CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6",applicationID:"1555785413"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <meta name="description" content="We take the position that compliance with the law and associated Codes of Practice relating to animal welfare is the minimum operating standard. Animal" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/node/180812" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="University of Cambridge" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Overseeing animal research" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Overseeing animal research" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="We take the position that compliance with the law and associated Codes of Practice relating to animal welfare is the minimum operating standard. Animal Welfare Our Animal Welfare Policy is available" /> <meta name="dc.date" content="2016-10-28" /> <meta name="date" content="2016-10-28" /> <title>Overseeing animal research | University of Cambridge</title> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.com/hyb5bko.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try{Typekit.load();}catch(e){}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_kShW4RPmRstZ3SpIC-ZvVGNFVAi0WEMuCnI0ZkYIaFw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_Y8NEY2YWUfa3u_TPeruukvJY8vHczXKZ3FDQlALbxi8.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_NL1BLrgirZk27_lb9OAutj9lpoAdjtwKtwW2hrTxz9w.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wyhKruCHm-sO0XTQ_3mi6OYj06np5Qfg9lsmBw_nv7o.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_wDWEMgG52X4x6k7BJf_HEdj5QbNT-O_oTP5lCEOLHM0.css" media="all" /> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.data_layer.js?sqlc59"></script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/google_tag/primary/google_tag.script.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.12/jquery.min.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.12.4"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/misc/drupal.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/jquery_update/js/jquery_browser.js?v=0.0.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js?v=1.4.1"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/entityreference/js/entityreference.js?sqlc59"></script> <script>window.euCookieComplianceLoadScripts = function(category) {if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/scripts\/0017\/7935.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/script.crazyegg.com\/pages\/versioned\/common-scripts\/11.1.68.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/universityofcambridgeresearch.disqus.com\/embed.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "personalisation") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.googleoptimize.com\/optimize.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/www.cam.ac.uk\/files\/js\/js_yyaTXgbjPVILmiPS1N14s1EL5ooEJSKiPrybQD-pkbA.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSDK.js\/bf4a12bd69f3.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedAsyncLogger.js\/cb2a557dff2e.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/static\/bundles\/es6\/EmbedSimple.js\/2d3a8e380105.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/sdk.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/async-buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/ws.sharethis.com\/button\/buttons.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/horizon_tweet.23850db1f381e00d7fe63ff5fc1a5a61.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/js\/timeline.2002b66aa236ee3e1e6728119a7c4b98.js";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}if (category === "marketing") {var scriptTag = document.createElement("script");scriptTag.src = "https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/common\/cavalry_endpoint.php";document.body.appendChild(scriptTag);}}</script> <script>window.eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = "uoc_cookie_choices";</script> <script defer="defer" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/script.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/modernizr.js?sqlc59"></script> <script src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/js/ios.js?sqlc59"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"cam","theme_token":"cYcBYkwDi8xa7Gq67PF_jbeaYSHYwDWbgdkWIGSBR6M","js":{"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.data_layer.js":1,"https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.12\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/js\/jquery_browser.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/entityreference\/js\/entityreference.js":1,"0":1,"1":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/modernizr.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/js\/ios.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"modules\/aggregator\/aggregator.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/media\/modules\/media_wysiwyg\/css\/media_wysiwyg.base.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"profiles\/cambridge\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.bare.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/tabs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/cam\/assets\/css\/cam.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_2.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_12.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_32.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_41.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_81.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_121.css":1}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":0,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2 class=\u0022cookie_heading\u0022\u003EYour cookie choices\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp class=\u0022cookie_intro\u0022\u003ECookies are little files that we save on your device to remember your preferences. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Enecessary\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to make our site work. We use \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esite usage measurement\u003C\/span\u003E cookies to analyse anonymised usage patterns, to make our websites better for you.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYou may choose to opt-in to use optional cookies for \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Epersonalisation\u003C\/span\u003E and to remember your \u003Cspan class=\u0022cookie_intro_em\u0022\u003Esocial marketing preferences\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy tapping the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EGive me more information\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\n value=\u0022personalisation\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-personalisation\u0022\u003EPersonalisation settings\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cinput type=\u0022checkbox\u0022 name=\u0022cookie-categories\u0022 id=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\n value=\u0022marketing\u0022\n \u003E\n \u003Clabel for=\u0022cookie-category-marketing\u0022\u003ESocial marketing preferences\u003C\/label\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-category-description\u0022\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-categories-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022\n class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-save-preferences-button\u0022\u003ESave my choices\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-has-categories\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EAccept all cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button eu-cookie-compliance-hidden\u0022 \u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EThank you for accepting cookies\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EMore info\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":1,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":0,"popup_delay":1100,"popup_link":"\/about-this-site\/cookies","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"fixed_top_position":1,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":1,"reload_page":1,"domain":"cam.ac.uk","domain_all_sites":1,"popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":"366","cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"categories","allowed_cookies":"X-Mapping-iejmlgke\r\nhas_js\r\n_ga\r\n_gat\r\n_gat_UA-1936439-1\r\n_ga_P8Q1QT5W4K\r\n_gat_shorthand\r\n_gid\r\nuoc_cookie_choices\r\n_cfduid\r\nPS_DEVICEFEATURES\r\nPS_LOGINLIST\r\nPS_TOKEN\r\nPS_TOKENEXPIRE\r\nps_theme\r\npsback\r\nlcsrftoken\r\ncstest-PORTAL-PSJSESSIONID\r\npersonalisation:_dc\r\npersonalisation:_qst\r\npersonalisation:cean\r\npersonalisation:experimentation_subject_id\r\npersonalisation:ce2ab\r\npersonalisation:_session\r\npersonalisation:lang\r\npersonalisation:csrftoken\r\npersonalisation:iutk\r\npersonalisation:aet-dismiss\r\npersonalisation:drafts.queue\r\npersonalisation:submitted_posts_cache\r\nmarketing:disqus_unique\r\nmarketing:sessionid\r\nmarketing:disqusauth\r\nmarketing:disqusauths\r\nmarketing:_jid\r\nmarketing:ig_cb\r\nmarketing:mid\r\nmarketing:_qca\r\nmarketing:cref\r\nmarketing:iutk\r\nmarketing:mc\r\nmarketing:guest_id\r\nmarketing:personalization_id\r\nmarketing:eu_cn\r\nmarketing:CONSENT\r\nmarketing:IDE\r\nmarketing:GPS\r\nmarketing:YSC\r\nmarketing:VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE\r\nmarketing:1P_JAR","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EShow\/hide cookie settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EDecline optional cookies\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false,"withdraw_button_on_info_popup":0,"cookie_categories":["personalisation","marketing"],"cookie_categories_details":{"personalisation":{"label":"Personalisation settings","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies allow you to tailor your experience","machine_name":"personalisation","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":0},"marketing":{"label":"Social marketing preferences","description":"\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;these cookies do things like measure how you view media content on our website using third-party services and websites","machine_name":"marketing","checkbox_default_state":"unchecked","weight":1}},"enable_save_preferences_button":1,"cookie_name":"uoc_cookie_choices","cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","automatic_cookies_removal":1,"close_button_action":"close_banner"}});</script>  </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-180812 node-type-basic-page section-research" > <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NV99KVN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page">  <header id="header" role="banner" class="cam-row cam-global-header"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="global-header-controls" class="cam-header-container cam-column8"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" id="logo" class="cam-main-logo"><img width="178px" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" alt="Home" /></a>  <ul class="links cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation cam-global-navigation" id="primary-nav"><li class="menu-636 first"><a href="/study-at-cambridge" title="">Study at Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu-635"><a href="/about-the-university" title="">About the University</a></li> <li class="menu-467 last"><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-header" title="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <div class="cam-quicklinks"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container column12 clearfix"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf"><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf"><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf"><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cam-column2"> <form id="site-search-btn" class="cam-site-search" action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" method="GET" ><div> <div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="visuallyhidden withcontrast" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input onfocus="if (this.value == 'Search') {this.value = '';}" onblur="if (this.value == '') {this.value = 'Search';}" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="query" value="Search" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"> <input type="image" id="edit-submit" alt="Search" name="submit" value="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search-header.png" class="form-submit" /></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </header>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-header cam-search-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <form action="//search.cam.ac.uk/web?" id="site-search-container" class="cam-site-search-form" method="GET"> <div class="cam-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <label for='site-search-mobile-text' class='visuallyhidden'>Search</label> <input type="text" id="site-search-mobile-text" placeholder="Search" class="text" name="query"> <input type="image" alt="Search" src="/sites/all/themes/cam/assets/images/btn-search.png" class="cam-search-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12 cam-global-navigation-mobile-list cam-global-navigation-list"> <div id="study-at-cambridge" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Undergraduate study at the University of Cambridge" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Applying</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events/cambridge-open-days?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events and open days</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/finance?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and finance</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu cam-global-navigation-tertiary"><li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/application-process/how-do-i-apply?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/funding?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate events</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list last"><li><a href="https://www.internationalstudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">International students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="about-the-university" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/about-the-university">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Term dates</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/history?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">History</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="/about-the-university/annual-reports?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Annual reports</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Equality and diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/news?ucam-ref=global-header" title="University news" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/a-global-university?ucam-ref=global-header" title="Cambridge is a global University" class="menu__link">A global university</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cam-column4"> <ul class="cam-global-navigation-container cam-unstyled-list"><li><a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson/?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-header" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="research" class="cam-global-navigation-outer clearfix"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="/research">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-332" class="block block-block first odd">  <style> /* Theme 7 - grey #2F2F2F dark highlight #404040 page header colours/global footer #5F5F5F carousel btn hover #5F5F5F main local nav bar #7d7777 lighter highlight #8C8989 selected state #EAE8E8 pale tone - lightest highlight #DBD9D9 pale table bg */ .cam-page-header, .cam-local-footer{background:#404040} .cam-local-footer h3 a{color:#EAE8E8;} .cam-page-sub-title, .cam-banner-content{background:#7d7777} .cam-tertiary-navigation{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAHElEQVQYlWNgQAOfP3/+T1BsMCrCBgajO4n1DACTJUzhVcNWTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg);min-height:100%} .cam-carousel-control-btn{background:#8C8989} .cam-carousel-control-btn:hover{background:#5F5F5F} .cam-homepage-carousel .cam-slide{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} .cam-partnership-branding{border-color:#8C8989} .cam-highlight-date{background:#8C8989} .cam-focus-teaser{background:#404040;} .cam-focus-link{background-color:#5F5F5F} .cam-main-content h1, .cam-main-content h2 {color:#404040 } table, .cam-table-bordered {border-bottom:2px solid #8C8989;} th{background:#8C8989;color:#fff} th.cam-alt{background:#fff;color:#8C8989} .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) td, .cam-table-striped tbody tr:nth-child(odd) th { background-color: #DBD9D9;} .cam-table-bordered th{border-left: 1px solid #DBD9D9;} /* local navigation */ .cam-local-navigation {background:#5F5F5F;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a{background:#5F5F5F;border-right:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040} .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a:hover, .cam-local-navigation a.active, .cam-local-navigation li a.active-trail {background-color:#2F2F2F;} .cam-local-navigation a.cam-selected{background:#8C8989} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-hover a{background-color:#2F2F2F} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a{background-color: #2F2F2F;border-right:0; } .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li li a{border-bottom:1px solid #5F5F5F;} .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li:last-child a {border-bottom:0;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub>a:active{background-color:#5F5F5F;} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover{background-color: #2F2F2F} .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover{background-color: #5F5F5F;} /*theme 7*/ .js .cam-local-navigation a { background: #404040; border-right: 0; border-top: 0 } .cam-local-navigation li a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li li a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub a { background-color: #404040; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-title a, .js .cam-local-navigation a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation a:active { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F } .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation li.cam-sub li a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-menu-btn a { border: 0; background: #5F5F5F; } .cam-menu-btn-arrow { background: #2F2F2F } .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:focus, .js .cam-menu-btn-arrow a:hover { background-color: #2F2F2F; } .cam-menu-indicator { background-color: #5F5F5F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li:first-child a { border-top: 1px solid #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a { border-bottom: 1px solid #5F5F5F; background-color: #2F2F2F; } .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:focus, .js .cam-local-navigation-container li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-sub li.cam-back-link a:hover { background-color: #5F5F5F; } </style> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block last even" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-quick-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-quicklinks-list cam-global-navigation-container "><li><a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For Cambridge students</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For staff</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For alumni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">For our researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Colleges and Departments</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-quick-links" title="" class="menu__link">Museums and collections</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div>    <div class="cam-row cam-page-header cam-sub-section-page"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column12"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div itemscope class="easy-breadcrumb cam-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><span itemprop="title"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">Research</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-2">Research at Cambridge</a></span></li> <li><span itemprop="title"><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-3">Animal research </a></span></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Overseeing animal research</span></li> </ul> </div> <p class="title cam-page-title">Research</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-page-header">  <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-7" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-7 menu-name-menu-research parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div id="local-nav" class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-local-navigation"> <div class="cam-local-navigation-container cam-mobile"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-current"> <li><a href="/research" title="Research homepage" class="menu__link">Research home</a></li> <li><a href="/news" title="" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li><a href="/research/our-people" title="" class="menu__link">Our people</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlights</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">About research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">About research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail">Animal research overview</a></li> <li class = "cam-current-page" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Overseeing animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class = "cam-current-page" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Overseeing animal research overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research/governance/the-animal-welfare-and-ethical-review-body" class="menu__link">The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/animal-welfare-and-ethics" class="menu__link">Animal welfare and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use?</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use? overview</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/chickens" class="menu__link">Chickens</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/guinea-pigs" class="menu__link">Guinea pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/equine" class="menu__link">Equine species</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/mice" class="menu__link">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/naked-mole-rats" class="menu__link">Naked mole-rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/non-human-primates" class="menu__link">Non-human primates (marmosets)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/other-birds" class="menu__link">Other birds</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/rats" class="menu__link">Rats</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/sheep" class="menu__link">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/xenopus" class="menu__link">Xenopus</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use/zebrafish" class="menu__link">Zebrafish</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/non-technical-summaries" class="menu__link">Non-technical summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research" class="menu__link">Animal Welfare Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/alternatives-to-animal-use" class="menu__link">Alternatives to animal use</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/faqs" class="menu__link">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/further-information" class="menu__link">Further information</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/strategic-research-initiatives-networks" class="menu__link">Strategic Initiatives & Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/interdisciplinary-research-centres" class="menu__link">Interdisciplinary Research Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/culture" class="menu__link">Research culture</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/nobel-prize" class="menu__link">Nobel Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/open-access" class="menu__link">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/horizons-magazine" class="menu__link">Horizons magazine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.research-integrity.admin.cam.ac.uk/" title="" class="menu__link">Research integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/energy-sector-partnerships" class="menu__link">Energy sector partnerships</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=research" title="" class="menu__link">Business and enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/research/impact" title="Research impact case studies" class="menu__link">Our impact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="cam-wrap clearfix cam-page-sub-title cam-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-spacing-column">   </div> <div class="cam-column9"> <div class="cam-content-container"> <h1 class="cam-sub-title"> Overseeing animal research </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div>     <div id="main" class="cam-row cam-content cam-recessed-content"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class='cam-column3'>  <section class="region region-sidebar-first column sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-12" class="block block-menu-block first last odd" role="navigation"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-12 menu-name-menu-research parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation"> <div class="cam-tertiary-navigation-structure"> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research">Research<span class='cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator'></span></a></li> <li><a href='https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge'>About research<span class='cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator'></span></a></li><li><a href='https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research'>Animal research<span class='cam-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator'></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb-navigation"> <li class="menu__item is-expanded is-active-trail is-active first expanded active-trail active menu-mlid-29012" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Overseeing animal research</a><ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-vertical-breadcrumb-children local-dropdown-menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first last leaf menu-mlid-29042" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/overseeing-animal-research/governance/the-animal-welfare-and-ethical-review-body" class="menu__link">The Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-29002" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/animal-welfare-and-ethics" class="menu__link">Animal welfare and ethics</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-collapsed collapsed menu-mlid-28892" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/what-types-of-animal-do-we-use" class="menu__link">What types of animal do we use?</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-37082" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/non-technical-summaries" class="menu__link">Non-technical summaries</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-13022" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research" class="menu__link">Animal Welfare Policy</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-28992" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/alternatives-to-animal-use" class="menu__link">Alternatives to animal use</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-13002" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/faqs" class="menu__link">FAQs</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-13052" ><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/further-information" class="menu__link">Further information</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  </div> <div id="content" class="cam-column9 cam-main-content" role="main"> <a id="main-content"></a> <div style="text-align:center"> </div> <div class="cam-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>We take the position that compliance with the law and associated Codes of Practice relating to animal welfare is the minimum operating standard. </p>  <h2><strong>Animal Welfare</strong></h2>  <p>Our Animal Welfare Policy is available <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/policy-on-the-use-of-animals-in-research">here</a>.</p>  <h2><strong>Concordat on Openness on Animal Research</strong></h2>  <p>In May 2014, the University of Cambridge joined over seventy organisations from academia, industry, funding bodies and charities in signing the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge/animal-research/our-policies/concordat-on-openness-on-animal-research">Concordat on Openness on Animal Research</a>. This commits us to being open about our animal research through our website, communications and public engagement activities. We want people to be able to find out more about animal research, so they can debate the issues from a position of knowledge and make up their own minds about animal research.</p>  <h2><strong>ARRIVE Guidelines</strong></h2>  <p>We support the <a href="https://nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines">ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) Guidelines</a>, which have been developed by the NC3Rs to improve standards of reporting and ensure that the data from animal experiments can be fully scrutinised and utilised. The guidelines are aimed at scientists writing up their research for publication or involved in peer review.</p>  <h2><strong>Laboratory Animal Science Association (LASA) Guidelines</strong></h2>  <p>The University supports and expects everyone involved in animal research to use <a href="https://lasa.co.uk/publications.html/">Laboratory Animal Science Association (LASA) Guidelines</a>, which should be adhered to whenever animals are used in research.</p>  <h2><strong>Working with animals in the UK, EU and overseas</strong></h2>  <p>The University of Cambridge requires all staff and visitors who undertake work with animals, in the UK or other European Institutions, to do so in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA 1986) and under the guidance of the University’s Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB).</p>  <p>The University expects staff and any persons likely to publish information gained from their experiences observing, working with, or studying animals outside the EU to conduct their research in an exemplary manner and to the same, if not higher, standards as those set out in ASPA 1986.</p>  <h2><strong>Whistleblowing</strong></h2>  <p>All University personnel who supervise or undertake research activities involving animals are trained to carry out their duties with due diligence in a responsible and caring manner. Every member of staff is requested to acknowledge the importance we place on this objective and its delivery. If any member of staff has any concern regarding our use or care of animals they are encouraged to raise them in accordance with our ‘<a href="https://www.ubs.admin.cam.ac.uk/animal-welfare-ethical-review-body/raising-awareness">Whistleblowing’ policy</a>.</p>  <p> </p> </div></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div> </div>   </div> </div> </div>   <div class="cam-row cam-local-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation"> </div> <div class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation last"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <h3 class="block__title block-title"><a href="/about-this-site/connect-with-us" class="block-title-link">Connect with us</a></h3> <ul class="cam-global-footer-links"> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-facebook-icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/cambridge.university">Facebook</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-instagram-icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversity/">Instagram</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-linkedin-icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/4522">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-twitter-icon" href="https://twitter.com/cambridge_uni">X</a></li> <li><a class="cam-social-media-icon cam-youtube-icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/cambridgeuniversity">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="cam-row cam-global-footer"> <div class="cam-wrap clearfix"> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-with-logo" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/logo.png" width="178" alt="Cambridge University" /></a> <p> © 2025 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list cam-global-footer-links"><li><a href="/about-the-university/contact-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Contact the University</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/accessibility" title="" class="menu__link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.information-compliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/foi?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/privacy-policy?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Privacy policy and cookies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.governanceandcompliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/anti-slavery-and-anti-trafficking?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement" class="menu__link">Statement on Modern Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/university-a-z?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">University A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-study-at-camb" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Undergraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Postgraduate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge/executive-and-professional-education/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Courses in education</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-about-uni" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/give-now?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Give to Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/jobs" title="" class="menu__link">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Cambridge University Press & Assessment</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-menu-global-footer-research" class="cam-column3 cam-footer-navigation" role="navigation"> <div class="cam-content-container cam-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="/research?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="cam-unstyled-list menu"><li><a href="/research/news?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Research news</a></li> <li><a href="/research/research-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">About research at Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/research/spotlights-on?ucam-ref=global-footer" title="" class="menu__link">Spotlight on...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a197aaefa4068c388b6","applicationID":"1555785413","transactionName":"M1BXZEBZWUNTAk0NWQoaYEJbFxhZXAVcHBgUXUU=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":9,"atts":"HxdUEghDSk0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>