CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6",applicationID:"1555785413"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/research/research-at-cambridge/energy-sector-partnerships" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/227771" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <title>Energy sector partnerships | University of Cambridge</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.com/hyb5bko.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{Typekit.load();}catch(e){}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_kShW4RPmRstZ3SpIC-ZvVGNFVAi0WEMuCnI0ZkYIaFw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_Y8NEY2YWUfa3u_TPeruukvJY8vHczXKZ3FDQlALbxi8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_NL1BLrgirZk27_lb9OAutj9lpoAdjtwKtwW2hrTxz9w.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wyhKruCHm-sO0XTQ_3mi6OYj06np5Qfg9lsmBw_nv7o.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_N1BiCVDS3JkXbaipbowDz388lDcjEaVJEKO_fxyQc4w.css" media="all" /> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.data_layer.js?smn4k2"></script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.script.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.12/jquery.min.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_browser.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js?v=1.4.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/entityreference/js/entityreference.js?smn4k2"></script> <script>window.euCookieComplianceLoadScripts = function(category) {if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/scripts\/0017\/7935.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/versioned\/common-scripts\/11.1.68.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/universityofcambridgeresearch.disqus.com\/embed.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.googleoptimize.com\/optimize.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.cam.ac.uk\/files\/js\/js_yyaTXgbjPVILmiPS1N14s1EL5ooEJSKiPrybQD-pkbA.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSDK.js\/bf4a12bd69f3.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedAsyncLogger.js\/cb2a557dff2e.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSimple.js\/2d3a8e380105.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/async-buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/horizon_tweet.23850db1f381e00d7fe63ff5fc1a5a61.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/timeline.2002b66aa236ee3e1e6728119a7c4b98.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/common\/cavalry_endpoint.php";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}}</script> <script>window.eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = "uoc_cookie_choices";</script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/script.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/modernizr.js?smn4k2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/ios.js?smn4k2"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"cam","theme_token":"jPI9hDHji6KIJtgtonSGY1W8V-zfn8tRNMEgP9SQ7kU","js":{"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.data_layer.js":1,"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"0":1,"1":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/modernizr.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/ios.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/aggregator\/aggregator.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/media\/modules\/media_wysiwyg\/css\/media_wysiwyg.base.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.bare.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/cam.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_2.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_12.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_32.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_41.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_81.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":0,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2 class=\u0022cookie_heading\u0022\u003EYour cookie choices\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp class=\u0022cookie_intro\u0022\u003ECookies are little files that we save on your device to remember your preferences. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Enecessary\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to make our site work. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esite usage measurement\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to analyse anonymised usage patterns, to make our websites better for you.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYou may choose to opt-in to use optional cookies for \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Epersonalisation\u003C\/span\u003E and to remember your \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esocial marketing preferences\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy tapping the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EThank you for accepting cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":1,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":0,"popup_delay":1100,"popup_link":"\/about-this-site\/cookies","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"fixed_top_position":1,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":1,"reload_page":1,"domain":"cam.ac.uk","domain_all_sites":1,"popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":"366","cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"categories","allowed_cookies":"X-Mapping-iejmlgke\r\nhas_js\r\n_ga\r\n_gat\r\n_gat_UA-1936439-1\r\n_ga_P8Q1QT5W4K\r\n_gat_shorthand\r\n_gid\r\nuoc_cookie_choices\r\n_cfduid\r\nPS_DEVICEFEATURES\r\nPS_LOGINLIST\r\nPS_TOKEN\r\nPS_TOKENEXPIRE\r\nps_theme\r\npsback\r\nlcsrftoken\r\ncstest-PORTAL-PSJSESSIONID\r\npersonalisation:_dc\r\npersonalisation:_qst\r\npersonalisation:cean\r\npersonalisation:experimentation_subject_id\r\npersonalisation:ce2ab\r\npersonalisation:_session\r\npersonalisation:lang\r\npersonalisation:csrftoken\r\npersonalisation:iutk\r\npersonalisation:aet-dismiss\r\npersonalisation:drafts.queue\r\npersonalisation:submitted_posts_cache\r\nmarketing:disqus_unique\r\nmarketing:sessionid\r\nmarketing:disqusauth\r\nmarketing:disqusauths\r\nmarketing:_jid\r\nmarketing:ig_cb\r\nmarketing:mid\r\nmarketing:_qca\r\nmarketing:cref\r\nmarketing:iutk\r\nmarketing:mc\r\nmarketing:guest_id\r\nmarketing:personalization_id\r\nmarketing:eu_cn\r\nmarketing:CONSENT\r\nmarketing:IDE\r\nmarketing:GPS\r\nmarketing:YSC\r\nmarketing:VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE\r\nmarketing:1P_JAR","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EShow\/hide cookie settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false,"withdraw_button_on_info_popup":0,"cookie_categories":["personalisation","marketing"],"cookie_categories_details":{"personalisation":{"label":"Personalisation settings","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience","machine_name":"personalisation","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":0},"marketing":{"label":"Social marketing preferences","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites","machine_name":"marketing","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":1}},"enable_save_preferences_button":1,"cookie_name":"uoc_cookie_choices","cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","automatic_cookies_removal":1,"close_button_action":"close_banner"}});</script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-227771 node-type-basic-page section-research" > <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NV99KVN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page">  <header id="header" role="banner" class="cam-row cam-global-header"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="global-header-controls" class="cam-header-container cam-column8"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" id="logo" class="cam-main-logo"><img width="178px" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" alt="Home" /></a>  <ul class="links cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation cam-global-navigation" id="primary-nav"><li class="menu-636 first"><a href="/study-at-cambridge" title="">Study at Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu-635"><a href="/about-the-university" title="">About the University</a></li> <li class="menu-467 last"><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-header" title="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <div class="cam-quicklinks"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container column12 clearfix"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <form id="site-search-btn" class="cam-site-search" action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" method="GET" ><div> <div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="visuallyhidden withcontrast" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search') {this.value = '';}" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search';}" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="query" value="Search" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"> <input type="image" id="edit-submit" alt="Search" name="submit" value="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search-header.png" class="form-submit" /></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </header>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-header cam-search-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <form action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" id="site-search-container" class="cam-site-search-form" method="GET"> <div class="cam-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <label for='site-search-mobile-text' class='visuallyhidden'>Search</label> <input type="text" id="site-search-mobile-text" placeholder="Search" class="text" name="query"> <input type="image" alt="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search.png" class="cam-search-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12 cam-global-navigation-mobile-list cam-global-navigation-list"> <div id="study-at-cambridge" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Applying</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events/cambridge-open-days?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events and open days</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/finance?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and finance</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/application-process/how-do-i-apply?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/funding?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate events</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list last"><li><a href="https://www.internationalstudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">International students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="about-the-university" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/about-the-university">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Equality and diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/news?ucam-ref=global-header" title="University news" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/a-global-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Cambridge is a global University" class="menu__link">A global university</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="research" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/research">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-332" class="block block-block first odd">  <style> /* Theme 7 - grey #2F2F2F dark highlight #404040 page header colours/global footer #5F5F5F carousel btn hover #5F5F5F main local nav bar #7d7777 lighter highlight #8C8989 selected state #EAE8E8 pale tone - lightest highlight #DBD9D9 pale table bg */ .cam-page-header, .cam-local-footer{background:#404040} .cam-local-footer h3 a{color:#EAE8E8;} .cam-page-sub-title, .cam-banner-content{background:#7d7777} .cam-tertiary-navigation{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAHElEQVQYlWNgQAOfP3/+T1BsMCrCBgajO4n1DACTJUzhVcNWTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg);min-height:100%} .cam-carousel-control-btn{background:#8C8989} .cam-carousel-control-btn:hover{background:#5F5F5F} .cam-homepage-carousel .cam-slide{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} .cam-partnership-branding{border-color:#8C8989} .cam-highlight-date{background:#8C8989} .cam-focus-teaser{background:#404040;} .cam-focus-link{background-color:#5F5F5F} .cam-main-content h1, .cam-main-content h2 {color:#404040 } table, .cam-table-bordered {border-bottom:2px solid #8C8989;} th{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} th.cam-alt{background:#fff;color:#8C8989} .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) td, .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) th { background-color: #DBD9D9;} .cam-table-bordered th{border-left: 1px solid #DBD9D9;} /* local navigation */ .cam-local-navigation {background:#5F5F5F;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a{background:#5F5F5F;border-right:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a:hover, .cam-local-navigation a.active, .cam-local-navigation li a.active-trail {background-color:#2F2F2F;} .cam-local-navigation a.cam-selected{background:#8C8989} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a{background-color:#2F2F2F} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a{background-color: #2F2F2F;border-right:0; } .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li li a{border-bottom:1px solid #5F5F5F;} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li:last-child a {border-bottom:0;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:active{background-color:#5F5F5F;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover{background-color: #2F2F2F} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover{background-color: #5F5F5F;} /*theme 7*/ .js .cam-local-navigation a { background: #404040; border-right: 0; border-top: 0 } .cam-local-navigation li a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li li a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub a { background-color: #404040; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation a:active { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-menu-btn a { border: 0; background: #5F5F5F; } .cam-menu-btn-arrow { background: #2F2F2F } .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:focus, .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:hover { background-color: #2F2F2F; } .cam-menu-indicator { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li:first-child a { border-top: 1px solid #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; background-color: #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } </style> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block last even" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-quick-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container "><li><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="cam-row cam-page-header cam-sub-section-page"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb cam-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><span itemprop="title"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">Research</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-2">Research at Cambridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Energy sector partnerships</span></li> </ul> </div> <p class="title cam-page-title">Research</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-page-header">  <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-7" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-menu-research parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div id="local-nav" class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-local-navigation"> <div class="cam-local-navigation-container cam-mobile"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-current"> <li><a href="/research" title="Research homepage" class="menu__link">Research home</a></li> <li><a href="/news" title="" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/research/our-people" title="" class="menu__link">Our people</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlights</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">About research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">About research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link">Animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link">Animal research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link">Overseeing animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link">Overseeing animal research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research/governance/the-animal-welfare-and-ethical-review-body" class="menu__link">The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/animal-welfare-and-ethics" class="menu__link">Animal welfare and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research-and-teaching/report-on-the-allegations-and-matters-raised-in-the-buav-report-neurological-research-on-sheep-at" class="menu__link">Report on the allegations and matters raised in the BUAV report</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use?</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use? overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/chickens" class="menu__link">Chickens</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/guinea-pigs" class="menu__link">Guinea pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/equine" class="menu__link">Equine species</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/mice" class="menu__link">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/naked-mole-rats" class="menu__link">Naked mole-rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/non-human-primates" class="menu__link">Non-human primates (marmosets)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/other-birds" class="menu__link">Other birds</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/rats" class="menu__link">Rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/sheep" class="menu__link">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/xenopus" class="menu__link">Xenopus</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/zebrafish" class="menu__link">Zebrafish</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/non-technical-summaries" class="menu__link">Non-technical summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research" class="menu__link">Animal Welfare Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/alternatives-to-animal-use" class="menu__link">Alternatives to animal use</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/faqs" class="menu__link">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/further-information" class="menu__link">Further information</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/strategic-research-initiatives-networks" class="menu__link">Strategic Initiatives & Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/interdisciplinary-research-centres" class="menu__link">Interdisciplinary Research Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/culture" class="menu__link">Research culture</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize" class="menu__link">Nobel Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/open-access" class="menu__link">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/horizons-magazine" class="menu__link">Horizons magazine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-integrity.admin.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Research integrity</a></li> <li class = "cam-current-page" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/energy-sector-partnerships" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Energy sector partnerships</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=research" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/research/impact" title="Research impact case studies" class="menu__link">Our impact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-page-sub-title cam-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-spacing-column">   </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h1 class="cam-sub-title"> Energy sector partnerships </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div>     <div id="main" class="cam-row cam-content cam-recessed-content"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class='cam-column3'>  <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-12" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-12 menu-name-menu-research parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation-structure"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research">Research<span class='cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator'></span></a></li> <li><a href='https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge'>About research<span class='cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator'></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb-navigation"> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed menu-mlid-1672" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link">Animal research</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-811" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/strategic-research-initiatives-networks" class="menu__link">Strategic Initiatives & Networks</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-28882" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/interdisciplinary-research-centres" class="menu__link">Interdisciplinary Research Centres</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-97831" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/culture" class="menu__link">Research culture</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-75491" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize" class="menu__link">Nobel Prize</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-22972" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/open-access" class="menu__link">Open access</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-1662" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/horizons-magazine" class="menu__link">Horizons magazine</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-13512" ><a href="https://www.research-integrity.admin.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Research integrity</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf is-active-trail is-active last leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-61481" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/energy-sector-partnerships" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Energy sector partnerships</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> <div id="content" class="cam-column9 cam-main-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div style="text-align:center"> </div> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><style type="text/css"> <![CDATA[/* ><!]]>*/ </style> <p>Carefully chosen partnerships with energy sector companies allow academics to achieve impact at scale and help the University to fulfil its mission to contribute to society through the pursuit of research at the highest international standards of excellence. We continue to work in the restricted way described below with companies involved in the traditional energy sector where we believe they have a role in accelerating the transition to renewable or decarbonised energy and in scaling-up promising green technology.</p> <p>We want to be transparent about these partnerships and so on this page we describe:</p> <ol> <li>The due diligence process we apply to funding from the traditional energy sector.</li> <li>Research funding and philanthropic donations from firms in the traditional energy sector. While the University works with a variety of energy companies, we are disclosing recent engagement with companies that have major fossil fuel activities, and that have contributed more than £1M in funding over the last three academic years.</li> </ol> <h2>Funding approved since October 2020</h2> <p>In October 2020, the University adopted <a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2020-21/weekly/6590/section1.shtml#heading2-7">guidelines for decision-making</a> on accepting research funding and donations in relation to its commitment to address climate change through a transition to a zero-carbon world. This enhanced what was already a rigorous due diligence process. Since October 2020, all new funding has been subject to climate-specific due diligence and scrutiny, including funding from the energy sector.</p> <p>In June 2021, the University created an enhanced set of criteria for energy companies. These include a <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.cam.ac.uk/files/documents/cbela_rag_classification_for_energy_sector_companies_0622.pdf">RED AMBER GREEN (RAG) scale</a>, which is applied to energy firms to determine their alignment with the University’s climate change guidelines, and a written assessment from non-conflicted experts on whether the purpose of the proposed collaboration contributes meaningfully to the energy transition. The RAG categories are summarised as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Red: Unsuitable firms because their interests are wholly incompatible with the University’s climate change guidelines.</li> <li>Yellow/Amber: The University will accept funding for research contracts or philanthropic funding from these firms only in some cases (yellow) or by exception (amber) taking into account whether the individual project consists of research which significantly furthers the global energy transition to a sustainable future.</li> <li>Green: Suitable firms because their interests are wholly compatible with the University’s climate change guidelines.</li> </ul> <p>Since the introduction of these new guidelines, the University has only accepted funding from energy companies where it was sure that the resulting collaboration would help the industry and UK and global society move to renewable or decarbonised energy.</p> <hr /> <h2>Example: sustainably-produced synthetic aviation fuel</h2> <p><quote><em>University of Cambridge academics are working with Shell on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to advance gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies. The research will help better understand the fundamental chemistry and physics of the conversion processes. GTL technology has been used recently by Shell to create sustainably produced synthetic fuel (kerosene) from CO2, water and renewable energy. This has been used to partly fuel an international flight by a passenger jet – a world first. This pilot project produced a small amount of fuel. However, steps to increase synthetic aviation fuel (SAF) production represent incremental innovation in the sector and are one of a range of technologies being explored to deliver zero-carbon aviation.</em></quote></p> <hr /> <h2>Earlier collaborations</h2> <p>In recent years, staff working with traditional energy companies led a strategic shift away from research on fossil fuel extraction and towards sustainable energy resources and new green technologies, even before the University adopted central guidelines.</p> <p>Although, historically, there are some legacy oil and gas projects, over time an increasing proportion have focused on developing next-generation power and heating systems and carbon capture and storage. The processes put in place in October 2020 ensure that our academic-led strategic shift is now permanent.</p> <h2>List of funding received from the energy sector</h2> <p>These tables disclose funding from companies that have major fossil fuel activities and that have contributed more than a cumulative total of £1M over the last three years.</p> <p>The first table shows research funding by project. While the University primarily conducts fundamental research, the column on the right of the table discloses the expected potential application of the research. </p> <p>The second table presents non-prescriptive donations by intended gift destination. Gifts donated for research are used by Cambridge academics to make advances on sustainability goals.</p> <h2>Table 1. Research funding from traditional energy sector firms</h2> <p> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="953"> <thead> <tr> <th style="vertical-align: top;" width="71"> <p><strong>Award Date</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align: top;" width="93"> <p><strong>Award band</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align: top;" width="59"> <p><strong>Project start year</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align: top;" width="52"> <p><strong>Project end year</strong></p> </th> <th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" width="52"> <p><strong>Funder Name</strong></p> </th> <th style="vertical-align: top;" width="312"> <p><strong>Project title</strong></p> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;" width="312"> <p><strong>Potential application of the research</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71">06/04/2022</td> <td valign="bottom" width="93">£2.5M - £4.9M</td> <td valign="bottom" width="59">2022</td> <td valign="bottom" width="52">2024</td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52">Shell</td> <td valign="bottom" width="312">Digital materials: Using magnetic resonance techniques to understand the physical and chemical processes that govern fluid displacement in complex porous materials as required, for instance, to optimize catalyst particles, reactor design and to enable safe and permanent sequestration of CO2 in the subsurface.</td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" width="312">Green technologies</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>24/04/2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2025</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Optimisation of EV battery charging 2</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>24/04/2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£250K - £499K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2025</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Optimisation of EV battery charging 1</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>25/02/2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing electrolytes in cost-effective batteries for large scale energy storage (redox flow batteries) 2</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>21/01/2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£1M - £2.4M</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2023</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing cost-effective batteries for large scale energy storage (redox flow batteries)</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>21/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing catholytes in cost-effective batteries for large scale energy storage (redox flow batteries) 1</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Improving energy efficiency in heating and ventilating convenience stores</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Hydrogen storage in the subsurface for long term energy storage</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Understanding the effect of geological strata variations for permanently storing carbon underground</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Understanding the effect of geological structure (faults and fractures) variations for permanently storing carbon underground</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Comparative modelling of alternative systems to use geothermal energy</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>04/12/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing membranes in cost-effective batteries for large scale energy storage (redox flow batteries)</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>16/11/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2024</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Using chemical methods to remove and recycle heavy metals from waste water</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <h2>Total award value for 2020-2024: £7.5M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" valign="bottom" width="71"> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="background-color: yellow; text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <p><strong> </strong></p> <h2>^ New Process for scrutinising income from energy companies</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" valign="bottom" width="71"> <p> </p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>07/09/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p> </p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p> </p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Sustainable and resource efficient design of batteries</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>21/04/2020</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2023</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Support for the Centre for Doctoral Training in Data Intensive Science</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>02/10/2019</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2019</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2028</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Contribution to the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Future Infrastructure and Built Environment: Resilience in a Changing World (FIBE2 CDT). BP contributes to the projects:<br /> - District energy system optimisation under uncertainty<br /> - Digitising industrial facilities<br /> - Prioritising interventions in infrastructure design and operations for lower carbon energy assets<br /> - Remote sensing for the monitoring of dynamic behaviour impacting sustainable development</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>13/08/2019</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2018 top-up to a project that started in 2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>The effects of additives (such as in drilling fluids) on rock permeability and rock strength</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <h2><strong> </strong>Total award value for 2019-2020: £0.4M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>13/11/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Studies of anti-wear additives to engine oil</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>23/10/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing materials to efficiently separate methane from higher hydrocarbons.</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>17/09/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£500K - £749K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2022</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Fundamental studies of the deep Earth, particularly how the crust and the mantle interact</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <h2><strong> </strong>Total award value for 2018-2019: £0.9M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>07/08/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing molecules to produce new cost-effective batteries (sodium ion batteries)</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>02/07/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Materials studies to produce new cost-effective batteries (sodium ion batteries)</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>08/02/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2022</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Novel chemical methods to protect steel surfaces</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>02/02/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Improving digital methods to scan buildings, optimising construction and maintenance</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>01/02/2018</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£250K - £499K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Studies of interaction between oil and rock at the molecular scale</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>12/12/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Fundamental molecular studies of hydorcarbons</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>12/12/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2022</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Using advanced imaging techniques to improve chemical processes, especially to produce low carbon fuels.</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>01/12/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£1M - £2.4M</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing chemical methods to protect infrastructure surfaces in demanding environments, such as offshore windfarms or oil rigs. This would reduce the cost and environmental impact of frequent maintenance</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <h2><strong> </strong>Total award value for 2017-2018: £1.8M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>22/09/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£250K - £499K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2019</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Advancing methods to develop new cost-effective batteries (sodium ion batteries)</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>03/08/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£50K - £99K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Using machine learning to understand the physical properties of hydrocarbons to improve lubricants</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>27/07/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£50K - £99K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Investigating chemical mechanisms for enhanced oil recovery</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>27/07/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p><£10K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Using data mining to automate chemical process selection</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>25/05/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Sequestration of carbon dioxide in the subsurface</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>05/04/2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£500K - £749K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2017</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2022</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Understanding fuel degradation in combustion engines to reduce emissions</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top" width="312"> <p>Green technologies</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>08/11/2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£1M - £2.4M</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2021</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>Shell</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Developing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques to understand how gases and liquids flow through model porous media and rocks</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Dual use or transitional technologies (E.g. reducing carbon intensity of fossil fuel applications)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>01/11/2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£50K - £99K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Understanding how fluids (including oil) interact with and flow over different mineral surfaces</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" width="71"> <p>07/09/2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="93"> <p>£50K - £99K</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="59"> <p>2016</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>2020</p> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom" width="52"> <p>BP</p> </td> <td valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Understanding how different fluids interact at mineral surfaces and how they interact with the mineral surfaces</p> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="bottom" width="312"> <p>Potential fossil fuel applications</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;" valign="top" width="312"> <h2><strong> </strong>Total award value for 2016-2017: £3.3M</h2> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>* All data is taken at a snapshot in time and will be updated periodically.</p> <p>* Award date column shows the date the funding is received by the University. The review process and approval of funding took place prior to the award date.</p> <p>* Table discloses funding data from traditional energy sector firms that have given more than £1M in funding over the last three years.</p> <h2>Table 2. Philanthropic donations from traditional energy sector firms. Non-prescriptive gifts donated for research are used by Cambridge academics to make advances on sustainability goals.</h2> <p> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="638"> <thead> <tr> <th valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center"><strong>Gift Date</strong></p> </th> <th valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center"><strong>Gift Band</strong></p> </th> <th valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center"><strong>Donor Name</strong></p> </th> <th valign="top" width="398"> <p><strong>Gift destination</strong></p> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">17/08/2020</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center"><£10K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">BP</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">06/11/2019</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center">£5M - £7.4M</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">Shell</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p> Support for the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) research</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" valign="bottom" width="638"> <h2>Total donation value for 2019-2020: £6M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">03/10/2018 - 08/08/2019</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center">£10K - £49K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">BP</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">11/04/2019</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center">£1M - £4.9M</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">BP</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p> BP Institute Trust Fund: support for a new digital laboratory</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">26/02/2019</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center"><£10K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">Shell</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" nowrap="nowrap" style="text-align: center;" valign="bottom" width="638"> <h2>Total donation value for 2018-2019: £2M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">13/03/2018</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center"><£10K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">Shell</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">24/11/2017</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center">£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">BP</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" valign="bottom" width="638"> <h2>Total donation value for 2017-2018: £0.1M</h2> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">21/04/2017</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center"><£10K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">Shell</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Miscellaneous, e.g. student prizes, student support, unrestricted department support, etc</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="72"> <p align="center">13/12/2016 - 08/03/2017</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="88"> <p align="center">£100K - £249K</p> </td> <td valign="top" width="80"> <p align="center">Shell</p> </td> <td width="398"> <p>Support for the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre (Core Infrastructure)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" valign="bottom" width="638"> <h2>Total donation value for 2016-2017: £0.2M</h2> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> *All data is taken at a snapshot in time and will be updated periodically. </p> <p>* Table discloses funding data from traditional energy sector firms that have given more than £1M in funding over the last three years.</p> </div></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div> </div>   </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-local-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation last"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <h3 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/about-this-site/connect-with-us" class="block-title-link">Connect with us</a></h3> <ul class="cam-global-footer-links"> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-facebook-icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/cambridge.university">Facebook</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-instagram-icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversity/">Instagram</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-linkedin-icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/4522">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-twitter-icon" href="https://twitter.com/cambridge_uni">X</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-youtube-icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/cambridgeuniversity">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="cam-row cam-global-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-with-logo" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" width="178" alt="Cambridge University" /></a> <p> © 2024 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-footer-links"><li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Contact the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/accessibility" title="" class="menu__link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.information-compliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/foi?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/privacy-policy?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Privacy policy and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.governanceandcompliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/anti-slavery-and-anti-trafficking?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement" class="menu__link">Statement on Modern Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/university-a-z?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">University A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-study-at-camb" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-about-uni" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/give-now?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/jobs" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Press & Assessment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-research" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/research/news?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research news</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About research at Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlight on...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6","applicationID":"1555785413","transactionName":"M1BXZEBZWUNTAk0NWQoaYEJbFxhZXAVcHBgUXUU=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":221,"atts":"HxdUEghDSk0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>