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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Between the wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Second World War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second World War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium_and_France_1939−1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium_and_France_1939−1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Belgium and France 1939−1940 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium_and_France_1939−1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_1940−1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_1940−1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 United Kingdom 1940−1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_1940−1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma_and_India_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma_and_India_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Burma and India 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma_and_India_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_1942−1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_1942−1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The Middle East and North Africa 1942−1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_1942−1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily_and_Italy_1943−1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily_and_Italy_1943−1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Sicily and Italy 1943−1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily_and_Italy_1943−1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_General_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_General_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governor General of Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_General_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Minister_of_Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Minister_of_Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 British Minister of Defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Minister_of_Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Marriage and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Titles, styles, honours and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles, honours and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Military Ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Honours and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Commonwealth orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Commonwealth decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 Commonwealth medals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_orders_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_orders_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Foreign orders and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_orders_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 Civilian appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.6 Military appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Unofficial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorific_eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific_eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Honorific eponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific_eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 List of works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="هارولد ألكسندر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارولد ألكسندر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Aleksandr" title="Harold Aleksandr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harold Aleksandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Харолд Александър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харолд Александър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1._Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1. Earl Alexander of Tunis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Alexander, 1. Earl Alexander of Tunis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χάρολντ Αλεξάντερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάρολντ Αλεξάντερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="هارولد الکساندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارولد الکساندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C%ED%8A%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%ED%95%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94" title="제1대 알렉산더오브튀니스 백작 해럴드 알렉산더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 알렉산더오브튀니스 백작 해럴드 알렉산더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80" title="Հարոլդ Ալեքսանդր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարոլդ Ալեքսանդր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8,_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="הרולד אלכסנדר, רוזן אלכסנדר הראשון מתוניס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרולד אלכסנדר, רוזן אלכסנדר הראשון מתוניס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harolds_Aleksanders" title="Harolds Aleksanders – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harolds Aleksanders" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="هارولد الكسندر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد الكسندر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AC%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="အယ်လက်ဇန္ဒာ၊ လော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လက်ဇန္ဒာ၊ လော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="ハロルド・アレグザンダー (初代チュニスのアレグザンダー伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロルド・アレグザンダー (初代チュニスのアレグザンダー伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Александер, Харольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александер, Харольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Харолд Александер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харолд Александер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1:e_earl_Alexander_av_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1:e earl Alexander av Tunis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harold Alexander, 1:e earl Alexander av Tunis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_I" title="Александер Гаролд Руперт Леофрік Джордж I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александер Гаролд Руперт Леофрік Джордж I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander" title="Harold Alexander – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harold Alexander" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7" title="第一代突尼斯的亞歷山大伯爵哈羅德·亞歷山大 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代突尼斯的亞歷山大伯爵哈羅德·亞歷山大" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39168#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British field marshal; Governor General of Canada (1891–1969)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Harold Alexander" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Harold Alexander (disambiguation)">Harold Alexander (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Star of India">CSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">CD</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">PC (Can)</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg/220px-Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg/330px-Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg/440px-Harold_Alexander_E010750678-v8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1346" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Alexander in 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">The Earl of Athlone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 March 1952 – 18 October 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Winston Churchill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_County_of_London" title="Lord Lieutenant of the County of London">Lord Lieutenant of the County of London</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 April 1957 – 1 April 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Alan Brooke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" title="Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" title="Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_County_of_London" title="Lord Lieutenant of the County of London">Lord Lieutenant of the County of London</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">Lord Temporal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 March 1946 – 16 June 1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Peerage created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shane_Alexander,_2nd_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis">2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander</div> (1891-12-10)10 December 1891 <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 June 1969(1969-06-16) (aged 77) <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Alexander,_Countess_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Margaret Alexander, Countess Alexander of Tunis">Margaret Alexander, Countess Alexander of Tunis</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1931)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> Rose Maureen Alexander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Alexander,_2nd_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis">Shane, 2nd Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Hon.</a> Brian James Alexander</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg/128px-Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg/192px-Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg/256px-Harold_Alexander%2C_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="69" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"Alex"</li><li>"The Soldiers Soldier"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1910–1946<a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Headquarters" title="Allied Force Headquarters">Supreme Commander Allied Forces Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">15th Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">18th Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Southern Command (United Kingdom)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars">1st Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="7th Indian Infantry Brigade">Nowshera Brigade</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a></li> <li>2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Baltische Landeswehr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mohmand_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mohmand Campaign">Second Mohmand Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Honours">See below</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Service_number#United_Kingdom" title="Service number">Service No.</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17884</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background: #99BADD; color: #000000;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Harold Alexander</li> <li>1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Earl Alexander of Tunis">Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/100px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/150px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/200px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Arms of Earl Alexander of Tunis</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Shane_Alexander,_2nd_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis">Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other titles</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1st Viscount Alexander of Tunis</li> <li>1st Baron Rideau</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander,_4th_Earl_of_Caledon" title="James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon">The 4th Earl of Caledon</a></li> <li>Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Star of India">CSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Justice_of_the_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of Justice of the Order of St John">KStJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">PC (Can)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> (10 December 1891 – 16 June 1969<a href="#cite_note-odnb-3">[3]</a>), was a senior and highly decorated <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer who served in both of the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>. In addition, following the end of his military career, he served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> and became the first <a href="/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" title="Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord Lieutenant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> in 1965. Alexander was born in London and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a> before moving on to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, for training as an army officer of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a>. He rose to prominence through his service in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and continued his military career through various British campaigns across Europe and Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Alexander, initially in command of a division, oversaw the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">evacuation from Dunkirk</a> and subsequently held field commands in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a>, including serving as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and commanding the <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">18th Army Group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. He then commanded the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">15th Army Group</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">capture of Sicily</a> and again in Italy before being promoted to field marshal and being made Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean in late 1944. In 1946 he was appointed as Governor General of Canada by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, on the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, to replace the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">Earl of Athlone</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>, and he occupied the post until he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> in 1952. Alexander proved to be enthusiastic about the Canadian wilderness and popular with Canadians. He was the last Governor General who was born in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as well as the last Governor General to be a peer. After the end of his viceregal tenure, Alexander was sworn into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> and thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in order to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">British Minister of Defence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, into the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a>. Alexander retired in 1954 and died in 1969. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_military_career">Early life and military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and military career">edit</a>]</div> Alexander was born in London into an aristocratic family from <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> descent. He was the third son of <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander,_4th_Earl_of_Caledon" title="James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon">James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon</a>, and Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler, Countess of Caledon, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Norbury" title="Earl of Norbury">the 3rd Earl of Norbury</a>. Alexander was educated at <a href="/wiki/Hawtreys" title="Hawtreys">Hawtreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>, there participating as the 11th batsman in the sensational <a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Match" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Match">Fowler's Match</a> against <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Though Alexander toyed with the notion of becoming an artist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrahamBidwell198634-6">[6]</a> he went instead on to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg/220px-Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg/330px-Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg/440px-Irish_Guards_Pre-1914_Q67390.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Irish Guards, pictured here sometime before 1914. Alexander, wearing civilian clothes, is stood fourth on the left.</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Passing_out_(military)" title="Passing out (military)">passing out</a> from Sandhurst he was <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a> on 23 September 1911.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a> on 5 December 1912.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg/220px-Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg/330px-Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg/440px-Irish_Guards_Platoon_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>A platoon of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, pictured upon the outbreak of the First World War, 1914. Lieutenant Alexander is seated seventh from the right, with his arms folded and wearing a <a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">peaked cap</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alexander spent most of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. As a 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> commander in the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, he served with the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) in 1914. He took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">retreat from Mons</a> and was wounded at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Ypres</a> and invalided home.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> He was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a> on 15 November 1914 and permanent captain in the newly raised 2nd Battalion on 7 February the following year.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a> Alexander returned to the Western Front in August 1915, fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> and was, for ten days in October 1915, an <a href="/wiki/Acting_rank" title="Acting rank">acting</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a> and acting <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding Officer</a> (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as a "Battle Casualty Replacement". He then returned to the 2nd Battalion as a company officer<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> and, in January 1916, received the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> for his bravery at Loos.<a href="#cite_note-LGazMC-12">[12]</a> For service in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers-Courcelette" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flers-Courcelette">15 September 1916</a>, he was, in October, appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> (DSO),<a href="#cite_note-DSOCit-13">[13]</a> the citation for which read: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For conspicuous gallantry in action. He was the life and soul of the attack, and throughout the day led forward not only his own men but men of all regiments. He held the trenches gained in spite of heavy machine gun fire.<a href="#cite_note-DSOCit-13">[13]</a></blockquote> In the same month, Alexander was further honoured with induction into the French <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> On 10 December 1916, his twenty-fifth birthday, Alexander became <a href="/wiki/Second-in-command" title="Second-in-command">second-in-command</a> (2-i-c) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as an acting major.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a> By May, he was briefly acting CO of the 1st Battalion,<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> as an acting <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">lieutenant colonel</a>, while still only a substantive captain.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He became a permanent major on 1 August 1917,<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> and was again promoted acting lieutenant colonel,<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> this time confirmed as CO of the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, on 15 October.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Alexander commanded his battalion at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Ypres</a>, where he was slightly wounded, then at Bourlon Wood (part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">battle of Cambrai</a>), where his battalion suffered 320 casualties out of 400 men.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> Alexander, between 23 and 30 March 1918, had to assume command of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Guards Brigade (United Kingdom)">4th Guards Brigade</a>, during the British retreat from the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He once again commanded the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, at Hazebrouck in April 1918, where it took such severe casualties that it saw no further action.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> Still an acting lieutenant colonel, he then commanded a corps infantry school in October 1918, a month before the war ended on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">11 November 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, who wrote a history of the Irish Guards, in which his own son, <a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">Jack Kipling</a>, fought and was killed in action, noted that, "it is undeniable that Colonel Alexander had the gift of handling the men on the lines to which they most readily responded ... His subordinates loved him, even when he fell upon them blisteringly for their shortcomings; and his men were all his own."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Between the wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Rozenovskaya_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-At_Rozenovskaya_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Officers of the Baltic Landeswehr in Latvia 1920 – Alexander stands right in the middle.</figcaption></figure> Alexander in 1919 served with the Allied Control Commission in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. As a temporary lieutenant-colonel,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> he led the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Landeswehr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>, commanding units loyal to <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> in the successful drive to eject the <a href="/wiki/Iskolat" title="Iskolat">Bolsheviks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Latgalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latgalia">Latgalia</a>. During service there, he was accidentally wounded by one of his own sentries on 9 October 1919.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200452-24">[24]</a> Alexander returned to Britain in May 1920 as a major, second in command of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards;<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote14-10">[10]</a> in May 1922, he was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a> He commanded the battalion at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (a sensitive posting in the runup to the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> from October 1922, then in London from April 1923 until January 1926, when he was released from that role to attend the <a href="/wiki/Staff_College,_Camberley" title="Staff College, Camberley">Staff College at Camberley</a>, England, from 1926 to 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By now Alexander had gained an excellent reputation for himself. In addition, he was older than many of his fellow students—and even some of his instructors—at the college. Among his many fellow students were <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wimberley" title="Douglas Wimberley">Douglas Wimberley</a>, who would later become a major-general and command the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Division</a> from 1941—1943, including at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, who formed a high opinion of Alexander, who, despite his outstanding war record, showed little sign of being overly pleased with himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200452-24">[24]</a> Instead, he showed "simplicity, directness and kindness" and gained the respect of all at the college, with two notable exceptions—the future <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshals</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Alan Brooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>—who did not come away with a particularly favourable impression of him.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After graduating from the Staff College, Alexander was then, in February 1928, promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">colonel</a> (backdated to 14 May 1926<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a>) and was the next month appointed Officer Commanding the Irish Guards <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Regimental District</a> and <a href="/wiki/140th_(4th_London)_Brigade" title="140th (4th London) Brigade">140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/47th_(1/2nd_London)_Division" title="47th (1/2nd London) Division">47th (1/2nd London) Division</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> (TA),<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> a post he held until January 1930, when he again returned to study, attending the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Defence_Studies" title="Royal College of Defence Studies">Imperial Defence College</a> in London for one year.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Alexander then held <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">staff</a> appointments as (from January 1931) GSO2 in the Directorate of Military Training at the War Office and (1932–1934) GSO1 at HQ <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Northern Command (United Kingdom)">Northern Command</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a> before being made in October 1934 a temporary brigadier and given command of the Nowshera Brigade,<a href="#cite_note-Brigadier-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">Northwest Frontier</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> For his service there, and in particular for his actions in the Loe-Agra operations against the Pathans in Malakand between February and April 1935, Alexander was that year made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Companion of the Order of the Star of India</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches" title="Mentioned in dispatches">mentioned in dispatches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LGazCSI-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-MID34253-38">[38]</a> He was mentioned once more for his service during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mohmand_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mohmand Campaign">Second Mohmand Campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">Northwest Frontier Province</a> from August to October of the same year, serving under <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a>. Alexander had a reputation for leading from the front and for reaching mountain crests with or even ahead of his troops.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-MID34282-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200451-40">[40]</a> In March 1937, Alexander was appointed as one of the <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aides-de-camp</a> to the recently acceded King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and in May returned to the United Kingdom to take part in this capacity in the state procession through London during the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth">King's coronation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LGazAdC-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Alexander would have been seen in this event by two of his Canadian viceregal successors: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a>, who was then the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom</a>, and Massey's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a>, who watched the procession from the roof of <a href="/wiki/Canada_House" title="Canada House">Canada House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Following the coronation celebration, Alexander returned to India, where he was made the honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Regiment" title="2nd Punjab Regiment">2nd Punjab Regiment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LGazColPun-44">[44]</a> and then in October 1937 was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">major-general</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Major-general-45">[45]</a> making Alexander the youngest general in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> He relinquished command of his brigade in January 1938,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and in February returned to the United Kingdom to take command of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars">1st Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In June 1938 he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LGazCB-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200451-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium_and_France_1939−1940">Belgium and France 1939−1940</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Belgium and France 1939−1940">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Expeditionary_Force_(BEF)_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg/220px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg/330px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg/440px-The_British_Expeditionary_Force_%28BEF%29_in_France_1939-1940_O1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Major-General The Hon. Harold Alexander with <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a> inspecting men of the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Infantry Brigade (Guards)</a> of Alexander's 1st Division, near Bachy, France, December 1939.</figcaption></figure> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, in September 1939, Alexander brought the 1st Division to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where it became part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) and served there for the next eight months. In May 1940, when the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invaded France</a>, he successfully led the division's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">withdrawal to Dunkirk</a>, where it was <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">evacuated to England</a>, along with the rest of the BEF. Shortly after Major-General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> had been appointed to command <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">II Corps</a> (and before that the <a href="/wiki/3rd_(United_Kingdom)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd (United Kingdom) Division">3rd Division</a>), Alexander was, while still on the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a>, placed in command of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a>, and left the eastern mole on the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venomous" title="HMS Venomous">Venomous</a> late on 2 June after ensuring that all British troops had been evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200741−42-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heathcote15-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1951182-51">[51]</a> In recognition of his services in the field from March to June 1940, Alexander was again <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches" title="Mentioned in dispatches">mentioned in despatches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MID35020-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_1940−1942">United Kingdom 1940−1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom 1940−1942">edit</a>]</div> After Dunkirk, Alexander returned to the United Kingdom and continued to command I Corps, now guarding the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Northern Command (United Kingdom)">Northern Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote16-53">[53]</a> He was promoted acting <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">lieutenant-general</a> in July 1940,<a href="#cite_note-Lieutenant-general-54">[54]</a> and in December 1940 he was appointed to succeed <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">General Officer Commanding-in-Chief</a> (GOC-in-C) of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Southern Command (United Kingdom)">Southern Command</a>, which was responsible for the defence of south-west England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200742-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973119-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200452-24">[24]</a> His rank of lieutenant-general was made permanent in December 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote16-53">[53]</a> While he was here he came into contact with Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>, who was then serving under his command as GOC of <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">V Corps</a>. Montgomery and Auchinleck had never seen eye-to-eye on much but Alexander, believing Montgomery, who had been one of Alexander's instructors at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, knew what he was doing, simply allowed Montgomery (or "Monty") to continue with what he was doing. The two men got along well and their relationship would continue in a similar manner later on in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200742-55">[55]</a> It was during this period and most of 1941 where Alexander came to the attention of his superiors, the most notable among them being General <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Home_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces">Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces</a> (and in December 1941 succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">John Dill</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the Prime Minister. Churchill in particular became a great admirer of Alexander and visited him numerous times throughout 1941, nominating him as the commander of Force 110. Created on paper as the first expeditionary force since the BEF's evacuation from France the year before, Force 110 was considered for several projects throughout the year of 1941, such as landings in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, but these were, perhaps fortunately, all ultimately abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200742-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973124−125-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma_and_India_1942">Burma and India 1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burma and India 1942">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg/220px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg/330px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg/440px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E16458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>General Sir Harold Alexander, pictured here in August 1942 as Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, surveys the battlefront from an open car. To his right is Major-General <a href="/wiki/John_Harding,_1st_Baron_Harding_of_Petherton" title="John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton">John Harding</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 1 January 1942 he was knighted and appointed a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LGazKCB-59">[59]</a> and in February, after the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">invasion of Burma</a>, was sent to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> to become GOC-in-C of British Forces in Burma as a full <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-60">[60]</a> Alexander was unable to fulfil his orders to hold <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, which was abandoned on 6–7 March.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He took personal charge of some small local engagements,<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote16-53">[53]</a> and was encircled by the Japanese troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Battle of Yenangyaung</a>. Rescued by Chinese troops commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a>, Alexander was able to escape. Following that, Alexander increasingly left much of the tactical conduct of the campaign to his corps commander, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a>, while he himself handled the more political aspects of relations with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stilwell" title="Joseph Stilwell">Joseph Stilwell</a>, the nominal commander of the Chinese forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200743-62">[62]</a> Alexander was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> (C-in-C) of Allied Land Forces in Burma, March 1942, and ordered Slim to abandon <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and retreat to India.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote16-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_1942−1943">The Middle East and North Africa 1942−1943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Middle East and North Africa 1942−1943">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/220px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/330px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg/440px-The_Campaign_in_North_Africa_1940-1943-_Personalities_E22271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, with military leaders during his visit to Tripoli in February 1943. The group includes: Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leese" title="Oliver Leese">Sir Oliver Leese</a>, General Sir Harold Alexander, General <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a>.</figcaption></figure> By July 1942, the British and Indian forces in Burma had completed their fighting retreat into India, and Alexander, having yet again been mentioned in despatches for his Burma service,<a href="#cite_note-MID35763-63">[63]</a> was recalled to the United Kingdom. He was at first selected to command the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">British First Army</a>, which was to take part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the Anglo-American invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>. However, following a visit in early August to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a> (CIGS), <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a>, Alexander flew to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on 8 August to replace General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a>, Alexander's predecessor at Southern Command in the United Kingdom, as C-in-C of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a>, the post responsible for the overall conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">campaign in the desert</a> of North Africa. At the same time, Lieutenant-General Montgomery replaced Auchinleck as GOC of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200743-62">[62]</a> Alexander presided over Montgomery's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> and the advance of the Eighth Army to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, for which Alexander was elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LGazGCB-64">[64]</a> and, after the Anglo-American forces of the First Army (under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a>) from Operation Torch and the Eighth Army <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Campaign">converged in Tunisia</a> in February 1943, they were brought under the unified command of a newly formed <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">18th Army Group</a> headquarters, commanded by Alexander and reporting to <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Headquarters" title="Allied Force Headquarters">Allied Forces Headquarters</a> (AFHQ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744-65">[65]</a> The American General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, who fought in the Tunisian campaign, then commanding the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">U.S. II Corps</a>, credited Alexander's patience and experience with helping an inexperienced United States "field command mature and eventually come of age".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a> in Tunisia surrendered by May 1943, with some 250,000 Axis troops surrendering, the largest surrender yet in the war. Alexander telegraphed Churchill in response, stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sir, it is my duty to report that the Tunisian campaign is over. All enemy resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African shores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973192-67">[67]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicily_and_Italy_1943−1945">Sicily and Italy 1943−1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sicily and Italy 1943−1945">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/220px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/330px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/440px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Allied leaders of the Sicilian campaign in North Africa; (front row, left to right) <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a>, General Sir Harold Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Sir Andrew Cunningham</a>, (top row, left to right) <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> and unidentified British officers.</figcaption></figure> After the Tunisian campaign, Alexander's command became the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">15th Army Group</a>, which became responsible (under General Eisenhower) for mounting the July 1943 <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> (codenamed Operation Husky). Once again, Alexander directed two <a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">field armies</a>, both commanded by strong-willed characters who were not easy to control: General Montgomery's British Eighth Army and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">U.S. Seventh Army</a>. The campaign did not portray Alexander at his best and he failed to grip his two commanders. Montgomery's Eighth Army found itself in a slogging match against typically skilful German opposition on the <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Catania" title="Plain of Catania">Catanian plain</a> and on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744-65">[65]</a> Patton, resentful in his belief that he and his Seventh Army had been given a secondary role in the campaign, confronted Alexander and successfully argued for his army to be allowed to drive to the northwest and to capture <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. Although initially reluctant to allow Patton such a role, Alexander eventually, but reluctantly, allowed the Seventh Army commander to have his way, although Palermo did not appear to have much strategic significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973202−203-68">[68]</a> Despite this, it turned out to be the key to unlocking the Axis forces' defences and gave the Americans an easier route towards <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>. The brief campaign in Sicily proved largely successful, but some (with Montgomery among the loudest of the critics) believed that the campaign lacked direction - and blamed Alexander. Furthermore, although the Axis forces had been forced to withdraw from Sicily, they had managed to do so in relatively good order, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Straits of Messina</a> into Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744-65">[65]</a> After Sicily, planning began for the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, which began on 3 September 1943 (the fourth anniversary of Britain's entry into the war). Montgomery's Eighth Army launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Baytown" title="Operation Baytown">Operation Baytown</a>, crossing over into Calabria but initially facing little real opposition and slowly making its way up the Italian peninsula. Six days later the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">U.S. Fifth Army</a> (which, despite its name, included the <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="X Corps (United Kingdom)">British X Corps</a> under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_McCreery" title="Richard McCreery">Richard McCreery</a>, under its command) under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a> landed at Salerno as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Avalanche" title="Operation Avalanche">Operation Avalanche</a>, which, initially at least, started off well, before encountering heavy resistance and almost being thrown back into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200744−45-69">[69]</a> He supported McCreery when he refused to consider evacuation plans that Clark had been considering. Alexander was also instrumental in convincing Clark to replace the <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(United_States)" title="VI Corps (United States)">U.S. VI Corps</a> commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._Dawley" title="Ernest J. Dawley">Ernest J. Dawley</a> - who had not performed well and whom Alexander described as "a broken reed" - with Major General <a href="/wiki/John_P._Lucas" title="John P. Lucas">John P. Lucas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973221-70">[70]</a> Despite the heavy casualties sustained at Salerno, the Allies managed to force the Axis forces back and, with both the Fifth and Eighth Armies now united at last, began pursuing the retreating enemy. By December 1943 progress had virtually ground to a halt as the Axis had Alexander's 15th Army Group held up at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">Winter Line</a> (also known as the Gustav Line) and ground was gained only at the expense of heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> At around this time there were numerous Allied command changes, with Montgomery handing over the Eighth Army to Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leese" title="Oliver Leese">Sir Oliver Leese</a> and departing for the United Kingdom to take up command of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, which controlled all Allied land forces for the planned <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">invasion of Normandy</a>, whilst General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Sir Henry Wilson</a> replaced Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean in January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson1973226-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1943_NA9857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>General Sir Bernard Montgomery in his staff car with General Sir Harold Alexander and General Sir Alan Brooke, during an inspection of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="8th Infantry Division (India)">8th Indian Infantry Division</a> HQ, Italy, 15 December 1943</figcaption></figure> The fighting in Italy would continue to prove even more difficult for Alexander's forces over the following few months. Between January and May 1944, numerous Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">attacks were repulsed at Monte Cassino</a> (which was also bombed in February 1944, with Alexander taking responsibility for the decision to bomb it) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio landings</a> of January 1944 by Lucas's U.S. VI Corps began well but did not live up to expectations and eventually ended up in a stalemate, like the rest of the Italian fighting so far. Alexander had a large part in planning the landings (code-named "Operation Shingle"), and intended to draw German strength away from the Winter Line and to cut their <a href="/wiki/Line_of_communication" title="Line of communication">lines of communication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> The scheme was supported by Prime Minister Churchill, who had very high expectations for Shingle. However, the operation was flawed in many ways. In particular, Alexander's plan of seizing the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a> might possibly have led to the entire Allied force (comprising only two infantry divisions, elements of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">U.S. 1st Armored Division</a>, and other smaller units in support) being wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> Despite Churchill's and Alexander's intentions, the Allied forces at Anzio did not achieve the somewhat unrealistic expectations, and were essentially cut off from any support, although they did manage to lure German reserves from elsewhere, which might otherwise have been available for service on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> or during the impending Allied invasion of Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA11881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>General Sir Harold Alexander, commanding the 15th Army Group, talks to British and American officers at Anzio, Italy, 14 February 1944.</figcaption></figure> When Eisenhower was appointed in December 1943 as Supreme Allied Commander for the planned Normandy landings, he suggested that Alexander become ground-forces commander, as he was popular with both British and American officers. Omar Bradley (who had commanded U.S. II Corps in Sicily, and later the <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">U.S. First Army</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">U.S. 12th Army Group</a>) remarked that he would have preferred to work with Alexander rather than Montgomery, as he regarded the former as "a restrained, self-effacive and punctilious soldier". Of the problems that subsequently surfaced with Montgomery's command of the Anglo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, Bradley suspected they would not have occurred with Alexander in command.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Brooke, however, applied pressure to keep Alexander in Italy, considering him unfit for the assignment in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200746-74">[74]</a> Thus Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, and, with the support of numerous Allied commanders, controversially authorised the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">bombing of the historic abbey at Monte Cassino</a> (February 1944), which resulted in little advance on the German <a href="/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">Winter Line</a> defences, which had managed to halt the Allied advance in Italy. It was not until the fourth attempt that the Winter Line was breached by the Allies, and Alexander's forces moved on to capture <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in June 1944, thereby achieving one of the strategic goals of the Italian campaign. However, the U.S. VI Corps, now under Major General <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Truscott" title="Lucian Truscott">Lucian Truscott</a>, in the Anzio beachhead, under U.S. Fifth Army commander Clark's orders, failed to follow their original break-out plan that would have trapped the <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 10th Army</a> escaping northwards in the aftermath of the Battle of Monte Cassino, instead favouring an early and highly publicised entry into <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> two days before the Allied landings in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> Although Alexander was angry at Clark for deliberately disobeying his specific orders in order to reach Rome first, he chose to say nothing, believing that it would do nothing for the Allied cause if he were to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200745-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg/170px-The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg/255px-The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg/340px-The_Second_World_War-_Personalities_TR2696.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, pictured here as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> of the Mediterranean Forces, at his Headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Caserta" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Caserta">Palace of Caserta</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, as well as of its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Armies_in_Italy" title="Allied Armies in Italy">Allied Armies in Italy</a> (AAI), for most of the Italian campaign, until December 1944, when he relinquished his command to Clark and took over as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters, responsible for all military operations in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre</a>. Alexander was concurrently promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mead45-75">[75]</a> though this was backdated to the fall of Rome on 4 June 1944,<a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a> so that Alexander would once again be senior to Montgomery, who had himself been made a field marshal on 1 September 1944, after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200460-78">[78]</a> Alexander received the German surrender in Italy on 29 April 1945. As a reward for his <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> in North Africa and Italy, Alexander, along with a number of other prominent British Second World War military leaders, was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> on 1 March 1946 by <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a>; he was created Viscount Alexander of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Errigal" title="Errigal">Errigal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County of Donegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA14593.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>General Sir Harold Alexander with Major General <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Truscott" title="Lucian Truscott">Lucian Truscott</a> and other senior Allied commanders at Anzio, Italy, 5 May 1944. Major-General <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkesworth_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Hawkesworth (British Army officer)">John Hawkesworth</a> is pictured on the far right wearing a <a href="/wiki/Helmet_Steel_Airborne_Troop" title="Helmet Steel Airborne Troop">parachutist helmet</a>, and to the left of him is Major-General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gregson-Ellis" title="Philip Gregson-Ellis">Philip Gregson-Ellis</a>.</figcaption></figure> Brooke felt that Alexander needed an able <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a> "to think for him",<a href="#cite_note-G&B35-6-80">[80]</a> while Montgomery (Alexander's subordinate in North Africa, Sicily and Italy) claimed to think of Alexander as "incompetent" and believed that success was attained in Tunisia only because Montgomery lent Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IX Corps (United Kingdom)">IX Corps</a> of Anderson's First Army, to organise the coup de grace.<a href="#cite_note-G&B35-6-80">[80]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> (British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean from 1942 to 1945) was impressed by Alexander's calm and style - the general conducted dinners in his mess like those at an <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> high table, discussing architecture and the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, rather than the current war.<a href="#cite_note-G&B35-6-80">[80]</a> Macmillan thought Alexander's urbane manner and willingness to discuss and compromise were a sensible way to maintain inter-Allied cooperation, but Alexander's reserve was such that some thought him empty of strategic ideas and unable to make decisions.<a href="#cite_note-85">[n 1]</a> Graham and Bidwell, however, wrote that Alexander's impenetrable reserve made it hard to judge whether or not he had any military ideas. They state that he was "unable or unwilling" to assert his will over his army commanders, and that Mark Clark, who often referred to Alexander scornfully as a "peanut" and a "feather duster", exploited this weakness.<a href="#cite_note-G&B35-6-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_General_of_Canada">Governor General of Canada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governor General of Canada">edit</a>]</div> With the cessation of hostilities, Alexander was under serious consideration for appointment to the post of <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a>, the British Army's most senior position beneath the sovereign. He was invited, though, by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> to be his recommendation to the King for the post of <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>. Alexander thus chose to retire from the army and take up the new position, in anticipation of which he was on 26 January 1946 appointed <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a><a href="#cite_note-LGazGCMG-86">[85]</a> and created Viscount Alexander of Tunis, of Errigal in the County of Donegal, on 1 March.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> On 21 March 1946, the commission under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_sign-manual" title="Royal sign-manual">royal sign-manual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)#Signet_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">signet</a> appointing Alexander was issued.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Alexander was subsequently sworn in during a ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate chamber</a> on 12 April that year.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-arrives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alexander-arrives.jpg/170px-Alexander-arrives.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alexander-arrives.jpg/255px-Alexander-arrives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alexander-arrives.jpg/340px-Alexander-arrives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Viscount and Viscountess Alexander of Tunis are greeted by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> upon the viceregal couple's arrival in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, 12 April 1946</figcaption></figure> Alexander took his duties as the viceroy quite seriously, feeling that as governor general, he acted as a connection between Canadians and their King, and spent considerable time travelling Canada during his term; he eventually logged no less than 294,500 km (184,000 mi) during his five years as governor general. On these trips, he sought to engage with Canadians through various ceremonies and events; he was keenly interested in his role as <a href="/wiki/Scouts_Canada#Organizational_structure" title="Scouts Canada">Chief Scout of Canada</a> and, in preparation for his kicking of the opening ball in the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a> final, practised frequently on the grounds of the royal and viceregal residence, <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>. Also, in commemoration of Alexander being named the first non-aboriginal chief of the <a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakiutl">Kwakiutl</a> tribe, he was given a <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> on 13 July 1946; crafted by <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Martin" title="Mungo Martin">Mungo Martin</a>, it remains on the grounds of Rideau Hall today.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> By the end of the year, Alexander was also distinguished with his induction as a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LGazKG-90">[89]</a> In 1947, the King issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">letters patent</a> granting his Canadian governor general permission to exercise all those powers belonging to the monarch in respect of Canada and, at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference</a> of 1949, the decision was reached to use the term 'member of the Commonwealth' instead of '<a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a>' to refer to the non-British member states of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. That same year, Alexander oversaw the admission of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (a dominion by name but not self-governing) into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> and toured the new province that summer. Then, during a later visit to <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, the Governor General was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> tribe as Chief Eagle Head. However, though the post-war period saw a boom in prosperity for Canada, the country was again at war by 1950, with Alexander, in his role as acting <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces">commander-in-chief</a>, deploying to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> soldiers, sailors, and airmen, whom he would visit prior to their departure for north-east Asia.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> In May 1951, as Commander-in-Chief of Canada, he was deemed a fitting inaugural recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a>, starting a long tradition of every governor general accepting the CD, usually shortly after their installation as the Sovereign's personal representative in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alexander-NFLD.jpg/220px-Alexander-NFLD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alexander-NFLD.jpg/330px-Alexander-NFLD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Alexander-NFLD.jpg/440px-Alexander-NFLD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In the Governor General's study at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, Alexander (centre) receives for his signature the bill finalising the union of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, 31 March 1949<a href="#cite_note-Capt-92">[n 2]</a></figcaption></figure> Alexander travelled abroad on official trips—in 1947 visiting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US president</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and in June 1948 <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Brazilian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a>—as well as hosting a number of dignitaries. The visit of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Costello" title="John A. Costello">John A. Costello</a>, in 1948 caused Alexander some embarrassment when Costello chose the occasion to announce that most of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> would leave the Commonwealth (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> would remain a constituent part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>). Although the decision had been taken in principle earlier, the sudden announcement caused a diplomatic storm and Costello, to deflect criticism, claimed that he had been provoked into making the announcement by a series of diplomatic snubs by Lord Alexander. In his memoirs, Costello was to admit that Alexander's behaviour had in fact been perfectly civil and could have had no bearing on a decision which had already been made to declare the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The Alexanders' relatively informal lifestyle at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> was demonstrated when during the Canadian tour of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">the Duke of Edinburgh</a>, the Viscount and Viscountess hosted a <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dance</a> in the palace's ballroom. Alexander painted (creating a personal studio in the former dairy at Rideau Hall and mounting classes in art at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a>), partook in a number of sports (including <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>), and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly during <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a> harvest, himself overseeing the process on Rideau Hall's grounds.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> The Viscount was known to escape from official duties to partake in his most favourite pastime of <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, once departing from the 1951 royal tour of Princess Elizabeth to take in a day's fishing at Griffin Island, in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>, and granting a day off for students in the town of <a href="/wiki/Drayton,_Ontario" title="Drayton, Ontario">Drayton, Ontario</a>, where his train briefly stopped.<a href="#cite_note-WA-94">[92]</a> He presented the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cup" title="Alexander Cup">Alexander Cup</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association" title="Canadian Amateur Hockey Association">Canadian Amateur Hockey Association</a> in November 1950; the cup became the championship trophy of the Major Series of <a href="/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey" title="Senior ice hockey">senior ice hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Among Canadians, Alexander proved to be a popular viceroy, despite the calls for a Canadian-born governor general that had preceded his appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Mead46-96">[94]</a> He not only had a much praised military reputation (he was considered to be the best military strategist since <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">the 1st Duke of Wellington</a><a href="#cite_note-WA-94">[92]</a>) but also was a charismatic figure, with an easy ability to communicate with people.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> Others, however, did not fully approve of Alexander; editor Hugh Templin, from <a href="/wiki/Fergus,_Ontario" title="Fergus, Ontario">Fergus, Ontario</a>, met with Alexander during Templin's time as a special correspondent with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> during the Second World War, and he said of the encounter: "Lord Alexander impressed us considerably, if not too favourably. He was an aristocratic type, who didn't like newspaper men."<a href="#cite_note-WA-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Minister_of_Defence">British Minister of Defence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British Minister of Defence">edit</a>]</div> Lord Alexander gave up the office of Governor General of Canada officially on 28 January 1952 after Churchill asked him to return to London to take the post of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a> in the British government.<a href="#cite_note-Mead46-96">[94]</a> The aging Churchill had found it increasingly difficult to cope with holding that portfolio concurrently with that of prime minister, although he still took many major decisions himself, leaving Alexander with little real power.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> George VI died on the night of 5–6 February and Alexander, in respect of the King's mourning, departed quietly for the United Kingdom, leaving <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Thibaudeau_Rinfret" title="Thibaudeau Rinfret">Thibaudeau Rinfret</a> as <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of the Government">administrator of the government</a> in his place. After his return to the UK, Alexander was on 14 March 1952 elevated in the peerage by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming <a href="/wiki/Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Earl Alexander of Tunis">Earl Alexander of Tunis</a>, Baron Rideau of Ottawa and Castle Derg.<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[96]</a> He was also appointed to the organising committee for <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">the Queen's coronation</a> and was charged with carrying the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Orb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign's Orb">Sovereign's Orb</a> in the state procession on that occasion in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> The Earl served as the British defence minister until 1954, when he retired from politics. In 1959 the Queen appointed Alexander to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> From 1960 to 1965, he served as <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable of the Tower of London">Constable of the Tower of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LG_5_August_1960-102">[100]</a> Alexander was an active <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Canada remained a favourite second home for the Alexanders and they returned frequently to visit family and friends until Alexander died on 16 June 1969 of a perforated aorta.<a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a> His funeral was held on 24 June 1969, at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St. George's Chapel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, and his remains are buried in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/Ridge,_Hertfordshire" title="Ridge, Hertfordshire">Ridge</a>, near Tyttenhanger, his family's <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> home.<a href="#cite_note-GGAlex-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriage and children">edit</a>]</div> Alexander married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Alexander,_Countess_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Margaret Alexander, Countess Alexander of Tunis">Lady Margaret Bingham</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Bingham,_5th_Earl_of_Lucan" title="George Bingham, 5th Earl of Lucan">George Bingham, 5th Earl of Lucan</a>, on 14 October 1931. They had three children together and adopted a fourth:<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <ul><li>Lady Rose Maureen Alexander (born 28 October 1932, died 21 August 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Alexander,_2nd_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis">Shane William Desmond Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> (born 30 June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">Hon.</a> Brian James Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a> (born 31 July 1939)</li> <li>Lady Susan Mary Alexander (born 26 February 1948) (adopted)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms">Titles, styles, honours and arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours and arms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Titles and styles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>10 December 1891 – 1 March 1946: The Honourable Harold Alexander</li> <li>1 March 1946 – 16 June 1969: The Right Honourable The Viscount Alexander of Tunis<a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[79]</a></li> <li>14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969: The Right Honourable The Earl Alexander of Tunis<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Ranks">Military Ranks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military Ranks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>23 September 1911: <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_Kingdom_and_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></li> <li>5 December 1912: <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a>, Irish Guards<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a></li> <li>15 November 1914: Tempory <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (United Kingdom)">Captain</a>, Irish Guards</li> <li>7 February 1915: <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (United Kingdom)">Captain</a>, Irish Guards<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a></li> <li>1 August 1917: <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a>, Irish Guards<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a></li> <li>14 May 1922: <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant Colonel</a>, Irish Guards<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[25]</a></li> <li>14 May 1926: <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a>, <a href="/wiki/140th_(4th_London)_Brigade" title="140th (4th London) Brigade">140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li>13 October 1934: <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowshera_Brigade" title="Nowshera Brigade">Nowshera Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-35">[35]</a></li> <li>15 October 1937: <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a>, Nowshera Brigade<a href="#cite_note-Major-general-45">[45]</a></li> <li>13 July 1938: <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a><a href="#cite_note-Lieutenant-general-54">[54]</a></li> <li>17 January 1942: <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-60">[60]</a></li> <li>4 June 1944: <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours_and_decorations">Honours and decorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_orders">Commonwealth orders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commonwealth orders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>20 October 1916: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Companion of the Distinguished Service Order</a> (DSO)<a href="#cite_note-DSOCit-13">[13]</a></li> <li>7 February 1936: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a> (CSI)<a href="#cite_note-LGazCSI-37">[37]</a></li> <li>7 June 1938: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> (CB)<a href="#cite_note-LGazCB-48">[48]</a> <ul><li>1 January 1942: Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB)<a href="#cite_note-LGazKCB-59">[59]</a></li> <li>11 November 1942: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)<a href="#cite_note-LGazGCB-64">[64]</a></li></ul></li> <li>1 January 1946: <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of Saint John">Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem</a> (KStJ)<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <ul><li>20 January 1946 – 28 January 1952: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-OStJ-107">[n 3]</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 January 1946: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a> (GCMG)<a href="#cite_note-LGazGCMG-86">[85]</a> <ul><li>25 March 1960 – 12 October 1967: Grand Master of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a></li></ul></li> <li>3 December 1946: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter</a> (KG)<a href="#cite_note-LGazKG-90">[89]</a></li> <li>1 January 1959: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Member of the Order of Merit</a> (OM)<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_decorations">Commonwealth decorations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commonwealth decorations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>14 January 1916: <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> (MC)<a href="#cite_note-LGazMC-12">[12]</a></li> <li>7 June 1951: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a> (CD)<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_medals">Commonwealth medals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Commonwealth medals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1917: <a href="/wiki/1914_Star" title="1914 Star">1914 Star</a> with <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">bar</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/British_War_Medal" title="British War Medal">British War Medal</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Victory_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Victory Medal (United Kingdom)">Victory Medal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">mention in despatches</a> oak leaf <ul><li>2 January 1917: <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in Despatches">mention in despatches</a> oak leaf<a href="#cite_note-:10-111">[108]</a></li></ul></li> <li>6 May 1935: <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="King George V Silver Jubilee Medal">King George V Silver Jubilee Medal</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/India_General_Service_Medal_(1909)" title="India General Service Medal (1909)">India General Service Medal (1909)</a> <ul><li>7 February 1936: mention in dispatches oak leaf<a href="#cite_note-MID34253-38">[38]</a></li> <li>8 May 1936: mention in dispatches oak leaf<a href="#cite_note-MID34282-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li>12 May 1937: <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Coronation_Medal" title="King George VI Coronation Medal">King George VI Coronation Medal</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%9345_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="1939–45 Star">1939–45 Star</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Burma_Star" title="Burma Star">Burma Star</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Africa_Star" title="Africa Star">Africa Star</a> with 1st Army Insignia and North Africa 1942-1943 bar</li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal 1939–1945</a> <ul><li>20 December 1940: mention in dispatches oak leaf<a href="#cite_note-MID35020-52">[52]</a></li> <li>27 October 1942: mention in dispatches oak leaf<a href="#cite_note-MID35763-63">[63]</a></li></ul></li> <li>2 June 1953: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_orders_and_decorations">Foreign orders and decorations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign orders and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 20 October 1916: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Knight of the Legion of Honour</a><a href="#cite_note-gg-112">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_with_Palm_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre with Palm (France)">Croix de guerre</a> with palm<a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Member Second Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna</a><a href="#cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 29 February 1944: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov" title="Order of Suvorov">Member First Class of the Order of Suvorov</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> 20 June 1944: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> 5 December 1944: <a href="/wiki/Virtuti_Militari" title="Virtuti Militari">Member Fifth Class of the Order Virtuti Militari</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 2 August 1945: <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(US_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/European%E2%80%93African%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" title="European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_(Belgium)" title="Croix de guerre (Belgium)">Croix de geurre</a> with palm<a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_San_Marino#:~:text=Established_13_August_1859,_the,the_Republic_of_San_Marino." title="Order of San Marino">Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tri_Shakti_Patta" title="Order of Tri Shakti Patta">Grand Cross of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Tunisia)" title="Order of Glory (Tunisia)">Grand Cordon of the Order of Nichan Iftikhar</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Brazil)" title="Order of Military Merit (Brazil)">Officer of the Order of Military Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Brazil" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Brazil">Campaign Medal (Army)</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945">Czechoslovak War Cross 1939</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross_(Italy)" title="War Merit Cross (Italy)">War Merit Cross</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa" title="Order of the Star of Africa">Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-113">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ribbons of the Earl Alexander of Tunis <a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/109px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/164px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/218px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/109px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/164px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/218px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png/109px-Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png/164px-Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/109px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/164px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg/218px-Croce_di_guerra_al_merito_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg/109px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg/164px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg/218px-Ribbon_bar_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian_appointments">Civilian appointments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Civilian appointments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952: <a href="/wiki/Scouts_Canada#Organizational_structure" title="Scouts Canada">Chief Scout of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe</a><a href="#cite_note-gg-112">[109]</a></li> <li>13 July 1946: <a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakiutl">Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe</a><a href="#cite_note-gg-112">[109]</a></li> <li>29 January 1952: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada</a> (PC (Can))<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a> (PC)</li> <li>17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_County_of_London" title="Lord Lieutenant of the County of London">Lord Lieutenant of the County of London</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a></li> <li>1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord Lieutenant of Greater London</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a></li> <li>1960–1965: <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower of London</a><a href="#cite_note-LG_5_August_1960-102">[100]</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City of Manchester</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a></li> <li>25 March 1946: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_London" title="Freedom of the City of London">Freedom of the City of London</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City of Edinburgh</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_appointments">Military appointments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military appointments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>7 March 1936 – 19 November 1937: Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty the King (ADC)<a href="#cite_note-LGazAdC-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a></li> <li>2 July 1937 – 14 August 1947: Colonel of the 3rd Battalion <a href="/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Regiment" title="2nd Punjab Regiment">2nd Punjab Regiment</a><a href="#cite_note-LGazColPun-44">[44]</a></li> <li>20 July 1944 – 2 August 1946: <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-Camp_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Aide-de-Camp General">Aide-de-Camp General</a> to His Majesty the King (ADC General)<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a></li> <li>28 August 1946 – 16 June 1969: Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a></li> <li>10 November 1949 – n/a: Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles" title="Royal Ulster Rifles">Royal Ulster Rifles</a> (London Irish Rifles)<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a></li> <li>10 July 1951: Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> Contingent of the University Training Corps<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (January 2016)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>22 May 1946: <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, Quebec <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>, Ontario <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></li> <li>13 May 1948: <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></li> <li>21 March 1949: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Los Angeles">University of California Los Angeles</a>, Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a></li> <li>22 October 1949: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, Doctor of Laws (LLD)<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial">Unofficial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unofficial">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Alberta <ul><li>Chief Eagle Head<a href="#cite_note-gg-112">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorific_eponyms">Honorific eponyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honorific eponyms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Viceregal eponyms in Canada">Viceregal eponyms in Canada</a></div> Geographic locations <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Alexander_Park" title="Viscount Alexander Park">Viscount Alexander Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li></ul> Schools <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>: Viscount Alexander Public School, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>: École Viscount Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/220px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/330px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg/440px-Arms_of_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Arms of The Earl Alexander of Tunis: Per pale argent and sable a chevron and in base a crescent all counterchanged on a canton azure a harp or stringed argent.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: List of works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1948" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Harold (3 February 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38196/supplements/839">"The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, from 10 August 1942 to 13 May 1943"</a>. London Gazette (Supplement 38196). London: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a>: 839–887. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+African+Campaign+from+El+Alamein+to+Tunis%2C+from+10+August+1942+to+13+May+1943&rft.issue=Supplement+38196&rft.pages=839-887&rft.date=1948-02-03&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F38196%2Fsupplements%2F839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1948" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Harold (10 February 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38205/supplements/1009">"Conquest of Sicily 10 July 1943 to 17 August 1943"</a>. London Gazette (Supplement 38205). London: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a>: 1009–1025. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Conquest+of+Sicily+10+July+1943+to+17+August+1943&rft.issue=Supplement+38205&rft.pages=1009-1025&rft.date=1948-02-10&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F38205%2Fsupplements%2F1009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1950" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Harold (6 June 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38937/supplements/2879">"The Allied Armies in Italy, from 3 September 1943 to 12 December 1944"</a>. London Gazette (Supplement 38937). London: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a>: 2879–2975. Retrieved 22 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Allied+Armies+in+Italy%2C+from+3+September+1943+to+12+December+1944&rft.issue=Supplement+38937&rft.pages=2879-2975&rft.date=1950-06-06&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-gazette.co.uk%2Fissues%2F38937%2Fsupplements%2F2879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/26px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/39px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/53px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="425" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scouting" title="Portal:Scouting">Scouting portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The British diplomat <a href="/wiki/David_Hunt_(diplomat)" title="David Hunt (diplomat)">David Hunt</a>, who, during the Second World War, served as an intelligence officer in Greece, North Africa and Italy, and who after the war was a member of the British Committee of Historians of the Second World War,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> wrote in his war memoirs of Alexander's "brilliant grasp of manoeuvre and deception" and "very sound understanding of the realities of military supply and administration".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> He also noted that Alexander was, by the almost universal judgement of "men of experience in senior stations", the "foremost British commander of the war". This was, to his personal knowledge, the case with three British prime ministers: <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt1990xxiv,_xxv-83">[83]</a> Hunt also quotes <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> as writing "He not only showed the shrewd tactical judgement that was to make him the outstanding general's general of the European war but was easily able to comport the nationally-minded and jealous Allied personalities of his command. In each successive Mediterranean campaign he had won the adulation of his American subordinates."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt1990xxv,_xxvi-84">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capt-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Capt_92-0">^</a> The other figures present are (left to right) <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Canada)">Leader of the Government in the Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/Wishart_McLea_Robertson" title="Wishart McLea Robertson">Wishart McLea Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">Speaker of the House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Fauteux" title="Gaspard Fauteux">Gaspard Fauteux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">Speaker of the Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">James Horace King</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OStJ-107"><a href="#cite_ref-OStJ_107-0">^</a> It was on 16 September 1946 that the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of Saint John">Canadian priory</a> of the Order of Saint John was created, and Alexander became the first prior and chief officer in Canada. He relinquished this status on 28 February 1952 to his viceregal successor, thus returning to holding solely the rank of knight of justice in the British priory of the order.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=b2jPeLDk1McqqAZ2&v=dkAf5UVYu9k">"Earl Alexander's Funeral (1969)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Warner-Pathé</a>. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2024 – via Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warner-Path%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Earl+Alexander%27s+Funeral+%281969%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fsi%3Db2jPeLDk1McqqAZ2%26v%3DdkAf5UVYu9k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Officers_of_the_British_Army-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Officers_of_the_British_Army_2-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG">"British Army officer histories"</a>. Unit Histories. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709131521/https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Army+officer+histories&rft.pub=Unit+Histories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unithistories.com%2Fofficers%2FArmy_officers_A05.html%23Alexander_HRLG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-3"><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hunt, David. "Alexander, Harold Rupert Leofric George, first Earl Alexander of Tunis". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30371">10.1093/ref:odnb/30371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%2C+Harold+Rupert+Leofric+George%2C+first+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30371&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a> (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152612/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres%2Fhist%2FA-E-eng.htm#A">"Historical Alphabetical List since 1867 of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres/hist/A-E-eng.htm#A">the original</a> on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Alphabetical+List+since+1867+of+Members+of+the+Queen%27s+Privy+Council+for+Canada&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.au=Privy+Council+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Findex.asp%3Flang%3Deng%26page%3Dinformation%26sub%3Dcouncil-conseil%26doc%3Dmembers-membres%2Fhist%2FA-E-eng.htm%23A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Martin (9 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/143944.html">"Fowler's Match"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cricinfo_Magazine" title="Cricinfo Magazine">Cricinfo Magazine</a>. London: Entertainment and Sports Programming Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712003257/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/143944.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cricinfo+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fowler%27s+Match&rft.date=2005-04-09&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent-usa.cricinfo.com%2Fcolumns%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F143944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrahamBidwell198634-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrahamBidwell198634_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrahamBidwell1986">Graham & Bidwell 1986</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeathcote1999">Heathcote 1999</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28533" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28533/page/6950">"No. 28533"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 22 September 1911. p. 6950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28533&rft.pages=6950&rft.date=1911-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28533%2Fpage%2F6950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28688" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28688/page/961">"No. 28688"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" 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The Globe and Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081225.wnbvanier1227/BNStory/nationbuilder2008/home?pageRequested=all&print=true">the original</a> on 16 January 2009. 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id="CITEREFGazette34899" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34899/supplement/4415">"No. 34899"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 16 July 1940. p. 4415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34899&rft.pages=4415&rft.date=1940-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34899%2Fsupplement%2F4415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead200742-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead200742_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead200742_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead200742_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead2007">Mead 2007</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-56">^ <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+35763&rft.pages=4689&rft.date=1942-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F35763%2Fsupplement%2F4689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LGazGCB-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LGazGCB_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGazGCB_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette35782" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35782/supplement/4917">"No. 35782"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 10 November 1942. p. 4917.</cite><span 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href="#CITEREFHunt1990">Hunt 1990</a>, pp. xxiv, xxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunt1990xxv,_xxvi-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunt1990xxv,_xxvi_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunt1990">Hunt 1990</a>, pp. xxv, xxvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-LGazGCMG-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LGazGCMG_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGazGCMG_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37453" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37453/page/767">"No. 37453"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 1 February 1946. p. 767.</cite><span 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Retrieved 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+the+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fgg%2Ffgg%2Fbios%2F01%2Falexander_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_113-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1974" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Haskell (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omsa.org/files/jomsa_arch/Splits/1977/206252_JOMSA_Vol28_11_19.pdf">"FIELD MARSHAL EARL ALEXANDER of TUNIS"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIELD+MARSHAL+EARL+ALEXANDER+of+TUNIS&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Haskell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omsa.org%2Ffiles%2Fjomsa_arch%2FSplits%2F1977%2F206252_JOMSA_Vol28_11_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36398" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36398/supplement/985">"No. 36398"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 25 February 1944. p. 985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36398&rft.pages=985&rft.date=1944-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36398%2Fsupplement%2F985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36569" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36569/supplement/2913">"No. 36569"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 16 June 1944. p. 2913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36569&rft.pages=2913&rft.date=1944-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36569%2Fsupplement%2F2913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36828" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36828/supplement/5616">"No. 36828"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 5 December 1944. p. 5616.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36828&rft.pages=5616&rft.date=1944-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36828%2Fsupplement%2F5616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37204" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37204/supplement/3962">"No. 37204"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 31 July 1945. p. 3962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37204&rft.pages=3962&rft.date=1945-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37204%2Fsupplement%2F3962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616013516/http://historicalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca/view/collection/coastnews/date/1960-01-28%231">"Deputy Chief Scout will visit Gibsons"</a>. Coast News. 28 January 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca/view/collection/coastnews/date/1960-01-28#1">the original</a> on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coast+News&rft.atitle=Deputy+Chief+Scout+will+visit+Gibsons&rft.date=1960-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalnewspapers.library.ubc.ca%2Fview%2Fcollection%2Fcoastnews%2Fdate%2F1960-01-28%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8575861&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5">"Canada: Dominion High Commissioners; use of suffix 'PC (Can)' (member of the Canadian Privy Council) and title 'Right Honorable'"</a>. Records of the Privy Council and other records collected by the Privy Council Office. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720014515/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=8575861&CATLN=6&accessmethod=5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Privy+Council+and+other+records+collected+by+the+Privy+Council+Office&rft.atitle=Canada%3A+Dominion+High+Commissioners%3B+use+of+suffix+%27PC+%28Can%29%27+%28member+of+the+Canadian+Privy+Council%29+and+title+%27Right+Honorable%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fdisplaycataloguedetails.asp%3FCATID%3D8575861%26CATLN%3D6%26accessmethod%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette41072" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41072/page/2934">"No. 41072"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 17 May 1957. p. 2934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+41072&rft.pages=2934&rft.date=1957-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F41072%2Fpage%2F2934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette43616" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43616/page/3297">"No. 43616"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 2 April 1965. p. 3297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+43616&rft.pages=3297&rft.date=1965-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F43616%2Fpage%2F3297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://confidentials.com/manchester/who-has-the-freedom-of-mcr">"Who has been awarded the 'Freedom of Manchester'?"</a>. Confidentials. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171036/https://confidentials.com/manchester/who-has-the-freedom-of-mcr">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Confidentials&rft.atitle=Who+has+been+awarded+the+%27Freedom+of+Manchester%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconfidentials.com%2Fmanchester%2Fwho-has-the-freedom-of-mcr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/fm-lord-alexander-receives-city-freedom-on-sleeve/query/Guildhall">"FM Lord Alexander Receives City Freedom"</a>. British Pathé. 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171032/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/fm-lord-alexander-receives-city-freedom-on-sleeve/query/Guildhall">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FM+Lord+Alexander+Receives+City+Freedom&rft.pub=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fvideo%2Ffm-lord-alexander-receives-city-freedom-on-sleeve%2Fquery%2FGuildhall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Pathé2021" class="citation web cs1">British Pathé (23 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v5SlmFZBns">"Viscount Alexander receives the Freedom of the City (1946)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/9v5SlmFZBns">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viscount+Alexander+receives+the+Freedom+of+the+City+%281946%29&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft.au=British+Path%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9v5SlmFZBns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Press1946" class="citation news cs1">Canadian Press (12 March 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19460309&id=u_wuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6131,1916254&hl=en">"Daily Visits To Canada House In London Paid By Viscount Alexander"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171030/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19460309&id=u_wuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6131,1916254&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Daily+Visits+To+Canada+House+In+London+Paid+By+Viscount+Alexander&rft.date=1946-03-12&rft.au=Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19460309%26id%3Du_wuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6131%2C1916254%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34456" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34456/page/7263">"No. 34456"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 19 November 1937. p. 7263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34456&rft.pages=7263&rft.date=1937-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34456%2Fpage%2F7263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36616" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36616/supplement/3379">"No. 36616"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 18 July 1944. p. 3379.</cite><span 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London: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-696-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-696-5"><bdi>0-85052-696-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Field+Marshals+1736%E2%80%931997&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85052-696-5&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hunt_(diplomat)" title="David Hunt (diplomat)">Hunt, David</a> (1990) [1st publ. 1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donatwar0000hunt">A Don at War</a> (Revised ed.). Abingdon: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3383-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3383-6"><bdi>0-7146-3383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Don+at+War&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7146-3383-6&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonatwar0000hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Doherty" title="Richard Doherty">Doherty, Richard</a> (2004). Ireland's Generals in the Second World War. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851828654" title="Special:BookSources/9781851828654"><bdi>9781851828654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Generals+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781851828654&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonGleave2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson, General W. G. F.</a> & Gleave, Group Captain T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> 1987]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume VI: Part II – June to October 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-071-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-071-8"><bdi>1-84574-071-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+VI%3A+Part+II+%E2%80%93+June+to+October+1944&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-071-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=General+W.+G.+F.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+Group+Captain+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson, W. G. F.</a> (1972). Alexander of Tunis, as Military Commander. <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_%26_Co." title="Dodd, Mead & Co.">Dodd, Mead & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0396064749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0396064749"><bdi>978-0396064749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Tunis%2C+as+Military+Commander&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0396064749&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=W.+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeganReid1991" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John; Reid, Brian Holden (1991). Churchill's Generals. London: <a href="/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group" title="Orion Publishing Group">Cassell</a> Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36712-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36712-5"><bdi>0-304-36712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Generals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-304-36712-5&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Reid%2C+Brian+Holden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2007" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0"><bdi>978-1-86227-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Lions%3A+A+biographical+guide+to+the+key+British+generals+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-431-0&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolonywith_FlynnDaviesGleave2004" class="citation book cs1">Molony, C. J. C.; with Flynn, F. C.; Davies, H. L. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1973]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-069-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-069-6"><bdi>1-84574-069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Campaign+in+Sicily+1943+and+The+Campaign+in+Italy+3rd+September+1943+to+31st+March+1944&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-069-6&rft.aulast=Molony&rft.aufirst=C.+J.+C.&rft.au=with+Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Davies%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> 1960]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-067-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-067-X"><bdi>1-84574-067-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+III%3A+British+Fortunes+reach+their+Lowest+Ebb+%28September+1941+to+September+1942%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-067-X&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Nicolson" title="Nigel Nicolson">Nicolson, Nigel</a> (1973). Alex: The Life of Field Marshal Earl Alexander of Tunis. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297765159" title="Special:BookSources/0297765159"><bdi>0297765159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alex%3A+The+Life+of+Field+Marshal+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0297765159&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairMolonyFlynnGleave2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1966]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8"><bdi>1-84574-068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-068-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2005" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Nick (2005). Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844150496" title="Special:BookSources/1844150496"><bdi>1844150496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+British+Generals+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Barnesley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1844150496&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian2008" class="citation book cs1">Adrian, Stewart (2008). The Campaigns of Alexander of Tunis, 1940–1945. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399074650" title="Special:BookSources/978-1399074650"><bdi>978-1399074650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Alexander+of+Tunis%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1399074650&rft.aulast=Adrian&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1959" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World (1st ed.). Poole: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58863729">58863729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scouting+Round+the+World&rft.place=Poole&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58863729&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Harold+Alexander%2C+1st+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis%29%20OR%20%28%221891-1969%22%20AND%20Tunis%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-harold-alexander">contributions in Parliament by the Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061009193413/http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/alexander_e.asp">Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harold-alexander-1st-earl-alexander-of-tunis">The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000340">Newspaper clippings about Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_A05.html#Alexander_HRLG">British Army Officers 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generals.dk/general/Alexander/Harold_Rupert_Leofric_George/Great_Britain.html">Generals of World War II</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Armitage" title="Clement Armitage">Clement Armitage</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/1st_(United_Kingdom)_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st (United Kingdom) Division">GOC 1st Infantry Division</a> 1938–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barker_(British_Army_officer)" title="Michael Barker (British Army officer)">Michael Barker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">GOC I Corps</a> June–December 1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Carr" title="Laurence Carr">Laurence Carr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Southern Command (United Kingdom)">GOC-in-C Southern Command</a> 1940–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Loyd" title="Charles Loyd">Sir Charles Loyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">C-in-C Middle East Command</a> 1942–1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Sir Henry Wilson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New command </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">C-in-C 15th Army Group</a> 1943–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark Clark</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Sir Henry Wilson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Headquarters" title="Allied Force Headquarters">Supreme Commander Allied Force Headquarters</a> 1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Post deactivated </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">The Earl of Athlone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> 1946–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Lambart,_10th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan">The Earl of Cavan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Colonel of the Irish Guards</a> 1946–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Eugster" title="Basil Eugster">Sir Basil Eugster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a> 1952–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">The Viscount Alanbrooke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_County_of_London" title="Lord Lieutenant of the County of London">Lord Lieutenant of the County of London</a> 1956–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">County of London abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Earl of Halifax</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George">Grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a> 1959–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">The Duke of Kent</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson">The Lord Wilson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower" title="Constable of the Tower">Constable of the Tower of London</a> 1960–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Sir Gerald Templer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater London">Lord Lieutenant of Greater London</a> 1965–1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Earl Alexander of Tunis">Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> 1952–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" 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href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Ministers for co-ordination of defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Sir Thomas Inskip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">Lord Chatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministers for defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Sir Walter Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Head,_1st_Viscount_Head" title="Antony Head, 1st Viscount Head">Anthony Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Watkinson" title="Harold Watkinson">Harold Watkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretaries of state for defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour,_Baron_Gilmour_of_Craigmillar" title="Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar">Ian Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Francis Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">John Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_4th_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie">George Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_King,_Baron_King_of_Bridgwater" title="Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater">Tom King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Malcolm Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Geoff Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Browne" title="Des Browne">Des Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">John Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ainsworth" title="Bob Ainsworth">Bob Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Penny Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Grant Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Healey" title="John Healey">John Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Admirals_of_the_Fleet,_Field_Marshals_and_Marshals_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_of_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="British_Admirals_of_the_Fleet,_Field_Marshals_and_Marshals_of_the_Royal_Air_Force_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admirals of the Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Air Force">Marshals of the Royal Air Force</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Admirals of the Fleet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Keyes,_1st_Baron_Keyes" title="Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes">Lord Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyle,_12th_Earl_of_Cork" title="William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork">Lord Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Sir Andrew Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Forbes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Forbes (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Charles Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Sir Dudley Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Somerville" title="James Somerville">Sir James Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tovey,_1st_Baron_Tovey" title="John Tovey, 1st Baron Tovey">Sir John Tovey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field Marshals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">Sir John Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Lord Gort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside,_1st_Baron_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside">Sir Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Sir Archibald Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Sir Henry Maitland Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Marshals of the Royal Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellington" title="Edward Ellington">Sir Edward Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Newall,_1st_Baron_Newall" title="Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall">Sir Cyril Newall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Sir_Winston_Churchill_(1951–1955)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Churchill_Ministry" title="Template:Third Churchill Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Churchill_Ministry" title="Template talk:Third Churchill Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this 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the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Winston Churchill"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/100px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/150px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/200px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3407" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Simonds,_1st_Viscount_Simonds" title="Gavin Simonds, 1st Viscount Simonds">The Lord Simonds</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">The Viscount Kilmuir</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Welsh Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Sir David Maxwell Fyfe</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Gwilym Lloyd George</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Derick Heathcoat-Armory</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd,_1st_Viscount_Boyd_of_Merton" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Coordination_of_Transport,_Fuel_and_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power">Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leathers,_1st_Viscount_Leathers" title="Frederick Leathers, 1st Viscount Leathers">The Lord Leathers</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> (1952–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Horsbrugh,_Baroness_Horsbrugh" title="Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh">Florence Horsbrugh</a> (1951–1954; in cabinet 1953–1954 only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Sir David Eccles</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a> (1951–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Ministry of Housing and Local Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and National Service">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Sir Walter Monckton</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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Lord Cherwell</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_1st_Viscount_Stuart_of_Findhorn" title="James Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn">James Stuart</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_masters_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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