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id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 性质 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 化学性质 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化学性质子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-存在" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#存在"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 存在 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-存在-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-历史用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 历史用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-发光颜料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发光颜料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 发光颜料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发光颜料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-商业用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#商业用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 商业用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-商业用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-医药用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#医药用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 医药用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-医药用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 生产 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 现代应用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-危害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 危害 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-危害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 註解 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 参考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 参考书目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">镭</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。152种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" > 152种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ራዲየም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu_(elementu)" title="Radiu (elementu) – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="رادیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Радый – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Рад (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рад (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রেডিয়াম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རེ་ཌིམ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རེ་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(element)" title="Radi (element) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radi (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2i_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕادیۆم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕادیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiwm" title="Radiwm – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Radiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ράδιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="رادیم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidiam" title="Raidiam – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રેડિયમ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadjum" title="Raadjum – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Raadjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רדיום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%B2m" title="Radyòm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռադիում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C3%ADn" title="Radín – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Radín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Radio (elemento chimico) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ラジウム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dircyjinme" title="dircyjinme – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dircyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რადიუმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Radɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Radɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="라듐 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%BBm" title="Radyûm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Radyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element_chimich)" title="Radio (element chimich) – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radis" title="Radis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dijs" title="Rādijs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rādijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuruke" title="Konuruke – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konuruke" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റേഡിയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရေဒီယမ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(pierwiastek)" title="Rad (pierwiastek) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rad (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element)" title="Radio (element) – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Radio (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ریڈیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راډيوم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Rádio (elemento químico) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio (elemento químico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratyu_q%27illay" title="Ratyu q'illay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratyu q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu) – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijum" title="Radijum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadhiyaam" title="Raadhiyaam – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raadhiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumi" title="Radiumi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радијум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(elementi)" title="Radi (elementi) – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Radi (elementi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரேடியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரேடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రేడియం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เรเดียม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyum" title="Radyum – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رادىي – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رادىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Радій – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiy" title="Radiy – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ראדיום – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiomu" title="Radiomu – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Radiomu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmSebembi" title="UmSebembi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmSebembi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%95%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鋇">鋇</a> ↑ 鐳 ↓ (<a href="/wiki/Ubn" title="Ubn">Ubn</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%85" class="mw-redirect" title="鍅">鍅</a> ← 鐳 → <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="錒">錒</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">銀白色金屬 <a href="/wiki/File:Radium226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/250px-Radium226.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/375px-Radium226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/500px-Radium226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="522" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">鐳（Radium）·Ra·88</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼土金屬">鹼土金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/2%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="2族元素">2</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a>·<a href="/wiki/S%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="S区元素">s</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[226]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a>] 7s2 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="鐳的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2）"><img alt="鐳的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_088_Radium_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>鐳的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃爾·居里</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="瑪麗·居里">瑪麗·居里</a>（1898年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">分離</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">瑪麗·居里（1902年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 5.5 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">973 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，700 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，1292 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a>（有争议，<a href="#性质">见下</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2010 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，1737 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，3158.6 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">8.5 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">113 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>819 </td> <td>906 </td> <td>1037 </td> <td>1209 </td> <td>1446 </td> <td>1799 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2（強<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼性">鹼性</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.9（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：509.3 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：979.0 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">221±2 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="范德华半径">范德华半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">283 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>鐳的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">面心立方</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">無磁性</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）1 µ Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">18.6 W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-14-4">7440-14-4</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffdead; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_radium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox radium isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_radium_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox radium isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_radium_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox radium isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐳的同位素">鐳的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">223Ra </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">11.43 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.979 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-219" class="mw-redirect" title="氡-219">219Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">CD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">31.829 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B-209" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛-209">209Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">224Ra </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">3.632 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.789 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-220" class="mw-redirect" title="氡-220">220Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">CD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">30.535 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85-210" class="mw-redirect" title="铅-210">210Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">225Ra </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">14.82 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5" title="日">天</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.356 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92-225" title="錒-225">225Ac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">226Ra </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">1600 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">4.871 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">222Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">CD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">28.196 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85-212" class="mw-redirect" title="铅-212">212Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">228Ra </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">5.75 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.046 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92-228" class="mw-redirect" title="錒-228">228Ac</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>镭</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">léi</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>（法語：Radium；舊譯鈤<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a>、銧），是一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>。其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Ra，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为88。鐳是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">2A族</a>中最重的元素，是一種銀白色有光澤的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼土金屬">鹼土金屬</a>，在空气中會迅速和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氮气">氮气</a>（而非<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>）反应，形成黑色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氮化镭">氮化镭</a>（Ra3N2）。<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="镭的同位素">镭的同位素</a>均有强放射性，其中以<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD-226" class="mw-redirect" title="镭-226">镭-226</a>最为稳定，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>為1600年，會<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a>成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">氡-222</a>。镭衰变时会产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="游离辐射">游离辐射</a>，可以激发<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89" title="荧光">荧光</a>物质，导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辐射发光（页面不存在）">辐射发光</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radioluminescence" class="extiw" title="en:radioluminescence">radioluminescence</a>）。 1898年，镭以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氯化镭">氯化镭</a>的形式由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="化学元素发现年表">发现</a>。二人从<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">沥青铀矿</a>中提取镭化合物，五天后在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法国科学院">法国科学院</a>发表成果。镭<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>则是玛丽·居里和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="安德烈-路易·德比埃尔内">安德烈-路易·德比埃尔内</a>通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="电解">电解</a>氯化镭，于1911年分离出的。<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> 在自然界中，镭可以在<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>矿和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">钍</a>矿中做為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰變產物</a>痕量生成，但每吨<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">沥青铀矿</a>中只有七分之一克镭。镭对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元素的生物作用（页面不存在）">生物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_roles_of_the_elements" class="extiw" title="en:Biological roles of the elements">Biological roles of the elements</a>）并非必需，且由于其放射性和反应性，进入生物体内可能危害健康。目前镭除了用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a>以外基本没有商业用途。镭曾在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辐射发光（页面不存在）">辐射发光</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radioluminescence" class="extiw" title="en:radioluminescence">radioluminescence</a>）装置中用作放射源，也有“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%B8%E5%8C%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性庸医（页面不存在）">放射性庸医</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_quackery" class="extiw" title="en:Radioactive quackery">Radioactive quackery</a>）”利用其所谓的治疗能力。如今，镭的毒性已经广为人知，镭治疗因此不再流行，辐射发光设备也转用较安全的同位素。 镭的放射線能够致<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">癌</a>（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="鐳女郎">鐳女郎</a>屬於較廣為人知的例子），但也能够治療癌症，可以做成針狀進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="近距离治疗">近距离治疗</a>。<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="性质">性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：性质">编辑</a>]</div> 镭是已知最重的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">碱土金属</a>，也是唯一的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>碱土金属。它的物理和化学性质与<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B1%BB%E7%89%A9" title="同类物">同类物</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">钡</a>最接近。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-4">[3]</a> 纯镭为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7" title="金属活动性">活泼</a>金属，色泽为银白色，与同族的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">锶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">钡</a>不同（三者均为淡黄色）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-4">[3]</a>镭在空气中會迅速褪色，形成黑色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氮化镭">氮化镭</a>（Ra3N2）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a>镭的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>为700 °C（1,292 °F）或960 °C（1,760 °F）<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a> 1,737 °C（3,159 °F）。这两个数值都低于钡，符合碱土金属的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B" title="元素周期律">元素周期律</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Lide2004-7">[5]</a>类似钡和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">碱金属</a>，镭在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="标准情况">标准情况</a>下的晶体结构是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">立方晶系</a>，其中的镭-镭距离是514.8<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">皮米</a>。<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a>镭的密度是5.5 g/cm3，高于钡，符合元素周期律。由于镭和钡的晶体结构相似，<a href="#cite_note-Young-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a>镭和钡的密度比与镭和钡的原子质量比类似。<a href="#cite_note-Young-9">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同位素">同位素</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="镭的同位素">镭的同位素</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decay_chain(4n%2B2,_Uranium_series)_zh-hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg/280px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg/420px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg/560px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29_zh-hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>238U的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰变链</a>，经过226Ra</figcaption></figure> 镭有33种同位素，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>介于202和234之间，均有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-11">[9]</a>其中有五种同位素存在于自然界，分别是存在于<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="锕衰变链">錒衰变链</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD-223&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镭-223（页面不存在）">223Ra</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>11.4天），存在于<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="铀衰变链">铀衰变链</a>中的226Ra（半衰期1600年），存在于<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="钍衰变链">钍衰变链</a>中的224Ra（半衰期3.64天）和228Ra（半衰期5.75年），<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.3-12">[10]</a>以及存在于<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="镎衰变链">镎衰变链</a>中的225Ra（半衰期15天）。<a href="#cite_note-4n1-13">[11]</a>它们的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>远远短于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原生核素（页面不存在）">原生核素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:primordial nuclide">primordial nuclide</a>），因此只能以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰变产物</a>的形式存在。其它同位素都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造同位素</a>，半衰期都比两小时短，大部分比一分钟还短。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-11">[9]</a>镭还有12种<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同核異構體">同核异构体</a>，其中205mRa最为稳定，半衰期为180毫秒，但仍低于24种<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%80%81" title="基态">基态</a>镭同位素。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-11">[9]</a> 放射性研究刚起步时，镭的各同位素得名各不相同：223Ra被称为锕X（AcX）、224Ra被称为钍X（ThX）、226Ra被称为镭（Ra）、而228Ra被称为间钍1（MsTh1）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.3-12">[10]</a>随着人们发现这些“元素”是同一元素的不同核素，便将它们统称为“镭”，其它别名逐渐废止。一些镭-226衰变产物曾用含“镭”的命名，编号从镭A到镭G，字母表示核素离226Ra的远近。其中，镭射气 = 222Rn、镭A = 218Po、镭B = 214Pb、镭C = 214Bi、镭C1 = 214Po、镭C2 = 210Tl、镭D = 210Pb、镭E = 210Bi、镭F = 210Po 、镭G = 206Pb。<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> 226Ra是镭最稳定的同位素，也是铀衰变链中最后一种半衰期超过一千年的核素，几乎组成了所有的天然镭。226Ra衰变产物是放射性<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">惰性气体</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>同位素<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">222Rn</a>，是环境中镭危害的主要来源。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a>镭的半衰期短，导致其放射性是等量的天然铀（大多由<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">铀-238</a>组成）的270万倍。<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> 金属镭样本会放出<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>，使其温度高于周围环境。天然镭（主要是226Ra）主要发射α粒子，<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="铀衰变链">铀衰变链</a>中的其它步骤会发射α或β粒子，而几乎所有步骤都会放出γ射线。<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> 2013年，人们发现镭-224的原子核呈梨形，为首次发现不对称原子核。<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化学性质">化学性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：化学性质">编辑</a>]</div> 类似钡，镭是一种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学反应性（页面不存在）">化学反应性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reactivity_(chemistry)" class="extiw" title="en:reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity (chemistry)</a>）很高的金属，氧化态通常为+2。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a>镭在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液">水溶液</a>中形成Ra2+ <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="阳离子">阳离子</a>，无色、有强<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="碱性">碱性</a>，不形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">配合物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a>大部分镭化合物是简单的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="离子化合物">离子化合物</a>，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a>尽管由于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="相对论效应">相对论效应</a>，6s 和6p 电子（还有7s价电子）也会参与成键，增加镭化合物（例如 Ra<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a>2 和Ra<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a>2）的共价性。<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-20">[18]</a>因此，半反应Ra2+ (aq) + 2e− → Ra (s) 的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF" title="标准电极电势">标准电极电势</a>为−2.916 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">V</a>，略低于钡的−2.92 V，违反了碱土金属之前平稳下降的标准电极电势（Ca −2.84 V、Sr −2.89 V、Ba −2.92 V）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-21">[19]</a>钡和镭的标准电极电势与较重的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">碱金属</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">铷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">铯</a>几乎相同。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化合物">化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：化合物">编辑</a>]</div> 镭离子没有颜色，所以镭化合物呈白色。但由于镭<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="辐射分解">辐射分解</a>，镭化合物久置会变黄变暗。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a>不溶的镭化合物可以和所有钡化合物、大部分<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">锶</a>化合物和大部分<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a>化合物<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共沉淀（页面不存在）">共沉淀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprecipitation" class="extiw" title="en:Coprecipitation">Coprecipitation</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8-22">[20]</a> 尽管氧化物是其他碱土金属的常见化合物，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氧化镭">氧化镭</a>（RaO）被发现后尚未得到很好的表征。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="氢氧化镭">氢氧化镭</a>（Ra(OH)2）是最易溶的碱土金属氢氧化物，碱性比对应的钡化合物——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A1" title="氢氧化钡">氢氧化钡</a>更强。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a>氢氧化镭比<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%94%95" title="氢氧化锕">氢氧化锕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8D" title="氢氧化钍">氢氧化钍</a>更易溶，三者可以通过以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>沉淀来分离。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氯化镭">氯化镭</a> (RaCl2) 是一种发光的白色化合物，会因镭的<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a>辐射分解变黄。少量的钡杂质会使其变成玫瑰色。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a>易溶于水，溶解度低于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="氯化钡">氯化钡</a>，并且随<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>浓度的增加而降低。在水溶液中结晶氯化镭会产生RaCl2·2H2O，其结构类似水合氯化钡。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="溴化镭">溴化镭</a> (RaBr2) 也是一种发光的白色化合物，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a>在水中的溶解度比氯化镭高。类似氯化镭，在水中结晶溴化镭会产生 RaBr2·2H2O，结构类似对应的钡化合物。溴化镭放出的电离辐射会激发空气中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氮气">氮气</a>分子，使其发光。镭放出的<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>会迅速得到两个电子形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氦气">氦气</a>，在晶体内部积聚并削弱晶体结构、有时导致晶体破裂甚至爆炸。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD" title="硝酸镭">硝酸镭</a>（Ra(NO3)2）呈白色，可以由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD" title="碳酸镭">碳酸镭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>反应而得。随着硝酸浓度的增加，硝酸镭的溶解度会降低，这是镭化学提纯的重要特性。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">[21]</a> 镭有很多类似钡的不溶化合物：镭的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD" title="硫酸镭">硫酸盐</a>（RaSO4，已知最难溶的硫酸盐）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%AC%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铬酸镭（页面不存在）">铬酸盐</a>（RaCrO4）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD" title="碳酸镭">碳酸盐</a>（RaCO3）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD" title="碘酸镭">碘酸盐</a>（Ra(IO3)2）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%9F%E9%93%8D%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四氟铍酸镭（页面不存在）">四氟铍酸盐</a>（RaBeF4）和硝酸盐（Ra(NO3)2）都不溶于水。除了碳酸盐，它们的溶解度都比对应的钡化合物低。此外，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷酸镭（页面不存在）">磷酸镭</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%89%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="草酸镭（页面不存在）">草酸镭</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%95%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚硫酸镭（页面不存在）">亚硫酸镭</a>可能也是不溶的，因为它们会和对应的钡盐<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共沉淀（页面不存在）">共沉淀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprecipitation" class="extiw" title="en:Coprecipitation">Coprecipitation</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8–9-24">[22]</a>硫酸镭的溶解度极低（在20°C下，一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a>水只能溶解2.1毫克硫酸镭），意味着它是生物危险性较低的镭化合物。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.12-25">[23]</a>Ra2+巨大的离子半径（148 pm）导致在pH值不高的环境下不易形成配合物，也难以提取。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="存在">存在</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：存在">编辑</a>]</div> 所有镭同位素的半衰期都远小于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" class="mw-redirect" title="地球的年龄">地球的年龄</a>，所以原生的镭早已衰变殆尽。今天存在于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%95%AD%E4%B8%8E%E6%B0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境中的镭与氡（页面不存在）">环境中的镭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" class="extiw" title="en:Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a>）都是铀和钍的衰变产物。由于钍和铀的半衰期很长，这些衰变产物可以不断地通过衰变而再生。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.3-12">[10]</a>在四种天然镭同位素（223Ra、224Ra、226Ra、228Ra）中，226Ra 的半衰期最长，为1600年，是铀-238的衰变产物。由于它相对较长的半衰期，226Ra 是最常见的镭同位素，组成了地壳的约1 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BF%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94" title="万亿分比">ppt</a>，而几乎所有的天然镭都是226Ra。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-27">[25]</a>镭少量存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">沥青铀矿</a>等各种铀矿中，在钍矿中的含量更少。一<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吨">吨</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">沥青铀矿</a>通常含有约七分之一<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">克</a>镭。<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a>一公斤<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>含有900<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B" title="皮克">皮克</a>镭，而一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87" title="升">升</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4" title="海水">海水</a>含有89<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="飞克">飞克</a>镭。<a href="#cite_note-Raabundance-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/220px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/330px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/440px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>居里夫妇对镭进行实验，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Castaigne（页面不存在）">André Castaigne</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne" class="extiw" title="en:André Castaigne">André Castaigne</a>）绘制</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/220px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/330px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/440px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>由美国标准组织保管的氯化镭玻璃管，于1927年成为美国放射性的主要标准。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C#新元素" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里 § 新元素</a></div> 1898年12月21日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="玛丽亚·居里">玛丽·居里</a>与丈夫<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="瀝青鈾礦">沥青铀矿</a>中发现了镭。<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-crc-31">[29]</a>早先研究这种矿物时，居里夫妇从中移除铀，发现剩余的物质仍然具有放射性。1898年7月，他们从沥青铀矿里分离了一种类似<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">铋</a>的元素，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">钋</a>。之后，他们分离出一种放射性混合物，主要由两种成分组成：会产生绿色火焰的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">钡</a>化合物，还有一种不明的放射性化合物，产生未曾记载的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%AD%E8%84%82%E7%B4%85" title="胭脂紅">胭脂紅</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="谱线">谱线</a>。居里夫妇发现这种放射性化合物和钡化合物非常相似，但溶解度较低。夫妇二人得以分离出放射性化合物，并在其中发现一种新元素。居里夫妇于1898年12月26日向<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法国科学院">法国科学院</a>宣布了他们的发现。<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> 1910年9月，玛丽·居里和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85" title="安德烈-路易·德比埃尔内">安德烈-路易·德比埃尔内</a>宣布他们分离了<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>镭。他们使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="阴极">阴极</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="电解">电解</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氯化镭">氯化镭</a> (RaCl2) 溶液，产生镭<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="汞齊">汞齐</a>。<a href="#cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-34">[32]</a>之后，镭汞齐在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氢气">氢气</a>中加热去除汞，生成金属镭。<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>同年，E. Eoler通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="热分解">热分解</a>镭的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A0%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="叠氮化物">叠氮化物</a> Ra(N3)2，分离出金属镭。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.3-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B4%BB%E5%BA%A6" title="放射性活度">放射性活度</a>的旧单位<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">居里</a>由226Ra的放射性活度定义。<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="历史用途">历史用途</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：历史用途">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="发光颜料">发光颜料</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：发光颜料">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium-paint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radium-paint.jpg/170px-Radium-paint.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radium-paint.jpg/255px-Radium-paint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radium-paint.jpg/340px-Radium-paint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>在旧时钟的表面和指针上有含镭的自发光的白色涂料</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/220px-Radium_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/330px-Radium_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/440px-Radium_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>在紫外光下的含镭手表指针</figcaption></figure> 镭曾用于手表、核电面板、飞机开关、时钟和仪表盘的自发光涂料。使用镭涂料的自发光手表通常含有大约1微克镭。<a href="#cite_note-PMC2024184-37">[35]</a>1920年代中期，五名垂死的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="镭女孩">镭女孩</a>”起诉<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%B3%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="美國鐳企業">美国镭企业</a>——她们负责用镭基<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9C%E5%85%89%E6%B6%82%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夜光涂料（页面不存在）">夜光涂料</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_paint" class="extiw" title="en:Luminous paint">Luminous paint</a>）画表盘时，按要求舔画笔来保持笔尖精细。<a href="#cite_note-OakRidge-38">[36]</a>她们因而摄入镭，导致健康严重恶化，出现溃疡、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" title="贫血">贫血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="骨癌">骨癌</a>等病症——人体会把镭当作<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a>沉积于骨骼中，然后放射性会分解<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AB%93" title="骨髓">骨髓</a>，使<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="骨细胞">骨细胞</a>变异。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a> 诉讼期间，人们发现该公司专家和管理层已将自己层层保护，以免受辐射影响，却没有采取适当措施保护员工。此外，多年来公司一直坚称这些镭女孩患有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a>，试图掩盖影响并避免承担责任。这种完全忽视员工福利的做法深刻影响了<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="劳动法">劳动法</a>的制订。<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> 诉讼使放射性的危害广为人知；表盘工人得到指示，采取恰当的安全预防措施（尤其是不再舔笔尖），还获得防护装备。直到1960年代，表盘中仍在使用镭，但表盘工没有进一步受伤害——可见镭女孩所受的伤害本来可以轻易避免。<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> 含镭涂料自1960年代起停用。夜光表盘是大多由非放射性的光致发光材料取代，在光线下暴露后可在暗处发光，但光强会逐渐衰弱。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a>在需要持久发光的场合，至今仍在使用较安全的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">钷</a>-147（半衰期2.6年）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>（半衰期12年）。<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a>它们和镭相比还有一大优势——不会随时间推移让磷光剂分解。<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a>氚的<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Β辐射">β辐射</a>能量非常低，甚至低于钷的β辐射<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-11">[9]</a>；与镭放出的强穿透性γ辐射不同，氚的<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Β辐射">β辐射</a>无法穿透皮肤，被视为更安全的放射源。<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ieer-44">[42]</a> 20世纪上半叶的时钟、手表、仪表等可能涂有放射性发光涂料；如果是军用装备，可能性会更高。这些镭涂料通常已不发光；但并非因为放射性衰变——镭的半衰期足有1600年；而是因为镭的辐射破坏了荧光介质硫化锌。<a href="#cite_note-emsley-45">[43]</a>20世纪上半叶生产的仪表中，如果有一层厚厚的绿色或黄褐色油漆，则表明可能有放射性危害。如果器件保存完好，辐射剂量会相对较低，通常不会有急性风险；但如果涂料释放出来，被吸入或摄入，则会产生危险。<a href="#cite_note-brit-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="商业用途">商业用途</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：商业用途">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_Water_Bath_Department,_top_floor,_Hotel_Will_Rogers,_Claremore,_Okla.,_U.S.A_(63053).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg/220px-Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg/330px-Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg/440px-Radium_Water_Bath_Department%2C_top_floor%2C_Hotel_Will_Rogers%2C_Claremore%2C_Okla.%2C_U.S.A_%2863053%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3310" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>约1940年代的酒店镭浴明信片广告</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%B8%E5%8C%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性庸医（页面不存在）">放射性庸医</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_quackery" class="extiw" title="en:Radioactive quackery">Radioactive quackery</a>）</div> 由于镭所谓的“治疗能力”，它曾经是牙膏、护发霜甚至食品等产品中的添加剂。<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a>此类产品很快就不再流行，并在发现它们可能对健康产生严重的不利影响后被许多国家禁止。（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD%E8%A1%A5" title="镭补">镭补</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=Revigator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revigator（页面不存在）">Revigator</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revigator" class="extiw" title="en:Revigator">Revigator</a>）等“镭水”或“饮用标准镭溶液”）<a href="#cite_note-emsley-45">[43]</a>以富含镭的水为特色的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%82%B9spa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地点spa（页面不存在）">地点spa</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_spa" class="extiw" title="en:Destination spa">Destination spa</a>）偶尔仍被吹捧为有益的，例如日本<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%9D%E7%94%BA" title="三朝町">三朝町</a>的spa。从1940年代末到1970年代初，美国还用镭照射儿童的鼻腔，以预防中耳问题或扁桃体肿大。<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="医药用途">医药用途</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：医药用途">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/220px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/330px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/440px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>制造商声称含有镭的Radior化妆品广告，对皮肤有健康益处。粉末、护肤霜和肥皂都是该系列的一部分。</figcaption></figure> 镭（通常以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" title="氯化镭">氯化镭</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E9%95%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="溴化镭">溴化镭</a>的形式）可用作产生氡气的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="药物">药物</a>，而氡气用于治疗<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>。加拿大在1920年代和1930年代使用了镭来作为氡源。<a href="#cite_note-brit-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a>然而，由于溴化镭暴露造成的有害影响，许多在1900年代早期使用的治疗方法已不再使用。这些影响的一些例子是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" title="贫血">贫血</a>、癌症和基因<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-51">[49]</a>像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4-60" class="mw-redirect" title="钴-60">60Co</a>等更安全的γ射线源的成本更低，数量更多，如今用于替代该应用中历史上使用的镭。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a> 早在1900年代，生物学家就使用镭来诱导突变，研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a>。早在1904年，Daniel MacDougal就使用镭来试图确定它是否会引发突然的大突变并导致重大的进化。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9" title="托马斯·亨特·摩尔根">托马斯·亨特·摩尔根</a>使用镭来诱导白眼果蝇的变化。获得诺贝尔奖的生物学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92" title="赫尔曼·约瑟夫·马勒">赫尔曼·约瑟夫·马勒</a>在转向更实惠的X光实验之前，简要研究了镭对果蝇突变的影响。<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9" title="霍華德·愛特伍德·凱利">霍华德·爱特伍德·凯利</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·霍普金斯医院">约翰·霍普金斯医院</a>（镭在医学上用于治疗癌症的主要先驱）的创始医师之一。<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a>他的第一个病人是自己的姑姑，她在1904年手术后不久就去世了。<a href="#cite_note-DasturTank2011-54">[52]</a>凯利使用了过量的镭来治疗各种癌症和肿瘤。结果，他的一些病人死于镭照射。<a href="#cite_note-AronowitzRobison2010-55">[53]</a>他使用镭的方法是在受影响区域附近插入镭胶囊，然后将镭直接缝到<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a>上。<a href="#cite_note-AronowitzRobison2010-55">[53]</a>这与用于治疗<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%8E%89%E8%80%B6%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="海莉耶塔·拉克斯">海莉耶塔·拉克斯</a>（原始<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="海拉细胞">海拉细胞</a>的宿主）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E9%A0%B8%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="宮頸癌">宫颈癌</a>的方法相同。<a href="#cite_note-Skloot2010-56">[54]</a>目前，镭已被更安全、更容易获得的放射性同位素取代。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生产">生产</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：生产">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/220px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/330px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/440px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="亞希莫夫">亚希莫夫</a>的镭发现纪念碑</figcaption></figure> 铀在19世纪后期没有大规模应用，因為此時尚未發現大型铀矿。起初，铀矿的唯一主要来源是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥匈帝国">奥匈帝国</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="亞希莫夫">亚希莫夫</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">银</a>矿山。<a href="#cite_note-crc-31">[29]</a> 铀矿只是这些采矿活动的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="副产物">副产物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-57">[55]</a> 在第一次提取镭时，居里夫妇利用了从沥青铀矿中提取铀后的残留物。铀是通过溶解在硫酸中提取出来的，会留下类似于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A1" title="硫酸钡">硫酸钡</a>的硫酸镭，但是溶解度更低。残留物还含有相当多的硫酸钡，充当了硫酸镭的载体。镭提取过程的第一步包括用氢氧化钠煮沸，然后用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>处理以尽量减少其它化合物的杂质。然后用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="碳酸钠">碳酸钠</a>处理剩余的残余物，将硫酸钡转化为可溶于盐酸的碳酸钡（和镭）。溶解后，钡和镭重新沉淀为硫酸盐；然后重复此步骤以进一步纯化混合硫酸盐。通过用硫化氢处理氯化物溶液，过滤除去一些形成不溶性硫化物的杂质。当混合硫酸盐足够纯时，它们再次转化为混合氯化物；此后，钡和镭通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%AD%A5%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分步结晶（页面不存在）">分步结晶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" class="extiw" title="en:Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">Fractional crystallization (chemistry)</a>）分离，同时使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E4%BB%AA" title="光谱仪">光谱仪</a>（镭的谱线是红色的，与绿色钡线形成对比）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%8C%E7%94%B5%E5%99%A8" title="验电器">验电器</a>检测进展。<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> 在居里夫妇从铀矿中分离镭之后，有几位科学家开始少量分离镭。1904年，奥地利政府将矿山<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96" title="國有化">国有化</a>，停止出口原矿。这一段时间里镭的可用性很低。<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-57">[55]</a> 奥地利的垄断以及其他国家对镭的强烈要求导致了全世界对铀矿的搜索。1910年代初，美国成为镭的主要生产国。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科罗拉多州">科罗拉多州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9%E9%85%B8%E9%89%80%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="釩酸鉀鈾礦">钒酸钾铀矿</a>提供了一些镭元素，但在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国">刚果民主共和国</a>以及加拿大西北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%86%8A%E6%B9%96" title="大熊湖">大熊湖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%B4%E6%B9%96" title="大奴湖">大奴湖</a>发现了更丰富的矿石。<a href="#cite_note-crc-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a>这两个矿床都没有开采镭，但其中的铀含量使开采有利可图。 1940年，居里夫妇的生产工艺仍然用于工业镭提取，但使用了混合溴化物进行分离。<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>如果铀矿石的钡含量不够高，可以添加一些钡来携带镭。这些工艺适用于高品位铀矿石，但可能不适用于低品位铀矿石。 直到1990年代，人们仍通过这种混合沉淀和离子交换的方法从铀矿中提取少量镭，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-27">[25]</a>但今天它们只能从乏核燃料中提取。<a href="#cite_note-nbb-61">[59]</a>1954年，全球的镭总供应量约为5英磅（2.3公斤），<a href="#cite_note-PMC2024184-37">[35]</a>今天的供应量仍在此范围内，而今天的镭化合物年产量仅为100克左右。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-27">[25]</a>镭的主要生产国包括比利时、加拿大、捷克、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a>、英国和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-27">[25]</a>所生产的镭的数量一直都相对较少；例如1918年的美国生产了13.6克镭。<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a>金属镭是由真空的1200 °C中用金属铝还原氧化镭而成的。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现代应用">现代应用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：现代应用">编辑</a>]</div> 223Ra于2013年被<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国食品药品监督管理局">美国食品药品监督管理局</a>批准，是治疗骨<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="远端转移">远端转移</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="药物">药物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FBT-FDA2013-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a>由于这种α粒子发射体药物的有利特性，用镭-223主要是治疗去势抵抗性前列腺癌的骨转移。<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> 225Ra也用于有关治疗性辐射的实验，因为它是唯一一种衰变产物不含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>，且寿命足够长的镭同位素。<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> 类似于<a href="/w/index.php?title=X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X射线成像（页面不存在）">X射线成像</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_imaging" class="extiw" title="en:X-ray imaging">X-ray imaging</a>），镭今天仍然被用作一些工业射线照相设备的辐射源，以检查有缺陷的金属部件。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a>当镭和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a>混合时，可用作<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%BA%90" title="中子源">中子源</a>，<a href="#cite_note-emsley-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a>至今仍被使用。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a>不过像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">钋</a>的其它材料更加常见。俄罗斯每年使用大约1500个钋-铍中子源，单个中子源的活度为1,850 Ci（68 TBq）。基于 RaBeF4 (α, n) 的中子源已被<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82-241" class="mw-redirect" title="鋂-241">241Am</a>–Be中子源取代，尽管它们放出的中子量很多（每秒1.84×106个中子）。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a>今天，226Ra主要在核反应堆中<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96" title="中子活化">中子活化</a>成227<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="危害">危害</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：危害">编辑</a>]</div> 镭是高度放射性的，而它的衰变产物<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氡气">氡气</a>的放射性更強，且容易藉由呼吸進入人體中。当摄入镭时，80%的镭会通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="大便">大便</a>排出体外，而剩下的20%会进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="循环系统">循环系统</a>，主要堆积在骨骼中。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a>暴露于镭会导致癌症和其他疾病，因为镭和氡在衰变时会释放出α和<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>，杀死或变异细胞。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a>1944年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="曼哈顿计划">曼哈顿计划</a>期间，工人对镭的“耐受剂量”为0.1微克。<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> 镭的一些生物效应包括“镭皮炎”，这是在发现镭两年后的1900年报道的。法国物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="亨利·贝克勒尔">亨利·贝克勒尔</a>在背心口袋里放了一小安瓿的镭六个小时，并报告说他的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E6%BA%83%E7%96%A1" title="皮肤溃疡">皮肤溃疡</a>了。居里夫妇对辐射如此好奇，以至于他们牺牲了自己的健康来了解更多。皮埃尔·居里将一根装有镭的管子连接到他的手臂上十个小时，这导致了皮肤病变，这表明镭可以攻击癌组织，就像它可以攻击健康组织一样。<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a>玛丽·居里因<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="再生不良性贫血">再生不良性贫血</a>而死的原因可能归咎于对镭的处理。大多数镭的危险来自其衰变产物氡：作为气体，氡比固体镭更容易进入人体。<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[13]</a> 今天，226Ra被认为是有相当存量的放射性元素中毒性最大的，并且必须在具有显着气流循环的紧密手套箱中进行处理，以避免其衰变产物222Rn逃逸到环境中。含有镭溶液的旧安瓿必须小心打开，因为水的辐射分解会产生超压的氢气和氧气。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-26">[24]</a>世界上226Ra浓度最高的地方在位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%8E_(%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="尼亞加拉瀑布城 (紐約州)">尼亚加拉瀑布城</a>北上9.6 mi（15.4 km）处的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5%E6%B9%96%E5%86%9B%E6%A2%B0%E5%8E%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安大略湖军械厂（页面不存在）">临时废物收容结构</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario_Ordnance_Works#Interim_waste_containment_structure" class="extiw" title="en:Lake Ontario Ordnance Works">Lake Ontario Ordnance Works#Interim waste containment structure</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解">註解</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：註解">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 1903年10月10日：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E8%BF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="魯迅">魯迅</a>以筆名“自樹”在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="東京">東京</a>出版的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E6%BD%AE" title="浙江潮">浙江潮</a>》月刊第八期上首次發表介紹鐳的文章《說鈤》。但“鈤”亦為化學元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鍺">鍺</a>的舊譯，因造成混淆而採用新譯。 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 这两个数值都有来源，科学家们对镭的熔点的真实数值并没有达成一致。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">[4]</a> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文獻">参考文獻</h2>[<a 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[2015-09-04]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nehrc.nhri.org.tw/toxic/toxfaq_detail.php?id=156">原始内容</a>存档于2020-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%AF%92%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83-%E9%95%AD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnehrc.nhri.org.tw%2Ftoxic%2Ftoxfaq_detail.php%3Fid%3D156&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112_4-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112_4-1">3.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第112頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-2">4.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-3">4.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-4">4.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4_5-5">4.5</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby_et_al.">Kirby et al.</a>，第4頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lide2004-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lide2004_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> 84th. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8493-0484-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8493-0484-2">ISBN 978-0-8493-0484-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=84th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0484-2&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weigel, F.; Trinkl, A. Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums. Radiochim. 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Phase Diagrams of the Elements. University of California Press. 1991: 85 [2021-08-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-91148-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-91148-2">ISBN 978-0-520-91148-2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2HVYh6wLBcC&pg=PA85">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Radium&rft.au=Young%2C+David+A.&rft.btitle=Phase+Diagrams+of+the+Elements&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91148-2&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2HVYh6wLBcC%26pg%3DPA85&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ele_structures.html">"Crystal Structures of the Chemical Elements at 1 bar"</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161012/http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ele_structures.html">存檔</a>，存档日期26 August 2014.. uni-bielefeld.de. </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2016-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_11-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_11-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_11-2">9.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_11-3">9.3</a> <cite class="citation journal">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. 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Oxford University Press. 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivityhis0000mall/page/115">115</a>– [2015-06-27]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-983178-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-983178-4">ISBN 978-0-19-983178-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+C.&rft.aulast=Malley&rft.btitle=Radioactivity&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983178-4&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradioactivityhis0000mall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Strutt, R. 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[2018-06-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145136/https://home.cern/about/updates/2013/05/first-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei">存档</a>于2018-06-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=First+observations+of+short-lived+pear-shaped+atomic+nuclei+%E2%80%93+CERN&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.cern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fabout%2Fupdates%2F2013%2F05%2Ffirst-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation">Thayer, John S., Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements, Relativistic Methods for Chemists, Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics 10: 81, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4020-9974-8">ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.pages=81&rft.series=Challenges+and+Advances+in+Computational+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111_21-0">19.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111_21-1">19.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第111頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby_et_al.">Kirby et al.</a>，第8頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-1">21.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-2">21.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-3">21.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-4">21.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-5">21.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.4–8_23-6">21.6</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby_et_al.">Kirby et al.</a>，第4–8頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8–9-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.8–9_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby_et_al.">Kirby et al.</a>，第8–9頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.12-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby_et_al.12_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby_et_al.">Kirby et al.</a>，第12頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann97-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-1">24.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-2">24.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-3">24.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-4">24.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_26-5">24.5</a> <cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani2005" class="citation">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam, Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides, <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="烏爾曼工業化學百科全書">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH: 97–98, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">doi:10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=97-98&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_27-0">25.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_27-1">25.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_27-2">25.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_27-3">25.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第109–110頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">"Radium"</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115182006/http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">存檔</a>，存档日期15 November 2012., Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 5 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Raabundance-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Raabundance_29-0">^</a> Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea, in Lide, David R. (ed.), <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Haynes, William M. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_e9l0">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> 92nd. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1439855110" title="Special:网络书源/1439855110">ISBN 1439855110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=92nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1439855110&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche0000unse_e9l0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc_31-0">29.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_31-1">29.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_31-2">29.2</a> Hammond, C. R. "Radium" in <cite class="citation book">Haynes, William M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/crc-handbook-of-chemistry-and-physics-a-ready-reference-book-of-chemical-and-physical-data/oclc/730008390">CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data</a> 92nd. Boca Raton, FL.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press（页面不存在）">CRC Press</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press" class="extiw" title="en:CRC Press">CRC Press</a>）. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4398-5511-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4398-5511-9">ISBN 978-1-4398-5511-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/730008390">OCLC 730008390</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.aufirst=William+M&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.btitle=CRC+handbook+of+chemistry+and+physics%3A+a+ready-reference+book+of+chemical+and+physical+data&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=92nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-5511-9&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL.&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22CRC+Press%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22CRC+Press%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ECRC+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ECRC+Press%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fcrc-handbook-of-chemistry-and-physics-a-ready-reference-book-of-chemical-and-physical-data%2Foclc%2F730008390&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F730008390&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie & Bémont, Gustave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)</a>. Comptes Rendus. 1898, 127: 1215–1217 [2009-08-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806083923/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">存档</a>于2009-08-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Sur+une+nouvelle+substance+fortement+radio-active%2C+contenue+dans+la+pechblende+%28On+a+new%2C+strongly+radioactive+substance+contained+in+pitchblende%29&rft.au=B%C3%A9mont%2C+Gustave&rft.au=Curie%2C+Marie&rft.au=Curie%2C+Pierre&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.pages=1215-1217&rft.volume=127&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fcurie%2Fdiscover.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elvira_Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Elvira Weeks（页面不存在）">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>. The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements. Journal of Chemical Education. 1933, 10 (2): 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933JChEd..10...79W">Bibcode:1933JChEd..10...79W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed010p79">doi:10.1021/ed010p79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+XIX.+The+radioactive+elements&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.date=1933&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=79&rft.volume=10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933JChEd..10...79W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed010p79&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ColbyChurchill1911_34-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Frank Moore Colby; Allen Leon Churchill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ">New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress</a>. Dodd, Mead and Co. 1911: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n176">152</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Allen+Leon+Churchill&rft.au=Frank+Moore+Colby&rft.btitle=New+International+Yearbook%3A+A+Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Progress&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Curie, Marie & Debierne, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm">Sur le radium métallique" (On metallic radium)</a>. Comptes Rendus. 1910, 151: 523–525 [2009-08-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205637/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm">存档</a>于2011-07-20） （法语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Sur+le+radium+m%C3%A9tallique%22+%28On+metallic+radium%29&rft.au=Curie%2C+Marie&rft.au=Debierne%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.pages=523-525&rft.volume=151&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FCadresFenetre%3FO%3DNUMM-3104%26I%3D523%26M%3Dtdm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Frame, Paul W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm">How the Curie Came to Be</a>. [2008-04-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723210402/http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm">存档</a>于2013-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Frame%2C+Paul+W.&rft.btitle=How+the+Curie+Came+to+Be&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orau.org%2Fptp%2Farticlesstories%2Fthecurie.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC2024184-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMC2024184_37-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMC2024184_37-1">35.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Terrill Jr, J. G.; Ingraham Sc, 2nd; Moeller, D. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_public-health-reports_1954-03_69_3/page/255">Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States</a>. Public Health Reports. 1954, 69 (3): 255–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4588736">JSTOR 4588736</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024184">PMC 2024184</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13134440">PMID 13134440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4588736">doi:10.2307/4588736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Radium+in+the+healing+arts+and+in+industry%3A+Radiation+exposure+in+the+United+States&rft.au=Ingraham+Sc%2C+2nd&rft.au=Moeller%2C+D.+W.&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.aulast=Terrill+Jr&rft.date=1954&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.pages=255-62&rft.volume=69&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4588736&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2024184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_public-health-reports_1954-03_69_3%2Fpage%2F255&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4588736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13134440&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OakRidge-38"><a href="#cite_ref-OakRidge_38-0">^</a> Frame, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm">Radioluminescent Paint</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731220027/http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期31 July 2014., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities（页面不存在）">Oak Ridge Associated Universities</a>. 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(1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf">Radium in humans: a review of U.S. studies</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109003623/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期9 November 2011.. Argonne National Laboratory. p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tykva, Richard; Berg, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse">Man-made and natural radioactivity in environmental pollution and radiochronology</a>. Springer. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4020-1860-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4020-1860-2">ISBN 978-1-4020-1860-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Berg%2C+Dieter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Tykva&rft.btitle=Man-made+and+natural+radioactivity+in+environmental+pollution+and+radiochronology&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1860-2&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanmadenaturalra0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. <bdi lang="ru">Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция</bdi> [Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka (publisher)（页面不存在）">Nauka</a>. 1966: 118 （俄语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Pozdnyakov%2C+Aleksandr+Aleksandrovich&rft.aufirst=Avgusta+Konstantinovna&rft.aulast=Lavrukhina&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Nauka&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184942/http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-forms/3anuclidedatasafetysheets.pdf">Nuclide safety data sheet: Hydrogen-3</a>. ehso.emory.edu </li> <li id="cite_note-ieer-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ieer_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Zerriffi, Hisham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)">Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energy's decision to produce tritium</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research（页面不存在）">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a>. January 1996 [2010-09-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713051055/http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)">存档</a>于2010-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Zerriffi%2C+Hisham&rft.btitle=Tritium%3A+The+environmental%2C+health%2C+budgetary%2C+and+strategic+effects+of+the+Department+of+Energy%27s+decision+to+produce+tritium&rft.date=1996-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Institute+for+Energy+and+Environmental+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieer.org%2Freports%2Ftritium.html%23%2811%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_45-0">43.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_45-1">43.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_45-2">43.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Emsley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Oxford University Press. 2003: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/351">351</a>– [2015-06-27]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-850340-8">ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Emsley%2C+John&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.pages=351-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_46-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_46-1">44.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033023/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489270/radium-Ra">Radium</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm">Luminous Radium Paint</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304002823/http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm">存檔</a>，存档日期4 March 2013.. vintagewatchstraps.com </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissident-media.org/infonucleaire/radieux.html">French Web site featuring products (medicines, mineral water, even underwear) containing radium</a>. [2009-08-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315181647/http://www.dissident-media.org/infonucleaire/radieux.html">存档</a>于2011-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.btitle=French+Web+site+featuring+products+%28medicines%2C+mineral+water%2C+even+underwear%29+containing+radium&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissident-media.org%2Finfonucleaire%2Fradieux.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltimore-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Baltimore_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Cherbonnier, Alice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimorechronicle.com/rupnose.html">Nasal Radium Irradiation of Children Has Health Fallout</a>. 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[2014-10-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/breaking-fda-oks-pinpoint-prostate-cancer-radiation-drug-xofigo-bayer-alget/2013-05-15">原始内容</a>存档于2013-06-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.btitle=FDA+OKs+pinpoint+prostate+cancer+radiation+drug+Xofigo+from+Bayer%2C+Algeta&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercebiotech.com%2Fstory%2Fbreaking-fda-oks-pinpoint-prostate-cancer-radiation-drug-xofigo-bayer-alget%2F2013-05-15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706233317/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/news/fda-approves-xofigo-for-advanced-prostate-cancer">"FDA Approves Xofigo for Advanced Prostate Cancer"</a>. cancer.org. 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P.; Rorer, David C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/24293.pdf">Radiation dosimetry of a graphite moderated radium-beryllium source</a> (PDF). Health Physics. 2004, 86 (5 Suppl): S110–2 [2017-10-25]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003rdtc.conf..484H">Bibcode:2003rdtc.conf..484H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069300">PMID 15069300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812705563_0060">doi:10.1142/9789812705563_0060</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003837/https://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/24293.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2018-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Radiation+dosimetry+of+a+graphite+moderated+radium-beryllium+source&rft.au=Hu%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Reciniello%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Rorer%2C+David+C.&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.pages=S110-2&rft.volume=86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fisd%2Fdocuments%2F24293.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003rdtc.conf..484H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812705563_0060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15069300&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weisgall, Jonathan M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro0000weis">Operation crossroads: the atomic tests at Bikini Atoll</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Naval Institute Press. 1994: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro0000weis/page/238">238</a> [2011-08-20]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-55750-919-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-55750-919-2">ISBN 978-1-55750-919-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Weisgall%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.btitle=Operation+crossroads%3A+the+atomic+tests+at+Bikini+Atoll&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-919-2&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperationcrossro0000weis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fry, Shirley A. Supplement: Madame Curie's Discovery of Radium (1898): A Commemoration by Women in Radiation Sciences. Radiation Research. 1998, 150 (5): S21–S29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RadR..150S..21F">Bibcode:1998RadR..150S..21F</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3579805">JSTOR 3579805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9806606">PMID 9806606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3579805">doi:10.2307/3579805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Supplement%3A+Madame+Curie%27s+Discovery+of+Radium+%281898%29%3A+A+Commemoration+by+Women+in+Radiation+Sciences&rft.aufirst=Shirley+A.&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Research&rft.pages=S21-S29&rft.volume=150&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3579805&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998RadR..150S..21F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3579805&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9806606&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Redniss, Lauren. Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale Of Love And Fallout. New York, NY: HarperCollins. 2011: 70. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-06-135132-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-06-135132-7">ISBN 978-0-06-135132-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.aulast=Redniss&rft.btitle=Radioactive%3A+Marie+%26+Pierre+Curie%3A+A+Tale+Of+Love+And+Fallout&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135132-7&rft.pages=70&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jenks, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249292863">Model City USA: The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War</a>. Environmental History. July 2002, 12 (77): 552–577. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F12.3.552">doi:10.1093/envhis/12.3.552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.atitle=Model+City+USA%3A+The+Environmental+Cost+of+Victory+in+World+War+II+and+the+Cold+War&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.date=2002-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=77&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.pages=552-577&rft.volume=12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249292863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F12.3.552&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <img alt="需付费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lock-red-alt.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书目">参考书目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考书目">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKirby_et_al." class="citation book">Kirby, H. W.; Salutsky, Murrell L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf">The Radiochemistry of Radium</a> (PDF). National Academies Press. 1964 [2023-01-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131185940/https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2022-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Salutsky%2C+Murrell+L.&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.btitle=The+Radiochemistry+of+Radium&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Flib-www%2Fbooks%2Frc000041.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-08-037941-8">ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%95%AD&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素镭在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ra.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 镭</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/088.htm">镭</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素镭在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Ra">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ra/index.html">WebElements.com – 镭</a>（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw/bimonth/download.php?d=1&cpid=160&did=18">居禮夫婦發現了鐳</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081210135659/http://psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw/bimonth/download.php?d=1&cpid=160&did=18">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05khtRnzlqU">Lu Le Laboratory</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190710173133/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05khtRnzlqU">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Template:2族元素"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Template talk:2族元素"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:2%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:2族元素"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表（碱土金属）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">碱土金属</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="相關項目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0號元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="扩展元素周期表">扩展元素周期表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="同位素列表">同位素列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">地球的地殼元素豐度列表</a></li> 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href="/wiki/Template:%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Template:鹼土金屬"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Template talk:鹼土金屬"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:鹼土金屬"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="碱土金属" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">碱土金属</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:17em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a> Be 原子序数: 4 原子量: 9.012 熔点(K): 1551 沸点(K): 3243 电负性: 1.57 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:17em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a> Mg 原子序数: 12 原子量: 24.305 熔点(K): 923 沸点(K): 1363 电负性: 1.31 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:17em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a> Ca 原子序数: 20 原子量: 40.078 熔点(K): 1115 沸点(K): 1757 电负性: 1.00 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:17em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">锶</a> Sr 原子序数: 38 原子量: 87.62 熔点(K): 1050 沸点(K): 1655 电负性: 0.95 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;;;width:17em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">钡</a> Ba 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6" title="Template:居禮夫婦"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:居禮夫婦（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:居禮夫婦"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;zh:皮埃爾;zh-cn:皮埃尔;zh-tw:皮耶;&#125;-·居里與玛丽·居里" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃爾·居里</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">貢獻</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="居里常數">居里常數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E7%82%B9" title="居里点">居里点／居里温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="居里定律">居里定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C-%E5%A4%96%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="居里-外斯定律">居里-外斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="居里原理（页面不存在）">居里原理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" class="extiw" title="en:Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="壓電效應">壓電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">钋</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">镭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#發現史" title="放射性">元素的放射性</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/100px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/150px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/200px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="826" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">著作</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性論說（页面不存在）">放射性論說</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" class="extiw" title="en:Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a>）》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">家庭</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9B%B7%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="伊雷娜·约里奥-居里">伊雷娜·约里奥-居里</a>（長女）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里</a>（長女婿）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8A%99%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="艾芙·居里">艾芙·居里</a>（次女）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小亨利·理查森·拉布拉斯（页面不存在）">小亨利·理查森·拉布拉斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Richardson_Labouisse_Jr." class="extiw" title="en:Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.">Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.</a>）（次女婿）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%93%AE%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%90%AC-%E7%B4%84%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊蓮娜·朗之萬-約里奧（页面不存在）">伊蓮娜·朗之萬-約里奧</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" class="extiw" title="en:Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a>）（外孫女）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%90%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米歇爾·朗之萬（页面不存在）">米歇爾·朗之萬</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Langevin" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Langevin">Michel Langevin</a>）（外孫女婿）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃爾·約里奧（页面不存在）">皮埃爾·約里奧</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" class="extiw" title="en:Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a>）（外孫）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%8B%E8%90%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊夫·朗之萬（页面不存在）">艾芙·朗之萬</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Langevin" class="extiw" title="fr:Yves Langevin">Yves Langevin</a>）（曾外孫）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="居里博物館">巴黎居里博物館</a>（工作室）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E8%B4%A4%E7%A5%A0" title="先贤祠">先贤祠</a>（墓地）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">锔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">居里 (单位)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" title="居里島">居里島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F7000" title="小行星7000">居里小行星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="瑪麗·居禮博物館">華沙瑪麗·居禮博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6%E7%AB%99" title="居里夫婦站">居里夫婦站</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盧布林瑪麗·居禮紀念碑（页面不存在）">盧布林瑪麗·居禮紀念碑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie_Monument_in_Lublin" class="extiw" title="en:Marie Curie Monument in Lublin">Marie Curie Monument in Lublin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗亞·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里大學（页面不存在）">玛丽亚·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里大學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" class="extiw" title="en:Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="巴黎第六大学">皮埃爾和瑪麗·居里大學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗亞·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里國家腫瘤研究所（页面不存在）">玛丽亚·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里國家腫瘤研究所</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sklodowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗核反應爐（页面不存在）">瑪麗核反應爐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_reactor" class="extiw" title="en:Maria reactor">Maria reactor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="居里研究所">居里研究所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="玛丽·居里学者">瑪麗·居里學者人才基金</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E7%8D%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電機電子工程師學會瑪麗亞·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里獎（页面不存在）">IEEE 玛丽亚·斯克沃多夫斯卡·居里獎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" class="extiw" title="en:IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗·居禮獎章（页面不存在）">瑪麗·居禮獎章</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" class="extiw" title="en:Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗·居里行動計畫（页面不存在）">瑪麗·居里行動計畫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Actions" class="extiw" title="en:Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions">Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions</a>）</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗·居里再生（页面不存在）">瑪麗·居里再生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" class="extiw" title="en:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a>）》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA_(1943%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" title="居里夫人 (1943年电影)">居里夫人</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B0%B8%E6%81%86" title="居禮夫人：放射永恆">放射性物质</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link 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