CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"lang="en"> <head>  <meta charSet="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <script src="https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js" async></script> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/3460-2b75f11c.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8833-005d2bce.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5427-d6305e79.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/4162-313cf2d3.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/9381-70992203.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/7023-52a0e8dc.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/2757-de86c08c.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/2751-c9618b3e.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/6227-32fe965d.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5513-932f66f4.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/1089-75547af4.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/926-4d92eccf.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/hub-ca1bbd08.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/mask-icon.svg" color="#FFCC00"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon.ico"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="32x32" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-180x180.png"/> <script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/7708-37c5b074.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/2919-5601fd2a.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3460-bb7648a2.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/19-1bab2616.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4257-3ac25efc.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9111-ead00aa2.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1308-79ce6604.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8812-28a3ed57.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3021-2f0be111.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8330-6af310aa.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/5427-0bf927ab.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4162-192c0a75.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9381-56e8d894.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4343-b87c7e66.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1089-92cc6432.js" defer></script> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" as="script" /><link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" as="script" /> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/hub-a4f3e2a4.js" as="script" /> <title data-react-helmet="true">History & Culture</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" name="title" content="History & Culture"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="medium" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="guid" content="drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:93c1ddc3-90cc-4c4c-a67c-c47187f7b094"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="History & Culture"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_16x9.jpg?w=1200"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:height" content="675"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="referrer" content="origin"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:audiences" content="General"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:concepts" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:events" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:firstSubject" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:genres" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:locations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:organizations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:otherSubjects" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:people" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:series" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:source" content="History & Culture"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:site" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:title" content="History & Culture"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:description" content="Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:url" content="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_16x9.jpg?w=1200"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:alt" content="History & Culture"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="418671597"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.natgeomobile.ngmagazine"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/natgeo"/> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/340714530193d9627afecb7a2bab115079ee90db012cba398ac76b3339880fdc"></script> <script data-nr-type="legacy" data-nr-pct="100">(() => {function gc(n){n=document.cookie.match("(^|;) ?"+n+"=([^;]*)(;|$)");return n?n[2]:null}function sc(n){document.cookie=n}function smpl(n){n/=100;return!!n&&Math.random()<=n}var _nr=!1,_nrCookie=gc("_nr");null!==_nrCookie?"1"===_nrCookie&&(_nr=!0):smpl(100)?(_nr=!0,sc("_nr=1; path=/")):(_nr=!1,sc("_nr=0; path=/"));_nr && (() => {;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};;NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"5985ced6ff","applicationID":"703643455"};__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(31),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),S=t(15),P=t(10),M=t("ee"),C=M.get("tracer"),N=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),P.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),P.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),S.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),C.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),P.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(P,"new-jsonp"),a(P,"jsonp-end"),a(P,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,N(!0)),w[v]("load",i,N(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},N(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(32),a=t(31);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*).([^.]+)/,l=/^(w+)(.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(31),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(28),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);return e.protocol&&"data"===e.protocol?void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded"):void(e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this)))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=t(25).recordSupportability,y=NREUM.o.REQ,x=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof x&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;if("string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof y?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n),"data"!==this.params.protocol){var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof y&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){if(this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),"data"===this.params.protocol)return void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded");this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];if(0===(t||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(31),s=t(32),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/s](d+.d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(33);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?l("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&l("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(f&&f<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=a({});i&&o.push(i),l("lcp",o)}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||l("cls",[t])})}function a(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t}function s(t){if(t instanceof w&&!y){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};a(n),e<=h.now()?n.fid=h.now()-e:e>h.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=h.offset,n.fid=h.now()-e):e=h.now(),y=!0,l("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function c(t){"hidden"===t&&(f=h.now(),l("pageHide",[f]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,d,p,l=t("handle"),h=t("loader"),m=t(30),v=t(23),w=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){u=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(g){}d=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{d.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(g){}p=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{p.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(g){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var y=!1,x=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];x.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,s,v(!1))})}m(c)}},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(t)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(31),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!T++){var t=O.info=NREUM.info,e=m.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(E,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+O.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=m.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=l+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===m.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+O.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(31),f=t("ee"),u=t(29),d=t(21),p=t(23),l=d.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",h=window,m=h.document,v="addEventListener",w="attachEvent",g=h.XMLHttpRequest,y=g&&g.prototype,x=!1;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:h.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:h.Request,EV:h.Event,PR:h.Promise,MO:h.MutationObserver};var b=""+location,E={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1216.min.js"},R=g&&y&&y[v]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),O=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:b,features:{},xhrWrappable:R,userAgent:u,disabled:x};if(!x){t(20),t(27),m[v]?(m[v]("DOMContentLoaded",i,p(!1)),h[v]("load",r,p(!1))):(m[w]("onreadystatechange",o),h[w]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var T=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(32),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]);;NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"8d01ff17d1","applicationID":"415461361"}})();})();</script> <link href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com" rel="preconnect" /> </head> <body> <div id="natgeo"><div id="fitt-analytics"><div></div><div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalNav"><div class="StickyBar"><div class="StickyBar--sticky"><nav class="NavBar"><div class="NavBar__Left__Container"><div class="NavBar__Logo__Container"><div data-track-event_name="natgeo logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic" href="/"><picture><source srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&h=32, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=218&h=64 2x"/><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo NavBar__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&h=32"/></picture></a></div></div></div><button aria-label="Skip to content" class="Button--unstyled SkipNav" tabindex="0">Skip to content</button><div class="NavBar__Spacer"></div><ul class="NavBar__List" role="presentation"><li class="NavBar__List--item"></li><li class="NavBar__List--item "><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="search" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--search" tabindex="0" aria-label="Search" href="/search"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="NavBar__list--searchIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__search"></use></svg></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item NavBar__List--renew"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="newsletters" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--link" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup">Newsletters</a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="subscribe" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink Button Button--anchorLink Button--default FillButton FillButton--link FillButton--secondary FillButton--large" tabindex="0" href="/subscribe" title="Subscribe"><span class="fillOne"></span><span class="fillTwo"></span><span class="content"><span>Subscribe</span></span></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div class="MenuModal NavBar__Menu--item"><button aria-label="Menu" aria-expanded="false" class="Button Button--default Button--icon MenuModal__MenuButton NavBar__Menu--item" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__double-chevron__down"></use></svg>Menu</button></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom"></div><div class="bp-mobileMDPlus bp-mobileLGPlus bp-tabletPlus bp-desktopPlus bp-desktopLGPlus" data-fitt-page-type="hub"><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="PageLayout page-container cf PageLayout--desktopLg PageLayout--hub fitt-fade-in"><div class="PageLayout__Main" role="main" tabindex="-1"><div class=""><div class="FrameBackgroundFull FrameBackgroundFull--dark"><div class="FrameBackgroundFull__BackgroundImage" aria-hidden="true"><div class="BackgroundImage"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:left center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span><div class="TintOverlay TintOverlay--dark TintOverlay--tint TintOverlay--tint-medium"></div></div></div><div class="GeneralContainer"><div id="24af6db7-0404-482e-9013-d498461fdea0" class="StackModule"><div class="BannerHeading BannerHeading--dark"><div class="BannerHeading__Title" role="presentation"><div class="Header Header--dark Header--left Header__IndentedLine"><div><h1 class="RichText Header__Headline Header__Headline--x-small">History & Culture</h1></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="d1694f3a-dd91-4431-b973-de6ede9dbbdc" class="StackModule"><div tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="ad-wrapper"><div data-box-type="fitt-adbox-pixel"><div class="Ad pixel pixel ad-slot" data-slot-type="pixel" data-collapse-before-load="true" data-slot-kvps="pos=pixel"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="FilterFrame"><div class="FilterBar"><div class="FilterBar__Container"><div role="tablist" class="FilterBar__Container__Items"></div></div></div><div class="GeneralContainer"><div class="GridPromoTile"><div class="GridPromoTile__Row"><div class="col col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-lg-8 col-sm-no-gutter" aria-label="Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--hero PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--hero"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/family-story-elder-relatives" id="62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_07bdadfd-5593-44f5-8e5b-018ceea6b6b1" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think</span></a><footer class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Footer"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title PromoTile__Title--hero"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--hero"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--hero icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz."><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz., Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/thanksgiving-history-turkey-quiz" id="62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_719c6de0-a3c8-4d18-90e4-d5f35fdc1fd1" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz.</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz.</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz.</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mirabal-sisters-heroes-dominican-republic" id="62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_b62df492-84b1-4373-8c76-9779f6adc526" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend'"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend', Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/pope-alexander-borgia-family-black-legend" id="62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_caf99022-0d34-451e-921a-b46a1a5fa62d" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend'</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend'</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend'</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter-2 col-md-6 col-lg-4 " aria-label="What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/advent-is-a-season-of-candlelight-reflection-and-expectation" id="62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_9ca2f7b8-7442-4c0b-b429-7650b99c568b" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div></div></div><div id="ac2e9c0b-6aba-492f-a03e-9121f3cc5232" class="StackModule" windowWidth="1260"><div tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="ad-wrapper"><div data-box-type="fitt-adbox-interstitialAd"><div class="Ad interstitialAd interstitialAd ad-slot Ad--hasLabel" data-slot-type="interstitialAd" data-collapse-before-load="true" data-slot-kvps="pos=interstitialAd" data-label="advertisement"></div></div></div></div><div class="InfiniteFeedModule"><div class="InfiniteFeedModule__feed InfiniteFeedModule__feed--horizontal"><div class="GridPromoTile"><div class="GridPromoTile__Row"><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--hero PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--vertical PromoTile__Type--hero"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/lucy-human-evolution-discovery" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_69de5716-6228-468a-b31b-10bfcee1fa0b" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years</span></a><footer class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Footer"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"><span>Science</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title PromoTile__Title--hero"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--hero"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--hero icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/gladiators-truth-movie-myths" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_4aba62cd-7ff6-46d6-899e-a55a979c6bf1" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/dance-ancient-egyptians" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_490b6a72-0919-4a9a-a905-8615b7f51307" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/notre-dame-cathedral-restoration-reopening" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_a70e6728-2651-4862-b682-cc2079c5412a" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/macrinus-african-roman-emperor" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_b8d5b6a3-5c59-4233-be4b-fdb2c891c902" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Paris: City of Pearls"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Paris: City of Pearls, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/paid-content-paris-city-of-pearls" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_31982746-c64a-48e3-a0ac-7a3a94854d09" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Paris: City of Pearls</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--sponsor"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Paid Content</span></span></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Paris: City of Pearls</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Paris: City of Pearls</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/women-mushroom-mania" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_e08ea7d6-dbae-4779-8f53-3b28e71b9e9c" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/plant-drug-stone-age-burial-cave-morocco" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_7e6cbebb-ddd6-4e08-9300-4140209f9eeb" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/ireland-crown-jewels-heist-unsolved-mystery" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_9897845f-401d-45a1-a183-1d51970621c2" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div><div class="col col-bottom-gutter " aria-label="Was Nero really a monster?"><div class="GridPromoTile__Tile"><article class="PromoTile__Type--image PromoTile PromoTile__Theme--light PromoTile__Layout--horizontal PromoTile__Type--image"><a class="AnchorLink PromoTile__Link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Was Nero really a monster?, Read" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/emperor-nero-ancient-rome-reputation" id="c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_ec5ae7e0-e40b-4c14-8ee6-2e270acd960f" target="_self"><span class="sr-only">Was Nero really a monster?</span></a><header class="PromoTile__Header"><div class="BackgroundImage BackgroundImage--zoom PromoTile__Header__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--3x2"></div><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--lowRes" style="background-position:center center;transition:transform .25s ease, opacity .5s ease;background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=")"></span><span class="BackgroundImage__Image BackgroundImage__Image--highRes"></span></div></header><footer class="PromoTile__Footer"><div class="PromoTile__Section_and_title"><div class="PromoTile__Section"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="PromoTile__LockIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__premium-lock-yellow"></use></svg><ul class="SectionLabelWrapper"><li class="SectionLabel SectionLabel--link"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"><span>History & Culture</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="PromoTile__Title"><div class="PromoTile__Title--truncated"><span class="Truncate Truncate--collapsed"><span>Was Nero really a monster?</span></span></div><div class="PromoTile__Title--mobile">Was Nero really a monster?</div></div></div><div class="PromoTile__Button PromoTile__Button--image"><button aria-hidden="true" class="Button Button--alt" tabindex="-1"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="Icon Icon--image icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__article"></use></svg>Read</button></div><span class="PromoTile__Logo"></span></footer></article></div></div></div><div class="GridPromoTile__Button"><a class="AnchorLink Button Button--anchorLink Button--default FillButton FillButton--link FillButton--outlined FillButton--xlarge" tabindex="0" href="/history?hubmore&page=1&context=eyJjb250ZW50VHlwZSI6IlVuaXNvbkh1YiIsInZhcmlhYmxlcyI6eyJsb2NhdG9yIjoiL2hpc3RvcnkiLCJwb3J0Zm9saW8iOiJuYXRnZW8iLCJxdWVyeVR5cGUiOiJMT0NBVE9SIn0sIm1vZHVsZUlkIjpudWxsfQ&id=a2025aa5-c52c-4c9f-b013-e2e5e47a7378" title="load more"><span class="fillOne"></span><span class="fillTwo"></span><span class="content"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="FillButton--icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__loading"></use></svg><span>load more</span></span></a></div></div></div><div class="InfiniteFeedModule__right-rail"><div class="ArticleStickiness"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Section" style="height:250px;top:20px"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Offset-Manager"><div class="ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Element ArticleStickiness__Sticky-Element--fade-in"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="79fe2c16-7f2b-4d07-a562-989e6fa506fa" class="StackModule"><div tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="ad-wrapper"><div data-box-type="fitt-adbox-interstitialAd"><div class="Ad interstitialAd interstitialAd ad-slot Ad--hasLabel" data-slot-type="interstitialAd" data-collapse-before-load="true" data-slot-kvps="pos=interstitialAd2" data-label="advertisement"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="d0bfcc7d-b268-4eb0-936c-d3d3b1dc3056" class="StackModule"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1-module2" class="StackModule"></div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter"><div class="GlobalFooter__Wrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu GlobalFooter__Container"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Legal">Legal</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Terms of Use" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Your US State Privacy Rights" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/">Your US State Privacy Rights</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Children's Online Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/">Children's Online Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Interest-Based Ads" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&aid=natgeo01&type=natgeo">Interest-Based Ads</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="About Nielsen Measurement" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy">About Nielsen Measurement</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link ot-sdk-show-settings" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/">Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Our Sites">Our Sites</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Nat Geo Home" href="/">Nat Geo Home</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Attend a Live Event" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/">Attend a Live Event</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Book a Trip" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer">Book a Trip</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Buy Maps" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.natgeomaps.com">Buy Maps</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Inspire Your Kids" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com">Inspire Your Kids</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Shop Nat Geo" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/">Shop Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Visit the D.C. Museum" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/">Visit the D.C. Museum</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Watch TV" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/">Watch TV</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Learn About Our Impact" href="/impact">Learn About Our Impact</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Support Our Mission" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/">Support Our Mission</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Masthead" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead">Masthead</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Press Room" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/">Press Room</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Advertise With Us" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/">Advertise With Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Join Us">Join Us</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Subscribe" href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Customer Service" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://help.nationalgeographic.com/">Customer Service</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Renew Subscription" href="/renew">Renew Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Manage Your Subscription" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://ngmservice.com">Manage Your Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Work at Nat Geo" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers">Work at Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Sign Up for Our Newsletters" target="_blank" href="/newsletters/signup?gblftr">Sign Up for Our Newsletters</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Contribute to Protect the Planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd">Contribute to Protect the Planet</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=" GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer--share"><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Follow us">Follow us</h4><section class="Share flex flex-no-wrap"><button aria-label="National Geographic Instagram" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--instagram__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__instagram__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Instagram</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Facebook" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--facebook__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__facebook__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Facebook</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Twitter" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--x__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__x__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Twitter</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Youtube" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--youtube" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__youtube"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Youtube</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Linkedin" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--linkedin__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__linkedin__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Linkedin</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Tiktok" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--tiktok" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__tiktok"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Tiktok</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Reddit" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--reddit" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__reddit"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Reddit</span></button></section></div><div class="CountryModal"><div data-track-event_name="United States (Change)" class="fitt-tracker"><button aria-label="United States - Current Market" aria-expanded="false" class="Button--unstyled CountryModal__Button" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="CountryModal__Button--flag icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__flag__united-states"></use></svg><span>United States (Change)</span></button></div></div></div></div><hr class="GlobalFooter--hr"/></div></div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__CopyrightWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Container GlobalFooter__Copyright"><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--logoContainer"><div data-track-event_name="National Geographic Logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic Logo" href="/"><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo GlobalFooter__Copyright__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></a></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--textContainer"><p class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--text"><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society</span><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script>window['__CONFIG__']={"uid":"natgeo","strictMode":false,"mode":"universal","logLevel":"info","logOutput":"json","tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://nexus.ensighten.com/TWDC-DTCI/dev/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true},"allowMocks":true,"globalVar":"__natgeo__","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","buildHash":false,"http":{"timeout":{"client":10000}},"apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","mockDataPort":1981,"host":"localhost","basename":"","collateXhr":{}};window['__natgeo__']={"app":{"uid":"natgeo","mode":"universal","apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","collateXhr":{},"allowMocks":true,"mockDataPort":1981,"excludePageCSS":false,"assets":{"chunks":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/7708-37c5b074.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/2919-5601fd2a.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3460-bb7648a2.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/19-1bab2616.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4257-3ac25efc.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9111-ead00aa2.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1308-79ce6604.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8812-28a3ed57.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/3021-2f0be111.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8330-6af310aa.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/5427-0bf927ab.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4162-192c0a75.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9381-56e8d894.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/4343-b87c7e66.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1089-92cc6432.js"],"entries":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/hub-a4f3e2a4.js"],"css":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/3460-2b75f11c.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8833-005d2bce.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5427-d6305e79.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/4162-313cf2d3.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/9381-70992203.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/7023-52a0e8dc.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/2757-de86c08c.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/2751-c9618b3e.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/6227-32fe965d.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/5513-932f66f4.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/1089-75547af4.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/926-4d92eccf.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/hub-ca1bbd08.css"]},"device":"desktop","modifier":"","edition":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","config":{"dateTime":{"long":"dddd MMMM D, yyyy","medium":"MMMM D, yyyy","short":"M/D","timeFormat":"h:mm","firstDayOfWeek":"Sunday","timeZone":"US/Eastern","timeZoneBucket":"America/New_York","defaultFormat":"MMM D, yyyy","timeZoneString":"ET","ddd, M/D":"ddd, M/D","MMM D":"MMM D","age":{"seconds":"s","minutes":"m","hours":"h","days":"d"}},"numberFormat":{"long":"#,###","short":"###","currency":"#,###.00","percent":"#.00%"},"temperature":{"scale":"fahrenheit","symbol":"° F"},"analytics":{},"ads":{},"meta":{"titleBranding":"natgeo.meta.title.branding","description":"natgeo.meta.description","schema":{"name":""},"defaultMetaImage":"","social":{"twitter":{"twitterId":"@NatGeo","card":"summary","site":"@NatGeo","language":"en"},"facebook":{"og_site_name":"National Geographic","og_type":"website","locale":"en_US"}}},"appDetails":{"ios":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""},"android":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""}},"videoAutoStart":{"index":false},"activeSite":true,"countries":[{"name":"United States","country-code":"us"}],"oneId":{"clientId":"DTCI-NATGEO.CONSUMER.WEB","responderPage":"/responder_v4","responderPageStg":"/stg/responder_v4","loginReload":"off","optionalConfigs":{"reporting":{"context":"NATGEOCONSUMERWEB","source":"NATGEO_CONSUMER_WEB"}}},"editionSettings":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","site":"natgeo","language":"en","country":"us","domain":"www.nationalgeographic.com","editionSiteId":"1","https":false,"showPremVideoAds":true,"pccApiKey":"11mxera6h5cl7174b5nrs17ytr"},"javaLocale":{"language":"en","region":"US"}},"translations":{"alertBanner.closeButtonAriaLabel":"Close ${position} alert banner","ambientVideo.aria.labelWithTitle":"Silent Video for ${title}","ambientVideo.aria.label":"Silent Video ${counter}","article.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"Share on Facebook","article.facebookShare.label":"Share","article.meterText":"You have <span>${count} free articles</span> left this month.","article.meterText.fallback":"You're almost out of free articles this month","article.lastFreeArticleText":"This is your last free article this month.","article.minuteRead":"${minRead} min read","Audio":"Audio","audio.and":"and","audio.aria.label":"Audio Player","audio.elapsedOutOf":"elapsed out of","audio.hour":"hour","audio.hours":"hours","audio.min":"minute","audio.mins":"minutes","audio.muted":"Audio muted. Unmute","audio.pausingContent":"Pausing content. ${elapsedTime}. Play","audio.play":"Play","audio.playingContent":"Playing content. Pause","audio.position":"Audio position","audio.sec":"second","audio.secs":"seconds","audio.skipBackwards":"Skip Backward ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.skipForwards":"Skip Forwards ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.sliderDetails":"Use the left or right arrow keys to decrease or increase the slider value.","audio.unmuted":"Audio Unmuted. Mute","Average Life Span In The Wild":"Average Life Span In The Wild","axolotl image":"Axolotl image","Clear search bar":"Clear search bar","Click to Search Button":"Click to Search Button","Close Description Modal":"Close Description Modal","Common Name":"Common Name","common.search":"Search","common.changeText":"Change","Current population trend":"Current population trend","Diet":"Diet","Extinct":"Extinct","fastfacts.logo.altText":"${logoName} Logo","Gallery":"Gallery","Headlines":"Headlines","Image":"Image","Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations":"Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations","Least Concern":"Least Concern","login":"Login","media.playIcon.ariaLabel":"play","menumodal.close":"Close Menu","natgeo.article.datePublishedLabel":"Published","natgeo.contentGating.slider.downarrow.aria":"Collapse","natgeo.contentGating.slider.uparrow.aria":"Expand","natgeo.ctaText.explore":"Explore","natgeo.ctaText.learnMore":"Learn More","natgeo.ctaText.play":"Play","natgeo.ctaText.read":"Read","natgeo.ctaText.seeGuide":"See Guide","natgeo.ctaText.seeMore":"See More","natgeo.ctaText.seePhotos":"See Photos","natgeo.ctaText.watch":"Watch","natgeo.error.heading":"Something went wrong","natgeo.error.text":"Please try again or <a href=\"/\">return home</a>.","natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Facebook","natgeo.fastfacts.averageLifeSpan":"Average Life Span","natgeo.fastfacts.common":"Common Name","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.decreasing":"Decreasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.increasing":"Increasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.stable":"Stable","natgeo.fastfacts.diet":"Diet","natgeo.fastfacts.groupName":"Group Name","natgeo.fastfacts.details":"Details","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.title":"Average Life Span In Captivity","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.title":"Average Life Span In The Wild","natgeo.fastfacts.scientific":"Scientific Name","natgeo.fastfacts.size":"Size","natgeo.fastfacts.type":"Type","natgeo.fastfacts.weight":"Weight","natgeo.home.title":"home (en)","natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Instagram","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.alt":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.target":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.downarrow.aria":"Scroll to next slide","natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Linkedin","natgeo.logo.alt":"National Geographic Logo","natgeo.logo.alt.kids":"National Geographic Kids Logo","natgeo.logo.title.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.mediaspotlight.description":"Media Spotlight pagetype description.","natgeo.mediaspotlight.title":"Nat Geo Photo of the Day","natgeo.meta.description.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.description":"Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.","natgeo.meta.title.branding.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.title.branding":"National Geographic","natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Reddit","natgeo.search.aria.nav":"Search Pages","natgeo.search.aria.next":"Next Page","natgeo.search.aria.pageLink":"Page ${page}","natgeo.search.aria.previous":"Previous Page","natgeo.search.enter":"Enter","natgeo.search.next":"Next","natgeo.search.noResults.found.kids":"Sorry, we couldn't find any results for that search. Try one of these pages!","natgeo.search.noResults.found":"No results found.","natgeo.search.popularSearches":"Popular Searches","natgeo.search.previous":"Previous","natgeo.search.suggested.didYouMean":"Did you mean","natgeo.search.suggested.searchInstead":"Search instead for","natgeo.search.suggested.showingFor":"Showing results for","natgeo.signin.copy":"Sign in with your email","natgeo.signin.title":"Sign In to National Geographic","natgeo.snapchatShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Snapchat","natgeo.sponsorBanner.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Banner","natgeo.sponsorNote.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Note","natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Tiktok","natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Twitter","natgeo.video.nowPlaying":"Now Playing","natgeo.video.readMore":"Read More","natgeo.video.upNext":"Up Next","natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Youtube","or":"or","paywall.already.subscriber":"Already a Subscriber?","paywall.link.subscription":"subscription is linked","paywall.family.link.subscription":"Link your subscription","paywall.family.subscribers":"Already a Nat Geo Premium Subscriber?","paywall.magazine.subscribers":"Already signed in? Check that your","paywall.meter.collapse":"Collapse subscribe message","paywall.meter.expand":"Expand subscribe message","paywall.signin":"Sign In","promoTile.videoStory":"Video Story","Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.":"Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.","Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.":"Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.","Read Description":"Read Description","Scientific Name":"Scientific Name","Sign Up":"Sign Up","Size":"Size","Sponsor Content":"Sponsor Content","Table":"Table","trips":"trips","Type":"Type","UCN red list status":"UCN red list status","Video":"Video","video.title":"Video Player","Weight":"Weight","Close Fast Facts Modal":"Close Fast Facts Modal","Close Search Modal":"Close Search Modal","Close User Modal":"Close User Modal","Close":"Close"}},"flags":{"ftr":true,"hdr":true,"prxy":false,"mktg":true},"tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true,"frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"oneIdEnv":"prod","userAB":"0","featureGating":{"ensighten":{"enabled":true,"ns":"Boostrapper","scriptTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"adConfig":{"enabled":true,"insertedAdLimit":null,"insertedAdSpacing":900,"pzn":{"mode":"ltd","extra":true},"refreshInterval":30},"contentExclusions":{"disable":false},"sponsoredContent":{"enabled":true},"uvpUpgrade":{"enabled":false},"intrctvSlctrs":{"fullPage":{"key":"fullPage","value":"div:not(#natgeo)"},"markup":[{"key":"class=\"leaflet-container ","value":"div#map"}],"spredfast":{"key":"spredfast","value":"iframe"}},"intrctvAllowedSrcs":{"facebook":{"src":["//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js","//facebook.com/plugins/","//facebook.com/video/embed?video_id=","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.facebook.com/plugins/","//www.facebook.com/video/embed?video_id="]},"fullPage":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"game":{"src":["//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//www.nationalgeographic.com/","//cdn1.edgedatg.com/"]},"iHeartRadio":{"src":["//iheart.com/podcast/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.iheart.com/podcast/"]},"instagram":{"src":["//instagram.com/p/","//instagram.com/embed.js","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js","//www.instagram.com/embed.js"]},"markup":{"href":["//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"],"src":["//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/","//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//assets.documentcloud.org/viewer/loader.js","//d3js.org/d3","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//news.nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//platform.vine.co/static/scripts/embed.js","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"]},"soundCloud":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//soundcloud.com/","//w.soundcloud.com/"]},"source":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"spredfast":{"href":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"],"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"twitter":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.twitter.com/","//twitter.com/","//www.twitter.com/"]},"vimeo":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//player.vimeo.com/","//vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=","//www.vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id="]}}},"debug":{"on":false},"baseURL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com","webpack":{}},"ads":{},"analytics":{},"routing":{"location":{"pathname":"/history","port":"","hash":"","path":"/history","host":"","protocol":"","params":"","query":{}},"params":{"section":"history","pageType":"hub"}},"page":{"key":"","title":"","type":"hub","meta":{"canonical":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history","description":"Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era.","hrefLangs":[{"lcl":"en-us","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}],"ogMetadata":{"type":"website","sclDsc":"Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era.","sclTtl":"History & Culture","sclImg":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_16x9.jpg?w=1200","sclImgHgt":675,"sclImgWdth":1200,"sctn":{},"twtHndl":"@NatGeo"},"title":"History & Culture","section":"history","subSection":"","section3":"","section4":"","pageName":"natgeo:history:hub","id":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:93c1ddc3-90cc-4c4c-a67c-c47187f7b094"},"content":{"footer":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1","mods":[{"id":"natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1-module2","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1-module2-tile1","cmsType":"EmailInlineTile","title":"The best of National Geographic delivered to your inbox","backgroundImage":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2e2421a3-f3cb-485f-b482-753cce8baaa0/MossForest.adapt.885.1.jpg","errorMessage":"Please enter a valid e-mail address.","mrktngMeta":{"cpgnCd":"20210217_global_inline_email_signup_footer"},"placeholder":"Enter your email","subtitle":"Sign up for more inspiring photos, stories, and special offers from National Geographic.","success":{"description":"<p>Watch your inbox over the next few days for photos, stories, and special offers from us.<p>","header":"Thanks for signing up!"},"submitButton":"Sign Up","closeableGeos":{}}]}],"placement":"footer","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}},{"placement":"footer","logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"id":"natgeo-footer","cmsType":"FooterFrame","mods":[{"mnu":[{"title":"Legal","links":[{"url":"https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Terms of Use"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/","isExternal":null,"title":"Privacy Policy"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/","isExternal":null,"title":"Your US State Privacy Rights"},{"url":"https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Children's Online Privacy Policy"},{"url":"http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&aid=natgeo01&type=natgeo","isExternal":null,"title":"Interest-Based Ads"},{"url":"http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy","isExternal":null,"title":"About Nielsen Measurement"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/","isExternal":null,"title":"Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information","style":"ot-sdk-show-settings"}]},{"title":"Our Sites","links":[{"url":"/","isExternal":null,"title":"Nat Geo Home"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer","isExternal":null,"title":"Book a Trip"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomaps.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Buy Maps"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Inspire Your Kids"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Visit the D.C. Museum"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","isExternal":null,"title":"Watch TV"},{"url":"/impact","isExternal":null,"title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","isExternal":null,"title":"Support Our Mission"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead","isExternal":null,"title":"Masthead"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/","isExternal":null,"title":"Press Room"},{"url":"https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Advertise With Us"}]},{"title":"Join Us","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","isExternal":false,"title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Customer Service"},{"url":"/renew","isExternal":false,"title":"Renew Subscription"},{"url":"https://ngmservice.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers","isExternal":false,"title":"Work at Nat Geo"},{"url":"/newsletters/signup?gblftr","isExternal":true,"title":"Sign Up for Our Newsletters","target":"_blank"},{"url":"https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd","isExternal":true,"title":"Contribute to Protect the Planet","target":"_blank"}]}]},{"edtnSltr":{"rgns":[{"title":"Europe","countries":[{"title":"Bulgaria","flag":{"icon":"flag__bulgaria","alt":"bu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/bg","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.bg/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Croatia","flag":{"icon":"flag__croatia","alt":"cr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.adriamedia.hr/izdanja/national-geographic-hrvatska","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Czech Republic","flag":{"icon":"flag__czech-republic","alt":"cz"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.national-geographic.cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Denmark","flag":{"icon":"flag__denmark","alt":"de"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/dk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Estonia","flag":{"icon":"flag__estonia","alt":"es"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ee","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Finland","flag":{"icon":"flag__finland","alt":"fi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/fi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"France","flag":{"icon":"flag__france","alt":"fr"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.fr"},{"title":"Georgia","flag":{"icon":"flag__georgia","alt":"ge"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ge","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Germany","flag":{"icon":"flag__germany","alt":"ge"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.de"},{"title":"Greece","flag":{"icon":"flag__greece","alt":"gr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/gr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hungary","flag":{"icon":"flag__hungary","alt":"hu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ng.hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Israel","flag":{"icon":"flag__israel","alt":"is"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/il","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Italy","flag":{"icon":"flag__italy","alt":"it"},"links":"http://www.nationalgeographic.it"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","flag":{"icon":"flag__kazakhstan","alt":"ka"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.kz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Lithuania","flag":{"icon":"flag__lithuania","alt":"li"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.lt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Netherlands","flag":{"icon":"flag__netherlands","alt":"ne"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.nl"},{"title":"Norway","flag":{"icon":"flag__norway","alt":"no"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/no","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Poland","flag":{"icon":"flag__poland","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.national-geographic.pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Portugal","flag":{"icon":"flag__portugal","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.sapo.pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Romania","flag":{"icon":"flag__romania","alt":"ro"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ro","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeo.ro/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Russia","flag":{"icon":"flag__russia","alt":"ru"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ru","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nat-geo.ru/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Serbia","flag":{"icon":"flag__serbia","alt":"se"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/rs","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Slovenia","flag":{"icon":"flag__slovenia","alt":"sl"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/si","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.si/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Spain","flag":{"icon":"flag__spain","alt":"sp"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Sweden","flag":{"icon":"flag__sweden","alt":"sw"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/se","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Turkey","flag":{"icon":"flag__turkey","alt":"tu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/tr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.tr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"United Kingdom","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-kingdom","alt":"uk"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/"}]},{"title":"The Americas","countries":[{"title":"Brazil","flag":{"icon":"flag__brazil","alt":"br"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographicbrasil.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Canada","flag":{"icon":"flag__canada","alt":"ca"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ca","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mexico","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mx"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.ngenespanol.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Latin America (Spanish)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/"},{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"}]},{"title":"Asia, Australia & Oceania","countries":[{"title":"Australia","flag":{"icon":"flag__australia","alt":"au"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mainland China","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ch"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeo.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngchina.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hong Kong","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ho"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"India","flag":{"icon":"flag__india","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/in","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.amarchitrakatha.com/in/magazines/national-geographic/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Indonesia","flag":{"icon":"flag__indonesia","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Japan","flag":{"icon":"flag__japan","alt":"ja"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngcjapan.com/tv/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.jp","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Korea","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-korea","alt":"ko"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngckorea.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.kr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Asia (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/asia","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Taiwan","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ta"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.fng.tw/ngc/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomedia.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Thailand","flag":{"icon":"flag__thailand","alt":"th"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngthai.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]},{"title":"Middle East & Africa","countries":[{"title":"Farsi","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"fa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/farsi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Persian","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pe"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/persian","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"South Africa","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-africa","alt":"so"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/za","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ae","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (Arabic)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/me","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngalarabiya.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]}],"crnt":{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"},"key":"edtnSltr"},"shrURLs":{"key":"shrURLs","fb":"https://www.facebook.com/natgeo","fbLabel":"natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel","fbIcon":"facebook__v2","fbButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"facebook","content_title":""},"twitter":"https://twitter.com/natgeo/","twitterLabel":"natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel","twitterIcon":"x__v2","twitterButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"twitter","content_title":""},"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/","instagramLabel":"natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel","instagramIcon":"instagram__v2","instagramButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"instagram","content_title":""},"tiktok":"https://www.tiktok.com/@natgeo?lang=en","tiktokLabel":"natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel","tiktokButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"tiktok"},"youtube":"https://www.youtube.com/@NatGeo","youtubeLabel":"natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel","youtubeButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"youtube"},"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-geographic","linkedinLabel":"natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel","linkedinIcon":"linkedin__v2","linkedinButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"linkedin"},"reddit":"https://www.reddit.com/r/nationalgeographic/s/7yv1etDW6q","redditLabel":"natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel","redditButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"reddit"}}}]},{"placement":"footer","id":"frame10","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"cprt":{"key":"cprt","txt":["Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society","Copyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved"]}}],"cmsType":"CopyrightFrame"}]},"header":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-global-header-frame1","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"header"}},{"placement":"header","id":"natgeo-nav","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":"National Geographic","logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.404255319148936,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}}},"usr":{"key":"usr","links":[{"url":"#oneid-profile","title":"Account Settings"},{"url":"https://w1.buysub.com/servlet/ECareGateway?cds_mag_code=NGM&cds_page_id=226717&cds_misc_1=NGM","title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"/subscribe/link-subscription","title":"Link Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/s/","title":"Help","target":"_blank"},{"url":"#oneid-logout","title":"Log Out"}],"lnk":{"url":"#oneid-login"}},"srch":{"title":null,"icon":null,"href":"/search","key":"srch","shw":true},"rnw":{"key":"rnw","shw":true,"title":"Newsletters","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup"},"sbcrb":{"key":"sbcrb","shw":true,"title":"Subscribe","url":"/subscribe"},"mnu":{"undefined":{"title":"","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"/renew","title":"Renew"}]},"prmMnu":{"key":"prmMnu","title":"Topics","links":[{"url":"/animals","title":"Animals"},{"url":"/environment","title":"Environment"},{"url":"/history","title":"History & Culture"},{"url":"/science","title":"Science"},{"url":"/travel","title":"Travel"}]},"secMnu":{"key":"secMnu","title":"Sites","links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","title":"Watch TV!"},{"url":"/magazine","title":"Read The Magazine"},{"url":"/family","title":"Visit Nat Geo Family"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/","title":"Book A Trip"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","title":"Inspire your Kids"},{"url":"/podcasts/overheard","title":"Listen to Podcasts"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"/impact/","title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","title":"Support Our Mission"}]},"key":"mnu"},"cmsType":"NavModule"}],"cmsType":"NavFrame"},{"id":"e17aa8d2-d11b-4156-88f1-93b2a532cac9","className":"stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}}]},"hub":{"frms":[{"bgImage":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7778,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6669,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3331,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107.jpg"},"focalPoint":{"x":"left","y":"center"},"mods":[{"id":"24af6db7-0404-482e-9013-d498461fdea0","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"cmsType":"BannerHeadingTile","id":"54455ebf-3b24-482b-8c85-b343ad5eaee2","title":"History & Culture"}]}],"orientation":"horizontal","theme":"dark","tint":"medium","cmsType":"EnhancedFrame"},{"mods":[{"id":"d1694f3a-dd91-4431-b973-de6ede9dbbdc","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"7b250bca-989b-4b3c-a371-b6ff3c7186d9","cmsType":"AdTile","pos":"pixel"}]}]},{"cmsType":"FilterFrame","filters":[{"label":"All Stories","moduleIds":["d64a365d-668a-48f3-9077-990b2b44c469","ac2e9c0b-6aba-492f-a03e-9121f3cc5232","a2025aa5-c52c-4c9f-b013-e2e5e47a7378"]},{"label":"Series","moduleIds":["f91f653b-d2d2-40cc-96db-463f041e6132"]}],"mods":[{"tiles":[{"id":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095","cmsType":"RegularImmersivePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_07bdadfd-5593-44f5-8e5b-018ceea6b6b1","description":"Documents and genealogies are helpful resources, but personal memories are invaluable keys to understanding your family history.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/family-story-elder-relatives","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/36b1d513-9854-474c-858a-259fac54bd04/illustration-5.jpg","dsc":"Documents and genealogies are helpful— but personal memories are invaluable.","ttl":"Sharing Family History"},"abstract":"Documents and genealogies are helpful resources, but personal memories are invaluable keys to understanding your family history.","title":"Why your family’s untold stories matter more than you think","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_719c6de0-a3c8-4d18-90e4-d5f35fdc1fd1","description":"From Benjamin Franklin’s turkey thoughts to the first harvest feasts, take this quiz to find out how much you know about Thanksgiving’s fascinating history.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/thanksgiving-history-turkey-quiz","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.0034296913277805,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/065b27e8-9fa1-4f6a-a5ef-0c0aa600acd2/E9XPD4.jpg","dsc":"Nov. 4, 2014 - St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S. - CHERIE DIEZ | Times.In round two of the Taster's Choice tasting of turkeys personal chef Kay Hodnett Bell of St Petersburg cuts a turkey that's been oven-roasted upside down Monday, 11/3/2014 at Kathy Saunders' St. Petersburg home."},"abstract":"From Benjamin Franklin’s turkey thoughts to the first harvest feasts, take this quiz to find out how much you know about Thanksgiving’s fascinating history.","title":"Think you know the real story of Thanksgiving? Ace this quiz.","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_b62df492-84b1-4373-8c76-9779f6adc526","description":"Also known as las Mariposas, the Mirabal sisters are national heroes for their efforts to bring down Rafael Trujillo’s brutal regime.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mirabal-sisters-heroes-dominican-republic","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/85128acf-7dc1-421d-a4a4-8e3f905eba66/EE0A4H.jpg","dsc":"Busts of the three Mirabal sisters stand in front of their house-turned-museum in the Dominican Republic.","ttl":"EE0A4H"},"abstract":"Also known as las Mariposas, the Mirabal sisters are national heroes for their efforts to bring down Rafael Trujillo’s brutal regime.","title":"How three sisters took down a dictator in the Dominican Republic","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_caf99022-0d34-451e-921a-b46a1a5fa62d","description":"Not unlike many of the Renaissance families of Italy, the Borgias were power hungry, corrupt, and self-indulgent. But their bloodline produced two popes—are they worthy of this notorious legacy?","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/pope-alexander-borgia-family-black-legend","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.6463022508038585,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/7d10bbec-fe5c-4ab7-9a12-93bed0b85ad3/borgia5.jpg","dsc":"Surrounded by the elite of Europe, Pope Alexander VI (center), né Rodrigo Borgia, dominates this detail of a 1500 painting by Cola da Orte. Among the men behind him stands his son Cesare and among the women on the right, his daughter Lucrezia.","ttl":"A family business"},"abstract":"Not unlike many of the Renaissance families of Italy, the Borgias were power hungry, corrupt, and self-indulgent. But their bloodline produced two popes—are they worthy of this notorious legacy?","title":"The real history of the Borgia family and their cursed 'black legend'","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"62e8c5b4-c3bb-47f4-ac30-ae5af87d9095_9ca2f7b8-7442-4c0b-b429-7650b99c568b","description":"The holiday, which gets its name from the Latin word for arrival, serves as a countdown to Christmas when Christians honor the birth of Jesus Christ.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/advent-is-a-season-of-candlelight-reflection-and-expectation","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.453513129879347,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/45c297e8-9dec-40a2-a58f-bab57c926bb0/h_27.RTS28BEL.jpg","dsc":"Salisbury Cathedral celebrates the beginning of Advent with a candle-lit service and procession, \"From Darkness to Light\" in Salisbury, Britain, November 30, 2018."},"abstract":"The holiday, which gets its name from the Latin word for arrival, serves as a countdown to Christmas when Christians honor the birth of Jesus Christ.","title":"What is Advent—and why do we mark it with treat-filled calendars?","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]}],"id":"d64a365d-668a-48f3-9077-990b2b44c469","cmsType":"PromoGridModule","enableAds":true,"gridType":"grid","pageInfo":{"endCursor":"NDpSRmxPUVY4d0kwbEVPa1JTVG54a2NtNDZjM0pqT201aGRHZGxienAxYm1semIyNDZPbkJ5YjJRNk9XTmhNbVkzWWpndE56UTBNaTAwWXpCaUxXSTBNamt0TnpZMU1HSTVPV00xTmpoaUkxTlBVbFE2YjNKcFoybHVZV3hRZFdKc2FYTm9aV1JFWVhSbGZERTNNekl6TXpnME9EQXdNREE9","hasNextPage":true},"templateContext":"eyJjb250ZW50VHlwZSI6IlVuaXNvbkh1YiIsInZhcmlhYmxlcyI6eyJsb2NhdG9yIjoiL2hpc3RvcnkiLCJwb3J0Zm9saW8iOiJuYXRnZW8iLCJxdWVyeVR5cGUiOiJMT0NBVE9SIn0sIm1vZHVsZUlkIjpudWxsfQ","pageType":"hub"},{"id":"ac2e9c0b-6aba-492f-a03e-9121f3cc5232","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"9a446b73-c3bf-43a6-a44e-e31ac91e7bd5","cmsType":"AdTile","pos":"interstitialAd"}]},{"tiles":[{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularImmersivePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_69de5716-6228-468a-b31b-10bfcee1fa0b","description":"Paleontologists unearthed the iconic fossil in 1974. Today, her legacy remains just as much cultural as it is scientific.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/lucy-human-evolution-discovery","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5479969765684052,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/c5a99ce7-fd4b-4df4-b210-ca166cdc7218/h_00000202008477.jpg","dsc":"A reconstruction of \"Lucy\" at the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt Museum, Germany.","ttl":"h_00000202008477"},"abstract":"Paleontologists unearthed the iconic fossil in 1974. Today, her legacy remains just as much cultural as it is scientific.","title":"Why Lucy has been the face of human evolution for 50 years","tags":[{"name":"Science","id":"2af51eeb-09a8-3bcf-8467-6b2a08edb76c","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_4aba62cd-7ff6-46d6-899e-a55a979c6bf1","description":"With Gladiator II now in theaters, archaeological discoveries reveal how Hollywood’s warriors compare to history.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/gladiators-truth-movie-myths","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7998046875,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/30a0798e-cc3b-4ab7-b376-6aeb3880a414/NationalGeographic_128658.jpg","dsc":"Roman gladiator's helmet which was used during ceremonial occasions. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy."},"abstract":"With Gladiator II now in theaters, archaeological discoveries reveal how Hollywood’s warriors compare to history.","title":"What Hollywood gets wrong—and right—about Roman gladiators","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_490b6a72-0919-4a9a-a905-8615b7f51307","description":"Several tombs in the necropolises of Egypt depict figures dancing across the walls and playing instruments. But when Egyptologists took a closer look, they were able to piece together how the art form evolved.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/dance-ancient-egyptians","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.1365149833518313,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/d8aefc18-7a6b-4755-beb5-8b550f271254/dancers.jpg","dsc":"Performers in a 17th-dynasty painting from the tomb of the dancers at Dra Abu el Naga are thought to be honoring Hathor."},"abstract":"Several tombs in the necropolises of Egypt depict figures dancing across the walls and playing instruments. But when Egyptologists took a closer look, they were able to piece together how the art form evolved.","title":"For ancient Egyptians, dance was a huge part of daily life","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_a70e6728-2651-4862-b682-cc2079c5412a","description":"Five years after a catastrophic fire, Paris's beloved cathedral will open to great fanfare. Nat Geo got exclusive access to witness how an army of architects and artisans rebuilt the church back to its sacred splendor.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/notre-dame-cathedral-restoration-reopening","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.1906976744186046,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2c179aa0-9c1f-40a6-91ad-bf77b4432405/MM10212_240624_02657.jpg","ttl":"thumbnail"},"abstract":"Five years after a catastrophic fire, Paris's beloved cathedral will open to great fanfare. Nat Geo got exclusive access to witness how an army of architects and artisans rebuilt the church back to its sacred splendor.","title":"Exclusive: Look inside Notre Dame before it reopens its doors","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_b8d5b6a3-5c59-4233-be4b-fdb2c891c902","description":"In \"Gladiator II,\" Denzel Washington plays Macrinus, the namesake of a historical emperor with a thrilling story.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/macrinus-african-roman-emperor","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7216796875,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/f4ca1bae-b1b6-4af7-bac6-59bcced83c3a/BAL_3521700.jpg","dsc":"Bust of Roman Emperor Macrinus"},"abstract":"In \"Gladiator II,\" Denzel Washington plays Macrinus, the namesake of a historical emperor with a thrilling story.","title":"Who was the real Macrinus, Rome’s North African emperor?","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_31982746-c64a-48e3-a0ac-7a3a94854d09","description":"An exhibition at L’ÉCOLE, School of Jewelry Arts, explores the rise and fall of a remarkable trade that briefly made Paris the City of Pearls.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/paid-content-paris-city-of-pearls","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.776914539400666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/b8792674-4859-4ef8-9381-8e6d93823677/Cartier-necklace160.jpg","dsc":"tbc","ttl":"vancleef-arpels-1690"},"abstract":"An exhibition at L’ÉCOLE, School of Jewelry Arts, explores the rise and fall of a remarkable trade that briefly made Paris the City of Pearls.","title":"Paris: City of Pearls","tags":["Paid Content"]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_e08ea7d6-dbae-4779-8f53-3b28e71b9e9c","description":"From Lion’s Mane supplements to mushroom 'leather' shoes, mushrooms are having a moment right now. But the trend isn't new—these 19th-century women were among the world's first fungi fans.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/women-mushroom-mania","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7646484375,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/902b1924-6de9-4af4-831b-6da38fef8c2c/BAL_3057583.jpg","dsc":"Helen Beatrix Potter (28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an English author, illustrator, natural scientist, and conservationist best known for her children's books featuring animals, such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit."},"abstract":"From Lion’s Mane supplements to mushroom 'leather' shoes, mushrooms are having a moment right now. But the trend isn't new—these 19th-century women were among the world's first fungi fans.","title":"These women first made mushrooms a trend—back in the 1800s","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":false,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_7e6cbebb-ddd6-4e08-9300-4140209f9eeb","description":"Ephedra seeds found in an ancient burial pit may be the earliest evidence yet for the medicinal use of plants.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/plant-drug-stone-age-burial-cave-morocco","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/61827e48-21b9-492e-8de0-ce2833c9b6db/F7EC2N.jpg","dsc":"Ephedra fragilis, commonly named the joint pine, is one of 5 types of Ephedra commonly found in Morocco today, and closely resembles the cone bracts found at the Stone Age gravesite in the Grotte des Pigeons.","ttl":"F7EC2N"},"abstract":"Ephedra seeds found in an ancient burial pit may be the earliest evidence yet for the medicinal use of plants.","title":"This cave may reveal how long humans have used plants as drugs","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_9897845f-401d-45a1-a183-1d51970621c2","description":"Stored in a castle in the most guarded corners of Dublin, the jewels were taken from a locked strongbox that wasn’t forced open.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/ireland-crown-jewels-heist-unsolved-mystery","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.8043833824010468,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a20fa92e-33f0-44dc-b99c-781ff0de71c2/OPW%20Dublin%20Castle%204_crop.jpg","dsc":"The 6th Marquess of Londonderry wearing the Irish Crown Jewels, 1889, painting by Sir Thomas Alfred Jones","ttl":"OPW Dublin Castle 4_crop"},"abstract":"Stored in a castle in the most guarded corners of Dublin, the jewels were taken from a locked strongbox that wasn’t forced open.","title":"Will we ever solve the mystery of Ireland’s missing crown jewels?","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99","cmsType":"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile","isPremium":true,"isEntitled":false,"cId":"c79c1e09-bb8b-4d39-b16e-53874b08bd99_ec5ae7e0-e40b-4c14-8ee6-2e270acd960f","description":"Rome experienced some of its greatest economic and cultural dynamism under Nero's rule, and yet he's called everything from a murderous psychopath to a depraved tyrant. Is it time to reexamine this notorious emperor's legacy?","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/emperor-nero-ancient-rome-reputation","text":"natgeo.ctaText.read","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.468100358422939,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/29d28e3c-85cf-4837-832d-80098e68598d/nero10.jpg","dsc":"Accompanied by a pet tiger, Nero stares impassively from his throne over the Roman resort of Baiae, while the volcano Vesuvius smokes ominously in the background. Polish artist Jan Styka’s circa 1900 painting, now in a private collection, reflects Nero’s reputation for cruelty.","ttl":"Smoldering gaze"},"abstract":"Rome experienced some of its greatest economic and cultural dynamism under Nero's rule, and yet he's called everything from a murderous psychopath to a depraved tyrant. Is it time to reexamine this notorious emperor's legacy?","title":"Was Nero really a monster?","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","id":"b0c8dd52-23a8-34c0-a940-f46792bc9e70","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]}],"id":"a2025aa5-c52c-4c9f-b013-e2e5e47a7378","cmsType":"InfiniteFeedModule","enableAds":true,"gridType":"list","layout":"horizontal","pageInfo":{"endCursor":"OTpSRmxPUVY4d0kwbEVPa1JTVG54a2NtNDZjM0pqT201aGRHZGxienAxYm1semIyNDZPbkJ5YjJRNlpXTTFZV1UzWlRBdFpUUXdZaTAwWXpFMExUaGxaVFl0TW1VeU56QmhZMlE1TmpCbUkxTlBVbFE2YjNKcFoybHVZV3hRZFdKc2FYTm9aV1JFWVhSbGZERTNNekUxT1RZME5UZ3lOREU9","hasNextPage":true},"showLoadMore":true,"templateContext":"eyJjb250ZW50VHlwZSI6IlVuaXNvbkh1YiIsInZhcmlhYmxlcyI6eyJsb2NhdG9yIjoiL2hpc3RvcnkiLCJwb3J0Zm9saW8iOiJuYXRnZW8iLCJxdWVyeVR5cGUiOiJMT0NBVE9SIn0sIm1vZHVsZUlkIjpudWxsfQ","pageType":"hub"},{"tiles":[{"id":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758","cmsType":"SeriesTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758_a1061adb-a74c-4e97-bdd0-63e794eb64cb","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine","text":"natgeo.ctaText.seeMore","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":2.12668743509865,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/a34f140c-9439-457d-b851-d5dcee195a77/history-mag-hub-2a8g07k.jpg","dsc":"The frescoes of Villa dei Misteri (Villa of the Mysteries), an ancient Roman villa at Pompeii ancient city, Italy","ttl":"history-mag-hub-2a8g07k"},"title":"National Geographic History Magazine","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758","cmsType":"SeriesTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758_46dbff00-1e35-4321-8eb7-32cd04c9e06b","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/topic/black-history-month","text":"natgeo.ctaText.seeMore","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.244984802431611,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2dae5611-ed6d-4efe-9066-81c0cf6e11ca/mm9407_200620_518-use.jpg"},"title":"Explore Black history in America","tags":[{"name":"History & Culture","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},{"id":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758","cmsType":"SeriesTile","isEntitled":false,"cId":"0c0a891b-2932-42ee-a316-88ae6d08a758_0e8574e8-a12f-4125-8de1-573a56784ba3","description":"The Out of Eden Walk is writer and National Geographic Fellow Paul Salopek’s multiyear, 21,000-mile storytelling odyssey across the globe in the footsteps of our ancestors.","ctas":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topic/out-of-eden","text":"natgeo.ctaText.seeMore","icon":"article"}],"img":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":1.5003663003663004,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary.jpg"},{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_16x9.jpg"},{"nm":"3x2","aspRto":1.5,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_3x2.jpg"},{"nm":"square","aspRto":1,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_square.jpg"},{"nm":"2x3","aspRto":0.6666666666666666,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_2x3.jpg"},{"nm":"3x4","aspRto":0.75,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_3x4.jpg"},{"nm":"4x3","aspRto":1.3333333333333333,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_4x3.jpg"},{"nm":"2x1","aspRto":2,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary_2x1.jpg"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary.jpg","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/0f189d5b-5661-4d94-a7c5-f27244cf77c0/01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary.jpg","dsc":"ETHIOPIA - Paul Salopek and an Afar guide walking into the desert, continuing day 19 of Out of Eden walk in the Afar region of Northeast Ethiopia.","ttl":"01-paul-salopek-eden-anniversary"},"abstract":"The Out of Eden Walk is writer and National Geographic Fellow Paul Salopek’s multiyear, 21,000-mile storytelling odyssey across the globe in the footsteps of our ancestors.","title":"Out of Eden Walk","tags":[{"name":"Culture","type":"sources","uri":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]}],"id":"f91f653b-d2d2-40cc-96db-463f041e6132","cmsType":"PromoGridModule","enableAds":true,"gridType":"grid","pageInfo":{"endCursor":"MjpUVUZPVlVGTVh6QWpaSEp1T25OeVl6cHVZWFJuWlc4NmRXNXBjMjl1T2pwd2NtOWtPakJsT0RVM05HVTRMV0V4TW1ZdE5ERXlOUzA0WkdVeExUVTNNMkUxTmpjNE5HSmhNdz09"},"smallFirstPromo":true,"templateContext":"eyJjb250ZW50VHlwZSI6IlVuaXNvbkh1YiIsInZhcmlhYmxlcyI6eyJsb2NhdG9yIjoiL2hpc3RvcnkiLCJwb3J0Zm9saW8iOiJuYXRnZW8iLCJxdWVyeVR5cGUiOiJMT0NBVE9SIn0sIm1vZHVsZUlkIjpudWxsfQ","pageType":"hub"}]},{"mods":[{"id":"79fe2c16-7f2b-4d07-a562-989e6fa506fa","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"20c5dbd7-c275-4d29-8b14-f053f055b715","cmsType":"AdTile","pos":"interstitialAd","uniquePos":"interstitialAd2"}]}],"theme":"grey"},{"mods":[{"id":"d0bfcc7d-b268-4eb0-936c-d3d3b1dc3056","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"f688b842-08b3-40a9-8f05-6028398ea10d","cmsType":"EmailInlineTile","title":"THE BEST OF NAT GEO HISTORY DELIVERED TO YOUR INBOX","backgroundImage":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1d3f251e-99b6-49fa-b423-70c9346e04f2/MM9297_201003_12603.jpg","errorMessage":"Please enter a valid email address","mrktngMeta":{"afnty":"History","cpgnCd":"20220201_GLOBAL_inline_email_history_hub","cntxt":"NATGEOCONSUMERWEB"},"campaignName":"History_NL_LOB_FOB","placeholder":"Enter your email","subtitle":"Explore the past and our place in the modern world, plus updates from National Geographic and The Walt Disney Family of Companies.","success":{"header":"Thank you!"},"submitButton":"SIGN UP"}]}]}],"meta":{"cnnicl":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history","dsc":"Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era.","id":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:93c1ddc3-90cc-4c4c-a67c-c47187f7b094","ttl":"History & Culture","sclDsc":"Explore the latest discoveries in history and archaeology from the ancient world to the modern era.","sclImg":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/aba6639a-3485-44d4-af95-76e3eb376a29/history_hub-nationalgeographic_603107_16x9.jpg?w=1200","sclImgHgt":675,"sclImgWdth":1200,"sclTtl":"History & Culture","adKvps":{"objid":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:93c1ddc3-90cc-4c4c-a67c-c47187f7b094","tag":"historyhome"},"pgTxnmy":{"audiences":["General"],"sources":["History & Culture"]},"hreflngs":[{"lcl":"en-us","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history"}]},"flags":{"hideSource":true,"hideSeries":true,"hideGenre":true,"hideDek":true},"prtfloFlgs":{"hideSharing":false,"hideSource":false},"config":{"logoIcon":"ng-border","numLines":3,"type":"default","IMAGE_CONFIGS":{"default":[{"cropName":"raw","width":374,"screenWidth":374,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":413,"screenWidth":413,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":718}],"featureImg":[{"cropName":"2x3","width":374,"screenWidth":374},{"cropName":"2x3","width":413,"screenWidth":413},{"cropName":"2x3","width":767,"screenWidth":767},{"cropName":"3x2","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024},{"cropName":"2x1","width":1260,"screenWidth":1260},{"cropName":"2x1","width":1440}],"frameBackground":[{"cropName":"3x2","width":374,"screenWidth":374},{"cropName":"3x2","width":413,"screenWidth":413},{"cropName":"3x2","width":767,"screenWidth":767},{"cropName":"3x2","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024},{"cropName":"3x2","width":1440}],"immersiveLdBg":{"img":[{"cropName":"raw","width":374,"screenWidth":374,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":413,"screenWidth":413,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":767,"screenWidth":767,"aspectRatio":1.499267935578331},{"cropName":"raw","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1260,"screenWidth":1440,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1440}],"default":[{"cropName":"raw","width":374,"screenWidth":374,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":413,"screenWidth":413,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":767,"screenWidth":767,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1260,"screenWidth":1440,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1440,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269}]},"large":[{"cropName":"raw","width":374,"screenWidth":374,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":413,"screenWidth":413,"aspectRatio":1.5},{"cropName":"raw","width":767,"screenWidth":767,"aspectRatio":1.499267935578331},{"cropName":"raw","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1260,"screenWidth":1440,"aspectRatio":0.6579683131407269},{"cropName":"raw","width":1440,"aspectRatio":1.499267935578331}],"spnsrBanner":[{"cropName":"raw","height":32}],"RegularStandardPrismTile":{"aspectRatio":1,"cropName":"square","width":195},"undefined":[{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":310,"screenWidth":413},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":636,"screenWidth":768},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":310}],"promoTile":{"aspectRatio":1,"cropName":"square","width":195},"infiniteTile":[{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":195,"screenWidth":685},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":310}],"tileStack":{"aspectRatio":0.75,"cropName":"3x4","width":400},"SeriesTile":{"aspectRatio":0.6666666666666666,"cropName":"2x3","width":400},"featContent":{"aspectRatio":0.6666666666666666,"cropName":"2x3","width":400},"RegularImmersivePrismTile":[{"aspectRatio":0.75,"cropName":"3x4","width":730,"screenWidth":480},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":718}],"RegularEdgeToEdgePrismTile":[{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":310,"screenWidth":413},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":636,"screenWidth":768},{"aspectRatio":1.3333333333333333,"cropName":"4x3","width":310}],"fllWdthRaw":[{"cropName":"raw","width":374,"screenWidth":374},{"cropName":"raw","width":413,"screenWidth":413},{"cropName":"raw","width":767,"screenWidth":767},{"cropName":"raw","width":1024,"screenWidth":1024},{"cropName":"raw","width":1260,"screenWidth":1260},{"cropName":"raw","width":1440}],"playlist":{"player":[{"cropName":"16x9","width":374,"screenWidth":374},{"cropName":"16x9","width":413,"screenWidth":413},{"cropName":"16x9","width":718}],"tile":[{"cropName":"raw","width":220,"screenWidth":767},{"cropName":"raw","width":300,"screenWidth":1119},{"cropName":"raw","width":195}]},"video":{"default":[{"cropName":"16x9","width":374,"screenWidth":374},{"cropName":"16x9","width":413,"screenWidth":413},{"cropName":"16x9","width":718,"screenWidth":767},{"cropName":"16x9","width":718,"screenWidth":1024},{"cropName":"16x9","width":1280}]}},"themes":{"byTagId":{"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7":"dark","9af83c1e-1fdc-3710-b252-c42eedb1b7c1":"dark"},"styleByTagId":{"9e8034f6-2e16-3b86-998b-56f8ff9dffb7":"framed","9af83c1e-1fdc-3710-b252-c42eedb1b7c1":"framed"}},"deeplink":{"playlist":{"scrollTo":true,"updateURL":true}}}}},"ads":{"kvps":[{"name":"pgtyp","value":"hub"},{"name":"ed","value":"us"},{"name":"lang","value":"en"},{"name":"objid","value":"drn:src:natgeo:unison::prod:93c1ddc3-90cc-4c4c-a67c-c47187f7b094"},{"name":"tag","value":"historyhome"}]},"analytics":{"page_type":"hub","page_url":"www.nationalgeographic.com/history","userab_cookie":"0","page_taxonomy":{"srcs":"History & Culture","auds":"General"}}},"request":{"headers":{},"httpVersion":"1.1","method":"GET","url":"/history","vary":{"cached":true,"device":"pc","host":"www.nationalgeographic.com","path":"/history","forwarded-proto":"https","country":"hk","edition":"natgeo-en-us","edition-view":"natgeo-en-us","loggedin":"false","userab":"0"}},"viewport":{"width":1260,"height":0},"user":{}};</script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/hub-a4f3e2a4.js" defer></script> </body> </html>