CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Two-minute silence - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dfe206c7-d55e-4310-bb7d-5f48c104ddda","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Two-minute_silence","wgTitle":"Two-minute silence","wgCurRevisionId":1241669748,"wgRevisionId":1241669748,"wgArticleId":22676569,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from May 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2014","Use British English from June 2014","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Commons category link is locally defined","Acknowledgements of death","Remembrance days", "November observances","Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom","Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom","Silence","Observances honoring victims of war"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Two-minute_silence","wgRelevantArticleId":22676569,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17152278","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Two-minute silence - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-minute_silence"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-minute_silence"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Two-minute_silence rootpage-Two-minute_silence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Two-minute+silence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Two-minute+silence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Two-minute+silence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Two-minute+silence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sir_Percy_FitzPatrick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sir_Percy_FitzPatrick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sir Percy FitzPatrick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sir_Percy_FitzPatrick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_George_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_George_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>King George V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_George_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_two-minute_silence_on_Armistice_Day_–_11_November_1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_two-minute_silence_on_Armistice_Day_–_11_November_1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First two-minute silence on Armistice Day – 11 November 1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_two-minute_silence_on_Armistice_Day_–_11_November_1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_George_Honey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_George_Honey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Edward George Honey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_George_Honey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_to_observe_the_silence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_observe_the_silence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>How to observe the silence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_observe_the_silence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-minute silence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دو منٹ کی خاموشی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دو منٹ کی خاموشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17152278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_silence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Two-minute_silence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_silence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-minute_silence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Two-minute_silence" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Two-minute_silence" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&oldid=1241669748" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Two-minute_silence&id=1241669748&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwo-minute_silence"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwo-minute_silence"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Two-minute_silence&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Remembrance_Day_in_Canada" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17152278" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Event held to remember those who died in conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the two minutes of silence during the Remembrance Day commemorations. For a more general overview of moments of silence, see <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">Moment of silence</a>.</div> <p> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other countries within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, a <b>two-minute silence</b> is observed as part of <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> to remember those who died in conflict. Held each year at 11:00 am on 11 November, the silence coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">time in 1918</a> at which the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> came to an end with the cessation of hostilities, and is generally observed at war memorials and in public places throughout the UK and Commonwealth. A two-minute silence is also observed on <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a>, also at 11:00 am. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of the <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> silence originates in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, where there was a two-minute silence initiated by the daily firing of the <a href="/wiki/Noon_Gun" title="Noon Gun">noon day gun</a> on <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Cape_Town)" title="Signal Hill (Cape Town)">Signal Hill</a> for a full year from 14 May 1918 to 14 May 1919, known as the Two Minute Silent Pause of Remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was instituted by the Cape Town Mayor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hands" title="Harry Hands">Harry Hands</a>, at the suggestion of councillor Robert Rutherford Brydone,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Brydone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salegion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salegion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 May 1918, after receiving the news of the death of his son <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hands" title="Reginald Hands">Reginald Hands</a> by gassing on 20 April, adopting into public observance a gesture that had been practised sporadically in city churches since 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-DC_Journal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC_Journal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trial observance endured for three minutes on 13 May, after which the Mayor decided that it was too long, and published a notice in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cape_Argus" title="Cape Argus">Cape Argus</a></i> that it should be altered from three minutes to two.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signalled by the firing of the <a href="/wiki/Noon_Gun" title="Noon Gun">Noon Gun</a> on <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Cape_Town)" title="Signal Hill (Cape Town)">Signal Hill</a>, one minute was a time of thanksgiving for those who had returned alive, the second minute was to remember the fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brydone and Hands organised an area where the traffic would be brought to a standstill and the first silence was observed at Cartwright's Corner in <a href="/wiki/Adderley_Street" title="Adderley Street">Adderley Street</a>. As the city fell silent, a <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugler</a> on the balcony of the Fletcher and Cartwright's Building on the corner of Adderley and Darling Streets sounded the "<a href="/wiki/Last_Post" title="Last Post">Last Post</a>", and the "<a href="/wiki/The_Rouse" title="The Rouse">Reveille</a>" was played at the end of the pause. It was repeated daily for a full year. Newspapers described how trams, taxis and private vehicles stopped, pedestrians came to a halt and most men removed their hats. People stopped what they were doing at their places of work and sat or stood silently. This short official ceremony was a world first.<sup id="cite_ref-salegion_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salegion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Brydone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg/220px-Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg/330px-Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg/440px-Two_Minutes_of_Silence_and_Remembrance_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the events in Cape Town, located on Adderley Street</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> correspondent in Cape Town cabled a description of the event to London. Within a few weeks Reuters' agency in Cape Town received press cables from London stating that the ceremony had been adopted in two English provincial towns and later by others, including in Canada and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahams_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The midday pause continued daily in Cape Town and was last observed on 17 January 1919, but was revived in Cape Town during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observation_Post-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, a plaque in front of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a> building in Adderley Street commemorates the Two Minute Silence. A ceremony commemorating the centenary of the Two Minute Silence was held on Signal Hill on 14 May 2018 at the firing of the Noon Gun.<sup id="cite_ref-DC_Journal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC_Journal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sir_Percy_FitzPatrick">Sir Percy FitzPatrick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sir Percy FitzPatrick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Fitzpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Percy Fitzpatrick">Sir Percy Fitzpatrick</a> was impressed by and had a personal interest in the daily observance of silence, his own son, Major Percy Nugent George FitzPatrick, having been killed in action in France in December 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observation_Post-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had originally been introduced to the idea of a two-minute pause to honour the dead when his local church adopted the idea proposed by a local businessman, J.A. Eagar, when details of losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> first came through to Cape Town in July 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Church_Times_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_Times-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observation_Post-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, he approached <a href="/wiki/Lord_Northcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a> (the founder of both the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>) with the intention of campaigning for it to be observed annually and Empire-wide. His idea was not taken up.<sup id="cite_ref-Church_Times_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_Times-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Milner">Lord Milner</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(British_Empire)" title="Chief secretary (British Empire)">Colonial Secretary</a>, he described the silence that fell on the city during this daily ritual, and proposed that this become an official part of the annual service on Armistice Day.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acknowledged that the idea came from Brydone's Cape Town pause, saying that other towns followed its example but "nothing was as dramatic as the Cape Town observation simply because of the midday gun".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Brydone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning behind his proposal was stated to be:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>It is due to the women, who have lost and suffered and borne so much, with whom the thought is ever present.</li> <li>It is due to the children that they know to whom they owe their dear fought freedom.</li> <li>It is due to the men, and from them, as men.</li> <li>But far and away, above all else, it is due to those who gave their all, sought no recompense, and with whom we can never re-pay – our Glorious and Immortal Dead.</li></ul> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_George_V">King George V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King George V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milner raised the idea with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Stamfordham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Stamfordham">Lord Stamfordham</a>, the King's <a href="/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign" title="Private Secretary to the Sovereign">Private Secretary</a>, who informed the King, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, in a note on 27 October 1919:<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The enclosed came to me some weeks ago from an old South African friend of mine, Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, who is probably known to you, at any rate by name. I ought to have sent it before.I don't know if such a thing is practicable. But it seems like a fine idea. I think that H.M. would like to see it...</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The King was enthusiastic and sought approval from the <a href="/wiki/War_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cabinet">War Cabinet</a> on 5 November. It was immediately approved, with only <a href="/wiki/George_Nathaniel_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" class="mw-redirect" title="George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> dissenting. A press statement was released from <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">the Palace</a> on 7 November 1919, which was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Church_Times_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_Times-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>To all my people,<br />     Tuesday next, 11 November, is the first anniversary of the armistice, which stayed the world-wide carnage of the four preceding years, and marked the victory of right and freedom.<br />     I believe that my people in every part of the Empire fervently wish to perpetuate the memory of that great deliverance and of those who laid down their lives to achieve it.<br />     To afford an opportunity for the universal expression of this feeling it is my desire and hope that at the hour when the Armistice came into force, the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, there may be for the brief space of two minutes a complete suspension of all our normal activities.<br />     During that time, except in the rare cases where this may be impracticable, all work, all sound, and all locomotion should cease, so that, in perfect stillness, the thoughts of everyone may be concentrated on reverent remembrance of the glorious dead.<br />     No elaborate organisation appears to be necessary.<br />     At a given signal, which could easily be arranged to suit the circumstances of each locality, I believe that we shall all gladly interrupt our business and pleasure, whatever it may be, and unite in this simple service of silence and remembrance.<br />           GEORGE R.I.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_two-minute_silence_on_Armistice_Day_–_11_November_1919"><span id="First_two-minute_silence_on_Armistice_Day_.E2.80.93_11_November_1919"></span>First two-minute silence on Armistice Day – 11 November 1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First two-minute silence on Armistice Day – 11 November 1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> To FitzPatrick's great delight he read:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"The whole World Stands to Attention." "Cables from every part of the world showing how the King's message had been accepted and interpreted, were printed. From the Indian jungles to Alaska, on the trains, on the ships at sea, in every part of the globe where a few British were gathered together, the Two-Minute pause was observed."</p></blockquote> <p>In his own words, Sir Percy stated:<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was so stunned by the news that I could not leave the hotel. An hour or two afterwards I received a cable from <a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Lord Long</a> of Wexhall: "Thank you. Walter Long." Only then did I know that my proposal had reached the King and had been accepted and that the Cabinet knew the source.</p></blockquote> <p>FitzPatrick was thanked for his contribution by Lord Stamfordham:<sup id="cite_ref-salegion_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salegion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dear Sir Percy,<br />The King, who learns that you are shortly to leave for South Africa, desires me to assure you that he ever gratefully remembers that the idea of the Two Minute Pause on Armistice Day was due to your initiation, a suggestion readily adopted and carried out with heartfelt sympathy throughout the Empire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Signed Stamfordham.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_George_Honey">Edward George Honey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edward George Honey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Australian government recognises <a href="/wiki/Edward_George_Honey" title="Edward George Honey">Edward George Honey</a> as originator of the idea,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he only aired the suggestion (in a letter to a London newspaper) nearly a year after the custom had been initiated in Cape Town, and no convincing trail of evidence has been shown to suggest that his letter had any impact on either Fitzpatrick's or the King's motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_to_observe_the_silence">How to observe the silence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: How to observe the silence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Legion" title="Royal British Legion">Royal British Legion</a> recommends this order of observance: </p> <ol><li>At 11:00 am, the <a href="/wiki/Last_Post" title="Last Post">Last Post</a> is played.</li> <li>The exhortation is then read (see below).</li> <li>The Two Minute Silence then begins.</li> <li>The end of the silence is signalled by playing <a href="/wiki/The_Rouse" title="The Rouse">The Rouse</a>.</li></ol> <p>The exhortation (excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ode_of_Remembrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ode of Remembrance">Ode of Remembrance</a>): "They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old, Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun, and in the morning, We will remember them. "Response: "We will remember them."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This order of proceedings is not followed in the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Service_of_Remembrance" title="National Service of Remembrance">National Service of Remembrance</a> in London, but is often used in regional ceremonies and in other Commonwealth countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_George_Honey" title="Edward George Honey">Edward George Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_Silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment of Silence">Moment of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Minute" title="Silent Minute">Silent Minute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brydone's surname is currently incorrectly spelt in the SA Legion article (and on the plaque and in other articles), and they have incorrectly ascribed the death of a different man (Major Walter Brydon) as his son. Major Brydon led the unit in which Harry Hands' son died, and had died only a few days before.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Abrahams-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahams_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams" class="citation web cs1">Abrahams, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tanniemossie.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/cape-town_s-wwi-mayor-sir-harry-hands.pdf">"Cape Town's WWI Mayor – Sir Harry Hands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cape+Town%27s+WWI+Mayor+%E2%80%93+Sir+Harry+Hands&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftanniemossie.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fcape-town_s-wwi-mayor-sir-harry-hands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Brydone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Brydone_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-46124328">"The Scot who began the two-minute silence"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Scot+who+began+the+two-minute+silence&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-46124328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwc.org.uk/news/two-minute-silence-watsonian-contribution/">"Two-Minute Silence – Watsonian Contribution"</a>. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two-Minute+Silence+%E2%80%93+Watsonian+Contribution&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwc.org.uk%2Fnews%2Ftwo-minute-silence-watsonian-contribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salegion-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salegion_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salegion_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salegion_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salegion.co.za/two-minutes-silence.html">"The Two Minutes Silence"</a>. <i>South African Legion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Legion&rft.atitle=The+Two+Minutes+Silence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salegion.co.za%2Ftwo-minutes-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC_Journal-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC_Journal_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_Journal_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Taylor2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anton Taylor (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odunion.com/newsletters/link/SGnwbaWjNx/ORBaSwNaZe/cksgpkhsHZ/57192/3/AlmcsSIAg---slash---zq7gQsrDbAxiQbTDkTGjYO9NyJeC6H0oPweaMhIE655B5qjx---plus---Y1qsprPVT9QEppv7nzESxoHkgsHDSTjGPlOaY35uttGmNyRxOjv2S64pBBDdU67kRbx0T/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/2/2/2/2/2/2/2/2/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/1/1/1/1">"Honouring a Century of Silence"</a>. <i>The Old Diocesan</i>. <b>1</b> (Mar 2018): 58–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Diocesan&rft.atitle=Honouring+a+Century+of+Silence&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=Mar+2018&rft.pages=58-60&rft.date=2018-03&rft.au=Anton+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odunion.com%2Fnewsletters%2Flink%2FSGnwbaWjNx%2FORBaSwNaZe%2FcksgpkhsHZ%2F57192%2F3%2FAlmcsSIAg---slash---zq7gQsrDbAxiQbTDkTGjYO9NyJeC6H0oPweaMhIE655B5qjx---plus---Y1qsprPVT9QEppv7nzESxoHkgsHDSTjGPlOaY35uttGmNyRxOjv2S64pBBDdU67kRbx0T%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F2%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F3%2F1%2F1%2F1%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodhart2019" class="citation news cs1">Goodhart, Benjie (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/south-african-history-behind-two-minute-silence/">"The South African history behind the two-minute silence"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+South+African+history+behind+the+two-minute+silence&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Goodhart&rft.aufirst=Benjie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffamily%2Flife%2Fsouth-african-history-behind-two-minute-silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observation_Post-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observation_Post_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2018" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Peter (7 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapeople.com/2018/11/07/2-minutes-silence-is-a-south-african-gift-to-the-act-of-remembrance/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'2 Minutes Silence' is a South African Gift to the Act of Remembrance"</a>. <i>SA People News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+People+News&rft.atitle=%272+Minutes+Silence%27+is+a+South+African+Gift+to+the+Act+of+Remembrance&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapeople.com%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2F2-minutes-silence-is-a-south-african-gift-to-the-act-of-remembrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafricawargraves.org/search/details.php?id=7220">"South Africa War Graves Project: PNG Fitzpatrick"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+War+Graves+Project%3A+PNG+Fitzpatrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafricawargraves.org%2Fsearch%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D7220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_Times-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Church_Times_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_Times_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Church_Times_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2014" class="citation web cs1">Street, Peter (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117033727/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/7-november/features/features/the-great-silence-begins">"The great silence begins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/7-november/features/features/the-great-silence-begins">the original</a> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+great+silence+begins&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F2014%2F7-november%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-great-silence-begins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Gregory, the Silence of Memory (1st ed., 1994), pp 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1965" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Eric (May 1965). <i>Remembrance Day silence: First proposed by Edward George Honey, Australian journalist (Supplementing article by Mrs. M.F. Orford, Victorian Historical Magazine, November 1961)</i>. Melbourne: Eric Harding. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220250498">220250498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembrance+Day+silence%3A+First+proposed+by+Edward+George+Honey%2C+Australian+journalist+%28Supplementing+article+by+Mrs.+M.F.+Orford%2C+Victorian+Historical+Magazine%2C+November+1961%29&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Eric+Harding&rft.date=1965-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220250498&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15844538">Armistice Day: King's Message to the People of the Empire, <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>, (Saturday, 8 November 1919), p. 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH19191108.2.45">The Glorious Dead: Tribute to Their Memory: The King's Desire for Armistice Day, <i>The Wanganui Herald</i>, (Saturday, 8 November 1919), p. 5.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1971" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, Alan Patrick (1971). <i>The first South African: the life and times of Sir Percy Fitzpatrick</i>. Cape Town: Purnell. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+South+African%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Sir+Percy+Fitzpatrick&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Purnell&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Alan+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dva.gov.au/commem/rememb/rem_silence.htm">Remembrance Day – Silence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124125741/http://www.dva.gov.au/commem/rememb/rem_silence.htm">Archived</a> 24 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-09/edward-honey-origin-of-the-one-minutes-silence/10461280">Jokiranta, Miyuki, "The little-known origin of the minute's silence", <i>ABC News</i>, 9 November 2018.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Legion" class="citation web cs1">British Legion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114015938/https://www.britishlegion.org.uk/remembrance/how-we-remember/two-minute-silence/">"Two Minute Silence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishlegion.org.uk/remembrance/how-we-remember/two-minute-silence/">the original</a> on 14 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Minute+Silence&rft.au=British+Legion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlegion.org.uk%2Fremembrance%2Fhow-we-remember%2Ftwo-minute-silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Remembrance_Day_in_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Remembrance Day in Canada">Remembrance Day in Canada</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Remembrance_Day_(United_Kingdom)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Remembrance Day (United Kingdom)">Remembrance Day (United Kingdom)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfrich2011" class="citation news cs1">Helfrich, Kim (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenewage.co.za/34645-1007-53-The_tradition_of_two_minutes%E2%80%99_silence_started_in_Cape_Town">"The tradition of two minutes' silence started in Cape Town"</a>. <i>The New Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055402/http://thenewage.co.za/34645-1007-53-The_tradition_of_two_minutes%E2%80%99_silence_started_in_Cape_Town">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Age&rft.atitle=The+tradition+of+two+minutes%27+silence+started+in+Cape+Town&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.aulast=Helfrich&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenewage.co.za%2F34645-1007-53-The_tradition_of_two_minutes%25E2%2580%2599_silence_started_in_Cape_Town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-minute+silence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, Steven D., "Two Minutes of Silence: Social Technologies of Public Commemoration", <i>Theory & Psychology</i>, Vol. 22, No. 2, (1 April 2012), pp. 234–252. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959354311429031">10.1177/0959354311429031</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odunion.com/files/download/7773c4de047fb37?pk_campaign=Newsletter%3A+ODU+Newsletter+13th+April+2018+%28copy+1%29&pk_kwd=odu@bishops.org.za">Taylor, Anton, "Honouring a Century of Silence", <i>The Old Diocesan</i>, Vol. 1, (March 2018), pp. 58–60.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&oldid=1241669748">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&oldid=1241669748</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acknowledgements_of_death" title="Category:Acknowledgements of death">Acknowledgements of death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Remembrance_days" title="Category:Remembrance days">Remembrance days</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:November_observances" title="Category:November observances">November observances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_World_War_I_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom">Aftermath of World War I in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_World_War_II_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom">Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silence" title="Category:Silence">Silence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Observances_honoring_victims_of_war" title="Category:Observances honoring victims of war">Observances honoring victims of war</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_May_2022" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from May 2022">Accuracy disputes from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2014">Use dmy dates from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2014" title="Category:Use British English from June 2014">Use British English from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 August 2024, at 14:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-minute_silence&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4dtrt","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.382","walltime":"0.524","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2226,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":39395,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5309,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":59660,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 479.797 1 -total"," 40.99% 196.663 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.86% 104.866 7 Template:Cite_web"," 15.32% 73.486 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.03% 52.925 2 Template:Commons_category"," 10.59% 50.827 2 Template:Sister_project"," 10.22% 49.050 2 Template:Side_box"," 9.61% 46.093 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.02% 38.474 2 Template:Fix"," 7.76% 37.232 1 Template:Fact"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.199","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6191117,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-strzt","timestamp":"20241122150532","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Two-minute silence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two-minute_silence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17152278","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17152278","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-05-04T11:28:45Z","dateModified":"2024-08-22T14:05:54Z","headline":"act of memorial for victims of war"}</script> </body> </html>