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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antecedents_of_rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents_of_rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antecedents of rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents_of_rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_modern_rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_modern_rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Establishment of modern rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_modern_rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_status_of_rugby_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_status_of_rugby_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Global status of rugby codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_status_of_rugby_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global status of rugby codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_status_of_rugby_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rugby union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gridiron_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gridiron_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gridiron football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gridiron_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Home countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Internationally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Injuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rugby ball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Cups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Cups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>World Cups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Cups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_shirt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_shirt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rugby shirt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_shirt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_betting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_betting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rugby betting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_betting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rugby football</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbyvoetbal" title="Rugbyvoetbal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rugbyvoetbal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C5%8Dcburhf%C5%8Dt%C3%BE%C5%8D%C3%B0er" title="Hrōcburhfōtþōðer – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrōcburhfōtþōðer" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A8%D9%8A_(%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9)" title="رغبي (رياضة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رغبي (رياضة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%BA%D5%AB" title="Ռիւկպի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռիւկպի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reqbi" title="Reqbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reqbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="راگبی فوتبال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راگبی فوتبال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="রাগবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাগবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-g%C3%BA-bih" title="La-gú-bih – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="La-gú-bih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Рэгбі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэгбі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Рэгбі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэгбі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ръгби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръгби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragby" title="Ragby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ragby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rygbi" title="Rygbi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rygbi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DD%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ريݣبي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ريݣبي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Ράγκμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράγκμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbeo" title="Rugbeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rugbeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errugbi_(kirola)" title="Errugbi (kirola) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errugbi (kirola)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="راگبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راگبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rugby football" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_(sport)" title="Rugby (sport) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rugby (sport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugba%C3%AD" title="Rugbaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rugbaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggyr" title="Ruggyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ruggyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbaidh" title="Rugbaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rugbaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AD%EB%B9%84" title="럭비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="럭비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABpeku" title="Pīpeku – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pīpeku" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Ռեգբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեգբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="रग्बी फुटबॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रग्बी फुटबॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbio" title="Rugbio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rugbio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_bola_rugbi" title="Sepak bola rugbi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sepak bola rugbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C3%B0ningur" title="Ruðningur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ruðningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99" title="רוגבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוגבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbii" title="Rugbii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rugbii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ರಗ್ಬಿ ಫುಟ್‌ಬಾಲ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಗ್ಬಿ ಫುಟ್‌ಬಾಲ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რაგბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაგბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga" title="Raga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Raga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigbi" title="Rigbi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rigbi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragb%C3%AE" title="Ragbî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ragbî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpastum_Rugbeiense" title="Harpastum Rugbeiense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harpastum Rugbeiense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbijs" title="Regbijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Regbijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbis" title="Regbis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regbis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6gbi" title="Rögbi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rögbi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Рагби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рагби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="റഗ്‌ബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഗ്‌ബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whutup%C5%8Dro" title="Whutupōro – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whutupōro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="रग्बी फुटबॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रग्बी फुटबॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რაგბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაგბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%89" title="رجبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رجبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_sepak_ragbi" title="Bola sepak ragbi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bola sepak ragbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1guebi" title="Ráguebi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ráguebi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_(balspel)" title="Rugby (balspel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rugby (balspel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbie" title="Rugbie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rugbie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ラグビーフットボール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラグビーフットボール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Регби-футбол – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Регби-футбол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_(sport)" title="Rugby (sport) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rugby (sport)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbi" title="Regbi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Regbi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰਗਬੀ ਫੁੱਟਬਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਗਬੀ ਫੁੱਟਬਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="رگبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رگبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_(sport)" title="Rugby (sport) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rugby (sport)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Регби-футбол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Регби-футбол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakapi" title="Lakapi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lakapi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_fitbaw" title="Rugby fitbaw – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rugby fitbaw" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbolli_regbi" title="Futbolli regbi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Futbolli regbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rugby football" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragby_(skupina_hier)" title="Ragby (skupina hier) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ragby (skupina hier)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕەگبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەگبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Рагби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рагби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi" title="Rugbi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rugbi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="ரக்பி கால்பந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரக்பி கால்பந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="รักบี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รักบี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8-%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Регби-футбол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Регби-футбол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi" title="Ragbi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ragbi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Регбі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регбі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="رگبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رگبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbi" title="Regbi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regbi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3ng_rugby" title="Bóng rugby – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bóng rugby" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_futbol" title="Rugby futbol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rugby futbol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%90%83%E7%B1%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="橄榄球类运动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="橄榄球类运动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ראגבי פוטבאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראגבי פוטבאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%96%E7%90%83" title="欖球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="欖球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbis" title="Regbis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Regbis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foot_Ball,_Kingston-upon-Thames,_Shrove_Tuesday,_Feb._24th,_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/220px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/330px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/440px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Rugby football match on the 1846 <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rugby football</b> is the collective name for the <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>. </p><p>Rugby football started at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a>, England,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the rules were first codified in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">medieval football</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugby football spread to other <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">English public schools</a> in the 19th century and across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as former pupils continued to play it. </p><p>Rugby football split into two codes in 1895, when twenty-one clubs from the North of England left the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Northern Rugby Football Union</a> (renamed the Rugby Football League in 1922) at the <a href="/wiki/George_Hotel,_Huddersfield" title="George Hotel, Huddersfield">George Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, over payments to players who took time off work to play ("broken-time payments"), thus making rugby league the first <a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">code</a> to turn <a href="/wiki/Professional_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional sport">professional</a> and pay players.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugby union turned professional one hundred years later, following the <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995 Rugby World Cup</a> in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The respective world governing bodies are <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> (rugby union) and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League International Federation">International Rugby League</a> (rugby league).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> were once considered forms of rugby football, but are seldom now referred to as such. The governing body of Canadian football, <a href="/wiki/Football_Canada" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a>, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with rugby rules.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Comparison of rugby league and rugby union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/220px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/330px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/440px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Griffins RFC Kotka, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team from <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two forms <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> differed in administration only. Soon, however, the desire among the northern clubs to make the rules simpler and more attractive to paying spectators meant that the rules of rugby league were modified e.g. reducing teams from 15 to 13 players, removing the <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-out</a> and replacing the <a href="/wiki/Ruck_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruck (rugby union)">ruck</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_gameplay#play-the-ball" title="Rugby league gameplay">play-the-ball</a>, resulting in two distinct sports. </p><p>The form of rugby played at the Olympic Games is known as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>, based broadly on a rugby union format, and organised by World Rugby. In this form of the game, each team has seven players on the field at one time playing seven-minute halves. The rules and pitch size are the same as rugby union.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Nines" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Nines">Rugby Nines</a> represents a similar innovation in the league code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">History of rugby union</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">History of rugby league</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antecedents_of_rugby">Antecedents of rugby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antecedents of rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg/250px-Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg/375px-Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg/500px-Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a> match in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Piazza Santa Maria Novella">Piazza Santa Maria Novella</a> in Florence, Italy, painted by <a href="/wiki/Stradanus" title="Stradanus">Jan Van der Straet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although rugby football was codified at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>, many rugby playing countries had pre-existing football games similar to rugby. </p><p>Forms of traditional football similar to rugby have been played throughout Europe and beyond. Many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummaging formations. For example, New Zealand had <a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a>, Australia <a href="/wiki/Marn_grook" class="mw-redirect" title="Marn grook">marn grook</a>, Japan <a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">kemari</a>, Georgia <a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">lelo burti</a>, the Scottish Borders Jeddart Ba' and Cornwall <a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a>, Central Italy <a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a>, South Wales <a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">cnapan</a>, East Anglia <a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Campball</a>, Ireland <a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">caid</a>, an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, and France had <a href="/wiki/La_Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soule">La Soule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_modern_rugby">Establishment of modern rugby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of modern rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1871, English clubs met to form the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> (RFU). In 1892, after charges of professionalism (compensation of team members) were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Northern Rugby Football Union</a>, usually called the Northern Union (NU), was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, and officials involved in the new organization. After the schism, the separate clubs were named "rugby league" and "rugby union".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="860px"> <tbody><tr> <th width="60px">Date </th> <th width="800px">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1100–1800</td> <td>Many different types of football are played throughout Britain (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">medieval football</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830</td> <td>Running with the ball in hands became common in 1830s at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> and Rugby School football became popular throughout the UK in the 1850s, and 1860s. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1845</td> <td>First written code of rules adopted at Rugby School by <a href="/wiki/William_Delafield_Arnold" title="William Delafield Arnold">William Delafield Arnold</a>, W. W. Shirley and Frederick Hutchins.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857</td> <td>The first ever match in Scotland was in December 1857, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_RFC" title="Edinburgh University RFC">Edinburgh University</a> v. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academicals_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Academicals FC">Edinburgh Academicals</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Cricket_Club" title="Montevideo Cricket Club">Montevideo Cricket Club</a> is founded in Montevideo, Uruguay. This was first club to play rugby outside the British Islands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> (FA) is formed, formalising the schism (banned carrying ball in hands, holding other players in place – akin to <a href="/wiki/Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">blocking</a> -, tackling, and <a href="/wiki/Hacking_(rugby)" title="Hacking (rugby)">hacking</a> – kicking an opponent in the shins) between <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> and rugby football. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864</td> <td>The first rugby clubs are formed, followed by hundreds more in Cumberland, Lancashire and Yorkshire in the 1870s, and 1880s. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865</td> <td>The British Army plays a game of rugby against civilians in Montreal, introducing rugby to the country. This movement would later evolve into Canadian football. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> is founded, following a meeting of 25 clubs at the Pall Mall restaurant. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1871_Scotland_versus_England_rugby_union_match" title="1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match">First recognised international rugby match</a>, played between England and Scotland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bloxam" title="Matthew Bloxam">Matthew Bloxam</a>'s letter is published in <i>The Meteor</i>. It claims <a href="/wiki/William_Webb_Ellis" title="William Webb Ellis">William Webb Ellis</a>, a pupil at Rugby School, picked up the ball and invented rugby. Although a Rugby Football Union inquiry in 1895 found no actual proof, it decided to perpetuate the myth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877</td> <td>The number of players is reduced from 20 to 15 a side. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td>English Rugby rules required for a tackled player, when the ball was "fairly held", to put the ball down immediately for <a href="/wiki/Scrummage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrummage">scrummage</a>. <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> proposed at the US <a href="/wiki/College_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="College Football">College Football</a> 1880 rules convention that the contested <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrummage</a> be replaced with a "<a href="/wiki/Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">line of scrimmage</a>" where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession. This change effectively started the evolution of the modern game of <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a> away from its rugby origins. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1883_Home_Nations_Championship" title="1883 Home Nations Championship">First</a> <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Home Nations Championship</a> between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886</td> <td>Concerned at the growing dominance of the largely working-class northern clubs, the Rugby Football Union introduces strict amateur rules: no one was allowed to seek or receive payment or other material reward for taking part in the game. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931889_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1889 New Zealand Native football team">New Zealand Native football team</a> tours Britain, Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890</td> <td>Modern points scoring is uniformly accepted by the Home Nations for the 1890–91 season. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892</td> <td>Charges of professionalism are laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds, after they compensated players for missing work. This was despite the fact that the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid, such as the <a href="/wiki/1888_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">1888 British Isles team that toured Australasia</a>, and the account of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hamill" title="Harry Hamill">Harry Hamill</a> of his payments to represent New South Wales (NSW) against England in 1904. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893</td> <td>Yorkshire clubs propose allowing players to be paid six shillings 'broken-time' payments when they miss work due to matches. RFU votes down proposal. Widespread suspensions of northern clubs and players begin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">The Schism</a> in rugby football results in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Northern Rugby Football Union</a> (NRFU). Many factors played a part in the split, including the success of working class northern teams, a decree by the RFU banning the playing of rugby at grounds where entrance fees were charged, threat of expulsion from the RFU if clubs cannot prove their amateurism, and the banning of "broken time payments" to players who had taken time off work to play rugby. Twenty-two clubs met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield and formed the "Northern Rugby Football Union". Within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the Northern Union. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td>To make the game more exciting, the Northern Union abolishes the line-out and reduces value of all goals to two points. Line outs were replaced with punting the ball back into play from the touch-line. Tries worth three points. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup" title="Challenge Cup">Challenge Cup</a> is established and proves a success from the start. <a href="/wiki/Batley_Bulldogs" title="Batley Bulldogs">Batley</a> became the first winners, beating <a href="/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C." title="St Helens R.F.C.">Saint Helens</a> 10–3. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898</td> <td>Professionalism is introduced in the Northern Union. The professionalism is strictly part-time, with players obliged to have other "proper" jobs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>Rugby union features at the <a href="/wiki/1900_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Olympics">1900 Olympics</a>. It finishes in the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Olympics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>The experiment in the Northern Union with the punt-out ends after only four years. In future, play will be restarted with a scrum after the ball goes out of play </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td>In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a> instituted the <a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a>, which, like Walter Camp's rules for American football, would start the evolution of the modern sport of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> away from its rugby roots. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> <td>First rugby league international match. England lose to <a href="/wiki/Other_Nationalities_rugby_league_team" title="Other Nationalities rugby league team">Other Nationalities</a> 3–9, at Wigan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> <td>Wales narrowly beat <a href="/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">The Original All Blacks</a>, in what was dubbed as "The Game of the Century". </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td>England play South Africa (known as the <a href="/wiki/Springboks" class="mw-redirect" title="Springboks">Springboks</a>) in rugby union for the first time. <a href="/wiki/James_Peters_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Peters (rugby)">James Peters</a> is withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Peters_(rugby)" title="Jimmy Peters (rugby)">James Peters</a> becomes the first black person to play rugby union for England, against Scotland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td>In the Northern Union the number of players is reduced from fifteen to thirteen a side, in order to allow more room for creative play. The early form of play-the-ball is introduced as the game's way of restarting play after a tackle. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1907%E2%80%931908_New_Zealand_rugby_tour_of_Australia_and_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="1907–1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain">A New Zealand professional rugby team tours Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_Baskerville" title="Albert Henry Baskerville">Albert Henry Baskerville</a>, a Post Office clerk in New Zealand, organises a touring side branded the 'All Golds' in Sydney due to the players receiving a share of any profits from the tour. They play under rugby union rules in Sydney. On their way to Britain, Australia's greatest player, <a href="/wiki/Dally_Messenger" title="Dally Messenger">Dally Messenger</a>, joins them on tour. They win the game's first test series 2–1, but Baskerville dies of pneumonia on the way home at the age of 25. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td>Rugby league spreads to Australia and New Zealand. The <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="New South Wales Rugby Football League">New South Wales Rugby Football League</a> is founded at Bateman's Hotel in Sydney. The New South Wales Rugby League sets up an eight-team competition after a row with the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_Union" title="New South Wales Rugby Union">New South Wales Rugby Union</a> over compensation for injured players. The first Premiership is won by <a href="/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs" title="South Sydney Rabbitohs">South Sydney</a>. Rugby league goes on to displace rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales and Queensland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain" title="1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain">The first Australian Kangaroo tourists visit Britain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunslet_R.L.F.C." title="Hunslet R.L.F.C.">Hunslet</a> become the first club to win all four trophies available to them; the Championship, the Challenge Cup, the Yorkshire Cup and the Yorkshire League. Hunslet were led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldthorpe" title="Albert Goldthorpe">Albert Goldthorpe</a>, a dominant figure in the early years of the code. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td>The Rugby Union Home Nations Championship becomes the <a href="/wiki/Five_Nations_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Nations Championship">Five Nations Championship</a> when France joins. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1910_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand">The first Northern Union British Lions tour Australia and New Zealand</a>, winning the test matches in Sydney, Brisbane and Auckland. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_Europe" title="1912–13 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe">South African rugby union tour of the British Isles and France</a>. The tourists achieved a "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)" title="Grand Slam (rugby union)">Grand Slam</a>" of victories over all five major European teams, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and France. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1914_Great_Britain_Lions_tour_of_Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand">British tourists defeat Australia 14–6 to win Ashes in final test</a>, finishing with only ten men in what becomes known as 'Rorke's Drift' Test match. Proposals are made and preliminary steps taken in Australia to amalgamate the rules of rugby league with <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> – Australia's dominant football code outside New South Wales and Queensland – to form a <a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">universal football</a> code for the country,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but efforts to that end subside as <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> escalates,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are never seriously revived. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td>Northern Union changes its name to the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a>, the name used for the sport in Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain,_Ireland_and_France" title="1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France">All Blacks Rugby Union tour of Britain, France, and Canada</a>. The New Zealanders remained undefeated throughout the tour, earning the title "The Invincibles". </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929</td> <td>First rugby league Challenge Cup Final is played at Wembley. Wigan defeat Dewsbury 13–2 in front of 41,500. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td>Rugby union's European Cup starts, outside the Five Nations. It is interrupted by WWII. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td>Unprecedented fourth rugby league test match played between Britain and Australia at Rochdale after third test is drawn 0–0. Britain win the test 3–0 to take the Ashes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td>First rugby league match under floodlights. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>On New Year's Eve, England and Australia play in Paris – the first game of rugby league in France. The French had been excluded from the rugby union Five Nations competition amid allegations of professionalism, so the country was receptive to the new game. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934</td> <td>Rugby league is established in France by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Galia" title="Jean Galia">Jean Galia</a>, a former rugby union international and champion boxer. By 1939, the French league has 225 clubs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French Vichy government</a> bans rugby league, because of its links with the Allies and a desire to ban all professional sports. The code's funds and property are all confiscated or passed to rugby union clubs. Rugby union is allowed to carry on unscathed and regains much of the ground it had lost to rugby league. To this day, the rugby league clubs' assets have never been returned to them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td>A Northern Command army rugby league side defeats a Northern Command rugby union side 18–11 at Headingley playing rugby union rules. The following year a Combined Services rugby league side beats a Combined Services rugby union side 15–10. These are the only league v. union matches played until 1996. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td>With the fall of the Vichy Government, the French ban on rugby league is lifted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bevan" title="Brian Bevan">Brian Bevan</a> makes his rugby league debut for Warrington. Over the next 16 seasons he scored 740 tries for the club in 620 games. His career total was 796, more than 200 ahead of his nearest rival. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Lance_Todd_Trophy" title="Lance Todd Trophy">Lance Todd Trophy</a> first presented to Challenge Cup final <a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of the match">Man of the match</a>. Wakefield's <a href="/wiki/Billy_Stott" title="Billy Stott">Billy Stott</a> is first winner. <a href="/wiki/Lance_Todd" title="Lance Todd">Lance Todd</a>, killed in a car accident in 1942, was a 1907 New Zealand tourist who managed Salford from 1928 to 1940. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>The most famous rugby league tour of all,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the Lions sail to Australia on HMS <i>Indomitable</i>, stoking the boilers to keep fit. After a five-day train journey across Australia, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Risman" title="Gus Risman">Gus Risman</a>'s team retain the Ashes, drawing one and winning two Tests. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/French_Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="French Rugby League">French Rugby League</a> is banned from using 'rugby' in its name. Changes its name to Jeu à Treize (Game of Thirteen). </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/South_American_Rugby_Championship" title="South American Rugby Championship">South American Rugby Championship</a> commences. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union" title="South African Rugby Union">South African Rugby Union</a> tour the British Isles and France. South Africa achieved a second five-nation Grand Slam. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>Just a decade after being wound up, France win their first rugby league series in Australia. They repeat the feat by winning again in 1955. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>Rugby league's <a href="/wiki/Cec_Thompson" title="Cec Thompson">Cec Thompson</a> becomes the first black player to represent Great Britain in any sport. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td>Rugby union's European Cup restarts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>102,569 spectators watch the 1953–54 rugby league Challenge Cup final at Bradford, setting a new record for attendance at a rugby football match of either code. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a>, the first for either code of rugby, staged in France. Great Britain beat France 16–12 in final at Parc des Princes, Paris. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>Springboks' rugby union tour of New Zealand. South Africa suffer their first ever test series loss against New Zealand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>Australia wins the Rugby League World Cup. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td>Rugby league's Cec Thompson becomes the first black manager of any sport in Britain. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td>Great Britain defeat Australia 25–18 in the second rugby league test match with only eight fit players on the pitch. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Prescott" title="Alan Prescott">Alan Prescott</a> plays for 77 minutes with a broken arm. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>Great Britain wins the Rugby League World Cup. The tournament is decided on a league system. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td>Substitutes allowed in rugby league for the first time, but only for players injured before half-time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_League_International_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby League International Board (page does not exist)">Rugby League International Board</a> introduces a rule that a team in possession is allowed three play-the-balls and on the fourth tackle a scrum is to be formed. The Southern hemisphere adopts the rule the following year, but it becomes six-tackle rugby in 1972, and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td>Professional rugby league adopts Sunday as its main match day, in a bid to reverse declining attendances. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>Substitutes allowed in rugby union for the first time, but only for injured players. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>Springbok rugby union tour to Britain and Ireland. The tour is marked by protests against <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>; South Africa would not tour the Home Nations again until after the end of apartheid. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969</td> <td>Rugby league finally gains recognition as a sport in British universities and colleges. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>Great Britain wins rugby league's Ashes in Australia, after winning the final two test matches. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td>Rugby league's World Cup attracts poor crowds in England. Australia win. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>New Zealand wins a rugby league series in Britain for the first time since the original 1907–08 tour. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>Lions rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand. This is the only Lions team to have won a test series in New Zealand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td>Springbok rugby union tour of Australia is marked by protests. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>Timekeepers and sirens were introduced into rugby league for first time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>Great Britain regains the Rugby League World Cup in France. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td>Rugby union's <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_F.C." title="Barbarian F.C.">Barbarians</a> defeat the All Blacks at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park" title="Cardiff Arms Park">Cardiff Arms Park</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Rugby_League_Association" title="British Amateur Rugby League Association">British Amateur Rugby League Association</a> sets itself up to run the sport at grassroots level after complaining of neglect by the RFL. Formal re-unification takes 30 years. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>Rugby union's Lions tour of South Africa. The notorious '99' call. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>Wales and England field separate teams in the Rugby League World Cup, played over several months in both hemispheres. Australia takes the trophy by finishing one point ahead of England in the final league table. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa. Twenty-eight nations boycott the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a> in protest against the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>'s refusal to ban New Zealand from the games for defying the IOC's ban on sporting contact with South Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td>New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland – New Zealand completes <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)" title="Grand Slam (rugby union)">Grand Slam</a> of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>Australia establishes rugby league's <a href="/wiki/State_of_Origin_series" title="State of Origin series">State of Origin series</a>, where Queensland and New South Wales born players face each other. From 1982 onwards, it is played as a three match series and is recognised as the fiercest, toughest rugby in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>The '<a href="/wiki/Sin_Bin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin Bin">Sin Bin</a>' is introduced into rugby league, in Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>Springbok rugby union tour of New Zealand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>South Africa is banned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">International Rugby Board</a> from international competition until such time as apartheid ended. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>Rugby union's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tri-Nations" title="Pacific Tri-Nations">Pacific Tri-Nations</a> between Tonga, Fiji and Samoa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>Australian rugby league tourists win all tour games for first time and become known as 'The Invincibles'. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>A rugby league try is increased to four points. The character of the game changes further with the introduction of the turn-over possession on the sixth tackle, drastically reducing the number of scrums. The Sin Bin is introduced for offences that do not merit a sending off. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>The Rugby League international transfer ban is lifted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td>Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland – Australia completes the Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Rugby Union">New Zealand Rugby Union</a> defeats France 29–9 in the first <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union World Cup">Rugby Union World Cup</a>, held in New Zealand and Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>A "free gangway" between the two codes of rugby at amateur level is introduced, but individual cases of discrimination continue. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>The RFU introduces the Courage Leagues into Rugby Union – a league pyramid with roughly 1000 clubs playing in 108 leagues each with promotion and relegation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>Rugby league's <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Warriors" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan</a> start their run of eight Challenge Cup final victories. The modern version of the Team of All the Talents, featuring players like <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Hanley" title="Ellery Hanley">Ellery Hanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gregory" title="Andy Gregory">Andy Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robinson_(rugby)" title="Jason Robinson (rugby)">Jason Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Edwards" title="Shaun Edwards">Shaun Edwards</a> dominate for a decade, winning three World Cup titles in the process. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>Widnes beat Canberra 30–18 in first official <a href="/wiki/World_Club_Challenge" title="World Club Challenge">World Club Challenge</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>Russia takes up rugby league. Russia goes on to appear in the 2000 World Cup and to enter club sides in the Challenge Cup. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood_replacement" title="Blood replacement">Blood-bin</a> introduced into rugby league. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>The ban on French Rugby League using 'rugby' in its name is lifted. It changes its name back to Rugby à Treize. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>Australia defeat England 12–6 at Twickenham, London, in the second Rugby Union World Cup, held in the British Isles and France. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>The Springboks are readmitted to international rugby union. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>73,631 at Wembley see Australia defeat Great Britain 10–6 in the Rugby League World Cup final. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Hinchliffe" title="David Hinchliffe">David Hinchliffe</a> MP introduces the Sports (Discrimination) Bill, to ban discrimination of amateur players of rugby league and other sports. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>The three British Armed Services recognises rugby league as a sport. Rugby league would be on the same footing as other sports in the Services. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>The International Rugby Board declares Rugby Union an 'open' professional game. It removes all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>South Africa defeats New Zealand 15–12 (after extra time) at Ellis Park, Johannesburg in the third Rugby Union World Cup, held in South Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>Rugby League centenary is celebrated by reviving the World Cup in Britain. Australia beat England 16–8 in the final at Wembley. Fiji, Tonga, South Africa and Western Samoa join the established nations in a successful tournament, whilst Ireland, Scotland, the US, Russia, the Cook Islands, Moldova and Morocco all compete in an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_Nations_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging Nations Tournament">Emerging Nations Tournament</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Cup">Heineken Cup</a> is formed as a competition for 12 Rugby Union European clubs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Super_League_war" title="Super League war">struggle for television rights in Australia</a>, the RFL in Britain is offered £87 million by <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a> to set up rugby league's <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>. The game agrees to switch to a summer season, with Paris St Germain joining leading British clubs in a 14 team competition. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>The RFL introduces video referees into rugby league's Super League. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Rugby union's <a href="/wiki/Tri_Nations_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri Nations Series">Tri Nations Series</a> begins between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bath_Rugby" title="Bath Rugby">Bath Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Warriors" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan</a>, England's top union and league sides respectively, made history by playing against each other at both codes of rugby. The first match was at Maine Road, Manchester under league rules, Wigan beating Bath 82–6; then two weeks later the return match was held at Twickenham under union rules, Bath 44 beating Wigan 19. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a>, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>In Australia, the Super League war came to an end, with News International and the Australian Rugby League agreeing to merge their competitions to create the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games commences. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IRB_Sevens_World_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IRB Sevens World Series">IRB Sevens World Series</a> commences. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Australia defeat France 35–12 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in the fourth rugby union World Cup, held in Wales with matches also being played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>The IRB introduces the 'Sin Bin' into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>The IRB introduces the "Television Match Official" (TMO) into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>Rugby union's Courage League is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Premiership" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Premiership">Zurich Premiership</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>Rugby union's Five Nations becomes the Six Nations Championship, when Italy joins. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>New Zealand narrowly defeats Australia at Stadium Australia (Sydney) in rugby union, in front of 109,874 spectators, a world-record crowd for either code. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Lions rugby union tour of Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Wallabies_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallabies (rugby union)">Wallabies</a> defeat the Lions in a series for the first time ever. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Pro14" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro14">Pro14</a>, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Rugby union's <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Cup" title="Churchill Cup">Churchill Cup</a> commences with Canada, the US, and England Saxons (England "A") as permanent participants and one invited team (later three). </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>England defeat Australia 20–17 (after extra time) at Stadium Australia, Sydney in the fifth Rugby Union World Cup, held in Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League European Federation">Rugby League European Federation</a> (RLEF) is created to promote the sport across Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Top_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Top League">Top League</a>, a professional rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Top_Challenge_League" title="Top Challenge League">Top Challenge League</a>, a professional second tier rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>French team <a href="/wiki/Catalans_Dragons" title="Catalans Dragons">Catalans Dragons</a> are granted a rugby league Super League licence. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>South Africa defeat England 15–6 at <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a>, in the sixth rugby union World Cup, held in France with matches also being played in Scotland and Wales. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Rugby league holds its first World Cup since 2000, with New Zealand defeating Australia in Brisbane by a score of 34–20 in the final to take their first Rugby League World Cup. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>New Zealand defeat France 8–7 at <a href="/wiki/Eden_Park" title="Eden Park">Eden Park</a>, Auckland, in the seventh rugby union World Cup, held in New Zealand. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>14 teams qualify for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013 Rugby League World Cup</a>: Australia, England, New Zealand, Samoa, Wales, Fiji, France, Papua New Guinea, Ireland, Scotland, Tonga, Cook Islands, Italy and United States of America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>The Tri-Nations series is expanded to include Argentina, and is renamed <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>New Zealand defeat Australia 34–17 at <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a>, England, in the eighth rugby union World Cup, held in the United Kingdom. In doing so, New Zealand becomes the first team to win consecutive titles. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/PRO_Rugby" title="PRO Rugby">PRO Rugby</a> in the United States. The competition folded after just one season. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> commences. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Wolfpack" title="Toronto Wolfpack">Toronto Wolfpack</a> become the first fully professional rugby team in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, joining the British/French professional rugby league system in the third tier <a href="/wiki/League_1_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="League 1 (rugby league)">League 1</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a>, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Global_Rapid_Rugby" title="Global Rapid Rugby">Global Rapid Rugby</a>, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAper_Liga_Americana_de_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Súper Liga Americana de Rugby">Súper Liga Americana de Rugby</a>, a professional rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Inaugural seasons of <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Aotearoa" title="Super Rugby Aotearoa">Super Rugby Aotearoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_AU" title="Super Rugby AU">Super Rugby AU</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Unlocked" title="Super Rugby Unlocked">Super Rugby Unlocked</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>Inaugural seasons of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Club_Rugby_League" title="Continental Club Rugby League">Continental Club Rugby League</a>, a third-tier competition for European clubs, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Trans-Tasman" title="Super Rugby Trans-Tasman">Super Rugby Trans-Tasman</a>, a professional rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>Inaugural season of <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Americas" title="Super Rugby Americas">Super Rugby Americas</a>, a professional rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Early forms of rugby</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A scrummage in a La soule game in Basse Normandie, France, 1852"><img alt="A scrummage in a La soule game in Basse Normandie, France, 1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg/89px-%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg/133px-%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg/177px-%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrummage</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional football">La soule</a> game in <a href="/wiki/Basse_Normandie" class="mw-redirect" title="Basse Normandie">Basse Normandie</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 1852</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of a "football" game in London, 1868. Illustration by Godefroy Durand."><img alt="Depiction of a "football" game in London, 1868. Illustration by Godefroy Durand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg/120px-Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg/180px-Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg/240px-Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of a "football" game in London, 1868. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Godefroy_Durand" title="Godefroy Durand">Godefroy Durand</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scotland first rugby team (wearing brown[19]) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871"><img alt="Scotland first rugby team (wearing brown[19]) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg/120px-Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg/180px-Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg/240px-Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scotland first rugby team (wearing brown<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_1871_first.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871"><img alt="The England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/England_1871_first.jpg/120px-England_1871_first.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/England_1871_first.jpg/180px-England_1871_first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/England_1871_first.jpg/240px-England_1871_first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rochdale Hornets team of 1875"><img alt="Rochdale Hornets team of 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg/120px-Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg/180px-Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg/240px-Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets" title="Rochdale Hornets">Rochdale Hornets</a> team of 1875 </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_status_of_rugby_codes">Global status of rugby codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global status of rugby codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rugby union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg/220px-Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg/330px-Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg/440px-Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rugby field in <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Parish" title="Tapa Parish">Tapa Parish</a>, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Rugby union in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_South_Africa" title="Rugby union in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia" title="Rugby union in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Argentina" title="Rugby union in Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland" title="Rugby union in Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy" title="Rugby union in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France" title="Rugby union in France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Japan</a>. Second and third tier unions include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Belgium" title="Rugby union in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Brazil" title="Rugby union in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Canada" title="Rugby union in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Chile" title="Rugby union in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Fiji" title="Rugby union in Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Georgia" title="Rugby union in Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Germany" title="Rugby union in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rugby union in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Kenya" title="Rugby union in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Namibia" title="Rugby union in Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rugby union in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Portugal" title="Rugby union in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Romania" title="Rugby union in Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Russia" title="Rugby union in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Samoa" title="Rugby union in Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Spain" title="Rugby union in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Tonga" title="Rugby union in Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_United_States" title="Rugby union in the United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uruguay" title="Rugby union in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Zimbabwe" title="Rugby union in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe.</a> Rugby Union is administered by <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> (WR), whose headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland. It is the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> in New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Georgia, Wales and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Madagascar" title="Rugby union in Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and is the most popular form of rugby globally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a>, into the programme from Rio de Janeiro in 2016 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the <a href="/wiki/2012_London_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 London Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a> but many sports including sevens were dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-SportsDropped_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SportsDropped-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The premier international competition is the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>. Currently there are four major domestic professional leagues globally: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (10 teams)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (5 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> (1 team)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (5 teams)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moana_Pasifika" title="Moana Pasifika">Pacific Islands</a> (1 team)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">Top 14</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (14 teams)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"><img alt="Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/23px-IRFU_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/35px-IRFU_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/IRFU_flag.svg/45px-IRFU_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (4 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (2 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (2 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (4 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (4 teams)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a global level by the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League International Federation">Rugby League International Federation</a>. In addition to amateur and semi-professional competitions in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_the_United_States" title="Rugby league in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Russia" title="Rugby league in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Lebanon" title="Rugby league in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Serbia" title="Rugby league in Serbia">Serbia</a>, Europe and Australasia, there are two major professional competitions—the Australasian <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>. International Rugby League is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">New Zealand</a>, though Tonga and Samoa have threatened this hegemony regularly since 2017. In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Rugby league in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, it is the national sport.<sup id="cite_ref-PNG_vow_to_upset_World_Cup_odds_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNG_vow_to_upset_World_Cup_odds-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNG_seal_2010_Four_Nations_place_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNG_seal_2010_Four_Nations_place-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Pacific_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League Pacific Cup">Pacific Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League European Cup">European Cup</a> respectively. </p><p>The premier international competition is the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a>, which is contested quadrennially. The premier international club competition is the <a href="/wiki/World_Club_Challenge" title="World Club Challenge">World Club Challenge</a>, which is contested annually in February. Currently there are two major domestic professional leagues globally: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (16 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (1 team)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (11 teams)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (1 team)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (currently no teams, <a href="/wiki/British_rugby_league_system" title="British rugby league system">part of system</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gridiron_football">Gridiron football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gridiron football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">United States</a>, rugby developed into <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>. During the late 1800s (and even the early 1900s), the two forms of the game were very similar (to the point where the United States was able to win the gold medal for rugby union at the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a> Summer Olympics), but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Camp" title="Walter Camp">Walter Camp</a> in the United States and John Thrift Meldrum Burnside in Canada. Among unique features of the North American game are </p> <ul><li>the separation of play into <a href="/wiki/Down_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Down (American football)">downs</a> instead of releasing the ball immediately upon tackling</li> <li>the requirement that the team with the ball set into a <a href="/wiki/Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">set formation</a> for at least one second before <a href="/wiki/Snap_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap (football)">resuming play after a tackle</a> (and the allowance of up to 40 seconds to do so)</li> <li>the allowance for one <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a> from behind the site of the last tackle on each down</li> <li>longer play periods</li> <li>the evolution of hard plastic equipment (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">football helmet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (sport)">shoulder pads</a>)</li> <li>a smaller and pointier ball that is favorable to being passed but makes <a href="/wiki/Drop_kick" title="Drop kick">drop kicks</a> impractical</li> <li>a generally smaller and narrower field measured in customary units instead of metric (in <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">some variants of the American game</a> a field can be as short as 50 yards between end zones)</li> <li>a distinctive field (shaped like a gridiron, from which the code's nickname is derived) with lines marked in five-yard intervals</li></ul> <p>Worldwide, there are two major professional leagues of gridiron football, both domestic: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (32 teams)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (9 teams)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Comparison of rugby league and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Laws of rugby league</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes" title="Rugby union numbering schemes">Rugby union numbering schemes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugby_Lineout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rugby_Lineout.jpg/220px-Rugby_Lineout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rugby_Lineout.jpg/330px-Rugby_Lineout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rugby_Lineout.jpg/440px-Rugby_Lineout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A rugby lineout being conducted. A group from either team lifts a player to fight and catch the ball for their team. (OSUWRC 2014)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrum-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/220px-Scrum-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/330px-Scrum-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/440px-Scrum-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)" title="Scrum (rugby union)">scrum</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)" title="Crusaders (rugby union)">Crusaders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brumbies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumbies">Brumbies</a> (May 2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>Distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the use of an oval <a href="/wiki/Rugby_ball" title="Rugby ball">ball</a> and the prohibition of the <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a>. Due to the prohibition, players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. Furthermore, unlike American and Canadian football, neither league nor union players wear any sort of protection or armour. </p><p>The two rugby codes differ as the result of changes made to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>. League implemented these changes with the aim of making a faster-paced and more try-oriented game than <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>. </p><p>The main differences between the two games, besides league having teams of 13 players and union of 15, involve the <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)" title="Tackle (football move)">tackle</a> and its aftermath: </p> <ul><li>Union players contest possession following the tackle: depending on the situation, either a <a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Ruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby union">ruck</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Maul" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby union">maul</a> can occur. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle: play is continued with a <i><a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_league#Play-the-ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby league">play-the-ball</a></i>.</li> <li>In league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession. Union has no six-tackle rule; a team can keep the ball for an unlimited number of tackles before scoring as long as it maintains possession and does not commit an offence.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Set_piece_(football)" title="Set piece (football)">Set pieces</a> of the union code include the <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)" title="Scrum (rugby union)">scrum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-out</a>. The scrum occurs after a minor infringement of the rules (most often a knock-on, when a player knocks the ball forward). After an infringement, packs of opposing players "scrum" or push against each other for possession. In a <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-out</a>, parallel lines of players from each team, arranged perpendicular to the <a href="/wiki/Touch-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch-line">touch-line</a>, attempt to catch the ball thrown from <a href="/wiki/Touch_(rugby)" title="Touch (rugby)">touch</a>. A rule has been added to line-outs which allows the jumper to be pulled down once a players' feet are on the ground. </p><p>In the league code, the scrum still exists albeit with greatly reduced importance. In league, the scrum involves fewer players and is rarely contested. Set pieces are generally started from the <a href="/wiki/Play_the_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Play the ball">play-the-ball</a> situation. </p><p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_positions" title="Rugby league positions">rugby league positions</a> have names and requirements similar to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions" title="Rugby union positions">rugby union positions</a>. Notably, however, there are no <a href="/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)" title="Flanker (rugby union)">flankers</a> in rugby league. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_countries">Home countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Home countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, rugby union is widely regarded as an "establishment" sport, played mostly by members of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper classes">upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a>. For example, many pupils at <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> play rugby union, although the game (which had a long history of being played at <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a> until the 1980s) is becoming increasingly popular in <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this stereotype, the game, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> is popular amongst all classes. In contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a working-class pursuit. Another exception to rugby union's upper-class stereotype is in Wales, where it has been traditionally associated with small village teams made up of coal miners and other industrial workers who played on their days off.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland, both rugby union and rugby league are unifying forces across the national and sectarian divide, with the Ireland international teams representing both political entities. </p><p>In Australia, support for both codes is concentrated in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory (55% of the population), though rugby league is far more popular. The same perceived class barrier as exists between the two games in England also occurs in these states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_Paper_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_Paper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptions to the above include New Zealand (although rugby league is still considered to be a lower class game by many or a game for 'westies' referring to lower class western suburbs of Auckland and more recently, southern Auckland where the game is also dominant), Wales, France (except Paris), Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Scottish Borders, County Limerick (see <a href="/wiki/Munster_Rugby" title="Munster Rugby">Munster Rugby</a>) and the Pacific Islands, where rugby union is popular in working class communities. Nevertheless, rugby league is perceived as the game of the working-class people in northern England<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_Paper_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_Paper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, rugby union fans sometimes used the term "rugger" as an alternative name for the sport (see <a href="/wiki/Oxford_%27-er%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford '-er'">Oxford '-er'</a>), although this archaic expression has not had currency since the 1950s or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealanders refer to rugby union simply as either "rugby" or "union", or even simply "football", and to rugby league as "rugby league" or "league".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., people who play rugby are sometimes called "ruggers", a term little used elsewhere except facetiously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationally">Internationally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France" title="Rugby union in France">rugby union in France</a>, particularly in the Basque, Occitan and Catalan areas along the border with Spain. The game is very popular in South Africa, having been introduced by English-speaking settlers in the 19th century. British colonists also brought the game with them to Australia and New Zealand, where the game is widely played. It has spread since to much of Polynesia, having particularly strong followings in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Rugby union continues to grow in the Americas and parts of Asia as well. French influence, and the influence of ex-pat students studying in France, expanded rugby's reach to Romania and Georgia which are the preeminent European nations behind the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a>. British influence spread the game to Argentina, where the game took root, and the game developed in Italy thanks to influence from both France and Argentina; both Argentina and Italy have become Tier 1 nations in the sport, while Georgia. officially a Tier 2 nation, regularly ranks up with the Tier 1 countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Injuries">Injuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About a quarter of rugby players are injured in each season.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being a high contact sport, rugby union has the highest announced rates of concussions<sup id="cite_ref-urlHigh_school_rugby_cancelled_across_Nova_Scotia_due_to_safety_concerns_|_CBC_News_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHigh_school_rugby_cancelled_across_Nova_Scotia_due_to_safety_concerns_|_CBC_News-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and outside England also has the highest number of catastrophic injuries<sup id="cite_ref-urlRugby_Player_Welfare,_Part_2:_Rugby_Is_Not_the_NFL...Not_Yet,_Anyway_|_Bleacher_Report_|_Latest_News,_Videos_and_Highlights_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRugby_Player_Welfare,_Part_2:_Rugby_Is_Not_the_NFL...Not_Yet,_Anyway_|_Bleacher_Report_|_Latest_News,_Videos_and_Highlights-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of any team sport.<sup id="cite_ref-urlWhat_Sport_Has_The_Most_Concussions?_|_Concussion_Rate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlWhat_Sport_Has_The_Most_Concussions?_|_Concussion_Rate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25138311_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25138311-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study found that during match play concussion was reported at a higher level, and during training at a lower level, but still at a higher level than most players of any other sport receive.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25138311_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25138311-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rugby_ball">Rugby ball</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rugby ball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Rugby_ball" title="Rugby ball">rugby ball</a> is a diamond shape ball used for easier passing. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lindon" title="Richard Lindon">Richard Lindon</a> and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs' bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls were more plum-shaped than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig's bladder was. </p><p>In rugby union, World Rugby regulates the size and shape of the ball under Law 2 (also known as Law E.R.B); an official rugby union ball is oval and made of four panels, has a length in-line of 280–300 millimetres, a circumference (end to end) of 740–770 millimetres, and a circumference (in width) of 580–620 millimetres. It is made of leather or suitable synthetic material and may be treated to make it <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">water resistant</a> and easier to grip. The rugby ball may not weigh more than 460 grams or less than 410 and has an air pressure of 65.71–68.75 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kilopascals</a>, or 0.67–0.70 kilograms per square centimetre, or 9.5–10.0 lbs per square inch.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spare balls are allowed under the condition that players or teams do not seek an advantage by changing the ball. Smaller sized balls may also be used in games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Cups">World Cups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World Cups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a> was the first World Cup of either of the Rugby codes and was first held in France in <a href="/wiki/1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="1954 Rugby League World Cup">1954</a>, and as of 2013 occurs on a 4-year cycle. It is an international tournament that is organized by the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League International Federation">International Rugby League</a>. The event is played in the league format and features the top 16 teams from around the world with three different winners recorded so far. Australia won the <a href="/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2017 Rugby League World Cup">2017 Rugby League World Cup</a>, played in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The Kangaroos backed this up by winning the 2021 tournament also. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in <a href="/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1987 Rugby World Cup">1987</a>, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a>. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world with four different winners recorded so far. South Africa won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a>, which was played in France. </p><p>Since 2013, these two World Cups alternate every two years during the four-year period, with the exceptions of 2021 and 2026 for the RLWC.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rugby_shirt">Rugby shirt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rugby shirt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes" title="Rugby union numbering schemes">Rugby union numbering schemes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_shirt" title="Rugby shirt">Rugby shirts</a> were formerly entirely made of cotton but are now made of synthetic fabric. This material has the advantage of not absorbing as much water or mud as cotton. Owing to the more aggressive nature of the game, rugby clothing, in general, is designed to be much more robust and hardwearing than that worn for association football. </p><p>The rugby jerseys are slightly different depending on the type of rugby game played. The shirts worn by <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> footballers commonly have a large "V" around the neck. The players in rugby union wear jerseys with a more traditional design, sometimes completely white (<a href="/wiki/Cahors_Rugby" title="Cahors Rugby">Cahors Rugby</a> in France). The number of the player and his or her surname are placed on the upper back of the jersey (often name above number, with the number being significantly larger and more central), and the logo of the team on the upper left chest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rugby_betting">Rugby betting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rugby betting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Sports betting</a></div> <p>With the popularity of rugby over the years, many betting establishments have made it possible for viewers of the game to place wagers on games. The various types of wagers that can be placed on games vary, however, the main types of bets that can be placed are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Fixed-odds betting</li> <li>Futures/Outright Bets</li> <li>Prop Bets / Specials</li> <li>Over/Under Bets</li></ul> <p>Like most team sports, both forms of rugby are vulnerable to match-fixing, particularly bets involving easily manipulated outcomes such as conceding penalties and first point scorer. A recent example is a deliberate infringement by <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Tandy" title="Ryan Tandy">Ryan Tandy</a> in order for the first points scored to be a penalty goal in a 2010 NRL match; the attempt backfired when instead of taking a shot at goal, a try was scored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="College rugby">College rugby</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyschool.co.uk/200-anniversary/">"200th Anniversary – Rugby School"</a>. <i>rugbyschool.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyschool.co.uk&rft.atitle=200th+Anniversary+%E2%80%93+Rugby+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyschool.co.uk%2F200-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueman" class="citation web cs1">Trueman, Nigel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/laws.htm">"History of the Laws of Rugby Football"</a>. <i>rugbyfootballhistory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyfootballhistory.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Laws+of+Rugby+Football&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2Flaws.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm">"Rugby Football History"</a>. <i>rugbyfootballhistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201837/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyfootballhistory.com&rft.atitle=Rugby+Football+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2Foriginsofrugby.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/Schism.html">"Rugby Football History"</a>. <i>rugbyfootballhistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201210657/http://rugbyfootballhistory.com/Schism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyfootballhistory.com&rft.atitle=Rugby+Football+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2FSchism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/02/broken-time-review">"Broken Time -review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414170156/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/02/broken-time-review">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC Sport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Davies%3A+30+years+on+from+the+day+he+switched+to+Rugby+league&rft.pub=BBC+Sport&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2F46736372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/09/18/the-rugby-world-cup-second-only-to-soccer-in-attendance-infographic/#6d95490f6e1b">"The Rugby World Cup: Second Only to the Soccer World Cup in Attendance [Infographic]"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 18 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414080201/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/09/18/the-rugby-world-cup-second-only-to-soccer-in-attendance-infographic/#6d95490f6e1b">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Rugby+World+Cup%3A+Second+Only+to+the+Soccer+World+Cup+in+Attendance+%5BInfographic%5D&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fniallmccarthy%2F2015%2F09%2F18%2Fthe-rugby-world-cup-second-only-to-soccer-in-attendance-infographic%2F%236d95490f6e1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/42097084">"Rugby League World Cup:Will World Cup joy finally come for Sam Burgess?"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 30 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414170455/https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/42097084">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Rugby+League+World+Cup%3AWill+World+Cup+joy+finally+come+for+Sam+Burgess%3F&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-league%2F42097084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/sports/rugby/rugby-world-cup-league-and-union.html">"The Other (and Less Popular) Rugby World Cup Gets Underway"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 27 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414164154/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/sports/rugby/rugby-world-cup-league-and-union.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Other+%28and+Less+Popular%29+Rugby+World+Cup+Gets+Underway&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F27%2Fsports%2Frugby%2Frugby-world-cup-league-and-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://passport.worldrugby.org/?page=beginners&p=21">"A Beginners's Guide to Rugby Union : Rugby Sevens – The Olympic dream"</a>. <i>passport.worldrugby.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174225/https://passport.worldrugby.org/?page=beginners&p=21">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=passport.worldrugby.org&rft.atitle=A+Beginners%27s+Guide+to+Rugby+Union+%3A+Rugby+Sevens+%E2%80%93+The+Olympic+dream&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpassport.worldrugby.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dbeginners%26p%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1995" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Andrew (20 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html">"100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218113652/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=100+years+of+rugby+league%3A+From+the+great+divide+to+the+Super+era&rft.date=1995-08-20&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2F100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Collins2006" class="citation book cs1">Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rugbysgreatsplit00coll"><i>Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rugbysgreatsplit00coll/page/n109">87</a>–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39616-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-39616-6"><bdi>0-415-39616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schism+1893%E2%80%931895&rft.btitle=Rugby%27s+great+split%3A+class%2C+culture+and+the+origins+of+rugby+league+football&rft.pages=87-120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routlage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-39616-6&rft.au=Tony+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frugbysgreatsplit00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2001" class="citation book cs1">Curry, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172627/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf"><i>Football: A Study in Diffusion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leicester: University of Leicester. p. 28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football%3A+A+Study+in+Diffusion&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flra.le.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2381%2F7821%2F1%2F391137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_Football_as_played_at_Rugby_School_(1845)"><i>Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Football+as+played+at+Rugby+School+%281845%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrory1991" class="citation book cs1">Macrory, Jenny (1991). <i>Running with the Ball: The Birth of Rugby Football</i>. London: HarperCollins. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002184028" title="Special:BookSources/0002184028"><bdi>0002184028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+with+the+Ball%3A+The+Birth+of+Rugby+Football&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0002184028&rft.aulast=Macrory&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"National football". <i>The Age</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympics%3A+Sevens+heaven+for+Rugby&rft.pub=International+Rugby+Board&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Frugbyandtheolympics%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D2035087.html%23olympics%2Bsevens%2Bheaven%2Brugby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SportsDropped-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SportsDropped_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis2005" class="citation news cs1">Michaelis, Vicki (8 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709024822/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm">"Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Baseball%2C+softball+bumped+from+Olympics&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.aulast=Michaelis&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNG_vow_to_upset_World_Cup_odds-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNG_vow_to_upset_World_Cup_odds_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/7671217.stm">"PNG vow to upset World Cup odds"</a>. <i>BBC Sport Rugby League</i>. 15 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515044325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/7671217.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2009</span>. <q>But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea – the only country to have rugby league as its national sport – were to qualify for the last four.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport+Rugby+League&rft.atitle=PNG+vow+to+upset+World+Cup+odds&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Frugby_league%2F7671217.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNG_seal_2010_Four_Nations_place-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNG_seal_2010_Four_Nations_place_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/8336567.stm">"PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Concussion+in+Rugby+Union&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1717-%3C%2Fspan%3E1731&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23808676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25138311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40279-014-0233-3&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J&rft.au=Iverson%2C+Grant+L&rft.au=Williams%2C+W.+Huw&rft.au=Baker%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Stanwell%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+football" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International rugby board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417010050/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/IRB_Laws_2012_EN.pdf">"Rugby ball laws"</a> 22 February 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_football&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="extiw" title="wiktionary:rugby">rugby</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/49661/rugbys-most-unfortunate-faces">Rugby's Most Unfortunate Faces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316003613/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/49661/rugbys-most-unfortunate-faces">Archived</a> 16 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smnuRhNtT2E">Video on the Basics of Rugby Union</a></li> <li>Full Guide of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rugbynest.com">Rugby World Cup 2019</a> in Japan</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of rugby union competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of oldest rugby union competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_play_in_rugby_union" title="Dangerous play in rugby union">Dangerous play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_equipment" title="Rugby union equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging_(rugby_union)" title="Eye-gouging (rugby union)">Eye-gouging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_gameplay" title="Rugby union gameplay">Gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rugby_union_terms" title="Glossary of rugby union terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rugby_union_eligibility_rules" title="International rugby union eligibility rules">International eligibility rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_playing_countries" title="List of rugby union playing countries">Playing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions" title="Rugby union positions">Positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">7s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">10s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Women's rugby union">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">Rugby X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_rugby_sevens" title="List of Olympic venues in rugby sevens">Olympic venues (7s)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_gameplay" title="Rugby league gameplay">Gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_rugby_league" title="Geography of rugby league">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">Physical disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_playing_field" title="Rugby league playing field">Playing field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_football_competitions" title="List of oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_football" title="Category:Rugby football">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_football" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rugby football">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Football_codes295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football codes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">Amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_soccer" title="Crab soccer">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Footbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic association football">Paralympic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">Powerchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_football" title="Swamp football">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-sided_football" title="Three-sided football">Three-sided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Variations of Australian rules football">Variations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">Seven-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">Six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rugby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">PD Rugby League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and<br /> regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Gridiron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English school games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and Downies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American football and Canadian football">American and Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Association and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_Australian_rules_football" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football">Gaelic and Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Gaelic and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league and rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorabilia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">American football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_card" title="Association football card">Association football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_card" title="Australian rules football card">Australian rules football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_card" title="Rugby card">Rugby card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Team_sports199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Team_sports" title="Template:Team sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Team_sports" title="Template talk:Team sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Team_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Team sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Team_sports199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sportspeople" title="Lists of sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ball_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball sports">Ball sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion games">Invasion games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basket sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach basketball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_basketball" title="Deaf basketball">deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball" title="Wheelchair basketball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoball" title="Cestoball">Cestoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dueball" title="Dueball">Dueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast5_netball" title="Fast5 netball">Fast5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_netball" title="Indoor netball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_netball" title="Wheelchair netball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezball" title="Rezball">Rezball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringball" title="Ringball">Ringball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlamBall" title="SlamBall">SlamBall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football</a><br />codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minifootball" title="Minifootball">minifootball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">paralympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_football" title="Powerchair football">powerchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">roller soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socca" title="Socca">socca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">street</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval/historical<br />football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27_Game" title="Ba' Game">Ba' Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_storico_fiorentino" title="Calcio storico fiorentino">Calcio fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasuckuakohowog" title="Pasuckuakohowog">Pasuckuakohowog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and downies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rugby</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegichagi" title="Jegichagi">Jegichagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubi_lakpi" title="Yubi lakpi">Yubi lakpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stick-and-ball<br />sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateball" title="Gateball">Gateball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li>Super11s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Indigenous North American stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomain" title="Iomain">Iomain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knattleikr" title="Knattleikr">Knattleikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotty" title="Knotty">Knotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box/indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_lacrosse" title="Field lacrosse">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercrosse" title="Intercrosse">intercrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritinis" title="Ritinis">Ritinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_hockey" title="Ball hockey">Ball hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomball" title="Broomball">Broomball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_hockey" title="Indoor hockey">indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_hockey" title="Floor hockey">Floor hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond_hockey" title="Pond hockey">pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_hockey" title="Power hockey">power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledge_hockey" title="Sledge hockey">ice sledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkball" title="Rinkball">Rinkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey" title="Roller hockey">Roller hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">in-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">quad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossall_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossall Hockey">Rossall hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinny" title="Shinny">Shinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hockey" title="Street hockey">Street hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_hockey" title="Unicycle hockey">Unicycle hockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_polo" title="Auto polo">Auto polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_polo" title="Cycle polo">Cycle polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_polo" title="Elephant polo">Elephant polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse_polo" title="Hobby horse polo">Hobby horse polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_polo" title="Arena polo">Arena polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li>Snow polo</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segway_polo" title="Segway polo">Segway polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_polo" title="Yak polo">Yak polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other goal sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angleball" title="Angleball">Angleball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_ball" title="Cycle ball">Cycle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickerball" title="Flickerball">Flickerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalball" title="Goalball">Goalball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_handball" title="Czech handball">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_handball" title="Field handball">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_handball" title="Wheelchair handball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ball" title="Home Ball">Home Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoball" title="Motoball">Motoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushball" title="Pushball">Pushball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quidditch_(real-life_sport)" title="Quidditch (real-life sport)">Quidditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_ball" title="Roll ball">Roll ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_tube_water_polo" title="Inner tube water polo">inner tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlyball" title="Whirlyball">Whirlyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat-and-ball_games" title="Bat-and-ball games">Bat-and-ball<br />games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_baseball" title="Variations of baseball">Baseball variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball5" title="Baseball5">Baseball5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnboll" title="Brännboll">Brännboll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkball" title="Corkball">Corkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickball" title="Kickball">Kickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matball" title="Matball">Matball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-line" title="Over-the-line">Over-the-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlagball" title="Schlagball">Schlagball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-inch_softball" title="16-inch softball">16-inch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickball_(street_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickball (street game)">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitilla" title="Vitilla">Vitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_baseball" title="British baseball">British baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="English baseball">English baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh baseball">Welsh baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiffle_ball" title="Wiffle ball">Wiffle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireball" title="Wireball">Wireball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_cricket" title="Forms of cricket">Cricket variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cricket" title="Indoor cricket">Indoor cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigoro" title="Vigoro">Vigoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_longball" title="Danish longball">Danish longball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapta_(game)" title="Lapta (game)">Lapta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oin%C4%83" title="Oină">Oină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">Stoolball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">Net and wall games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_badminton" title="Ball badminton">Ball badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biribol" title="Biribol">Biribol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossaball" title="Bossaball">Bossaball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_fives" title="Eton fives">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_fives" title="Rugby fives">Rugby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbag_net" title="Footbag net">Footbag net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_tennis" title="Football tennis">Football tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">Footvolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzi" title="Jianzi">Jianzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokgu" title="Jokgu">Jokgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_ball" title="Newcomb ball">Newcomb ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteca" title="Peteca">Peteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwball" title="Throwball">Throwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_volleyball" title="Standing volleyball">standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_variations#Pioneerball" title="Volleyball variations">pioneerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_volleyball" title="Snow volleyball">snow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ball games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball" title="Dodgeball">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-ground" title="Gain-ground">Gain-ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balle_%C3%A0_la_main" title="Balle à la main">Balle à la main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_au_poing" title="Ballon au poing">Ballon au poing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">Jeu de paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longue_paume" title="Longue paume">Longue paume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaatsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaatsen">Kaatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin-Ball" title="Kin-Ball">Kin-Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagori">Lagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelota_mixteca" title="Pelota mixteca">Pelota mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisonball" title="Prisonball">Prisonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburello" title="Tamburello">Tamburello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchoukball" title="Tchoukball">Tchoukball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama_(game)" title="Ulama (game)">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_pilota" title="Valencian pilota">Valencian pilota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llargues" title="Llargues">Llargues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukigassen" title="Yukigassen">Yukigassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tag_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag sports">Tag sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chase_Tag" title="World Chase Tag">World Chase Tag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_frisbee" title="Ultimate frisbee">Ultimate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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