存在）">Demos Medical Publishing</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-62070-004-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-62070-004-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-62070-004-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.atitle=1.3&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+George&rft.au=Velker%2C+Vikram&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft.aulast=Best&rft.btitle=Radiation+Oncology+Primer+and+Review&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-62070-004-4&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_T._Seaborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn T. Seaborg（页面不存在）">Seaborg, G.T.</a> Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. 2006: 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005mnc..book.....L"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2005mnc..book.....L</span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-11532-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-11532-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-471-11532-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+D.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.T.&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.btitle=Modern+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-11532-8&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005mnc..book.....L&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-konya74-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-konya74_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Konya, Jozsef. Nuclear and Radiochemistry. Elsevier. 2012: 74. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780123914873" title="Special:网络书源/9780123914873"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780123914873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.aufirst=Jozsef&rft.aulast=Konya&rft.btitle=Nuclear+and+Radiochemistry&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780123914873&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mould, Richard F. A century of x-rays and radioactivity in medicine : with emphasis on photographic records of the early years Reprint. with minor corr. Bristol: Inst. of Physics Publ. 1995: 12. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780750302241" title="Special:网络书源/9780750302241"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780750302241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.aulast=Mould&rft.btitle=A+century+of+x-rays+and+radioactivity+in+medicine+%3A+with+emphasis+on+photographic+records+of+the+early+years&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=Reprint.+with+minor+corr&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780750302241&rft.pages=12&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Inst.+of+Physics+Publ.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/trag2.htm">Marie Curie – Scandal and Recovery (1910–1913) Part 2</a>. American Institute of Physics. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2011]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912055708/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/trag2.htm">存档</a>于2011-09-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Scandal+and+Recovery+%281910%E2%80%931913%29+Part+2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fcurie%2Ftrag2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">L'Annunziata, Michael F. Radioactivity: Introduction and History. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. 2007: 2. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780080548883" title="Special:网络书源/9780080548883"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780080548883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.aulast=L%27Annunziata&rft.btitle=Radioactivity%3A+Introduction+and+History&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780080548883&rft.pages=2&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry0008petr">General chemistry</a> 8th. Prentice Hall. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry0008petr/page/1025">1025</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-014329-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-014329-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-014329-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.au=Harwood%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.btitle=General+chemistry&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-014329-4&rft.pages=1025&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry0008petr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1005.html">10 CFR 20.1005</a>. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-12-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208215636/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1005.html">存档</a>于2015-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.btitle=10+CFR+20.1005&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=US+Nuclear+Regulatory+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freading-rm%2Fdoc-collections%2Fcfr%2Fpart020%2Fpart020-1005.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Council of the European Communities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L0181:EN:NOT">Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC</a>. 1979-12-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019203221/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L0181:EN:NOT">存档</a>于2013-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.au=The+Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+80%2F181%2FEEC+of+20+December+1979+on+the+approximation+of+the+laws+of+the+Member+States+relating+to+Unit+of+measurement+and+on+the+repeal+of+Directive+71%2F354%2FEEC&rft.date=1979-12-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31980L0181%3AEN%3ANOT&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/power/nuclear_phy02_c.html">放射性與輻射</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-11-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170244/http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/power/nuclear_phy02_c.html">存档</a>于2016-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk-phy.org%2Fenergy%2Fpower%2Fnuclear_phy02_c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2007/radiationsymbol.html">IAEA news release Feb 2007</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-11-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075115/http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2007/radiationsymbol.html">存档</a>于2007-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&rft.btitle=IAEA+news+release+Feb+2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fnewscenter%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fradiationsymbol.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/contentc.htm">香港天文台</a> （<a rel="nofollow" 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原子核结构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear structure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原子核结构（页面不存在）">原子核结构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_structure" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear structure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear structure</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="核反应">核反应</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">核模型</a>和稳定性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%BB%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="液滴模型">液滴模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="核殼層模型">核殼層模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中子-质子比率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neutron–proton ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90-%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中子-质子比率（页面不存在）">中子-质子比率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Neutron–proton ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neutron–proton ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E6%BB%B4%E7%BA%BF" title="原子核滴线">原子核滴线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="稳定岛">稳定岛</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CNO_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-160px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-240px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-320px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a>分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">質子數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8F%E7%B4%A0" title="同量素">同量素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%A0" title="同中子素">同中子素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="中子數">中子數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E7%B4%A0" title="核同质异能素">核同质异能素</a>（有相同的質子數及中子數，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="能階">核能態</a>不同）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="镜像核" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mirror nuclei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%9C%E5%83%8F%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镜像核（页面不存在）">镜像核</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_nuclei" class="extiw" title="en:Mirror nuclei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mirror nuclei</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">衰變過程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">尋常衰變</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">正电子发射</a>（β<sup>+</sup>衰变）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">电子俘获</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="伽瑪衰變">γ衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="伽马射线">γ射线</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊衰變</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84" title="中子發射">中子發射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="质子发射">质子发射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="雙β衰變">雙β衰變</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双电子俘获" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Double electron capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双电子俘获（页面不存在）">双电子俘获</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_electron_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Double electron capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Double electron capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">簇衰变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內转换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internal conversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內转换（页面不存在）">內转换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion" class="extiw" title="en:Internal conversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internal conversion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="同质异能跃迁">同质异能跃迁</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰变产物</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">捕獲過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">电子俘获</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘获</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="质子俘获" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proton capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="质子俘获（页面不存在）">质子俘获</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Proton capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proton capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="R過程">r過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="S過程">s過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="P過程">p過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="Rp過程">rp過程</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">分裂</a>過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發分裂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散裂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spallation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散裂（页面不存在）">散裂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallation" class="extiw" title="en:Spallation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spallation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82" title="宇宙射線散裂">宇宙射線散裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%87%B4%E8%9B%BB%E8%AE%8A" title="光致蛻變">光致蛻變</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="核合成">核合成</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%9D%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="太初核合成">太初核合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E2%80%94%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="質子—質子鏈反應">質子—質子鏈反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="氦融合">氦融合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%A0%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="氦核作用">氦核作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="碳聚变">碳燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="超新星核合成">超新星核合成</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千新星核合成（页面不存在）">千新星核合成</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:核物理學家">核物理學家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">汉斯·贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·贝可勒尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%AD%99" title="克林顿·戴维孙">克林顿·戴维孙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9B%B7%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="伊雷娜·约里奥-居里">伊雷娜·约里奥-居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·费米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="罗伯特·奥本海默">罗伯特·奥本海默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森">约瑟夫·汤姆孙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="愛德華·泰勒">愛德華·泰勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="欧内斯特·劳伦斯">欧内斯特·劳伦斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%89%E6%B3%BD%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="莉泽·迈特纳">莉泽·迈特纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%81%A9" title="奥托·哈恩">奥托·哈恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="爱德华·珀塞尔">爱德华·珀塞尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="欧内斯特·沃尔顿">欧内斯特·沃尔顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E9%A5%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·考克饶夫">约翰·考克饶夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="弗里茨·施特拉斯曼">弗里茨·施特拉斯曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E8%8A%AC%E7%89%B9" title="马克·奥利芬特">马克·奥利芬特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:原子核物理学">原子核物理学分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output 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title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Radiation" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Radiation"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="輻射（物理與健康）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>（物理與健康）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主文章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="非游離輻射">非游離輻射</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%9B" title="聲放射力">聲放射力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光">可见光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="无线电">無線電波</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="背景輻射">背景輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%B7%9A" title="宇宙線">宇宙射線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="伽马射线">γ射线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">核分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核融合</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">放射性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性核素">放射性同位素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射线</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%94%B6%E6%94%AF" title="地球能量收支">地球輻射平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="熱輻射">熱輻射</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">輻射與健康</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="保健物理">保健物理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輻射劑量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dosimetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8A%91%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻射劑量學（页面不存在）">輻射劑量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosimetry" class="extiw" title="en:Dosimetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dosimetry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="电磁辐射对健康的危害">電磁輻射與健康</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷射安全性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laser safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷射安全性（页面不存在）">雷射安全性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safety" class="extiw" title="en:Laser safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laser safety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷射與航空安全性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lasers and aviation safety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E8%88%87%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷射與航空安全性（页面不存在）">雷射與航空安全性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasers_and_aviation_safety" class="extiw" title="en:Lasers and aviation safety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lasers and aviation safety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫學X射線攝影術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medical radiography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫學X射線攝影術（页面不存在）">醫學X射線攝影術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="extiw" title="en:Medical radiography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medical radiography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3" title="移动电话辐射对健康的危害">移动电话辐射对健康的危害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87" title="急性辐射综合症">急性辐射综合症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放射性與生命科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radioactivity in the life sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性與生命科學（页面不存在）">放射性與生命科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Radioactivity in the life sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radioactivity in the life sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="放射性污染">放射性污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="放射生物學">放射生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97" title="西弗">生物劑量單位和數量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無線電子設備與健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wireless electronic devices and health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E8%88%87%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無線電子設備與健康（页面不存在）">無線電子設備與健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Wireless electronic devices and health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wireless electronic devices and health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關文章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%BA%90" title="放射源">放射源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抗輻射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radiation hardening"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗輻射（页面不存在）">抗輻射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hardening" class="extiw" title="en:Radiation hardening"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radiation hardening</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民用輻射事故列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of civilian radiation accidents"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E7%94%A8%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民用輻射事故列表（页面不存在）">民用輻射事故列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" class="extiw" title="en:List of civilian radiation accidents"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of civilian radiation accidents</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">另请参见“<a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D" title="Category:辐射影响">Category:辐射影响</a>”“<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="Category:放射性">Category:放射性</a>”和“<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:放射生物学">Category:放射生物学</a>”。</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11448#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radioactivité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radioactivité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048198-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558201405171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radioactivity"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110661">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563513">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="radioaktivita"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124974&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300221151">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640985">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=放射性&oldid=84936574#衰变">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=放射性&oldid=84936574#衰变</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:放射線學">放射線學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="Category:放射性">放射性</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" 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