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href="#Qualifications_and_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Qualifications and selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications_and_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Term of office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_and_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_and_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role and authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_and_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Style of address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister–designate_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister–designate_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime minister–designate of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister–designate_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_post-premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_post-premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Activities post-premiership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_post-premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prime Minister of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رئيس وزراء كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس وزراء كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Прэм’ер-міністар Канады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэм’ер-міністар Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Министър-председател на Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Министър-председател на Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premijer_Kanade" title="Premijer Kanade – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Premijer Kanade" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_ministre_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Primer ministre del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primer ministre del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A9r_Kanady" title="Premiér Kanady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Premiér Kanady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premierminister_(Kanada)" title="Premierminister (Kanada) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Premierminister (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_peaminister" title="Kanada peaminister – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada peaminister" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Πρωθυπουργός του Καναδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωθυπουργός του Καναδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_ministro_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Primer ministro de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primer ministro de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88efministro_de_Kanado" title="Ĉefministro de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉefministro de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="نخست‌وزیر کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخست‌وزیر کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_ministre_du_Canada" title="Premier ministre du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier ministre du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%B4%9D%EB%A6%AC" title="캐나다의 총리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다의 총리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कनाडा के प्रधानमंत्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनाडा के प्रधानमंत्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Kanada" title="Perdana Menteri Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdana Menteri Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors%C3%A6tisr%C3%A1%C3%B0herra_Kanada" title="Forsætisráðherra Kanada – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forsætisráðherra Kanada" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_ministro_del_Canada" title="Primo ministro del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primo ministro del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="ראש ממשלת קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראש ממשלת קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कॅनडाचे पंतप्रधान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅनडाचे पंतप्रधान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კანადაშ პრემიერ-მინისტრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კანადაშ პრემიერ-მინისტრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رئيس وزرا كندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس وزرا كندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Kanada" title="Perdana Menteri Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdana Menteri Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_van_Canada" title="Premier van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Premier van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="カナダ首相 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ首相" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="د کاناډا لومړی وزیر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کاناډا لومړی وزیر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeiro-ministro_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Primeiro-ministro do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeiro-ministro do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim-ministrul_Canadei" title="Prim-ministrul Canadei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prim-ministrul Canadei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Премьер-министр Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Премьер-министр Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prime Minister of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_vlade_Kanade" title="Predsednik vlade Kanade – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsednik vlade Kanade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Премијер Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Премијер Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premijer_Kanade" title="Premijer Kanade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Premijer Kanade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri" title="Kanadan pääministeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan pääministeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_premi%C3%A4rminister" title="Kanadas premiärminister – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas premiärminister" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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For a list of prime ministers of Canada, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers of Canada</a>. For provincial and territorial heads of government, see <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premier (Canada)</a>. For the historical position, see <a href="/wiki/Joint_premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Joint premiers of the Province of Canada">joint premiers of the Province of Canada</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Prime Minister of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Premier ministre du Canada</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_(0m29s)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a><br /></div>since <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">November 4, 2015</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada#Executive_power" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(formal)</li> <li>Prime Minister<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(informal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">PM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Canada">Privy Council</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reports to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />with the <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence</a> of the House of Commons<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>406,200</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-salary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/">pm<wbr />.gc<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>prime minister of Canada</b> (French: <i lang="fr">premier ministre du Canada</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, the prime minister governs with the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence</a> of a majority of the elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) and leads the largest party or a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> of parties. As <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Canadian_first_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Canadian first ministers">first minister</a>, the prime minister selects ministers to form the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>. </p><p>Not outlined in any constitutional document, the prime minister is appointed by <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the monarch</a>'s representative, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> and the office exists per long-established <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>. Constitutionally, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive authority</a> is vested in the monarch (who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>), but, in practice, the powers of the monarch and governor general are nearly always exercised on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the Cabinet,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is collectively <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> to the House of Commons. Canadian prime ministers are appointed to the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">styled</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">the Right Honourable</a> (French: <i lang="fr">le très honorable</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a privilege maintained for life. </p><p>The prime minister is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> and heads the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister also selects individuals for appointment as governor general (in the federal jurisdiction) and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a>), as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">federal courts</a>, and the chairs and boards of various <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a>. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">23 prime ministers</a> (twenty-two men and one woman) have formed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ministries" title="List of Canadian ministries">29 ministries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_the_Canadian_Parliament-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> is the current prime minister, who took office on November 4, 2015, following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a>, wherein his <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> won a majority of seats. Trudeau's Liberals subsequently won a plurality of seats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 elections</a>, leaving Trudeau with <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority governments</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_office">Origin of the office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of prime minister is not outlined in any Canadian constitutional document and is mentioned only in a few sections of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent, 1947</a></i>, issued by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions and modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">same office in the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications_and_selection">Qualifications and selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qualifications and selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a public opinion survey showed that 51% of Canadians believed they voted to directly elect the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in Cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the conventions of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, the foundation of parliamentary democracy, the governor general will call to form a government the individual most likely to receive the support, or confidence, of a majority of the directly elected members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a practical matter, this is often the leader of the party, or a coalition of parties,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks235_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose members form a <a href="/wiki/Majority#Parliamentary_rules" title="Majority">majority</a>, or a very large <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>, of seats in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No document is needed to begin the appointment; a party leader becomes prime minister-designate as soon as he accepts the governor general's invitation to <a href="/wiki/Government_formation" title="Government formation">form a government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GoC145_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoC145-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prime minister who has given his intention to resign may advise the governor general on whom to appoint as the next prime minister. However, if the prime minister is resigning because he has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the viceroy is not obligated to follow that advice.<sup id="cite_ref-GoC145_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoC145-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Jennings" title="Ivor Jennings">Ivor Jennings</a> wrote, "where the government is defeated and there is a <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the opposition</a>, the King must send for him."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the leader of the opposition is unable or unwilling to form a government,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the governor general can consult whomever he wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-GoC145_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoC145-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be an MP,<sup id="cite_ref-GoC145_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoC145-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister. Two former prime ministers—<a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Joseph Caldwell Abbott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a>—served in the 1890s while members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey38_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey38-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both, in their roles as <a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate" title="Representative of the Government in the Senate">government leader in the Senate</a>, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—<a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> in 1891 and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a> in 1894. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A_Macdonald_(ca._1875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/192px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/288px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg/384px-John_A_Macdonald_%28ca._1875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, the first prime minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prime ministers who are not MPs upon their appointment (or who lose their seats while in office) have since been expected to seek election to the House of Commons as soon as possible. For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, after losing his seat in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925 federal election</a> and again in the <a href="/wiki/1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="1945 Canadian federal election">1945 Canadian federal election</a> (despite his party being elected government both times), briefly governed without a seat in the House of Commons on both occasions before winning a by-election a few weeks later. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> as leader of the Liberal Party in 1984 and subsequently was appointed prime minister while not holding a seat in the House of Commons; Turner won a riding in the next election but the Liberal Party was swept from power. </p><p>When a prime minister loses their seat in the legislature, or should a new prime minister be appointed without holding a seat, the typical process that follows is that a member in the governing political party will resign to allow the prime minister to run in the resulting by-election.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey38_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey38-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> is usually chosen; while the Liberal and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> parties generally observed a practice of not running a candidate against another party's new leader in the by-election, the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> and smaller political parties typically do not follow the same practice.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if the governing party selects a new leader shortly before an election is due, and that new leader is not a member of the legislature, they will normally await the upcoming election before running for a seat in Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term_of_office">Term of office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Term of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada_by_time_in_office#Calculation_of_terms_of_office" title="List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office">List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office § Calculation of terms of office</a></div> <p>The prime minister serves <i><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">at His Majesty's pleasure</a></i>, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, and once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until they resign, are dismissed, or die.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the lifespan of a parliament is <a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">constitutionally limited</a> to five years, a 2007 amendment to the <i>Canada Elections Act</i>, Section 56.1(2) limited the term of a Parliament to four years, with <a href="/wiki/Election_day" title="Election day">election day</a> being set as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the previous polling date.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor general may still, on the advice of the prime minister, dissolve parliament and issue the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs of election</a> prior to the date mandated by the constitution or <i>Canada Elections Act</i>; the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">King–Byng Affair</a> was the only time since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> that the governor general refused the prime minister's request for a general vote. </p><p>Following parliamentary dissolution, should the prime minister's party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, it is unnecessary to re-appoint the prime minister or for the prime minister to retake the oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsey5_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsey5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, however, an <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">opposition party</a> wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or choose to meet Parliament to see if the incumbent government can win a confidence vote. Should the prime minister's party achieve a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to maintain the confidence of the House by forming a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with other minority parties, which was last entertained in 1925 or by entering into a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence-and-supply agreement</a>, or by winning support of other parties on a vote-by-vote basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_authority">Role and authority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role and authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/220px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/330px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg/440px-Prime_Ministers_of_Canada_to_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Canada's prime ministers during its first century</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the prime minister is in practice the most politically powerful member of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a>, they are sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IRpoll_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRpoll-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when, in fact, that role belongs to the Canadian monarch, represented by the governor general.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister is, instead, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advising</a> the Crown on how to exercise much of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> and its executive powers,<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks235_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks235-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are governed by the written constitution and constitutional conventions. However, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Today, per the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> given by the prime minister is ordinarily binding, meaning the prime minister effectively carries out those duties ascribed to the sovereign or governor general, leaving the latter to act in predominantly ceremonial fashions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the prime minister, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office of the Prime Minister</a> (PMO), controls the appointments of many key figures in Canada's system of governance, including the governor general, the Cabinet, justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a>, senators, heads of <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_Canada" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada">ambassadors and high commissioners</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">provincial lieutenant governors</a>, and approximately 3,100 other positions. Further, the prime minister plays a prominent role in the legislative process—with the majority of bills put before Parliament originating in the Cabinet—and the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/170px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/255px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/340px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, the 10th prime minister of Canada (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pierre Trudeau is often credited with, throughout his tenure as prime minister (1968–79, 1980–84), consolidating power in the PMO,<sup id="cite_ref-Macleans_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macleans-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is itself filled by political and administrative staff selected at the prime minister's discretion and unaccountable to Parliament. At the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts—such as <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Simpson" title="Jeffrey Simpson">Jeffrey Simpson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Savoie" title="Donald J. Savoie">Donald Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Andrew Coyne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a>—argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become eclipsed by prime ministerial power;<sup id="cite_ref-BNA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savoie wrote: "The Canadian prime minister has little in the way of institutional check, at least inside government, to inhibit his ability to have his way."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the position has been described as undergoing a "presidentialization",<sup id="cite_ref-Macleans_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macleans-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state (and <a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Canada">prime minister's spouses</a> are sometimes referred to as <i>First Lady of Canada</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former governor general <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> alluded to what she saw as "an unspoken rivalry" that had developed between the prime minister and the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been theorized that such is the case in Canada as its Parliament is less influential on the executive than in other countries with <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary systems</a>; particularly, Canada has fewer MPs, a higher turnover rate of MPs after each election, and a US-style system for selecting political party leaders, leaving them accountable to the party membership rather than <a href="/wiki/Caucus#In_Commonwealth_nations" title="Caucus">caucus</a> (as is the case in the UK).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There do exist checks on the prime minister's power: the House of Commons may revoke its confidence in an incumbent prime minister and Cabinet or <a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">caucus revolts</a> can quickly bring down a serving premier and even mere threats of such action can persuade or compel a prime minister to resign his post, as happened with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. The <i>Reform Act, 2014</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> codifies the process by which a caucus may trigger a party leadership review and, if necessary, chose an interim leader, thereby making a prime minister more accountable to the MPs in his or her party. Caucuses may choose to follow these rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote, thereby subjecting the party's choice to public scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Senate may delay or impede legislation put forward by the Cabinet, such as when <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>'s bill creating the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST) came before the Senate, and given <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canada's federal nature</a>, the jurisdiction of the federal government is limited to areas prescribed by the constitution. Further, as executive power is constitutionally vested in the monarch, meaning the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of its ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sovereign's supremacy over the prime minister in the constitutional order is thus seen as a "rebuff to the pretensions of the elected: As it has been said, when the prime minister bows before the queen, he bows before us [the Canadian people]."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either the sovereign or his or her governor general may therefore oppose the prime minister's will in extreme, crisis situations.<sup id="cite_ref-RP_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of her time as governor general, Adrienne Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers': making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn'[...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privileges">Privileges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Residence_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a>, the official residence of the prime minister of Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residences</a> are provided to the prime minister—<a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a> in Ottawa and <a href="/wiki/Harrington_Lake" title="Harrington Lake">Harrington Lake</a>, a country retreat in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Park" title="Gatineau Park">Gatineau Park</a>—as well an office in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Privy_Council" title="Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council">Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building</a> (formerly known as Langevin Block), across from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For transportation, the prime minister is afforded an armoured car (a car allowance of $2,000 per year) and shared use of two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">official aircraft</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Airbus_CC-150_Polaris" title="Airbus CC-150 Polaris">CC-150 Polaris</a> for international flights and a <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600_series" title="Bombardier Challenger 600 series">Challenger 601</a> for domestic trips. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> also furnish constant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police_Protective_Policing" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police Protective Policing">personal security</a> for the prime minister and their family. All of the aforementioned is provided through budgets approved by Parliament. </p><p>As of April 2024, the prime minister's annual salary is $406,200<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (consisting of an MP's salary of $203,100 and the prime minister's additional salary of $203,100).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serving or former prime ministers are accorded a <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_Canada" title="State funerals in Canada">state funeral</a>, wherein their casket lies in state in the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> of Parliament Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Bowell and the <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Viscount Bennett</a> were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former prime minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians. John Thompson also died outside Canada, at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/220px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/330px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg/440px-Heraldic_mark_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_mark_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Heraldic mark of the prime minister of Canada">The mark of the prime ministership of Canada</a>, applied to the arms of prime ministers</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1919, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix <i>Sir</i> before their name; of the first eight prime ministers of Canada, only <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Alexander Mackenzie</a> refused the honour of a knighthood from Queen Victoria. Following the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Nickle_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickle Resolution">Nickle Resolution</a>, however, the House of Commons declared that it should be against the policy of the Canadian Sovereign (and the Canadian government advising the Monarch when such honours are not within the Monarch's personal gift) to bestow <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">aristocratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a> titles to Canadians. The Crown in right of Canada (but not the Crown in right of the United Kingdom, which has periodically bestowed such Imperial honours on such citizens) has since adopted this policy generally, such that the last prime minister to be knighted near appointment was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>, who was the prime minister at the time the Nickle Resolution was debated in the House of Commons (and was knighted before the resolution). Still, Bennett was, in 1941, six years after he stepped down as prime minister, elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage of the United Kingdom</a> by King George VI as Viscount Bennett, of <a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham</a> in the County of Surrey and of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No prime minister has since been titled. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> (CHA) grants former prime ministers an <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmentation of honour</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of those who apply for them. The heraldic badge, referred to by the CHA as the <i>mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of four red maple leaves joined at the stem on a white field (<i>Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules</i>); the augmentation is usually a <a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">canton</a> or centred in the <a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTrudeauArms-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTurnerArms_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTurnerArms-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMulroneyArms_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMulroneyArms-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KCampbellArms_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCampbellArms-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JClarkArms_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JClarkArms-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Trudeau,<sup id="cite_ref-PTrudeauArms_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTrudeauArms-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Turner,<sup id="cite_ref-JTurnerArms_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTurnerArms-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Mulroney,<sup id="cite_ref-BMulroneyArms_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMulroneyArms-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KCampbellArms_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCampbellArms-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean Chrétien<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Paul Martin<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were granted arms with the augmentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_of_address">Style of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Style of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Campbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/170px-Kim_Campbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/255px-Kim_Campbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kim_Campbell.jpg/340px-Kim_Campbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, the 19th prime minister of Canada (1993) and only female and British Columbia–born person to hold the office</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada continues the Westminster tradition of using the title <i>Prime Minister</i> when one is speaking to the federal head of government directly; the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> advises that the term <i>Mr. Prime Minister</i> should not be used in official contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title: <i>The Right Honourable [name], [<a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a>], Prime Minister of Canada</i>. However, while in the House of Commons during <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a>, other members of parliament may address the prime minister as <i>the Right Honourable Member for [prime minister's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a>]</i> or simply <i>the Right Honourable Prime Minister</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime ministers retain the prefix <i>the Right Honourable</i> for the remainder of their lives; should they remain sitting MPs, they may be referred as <i>the Right Honourable Member for [member's riding]</i>, by their <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">portfolio</a> title (if appointed to one), as in <i>the Right Honourable Minister of National Defence</i>, or should they become opposition leader, as <i>the Right Honourable Leader of the Opposition</i>. </p><p>In the decades following Confederation, it was common practice to refer to the prime minister as <i>Premier of Canada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a custom that continued during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, around the time of Robert Borden's premiership.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While contemporary sources will still speak of early prime ministers of Canada as <i>premier</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern practice is such that the federal head of government is known almost exclusively as the <i>prime minister</i>, while the <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">provincial and territorial heads of government</a> are termed <i>premiers</i> (in French, premiers are addressed as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">premier ministre du [province]</i></span>, literally translated as <i>prime minister of [province]</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister–designate_of_Canada"><span id="Prime_minister.E2.80.93designate_of_Canada"></span>Prime minister–designate of Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prime minister–designate of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister%E2%80%93designate" title="Prime minister–designate">Prime minister–designate</a></div> <p>The prime minister–designate of Canada is the person who has been designated as the future prime minister by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a>, after either the individual's political party won a general election or proposed to form either a confidence-and-supply government or coalition government. The term does not apply to incumbent prime ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_post-premiership">Activities post-premiership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities post-premiership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_(50540638176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg/220px-Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg/330px-Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg/440px-Lester_Pearson_at_Constellation_Hotel_%2850540638176%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester Pearson</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>After exiting office, former prime ministers of Canada have engaged in various pursuits. Some remained in politics: Bowell continued as a senator, and Bennett moved to the United Kingdom after being elevated to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number were leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>: John A. Macdonald, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, Mackenzie King,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pierre Trudeau, all before being re-appointed as prime minister (Mackenzie King twice); Alexander Mackenzie and <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, both prior to sitting as regular Members of Parliament until their deaths;<sup id="cite_ref-Dief_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dief-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> dying while still in the post;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tupper_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tupper-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StLaurent_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StLaurent-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Turner, each before they returned to private business. Meighen was also appointed to the Senate following his second period as prime minister, but resigned his seat to seek re-election and moved to private enterprise after failing to win a riding.<sup id="cite_ref-Meighen_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meighen-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also returning to civilian life were: Robert Borden, who was Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's</a> and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill Universities</a>, as well as working in the financial sector; <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, who was Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who were university lecturers, Clark also consultant and Campbell working in international diplomacy and as the director of private companies and chairperson of interest groups; while Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien returned to legal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime ministers also commonly penned autobiographies—Tupper,<sup id="cite_ref-Tupper_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tupper-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example—or published their memoirs—such as Diefenbaker and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dief_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dief-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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by religious affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of books about prime ministers of Canada">List of books about prime ministers of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_ministers_of_Canada_in_popular_culture" title="Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture">Prime ministers of Canada in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_Canada" title="Spouse of the prime minister of Canada">Spouse of the prime minister of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the position is held by a woman, the French title is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">première ministre du Canada</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the style is held by a woman, the French title is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la très honorable</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> died in office in 1891, Governor General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">the Lord Stanley of Preston</a> approached <a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Thompson</a> to form a government. But Thompson declined and instead advised Stanley to call on Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a>. Ahead of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a>'s resignation in 1896, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Smith</a> turned down the offer to be the next head of government, leading Governor General <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair" title="John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair">the Earl of Aberdeen</a> to appoint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a> as prime minister. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> announced his intention to resign as prime minister in 1920. <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">Thomas White</a> was summoned by Governor General <a href="/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy" title="Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy">the Viscount Byng of Vimy</a> and rejected the appointment as prime minister. Byng then installed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a> as his chief advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRpoll-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRpoll_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos-Reid" title="Ipsos-Reid">Ipsos-Reid</a> poll found 42% of respondents thought the prime minister was head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-IR2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNA-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNA_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-BNA-34" title="Cabinet of Canada">note 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RP_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#Responsibilities" title="Cabinet of Canada">Responsibilities</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-RP-20" title="Cabinet of Canada">note 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This title is granted to holders of the office for life upon taking office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under renovation since 2015. <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Cottage" title="Rideau Cottage">Rideau Cottage</a> is the current residence of Justin Trudeau.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeritage2017" class="citation web cs1">Heritage, Canadian (October 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html">"Styles of address"</a>. <i>aem</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laurier%2C+Sir+Wilfrid&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Flaurier_wilfrid_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tupper-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tupper_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tupper_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Buckner, Phillip (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html">"Tupper, Sir Charles"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tupper%2C+Sir+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ftupper_charles_14E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StLaurent-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StLaurent_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bothwell, Robert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/st_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html">"St. Laurent, Louis"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Laurent%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fst_laurent_louis_stephen_20E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meighen-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meighen_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassford2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Glassford, Larry A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/meighen_arthur_18E.html">"Meighen, Arthur"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (1951–1960) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meighen%2C+Arthur&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Glassford&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmeighen_arthur_18E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">English, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pearson_lester_bowles_20E.html">"Pearson, Lester Bowles"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XX (1971–1980) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pearson%2C+Lester+Bowles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpearson_lester_bowles_20E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">English, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/trudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html">"Trudeau, Pierre Elliott"</a>. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. XXII (1991–2000) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trudeau%2C+Pierre+Elliott&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ftrudeau_pierre_elliott_22E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of books about prime ministers of Canada">List of books about prime ministers of Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie2018" class="citation book cs1">Brodie, I. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNZDwAAQBAJ"><i>At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5378-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-5378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Centre+of+Government%3A+The+Prime+Minister+and+the+Limits+on+Political+Power&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-5378-1&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NNZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoucill2005" class="citation book cs1">Coucill, I. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC"><i>Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation</i></a>. Pembroke Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55138-185-5"><bdi>978-1-55138-185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers%2C+Governors+General+and+Fathers+of+Confederation&rft.pub=Pembroke+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55138-185-5&rft.aulast=Coucill&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlFJPQHUY5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutil2017" class="citation book cs1">Dutil, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden</i></a>. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3476-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-3476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prime+Ministerial+Power+in+Canada%3A+Its+Origins+under+Macdonald%2C+Laurier%2C+and+Borden&rft.series=The+C.D.+Howe+Series+in+Canadian+Political+History&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-3476-6&rft.aulast=Dutil&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1994" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, G. (1994). <i>The Prime Ministers of Canada</i>. Doubleday Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-25454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-25454-0"><bdi>978-0-385-25454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prime+Ministers+of+Canada&rft.pub=Doubleday+Canada&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-385-25454-0&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishDutil2023" class="citation book cs1">English, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). <i>Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy</i>. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6855-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-6855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statesmen%2C+Strategists+and+Diplomats%3A+Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers+and+the+Making+of+Foreign+Policy&rft.series=The+C.+D.+Howe+Series+in+Canadian+Political+History+Series&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6855-6&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Dutil%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlee2018" class="citation book cs1">Schlee, Gary (2018). <i>Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers</i>. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Shorelawn Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7753780-0-6"><bdi>978-1-7753780-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108336247">1108336247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+and+unforgettable+%3A+a+guide+to+Canada%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Shorelawn+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108336247&rft.isbn=978-1-7753780-0-6&rft.aulast=Schlee&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5MwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Being Prime Minister</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3849-2"><bdi>978-1-4597-3849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Prime+Minister&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-3849-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=J.D.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5MwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+Minister+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prime ministers of Canada"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Prime ministers of Canada</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/">Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/pmocpm">Prime Minister of Canada</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901031658/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/pm/index.asp?lang=E">Library of Parliament of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2011/06/10/canadas-best-prime-ministers">Canada's Best Prime Ministers</a>: 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i> article</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Prime Minister of Canada<br /><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a> </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Template:Cabinet of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Cabinet of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Agri-Food" title="Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food">Agriculture and Agri-Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_of_Health" title="Associate Minister of Health">Associate Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_of_National_Defence" title="Associate Minister of National Defence">Associate Minister of National Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Canadian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Citizens%27_Services" title="Minister of Citizens' Services">Citizens' Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations">Crown–Indigenous Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Diversity,_Inclusion_and_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities">Diversity, Inclusion and Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Emergency_Preparedness" title="Minister of Emergency Preparedness">Emergency Preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Employment,_Workforce_Development_and_Official_Languages" title="Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Official Languages">Employment, Workforce Development and Official Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="Minister of Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">Environment and Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Export_Promotion,_International_Trade_and_Economic_Development" title="Minister of Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development">Export Promotion, International Trade and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Families,_Children_and_Social_Development" title="Minister of Families, Children and Social Development">Families, Children and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Development_Agency_(Canada)#Federal_Economic_Development_Agency_for_Southern_Ontario" title="Regional Development Agency (Canada)">Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries,_Oceans_and_the_Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard">Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">Government House Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing,_Infrastructure_and_Communities" title="Minister of Housing, Infrastructure and Communities">Housing, Infrastructure and Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Indigenous_Services" title="Minister of Indigenous Services">Indigenous Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship" title="Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship">Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science_and_Industry" title="Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry">Innovation, Science and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Development_(Canada)" title="Minister of International Development (Canada)">International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_(Canada)" title="Minister of Labour (Canada)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health_and_Addictions" title="Minister of Mental Health and Addictions">Mental Health and Addictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">National Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue" title="Minister of National Revenue">National Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Northern_Affairs" title="Minister of Northern Affairs">Northern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Safety,_Democratic_Institutions_and_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="Minister of Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs">Public Safety, Democratic Institutions and Intergovernmental Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Public Services and Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Rural_Economic_Development" title="Minister of Rural Economic Development">Rural Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Seniors" title="Minister of Seniors">Seniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Small_Business_(Canada)" title="Minister of Small Business (Canada)">Small Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Sport_and_Physical_Activity" title="Minister of Sport and Physical Activity">Sport and Physical Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Tourism_(Canada)" title="Minister of Tourism (Canada)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(Canada)" title="Minister of Transport (Canada)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Treasury_Board" title="President of the Treasury Board">Treasury Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Veterans_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_and_Gender_Equality_and_Youth" title="Minister for Women and Gender Equality and Youth">Women and Gender Equality and Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Dominica" title="List of presidents of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belize" title="List of prime ministers of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Grenada" title="List of heads of government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Lucia" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers" title="Template:Prime ministers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers" title="Template talk:Prime ministers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime ministers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministers<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Aruba" title="Prime Minister of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Bermuda" title="List of premiers of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cameroon" title="Prime Minister of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo">Congo (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo (Democratic Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Prime Minister of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Prime Minister of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Gabon" title="Prime Minister of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greenland" title="Prime Minister of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Guinea" title="List of prime ministers of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Guyana" title="Prime Minister of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan" title="Prime Minister of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Lesotho" title="List of prime ministers of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Madagascar" title="Prime Minister of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mauritius" title="Prime Minister of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Namibia" title="Prime Minister of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Niue" title="Prime Minister of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Prime Minister of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" title="Prime Minister of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of prime ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Prime Minister of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Prime Minister of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tanzania" title="Prime Minister of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Prime Minister of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda" title="Prime Minister of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uzbekistan" title="Prime Minister 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