CINXE.COM

Research news | University of Cambridge

<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if IEMobile 7]><html class="iem7" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 6]><html class="lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&(!IEMobile)]><html class="lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="lt-ie9" lang="en" dir="ltr"><![endif]--> <!--[if (gte IE 9)|(gt IEMobile 7)]><!--><html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><!--<![endif]--> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6",applicationID:"1555785413"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <title>Research news | University of Cambridge</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.com/hyb5bko.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{Typekit.load();}catch(e){}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_kShW4RPmRstZ3SpIC-ZvVGNFVAi0WEMuCnI0ZkYIaFw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_Y8NEY2YWUfa3u_TPeruukvJY8vHczXKZ3FDQlALbxi8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_NL1BLrgirZk27_lb9OAutj9lpoAdjtwKtwW2hrTxz9w.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wyhKruCHm-sO0XTQ_3mi6OYj06np5Qfg9lsmBw_nv7o.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_N1BiCVDS3JkXbaipbowDz388lDcjEaVJEKO_fxyQc4w.css" media="all" /> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.data_layer.js?smn4k2"></script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.script.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.12/jquery.min.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_browser.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js?v=1.4.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/entityreference/js/entityreference.js?smn4k2"></script> <script>window.euCookieComplianceLoadScripts = function(category) {if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/scripts\/0017\/7935.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/versioned\/common-scripts\/11.1.68.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/universityofcambridgeresearch.disqus.com\/embed.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.googleoptimize.com\/optimize.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.cam.ac.uk\/files\/js\/js_yyaTXgbjPVILmiPS1N14s1EL5ooEJSKiPrybQD-pkbA.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSDK.js\/bf4a12bd69f3.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedAsyncLogger.js\/cb2a557dff2e.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSimple.js\/2d3a8e380105.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/async-buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/horizon_tweet.23850db1f381e00d7fe63ff5fc1a5a61.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/timeline.2002b66aa236ee3e1e6728119a7c4b98.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/common\/cavalry_endpoint.php";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}}</script> <script>window.eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = "uoc_cookie_choices";</script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/script.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/modernizr.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/ios.js?smn4k2"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"cam","theme_token":"hcaQzPb6sP_L0aK-5UpDztgrDkylJnYi_wk-QhGqwWM","js":{"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.data_layer.js":1,"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"0":1,"1":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/modernizr.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/ios.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/aggregator\/aggregator.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/media\/modules\/media_wysiwyg\/css\/media_wysiwyg.base.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.bare.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/cam.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_2.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_12.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_32.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_41.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_81.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":0,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2 class=\u0022cookie_heading\u0022\u003EYour cookie choices\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp class=\u0022cookie_intro\u0022\u003ECookies are little files that we save on your device to remember your preferences. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Enecessary\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to make our site work. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esite usage measurement\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to analyse anonymised usage patterns, to make our websites better for you.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYou may choose to opt-in to use optional cookies for \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Epersonalisation\u003C\/span\u003E and to remember your \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esocial marketing preferences\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy tapping the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EThank you for accepting cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":1,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":0,"popup_delay":1100,"popup_link":"\/about-this-site\/cookies","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"fixed_top_position":1,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":1,"reload_page":1,"domain":"cam.ac.uk","domain_all_sites":1,"popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":"366","cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"categories","allowed_cookies":"X-Mapping-iejmlgke\r\nhas_js\r\n_ga\r\n_gat\r\n_gat_UA-1936439-1\r\n_ga_P8Q1QT5W4K\r\n_gat_shorthand\r\n_gid\r\nuoc_cookie_choices\r\n_cfduid\r\nPS_DEVICEFEATURES\r\nPS_LOGINLIST\r\nPS_TOKEN\r\nPS_TOKENEXPIRE\r\nps_theme\r\npsback\r\nlcsrftoken\r\ncstest-PORTAL-PSJSESSIONID\r\npersonalisation:_dc\r\npersonalisation:_qst\r\npersonalisation:cean\r\npersonalisation:experimentation_subject_id\r\npersonalisation:ce2ab\r\npersonalisation:_session\r\npersonalisation:lang\r\npersonalisation:csrftoken\r\npersonalisation:iutk\r\npersonalisation:aet-dismiss\r\npersonalisation:drafts.queue\r\npersonalisation:submitted_posts_cache\r\nmarketing:disqus_unique\r\nmarketing:sessionid\r\nmarketing:disqusauth\r\nmarketing:disqusauths\r\nmarketing:_jid\r\nmarketing:ig_cb\r\nmarketing:mid\r\nmarketing:_qca\r\nmarketing:cref\r\nmarketing:iutk\r\nmarketing:mc\r\nmarketing:guest_id\r\nmarketing:personalization_id\r\nmarketing:eu_cn\r\nmarketing:CONSENT\r\nmarketing:IDE\r\nmarketing:GPS\r\nmarketing:YSC\r\nmarketing:VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE\r\nmarketing:1P_JAR","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EShow\/hide cookie settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false,"withdraw_button_on_info_popup":0,"cookie_categories":["personalisation","marketing"],"cookie_categories_details":{"personalisation":{"label":"Personalisation settings","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience","machine_name":"personalisation","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":0},"marketing":{"label":"Social marketing preferences","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites","machine_name":"marketing","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":1}},"enable_save_preferences_button":1,"cookie_name":"uoc_cookie_choices","cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","automatic_cookies_removal":1,"close_button_action":"close_banner"}});</script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="/sites/all/themes/zen/js/html5-respond.js"></script> <![endif]--> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-research page-research-news section-research page-views" > <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NV99KVN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div><!-- /.region --> <div id="page"> <!-- HEADER MENU + LOGO + QUICKLINKS + SEARCHBOX --> <header id="header" role="banner" class="cam-row cam-global-header"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="global-header-controls" class="cam-header-container cam-column8"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" id="logo" class="cam-main-logo"><img width="178px" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" alt="Home" /></a> <!--stopindex--> <ul class="links cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation cam-global-navigation" id="primary-nav"><li class="menu-636 first"><a href="/study-at-cambridge" title="">Study at Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu-635"><a href="/about-the-university" title="">About the University</a></li> <li class="menu-467 last"><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-header" title="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <div class="cam-quicklinks"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container column12 clearfix"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <form id="site-search-btn" class="cam-site-search" action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" method="GET" ><div> <div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="visuallyhidden withcontrast" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input onfocus="if (this.value == &#039;Search&#039;) {this.value = &#039;&#039;;}" onblur="if (this.value == &#039;&#039;) {this.value = &#039;Search&#039;;}" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="query" value="Search" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"> <input type="image" id="edit-submit" alt="Search" name="submit" value="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search-header.png" class="form-submit" /></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </header> <!-- HEADER MENU + LOGO + QUICKLINKS + SEARCHBOX --> <!-- RESPONSIVE SEARCHBOX --> <div class="cam-row cam-global-header cam-search-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <form action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" id="site-search-container" class="cam-site-search-form" method="GET"> <div class="cam-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <label for='site-search-mobile-text' class='visuallyhidden'>Search</label> <input type="text" id="site-search-mobile-text" placeholder="Search" class="text" name="query"> <input type="image" alt="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search.png" class="cam-search-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <!-- RESPONSIVE SEARCHBOX --> <!-- MEGA MENU + QUICKLINKS FOR RESPONSIVE LAYOUT --> <div class="cam-row cam-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12 cam-global-navigation-mobile-list cam-global-navigation-list"> <div id="study-at-cambridge" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Applying</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events/cambridge-open-days?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events and open days</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/finance?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and finance</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/application-process/how-do-i-apply?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/funding?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate events</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list last"><li><a href="https://www.internationalstudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">International students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="about-the-university" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/about-the-university">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Equality and diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/news?ucam-ref=global-header" title="University news" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/a-global-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Cambridge is a global University" class="menu__link">A global university</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="research" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/research">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-332" class="block block-block first odd"> <!-- research colour scheme --> <style> /* Theme 7 - grey #2F2F2F dark highlight #404040 page header colours/global footer #5F5F5F carousel btn hover #5F5F5F main local nav bar #7d7777 lighter highlight #8C8989 selected state #EAE8E8 pale tone - lightest highlight #DBD9D9 pale table bg */ .cam-page-header, .cam-local-footer{background:#404040} .cam-local-footer h3 a{color:#EAE8E8;} .cam-page-sub-title, .cam-banner-content{background:#7d7777} .cam-tertiary-navigation{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAHElEQVQYlWNgQAOfP3/+T1BsMCrCBgajO4n1DACTJUzhVcNWTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg);min-height:100%} .cam-carousel-control-btn{background:#8C8989} .cam-carousel-control-btn:hover{background:#5F5F5F} .cam-homepage-carousel .cam-slide{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} .cam-partnership-branding{border-color:#8C8989} .cam-highlight-date{background:#8C8989} .cam-focus-teaser{background:#404040;} .cam-focus-link{background-color:#5F5F5F} .cam-main-content h1, .cam-main-content h2 {color:#404040 } table, .cam-table-bordered {border-bottom:2px solid #8C8989;} th{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} th.cam-alt{background:#fff;color:#8C8989} .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) td, .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) th { background-color: #DBD9D9;} .cam-table-bordered th{border-left: 1px solid #DBD9D9;} /* local navigation */ .cam-local-navigation {background:#5F5F5F;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a{background:#5F5F5F;border-right:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a:hover, .cam-local-navigation a.active, .cam-local-navigation li a.active-trail {background-color:#2F2F2F;} .cam-local-navigation a.cam-selected{background:#8C8989} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a{background-color:#2F2F2F} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a{background-color: #2F2F2F;border-right:0; } .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li li a{border-bottom:1px solid #5F5F5F;} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li:last-child a {border-bottom:0;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:active{background-color:#5F5F5F;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover{background-color: #2F2F2F} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover{background-color: #5F5F5F;} /*theme 7*/ .js .cam-local-navigation a { background: #404040; border-right: 0; border-top: 0 } .cam-local-navigation li a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li li a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub a { background-color: #404040; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation a:active { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-menu-btn a { border: 0; background: #5F5F5F; } .cam-menu-btn-arrow { background: #2F2F2F } .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:focus, .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:hover { background-color: #2F2F2F; } .cam-menu-indicator { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li:first-child a { border-top: 1px solid #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; background-color: #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } </style> </div><!-- /.block --> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block last even" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-quick-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container "><li><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul></div> </div><!-- /.block --> </div> </div> <!-- MEGA MENU + QUICKLINKS FOR RESPONSIVE LAYOUT --> <!--startindex--> <!-- BREADCRUMB --> <div class="cam-row cam-page-header cam-sub-section-page"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb cam-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><span itemprop="title"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">Research</a></span></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Research news</span></li> </ul> </div> <p class="title cam-page-title">Research</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- BREADCRUMB --> <!-- HORIZONTAL MENU + TOPIC TITLE --> <div class="cam-row cam-page-header"> <!--stopindex--> <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-7" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-menu-research parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div id="local-nav" class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-local-navigation"> <div class="cam-local-navigation-container cam-mobile"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-current"> <li><a href="/research" title="Research homepage" class="menu__link">Research home</a></li> <li><a href="/news" title="" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/research/our-people" title="" class="menu__link">Our people</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlights</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link">About research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link">About research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link">Animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link">Animal research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link">Overseeing animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link">Overseeing animal research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research/governance/the-animal-welfare-and-ethical-review-body" class="menu__link">The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/animal-welfare-and-ethics" class="menu__link">Animal welfare and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research-and-teaching/report-on-the-allegations-and-matters-raised-in-the-buav-report-neurological-research-on-sheep-at" class="menu__link">Report on the allegations and matters raised in the BUAV report</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use?</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use? overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/chickens" class="menu__link">Chickens</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/guinea-pigs" class="menu__link">Guinea pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/equine" class="menu__link">Equine species</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/mice" class="menu__link">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/naked-mole-rats" class="menu__link">Naked mole-rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/non-human-primates" class="menu__link">Non-human primates (marmosets)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/other-birds" class="menu__link">Other birds</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/rats" class="menu__link">Rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/sheep" class="menu__link">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/xenopus" class="menu__link">Xenopus</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/zebrafish" class="menu__link">Zebrafish</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/non-technical-summaries" class="menu__link">Non-technical summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research" class="menu__link">Animal Welfare Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/alternatives-to-animal-use" class="menu__link">Alternatives to animal use</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/faqs" class="menu__link">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/further-information" class="menu__link">Further information</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/strategic-research-initiatives-networks" class="menu__link">Strategic Initiatives &amp; Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/interdisciplinary-research-centres" class="menu__link">Interdisciplinary Research Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/culture" class="menu__link">Research culture</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize" class="menu__link">Nobel Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/open-access" class="menu__link">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/horizons-magazine" class="menu__link">Horizons magazine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-integrity.admin.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Research integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/energy-sector-partnerships" class="menu__link">Energy sector partnerships</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=research" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/research/impact" title="Research impact case studies" class="menu__link">Our impact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.block --> </div><!-- /.region --> <!--startindex--> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-page-sub-title cam-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="cam-column12"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h1 class="cam-sub-title"> Research news </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- HORIZONTAL MENU + TOPIC TITLE --> <!-- CAROUSEL --> <!-- CAROUSEL --> <!-- CONTENT + NEWS + LEFT SIDEBAR + RIGHT SIDEBAR --> <div id="main" class="cam-row cam-content cam-recessed-content"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="content" class="cam-column9 cam-main-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="view view-news view-id-news view-display-id-page_1 view-dom-id-d41bcb92deb42f40fa7709e2b81f56cd"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/stories/best4-screening-trial-launch"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/c0942_005e_best4_crop_web.jpg?itok=sJwWLaWw" alt="" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/stories/best4-screening-trial-launch">Landmark &#039;pill-on-a-thread&#039; cancer screening trial welcomes first participants</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">28 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>A pivotal clinical trial of a 'pill-on-a-thread' test, which will decide if it becomes a new screening programme for oesophageal cancer, has welcomed its first...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/stories/best4-screening-trial-launch" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/scientists-warn-of-invisible-threat-of-microplastics-as-global-treaty-nears-completion"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/research/news/gettyimages-1406779439-dp_0.jpg?itok=wiE8WgJO" alt="Researcher holding small pieces of micro plastic pollution washed up on a beach " /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/scientists-warn-of-invisible-threat-of-microplastics-as-global-treaty-nears-completion">Scientists warn of ‘invisible threat’ of microplastics as global treaty nears completion</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">26 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>As the UN meets this week to finalise the Global Plastics Treaty, researchers warn that the agreement could fail to address one of the biggest...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/scientists-warn-of-invisible-threat-of-microplastics-as-global-treaty-nears-completion" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/wildlife-monitoring-technologies-used-to-intimidate-and-spy-on-women-study-finds"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/news/2-trishant-simlai-interviewing-a-local-woman-885x428px.jpg?itok=xDcIx106" alt="Researcher interviewing a local woman in India" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/wildlife-monitoring-technologies-used-to-intimidate-and-spy-on-women-study-finds">Wildlife monitoring technologies used to intimidate and spy on women, study finds</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">25 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Camera traps and drones deployed by government authorities to monitor a forest in India are infringing on the privacy and rights of local women.</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/wildlife-monitoring-technologies-used-to-intimidate-and-spy-on-women-study-finds" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/hannah-fry-joins-cambridge-as-professor-of-the-public-understanding-of-mathematics"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/research/news/hannah-fry-drupal-1.jpg?itok=FtSAanFf" alt="Hannah Fry." /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/hannah-fry-joins-cambridge-as-professor-of-the-public-understanding-of-mathematics">Award-winning broadcaster Hannah Fry joins Cambridge as Professor of the Public Understanding of Mathematics</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">22 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Professor Hannah Fry, mathematician, best-selling author, award-winning science presenter and host of popular podcasts and television shows, will join the University of Cambridge as the...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/hannah-fry-joins-cambridge-as-professor-of-the-public-understanding-of-mathematics" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/stories/human-cell-atlas-2024"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/disease_gene_enrichment_credit_ania_hupalowska_web.jpg?itok=UgOk9F6B" alt="Graphic showing humans and cells" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/stories/human-cell-atlas-2024">Cartographers of the human body: the Human Cell Atlas</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">20 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Human Cell Atlas is an ambitious project to map every cell in the human body. Its co-lead, Professor Sarah Teichmann, explains how the initiative...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/stories/human-cell-atlas-2024" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-6 views-row-even"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/northerners-scots-and-irish-excel-at-detecting-fake-accents-to-guard-against-outsiders-study"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/news/main-web-crop-885x428-crowds-on-newcastle-quayside-for-the-great-north-run-2013-credit-glen-bowman.jpg?itok=pK1vgl7C" alt="Crowds on Newcastle Quayside for the Great North Run in 2013. Photo: Glen Bowman, cc license via Flikr" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/northerners-scots-and-irish-excel-at-detecting-fake-accents-to-guard-against-outsiders-study">Northerners, Scots and Irish excel at detecting fake accents to guard against outsiders, study suggests</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">20 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>People from Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin and the north-east of England are better at detecting someone imitating their accent than people from London and Essex, new...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/northerners-scots-and-irish-excel-at-detecting-fake-accents-to-guard-against-outsiders-study" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-7 views-row-odd"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/a-peek-inside-the-box-that-could-help-solve-a-quantum-mystery"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/research/news/gettyimages-898633556-dp_1.jpg?itok=jVegUpr2" alt="Abstract colourful lines" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/a-peek-inside-the-box-that-could-help-solve-a-quantum-mystery">A peek inside the box that could help solve a quantum mystery</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">19 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>An elusive particle that first formed in the hot, dense early universe has puzzled physicists for decades. Following its discovery in 2003, scientists began observing...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/a-peek-inside-the-box-that-could-help-solve-a-quantum-mystery" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-8 views-row-even"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/stories/ATTEND-mindfulness"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/gettyimages-483141611_web.jpg?itok=r9XS028g" alt="Smiling girl with the sun behind her" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/stories/ATTEND-mindfulness">‘Teen-friendly’ mindfulness therapy aims to help combat depression</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">18 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Researchers have developed a mindfulness therapy tailored specifically to appeal to teenagers to help them cope with increasing levels of depression and mental health problems.</p></div></div></div> <a href="/stories/ATTEND-mindfulness" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-9 views-row-odd"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/research/news/study-uncovers-earliest-evidence-of-humans-using-fire-to-shape-the-landscape-of-tasmania"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/news/research/news/emerald-swamp-copy.jpg?itok=BsAcU_-r" alt="Emerald Swamp, Tasmania" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/research/news/study-uncovers-earliest-evidence-of-humans-using-fire-to-shape-the-landscape-of-tasmania">Study uncovers earliest evidence of humans using fire to shape the landscape of Tasmania</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">15 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Some of the first human beings to arrive in Tasmania, over 41,000 years ago, used fire to shape and manage the landscape, about 2,000 years...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/research/news/study-uncovers-earliest-evidence-of-humans-using-fire-to-shape-the-landscape-of-tasmania" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-10 views-row-even views-row-last"> <p><div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <article class="node-203122 node node-news node-promoted node-teaser clearfix cam-horizontal-teaser cam-teaser"> <div class="cam-column3"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <a href="/stories/roots-of-bird-intelligence"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/section-landing-page-250x250/public/navaornis_dp.jpg?itok=ZZyrbEWF" alt="Artist&#039;s impression of Navaornis, a bird from the age of dinosaurs." /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h3 class="cam-teaser-title"><a href="/stories/roots-of-bird-intelligence">Bird brain from the age of dinosaurs reveals roots of avian intelligence</a></h3> <span class="cam-datestamp">13 November 2024</span> <div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>A ‘one of a kind’ fossil discovery could transform our understanding of how the unique brains and intelligence of modern birds evolved, one of the...</p></div></div></div> <a href="/stories/roots-of-bird-intelligence" class="cam-primary-cta">Read More</a> </div> </div> </article><!-- /.node --> </div></p> </div> </div> <div class="cam-pagination cam-pagination-centered"><h2 class="element-invisible">Pages</h2><div class="item-list"><ul class="pager"><li class="pager-current first"><a href="#">1</a></li> <li class="pager-ellipsis">&hellip;</li> <li class="pager-last"><a title="Go to page 573" href="/research/news?ucam-ref=old-feat&amp;page=572">573</a></li> <li class="pager-next last"><a href="/research/news?ucam-ref=old-feat&amp;page=1">&gt;</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div><!-- block__no_wrapper --> <!-- region__no_wrapper --> </div><!-- /#content --> <div class="cam-column3 cam-secondary-content"> <section class="region region-sidebar-second column sidebar"> <div id="block-block-1172" class="block block-block first odd cam-content-container"> <div class="cam-heading-container"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Media enquiries</h2> </div> <p style="margin-top:20px;">Media enquiries may be directed to <a href="https://www.communications.cam.ac.uk/media">External Affairs and Communications</a>.</p> </div><!-- /.block --> <div id="block-block-13" class="block block-block last even cam-content-container"> <div class="cam-heading-container"> <h2 class="block__title block-title">Search research</h2> </div> <form action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" id="research-search" method="get" name="research-search" style="padding-top:16px;"> <div class="cam-control-group"> <div class="cam-controls"><label class="visuallyhidden" for="block-input">Keyword search</label> <input class="cam-input-block-level" id="block-input" name="query" type="text" value="" /><br /> <button class="cam-btn campl-primary-cta" name="research-search-button" type="submit">Go</button></div> </div> <input name="inst" type="hidden" value="PPO" /> <input name="tag" type="hidden" value="research" /> </form> <!-- /.block --> <div class="cam-heading-container" style="padding-top:16px;"> <h2 class="block-title">Sign up to receive our weekly research email</h2> <p><br /> Our selection of the week's biggest Cambridge research news sent directly to your inbox. Enter your email address, confirm you're happy to receive our emails and then select 'Subscribe'.</p> </div> <p> </p> <form action="https://news.cam.ac.uk/signup.ashx" autocomplete="off" id="signup" method="post" name="signup" onsubmit="return validate_signup(this, true)"><input name="ci_isconsentform" type="hidden" value="true" /> <input name="userid" type="hidden" value="297231" /> <input name="SIGf267728ec8e9027548ef8a2d725db8c4f3e8a61a0a9bba120ffde8a8aa167f80" type="hidden" value="" /> <input name="addressbookid" type="hidden" value="218284" /> <input name="ReturnURL" type="hidden" value="https://news.cam.ac.uk/p/6DCF-1MS/thank-you-for-subscribing-to-research-emails" /> <input name="ci_userConsentText" type="hidden" value="I wish to receive a weekly Cambridge research news summary by email." /> <input id="ci_consenturl" name="ci_consenturl" type="hidden" value="" /> <div><label class="wrap" for="email">Email</label> <input aria-required="true" id="email" name="email" required="" type="text" /></div> <p><input id="ci_userConsentCheckBox" name="ci_userConsentCheckBox" type="checkbox" /> <label for="ci_userConsentCheckBox">I wish to receive a weekly Cambridge research news summary by email.</label></p> <p><input id="btnsubmit" name="btnsubmit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" /></p> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[// ><!-- <!-- var urlInput = document.getElementById("ci_consenturl"); if (urlInput != null && urlInput != 'undefined') { urlInput.value = encodeURI(window.location.href); } function checkbox_Clicked(element) { document.getElementById(element.id + "_unchecked").value = !element.checked; } function validate_signup(frm, showAlert) { var emailAddress = frm.email.value; var errorString = ''; if (emailAddress == '' || emailAddress.indexOf('@') == -1) { errorString = 'Please enter your email address'; } var checkBoxValue = frm.ci_userConsentCheckBox.checked; if (checkBoxValue == false && showAlert) { errorString = 'You must accept the terms'; } if (showAlert) { var els = frm.getElementsByTagName('input'); for (var i = 0; i < els.length; i++) { if (els[i].className == 'text' || els[i].className == 'date' || els[i].className == 'number') { if (els[i].value == '') errorString = 'Please complete all required fields.'; } else if (els[i].className == 'radio') { var toCheck = document.getElementsByName(els[i].name); var radioChecked = false; for (var j = 0; j < toCheck.length; j++) { if (toCheck[j].name == els[i].name && toCheck[j].checked) radioChecked = true; } if (!radioChecked) errorString = 'Please complete all required fields.'; } } } var isError = false; if (errorString.length > 0) { isError = true; if (showAlert) alert(errorString); } return !isError; } //--> //--><!]]> </script> <p style="font-size: 0.9em;">The University of Cambridge will use your email address to send you our weekly research news email. We are committed to protecting your personal information and being transparent about what information we hold. Please read our <a href="https://www.communications.cam.ac.uk/campaigns/privacy-notice-our-emails-to-you" title="Link: Privacy notice for our emails to you">email privacy notice</a> for details.</p> </div><!-- /.block --> </section><!-- region__sidebar --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- CONTENT + NEWS + LEFT SIDEBAR + RIGHT SIDEBAR --> <!--stopindex--> <div class="cam-row cam-local-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation last"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <h3 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/about-this-site/connect-with-us" class="block-title-link">Connect with us</a></h3> <ul class="cam-global-footer-links"> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-facebook-icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/cambridge.university">Facebook</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-instagram-icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversity/">Instagram</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-linkedin-icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/4522">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-twitter-icon" href="https://twitter.com/cambridge_uni">X</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-youtube-icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/cambridgeuniversity">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- /.block --> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cam-row cam-global-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-with-logo" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" width="178" alt="Cambridge University" /></a> <p> &copy; 2024 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-footer-links"><li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Contact the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/accessibility" title="" class="menu__link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.information-compliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/foi?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/privacy-policy?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Privacy policy and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.governanceandcompliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/anti-slavery-and-anti-trafficking?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement" class="menu__link">Statement on Modern Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/university-a-z?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">University A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- /.block --> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-study-at-camb" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.block --> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-about-uni" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/give-now?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/jobs" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Press &amp; Assessment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.block --> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-research" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/research/news?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Research news</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About research at Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlight on...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><!-- /.block --> </div> </div> <!--startindex--> </div><!-- /#page --> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6","applicationID":"1555785413","transactionName":"M1BXZEBZWUNTAk0NWQoaYEJbFxhZXAVcHBgUXUU=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":8,"atts":"HxdUEghDSk0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10