CINXE.COM
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"lang="en"> <head> <!-- NATGEO | b3cd43d597e3 | 3796 | f76c83dbe62914fe5ac9b6d66e0d0d4dd85c4ee1 | www.nationalgeographic.com | Sat, 23 Nov 2024 23:35:54 GMT --> <meta charSet="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <script src="https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js" async></script> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/newslettersignup-91bbd459.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href=""/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/mask-icon.svg" color="#FFCC00"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon.ico"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="32x32" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/icons/favicon-180x180.png"/> <script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1515-419a2a7f.js" defer></script> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" as="script" /><link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" as="script" /> <link rel="prefetch" href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/newslettersignup-c22e53e7.js" as="script" /> <title data-react-helmet="true">Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" name="title" content="Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="medium" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content=""/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:width" content="1900"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image:height" content="997"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="referrer" content="origin"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:audiences" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:concepts" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:events" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:firstSubject" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:genres" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:locations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:organizations" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:otherSubjects" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:people" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:series" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="tax:source" content/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:site" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:title" content="Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:description" content="Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:url" content=""/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/default.NG.logo.dark.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@NatGeo"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:image:alt" content="Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="418671597"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.natgeomobile.ngmagazine"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="National Geographic"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/natgeo"/> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/340714530193d9627afecb7a2bab115079ee90db012cba398ac76b3339880fdc"></script> <script data-nr-type="legacy" data-nr-pct="100">(() => {function gc(n){n=document.cookie.match("(^|;) ?"+n+"=([^;]*)(;|$)");return n?n[2]:null}function sc(n){document.cookie=n}function smpl(n){n/=100;return!!n&&Math.random()<=n}var _nr=!1,_nrCookie=gc("_nr");null!==_nrCookie?"1"===_nrCookie&&(_nr=!0):smpl(100)?(_nr=!0,sc("_nr=1; path=/")):(_nr=!1,sc("_nr=0; path=/"));_nr && (() => {;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};;NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"5985ced6ff","applicationID":"703643455"};__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(31),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),S=t(15),P=t(10),M=t("ee"),C=M.get("tracer"),N=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),P.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),P.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),S.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),C.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),P.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(P,"new-jsonp"),a(P,"jsonp-end"),a(P,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,N(!0)),w[v]("load",i,N(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},N(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(32),a=t(31);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*).([^.]+)/,l=/^(w+)(.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(31),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(28),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);return e.protocol&&"data"===e.protocol?void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded"):void(e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this)))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=t(25).recordSupportability,y=NREUM.o.REQ,x=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof x&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;if("string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof y?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n),"data"!==this.params.protocol){var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof y&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){if(this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),"data"===this.params.protocol)return void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded");this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];if(0===(t||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(31),s=t(32),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/s](d+.d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(33);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?l("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&l("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(f&&f<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=a({});i&&o.push(i),l("lcp",o)}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||l("cls",[t])})}function a(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t}function s(t){if(t instanceof w&&!y){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};a(n),e<=h.now()?n.fid=h.now()-e:e>h.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=h.offset,n.fid=h.now()-e):e=h.now(),y=!0,l("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function c(t){"hidden"===t&&(f=h.now(),l("pageHide",[f]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,d,p,l=t("handle"),h=t("loader"),m=t(30),v=t(23),w=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){u=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(g){}d=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{d.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(g){}p=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{p.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(g){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var y=!1,x=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];x.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,s,v(!1))})}m(c)}},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(t)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(31),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!T++){var t=O.info=NREUM.info,e=m.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(E,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+O.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=m.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=l+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===m.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+O.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(31),f=t("ee"),u=t(29),d=t(21),p=t(23),l=d.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",h=window,m=h.document,v="addEventListener",w="attachEvent",g=h.XMLHttpRequest,y=g&&g.prototype,x=!1;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:h.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:h.Request,EV:h.Event,PR:h.Promise,MO:h.MutationObserver};var b=""+location,E={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1216.min.js"},R=g&&y&&y[v]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),O=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:b,features:{},xhrWrappable:R,userAgent:u,disabled:x};if(!x){t(20),t(27),m[v]?(m[v]("DOMContentLoaded",i,p(!1)),h[v]("load",r,p(!1))):(m[w]("onreadystatechange",o),h[w]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var T=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(32),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]);;NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","sa":1,"licenseKey":"8d01ff17d1","applicationID":"415461361"}})();})();</script> <link href="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com" rel="preconnect" /> </head> <body> <div id="natgeo"><div id="fitt-analytics"><div></div><div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalNav"><div class="StickyBar"><div class="StickyBar--sticky"><nav class="NavBar"><div class="NavBar__Left__Container"><div class="NavBar__Logo__Container"><div data-track-event_name="natgeo logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic" href="/"><picture><source srcSet="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&h=32, https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=218&h=64 2x"/><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo NavBar__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png?w=109&h=32"/></picture></a></div></div></div><button aria-label="Skip to content" class="Button--unstyled SkipNav" tabindex="0">Skip to content</button><div class="NavBar__Spacer"></div><ul class="NavBar__List" role="presentation"><li class="NavBar__List--item"></li><li class="NavBar__List--item "><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="search" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--search" tabindex="0" aria-label="Search" href="/search"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="NavBar__list--searchIcon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__search"></use></svg></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item NavBar__List--renew"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="newsletters" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink NavBar__List--link" tabindex="0" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup">Newsletters</a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div data-track-event_name="global nav interaction" data-track-nav_item="subscribe" data-track-nav_type="default" data-track-nav_layer="top nav" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink Button Button--anchorLink Button--default FillButton FillButton--link FillButton--secondary FillButton--large" tabindex="0" href="/subscribe" title="Subscribe"><span class="fillOne"></span><span class="fillTwo"></span><span class="content"><span>Subscribe</span></span></a></div></li><li class="NavBar__List--item"><div class="MenuModal NavBar__Menu--item"><button aria-label="Menu" aria-expanded="false" class="Button Button--default Button--icon MenuModal__MenuButton NavBar__Menu--item" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__double-chevron__down"></use></svg>Menu</button></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom"></div><div class="bp-mobileMDPlus bp-mobileLGPlus bp-tabletPlus bp-desktopPlus bp-desktopLGPlus" data-fitt-page-type="newslettersignup"><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="PageLayout page-container cf PageLayout--desktopLg PageLayout--newslettersignup fitt-fade-in"><div class="PageLayout__Main" role="main" tabindex="-1"><div><div id="natgeo-newsletter-signup-frame1-module1" class="StackModule"><div><div class="NewsletterSignup__Base"><div class="NewsletterSignup__Wrapper"><h1 class="NewsletterSignup__Title">Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters</h1><div class="NewsletterSignup__Cards-Wrap"><div class="StackModule"><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Nat Geo Top Picks" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Nat Geo Top Picks</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Let Nat Geo curate emails for you. Get our top stories and images from around the world. Also get special offers and other updates from National Geographic and the Walt Disney Family of Companies.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Nat Geo Top Picks Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Photography" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Photography</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Don鈥檛 miss our award-winning photography, videos, photo tips, behind the scenes action, and stories from the field.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Photography Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Family" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Family</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Get stories that inspire you and your family to explore, learn, and find more ways to have fun together.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Family Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Health" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Health</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Get the stories that affect your life and your health鈥攆rom the latest medical breakthroughs, to environmental health concerns, to finding calm in a chaotic world.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Health Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="History" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">History</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Get the big story of the day, and explore the past and our place in the modern world.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, History Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Science" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Science</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Get the big story of the day, and gain a deeper appreciation of the immense universe and our fragile planet.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Science Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="The Compass" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">The Compass</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Deep dive into the culture, wildlife, and attractions of unique destinations.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, The Compass Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html">See a Sample</a></div></div><div class="CheckCard__Base CheckCard--international"><figure class="Image aspect-ratio--parent CheckCard__Image"><div class="RatioFrame aspect-ratio--16x9"></div><div class="Image__Wrapper aspect-ratio--child"><img alt="Travel" class="" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></div></figure><div class="CheckCard__Wrapper"><div class="CheckCard__Title">Travel</div><div class="CheckCard__Caption"></div><div class="CheckCard__Description">Get travel news and tips plus helpful info on destinations and gear for dreamers and doers alike.</div></div><button aria-label="Newsletter Sign Up" class="Button Button--default CheckCard__Button" tabindex="0">Sign Up</button><div class="CheckCard__Link"><a class="AnchorLink CheckCard__LinkAnchor" tabindex="0" aria-label="See a Sample, Travel Newsletter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html">See a Sample</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1" class="StackModule"><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter"><div class="GlobalFooter__Wrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu GlobalFooter__Container"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Legal">Legal</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Terms of Use" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Your US State Privacy Rights" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/">Your US State Privacy Rights</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Children's Online Privacy Policy" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/">Children's Online Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Interest-Based Ads" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&aid=natgeo01&type=natgeo">Interest-Based Ads</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="About Nielsen Measurement" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy">About Nielsen Measurement</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link ot-sdk-show-settings" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/">Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Our Sites">Our Sites</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Nat Geo Home" href="/">Nat Geo Home</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Attend a Live Event" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/">Attend a Live Event</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Book a Trip" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer">Book a Trip</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Buy Maps" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.natgeomaps.com">Buy Maps</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Inspire Your Kids" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com">Inspire Your Kids</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Shop Nat Geo" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/">Shop Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Visit the D.C. Museum" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/">Visit the D.C. Museum</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Watch TV" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/">Watch TV</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Learn About Our Impact" href="/impact">Learn About Our Impact</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Support Our Mission" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/">Support Our Mission</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Masthead" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead">Masthead</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Press Room" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/">Press Room</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Advertise With Us" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/">Advertise With Us</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List"><div><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Join Us">Join Us</h4><ul role="presentation"><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Subscribe" href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Customer Service" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://help.nationalgeographic.com/">Customer Service</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Renew Subscription" href="/renew">Renew Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Manage Your Subscription" target="_self" rel="noopener" href="https://ngmservice.com">Manage Your Subscription</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Work at Nat Geo" target="_self" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers">Work at Nat Geo</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Sign Up for Our Newsletters" target="_blank" href="/newsletters/signup?gblftr">Sign Up for Our Newsletters</a></li><li class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item"><a class="AnchorLink GlobalFooter__Menu__List__Item--link" tabindex="0" data-track-event_name="Contribute to Protect the Planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd">Contribute to Protect the Planet</a></li></ul></div></div><div class=" GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer"><div class="GlobalFooter__Menu__ConstantContainer--share"><h4 class="GlobalFooter__Menu__List--title" aria-label="Follow us">Follow us</h4><section class="Share flex flex-no-wrap"><button aria-label="National Geographic Instagram" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--instagram__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__instagram__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Instagram</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Facebook" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--facebook__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__facebook__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Facebook</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Twitter" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--x__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__x__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Twitter</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Youtube" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--youtube" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__youtube"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Youtube</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Linkedin" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--linkedin__v2" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__linkedin__v2"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Linkedin</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Tiktok" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--tiktok" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__tiktok"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Tiktok</span></button><button aria-label="National Geographic Reddit" class="Button Button--default Button--icon-noLabel Share__Item Share__Item--reddit" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="Share__Icon icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__social__reddit"></use></svg><span class="Share__Text">National Geographic Reddit</span></button></section></div><div class="CountryModal"><div data-track-event_name="United States (Change)" class="fitt-tracker"><button aria-label="United States - Current Market" aria-expanded="false" class="Button--unstyled CountryModal__Button" tabindex="0"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="CountryModal__Button--flag icon__svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><use xlink:href="#icon__flag__united-states"></use></svg><span>United States (Change)</span></button></div></div></div></div><hr class="GlobalFooter--hr"/></div></div></div><div class="ResponsiveWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__CopyrightWrapper"><div class="GlobalFooter__Container GlobalFooter__Copyright"><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--logoContainer"><div data-track-event_name="National Geographic Logo" class="fitt-tracker"><a class="AnchorLink" tabindex="0" title="National Geographic Logo" href="/"><img alt="National Geographic Logo - Home" class="Image Logo GlobalFooter__Copyright__Logo Logo__lg" data-mptype="image" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7"/></a></div></div><div class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--textContainer"><p class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--text"><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright 漏 1996-2015 National Geographic Society</span><span class="GlobalFooter__Copyright__Item--line">Copyright 漏 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <script>window['__CONFIG__']={"uid":"natgeo","strictMode":false,"mode":"universal","logLevel":"info","logOutput":"json","tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://nexus.ensighten.com/TWDC-DTCI/dev/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true},"allowMocks":true,"globalVar":"__natgeo__","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","buildHash":false,"http":{"timeout":{"client":10000}},"apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","mockDataPort":1981,"host":"localhost","basename":"","collateXhr":{}};window['__natgeo__']={"app":{"uid":"natgeo","mode":"universal","apiEnv":"production","envName":"prod","cdnPath":"//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client","collateXhr":{},"allowMocks":true,"mockDataPort":1981,"excludePageCSS":false,"assets":{"chunks":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/runtime-8349f61a.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/8202-236416f1.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/9479-e4570a09.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/1515-419a2a7f.js"],"entries":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/newslettersignup-c22e53e7.js"],"css":["//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/fusion-59015cb9.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/8202-e4f72c35.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/natgeo-762fa9a3.css","//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/css/newslettersignup-91bbd459.css"]},"device":"desktop","modifier":"","edition":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","config":{"dateTime":{"long":"dddd MMMM D, yyyy","medium":"MMMM D, yyyy","short":"M/D","timeFormat":"h:mm","firstDayOfWeek":"Sunday","timeZone":"US/Eastern","timeZoneBucket":"America/New_York","defaultFormat":"MMM D, yyyy","timeZoneString":"ET","ddd, M/D":"ddd, M/D","MMM D":"MMM D","age":{"seconds":"s","minutes":"m","hours":"h","days":"d"}},"numberFormat":{"long":"#,###","short":"###","currency":"#,###.00","percent":"#.00%"},"temperature":{"scale":"fahrenheit","symbol":"° F"},"analytics":{},"ads":{},"meta":{"titleBranding":"natgeo.meta.title.branding","description":"natgeo.meta.description","schema":{"name":""},"defaultMetaImage":"","social":{"twitter":{"twitterId":"@NatGeo","card":"summary","site":"@NatGeo","language":"en"},"facebook":{"og_site_name":"National Geographic","og_type":"website","locale":"en_US"}}},"appDetails":{"ios":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""},"android":{"id":"","name":"","deepLinkUrl":"","deepLinkUrlScheme":""}},"videoAutoStart":{"index":false},"activeSite":true,"countries":[{"name":"United States","country-code":"us"}],"oneId":{"clientId":"DTCI-NATGEO.CONSUMER.WEB","responderPage":"/responder_v4","responderPageStg":"/stg/responder_v4","loginReload":"off","optionalConfigs":{"reporting":{"context":"NATGEOCONSUMERWEB","source":"NATGEO_CONSUMER_WEB"}}},"editionSettings":{"key":"natgeo-en-us","site":"natgeo","language":"en","country":"us","domain":"www.nationalgeographic.com","editionSiteId":"1","https":false,"showPremVideoAds":true,"pccApiKey":"11mxera6h5cl7174b5nrs17ytr"},"javaLocale":{"language":"en","region":"US"}},"translations":{"alertBanner.closeButtonAriaLabel":"Close ${position} alert banner","ambientVideo.aria.labelWithTitle":"Silent Video for ${title}","ambientVideo.aria.label":"Silent Video ${counter}","article.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"Share on Facebook","article.facebookShare.label":"Share","article.meterText":"You have <span>${count} free articles</span> left this month.","article.meterText.fallback":"You're almost out of free articles this month","article.lastFreeArticleText":"This is your last free article this month.","article.minuteRead":"${minRead} min read","Audio":"Audio","audio.and":"and","audio.aria.label":"Audio Player","audio.elapsedOutOf":"elapsed out of","audio.hour":"hour","audio.hours":"hours","audio.min":"minute","audio.mins":"minutes","audio.muted":"Audio muted. Unmute","audio.pausingContent":"Pausing content. ${elapsedTime}. Play","audio.play":"Play","audio.playingContent":"Playing content. Pause","audio.position":"Audio position","audio.sec":"second","audio.secs":"seconds","audio.skipBackwards":"Skip Backward ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.skipForwards":"Skip Forwards ${skipTime} Seconds","audio.sliderDetails":"Use the left or right arrow keys to decrease or increase the slider value.","audio.unmuted":"Audio Unmuted. Mute","Average Life Span In The Wild":"Average Life Span In The Wild","axolotl image":"Axolotl image","Clear search bar":"Clear search bar","Click to Search Button":"Click to Search Button","Close Description Modal":"Close Description Modal","Common Name":"Common Name","common.search":"Search","common.changeText":"Change","Current population trend":"Current population trend","Diet":"Diet","Extinct":"Extinct","fastfacts.logo.altText":"${logoName} Logo","Gallery":"Gallery","Headlines":"Headlines","Image":"Image","Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations":"Learn more about IUCN Threatened Species Designations","Least Concern":"Least Concern","login":"Login","media.playIcon.ariaLabel":"play","menumodal.close":"Close Menu","natgeo.article.datePublishedLabel":"Published","natgeo.contentGating.slider.downarrow.aria":"Collapse","natgeo.contentGating.slider.uparrow.aria":"Expand","natgeo.ctaText.explore":"Explore","natgeo.ctaText.learnMore":"Learn More","natgeo.ctaText.play":"Play","natgeo.ctaText.read":"Read","natgeo.ctaText.seeGuide":"See Guide","natgeo.ctaText.seeMore":"See More","natgeo.ctaText.seePhotos":"See Photos","natgeo.ctaText.watch":"Watch","natgeo.error.heading":"Something went wrong","natgeo.error.text":"Please try again or <a href=\"/\">return home</a>.","natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Facebook","natgeo.fastfacts.averageLifeSpan":"Average Life Span","natgeo.fastfacts.common":"Common Name","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.decreasing":"Decreasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.increasing":"Increasing","natgeo.fastfacts.currentPopulation.stable":"Stable","natgeo.fastfacts.diet":"Diet","natgeo.fastfacts.groupName":"Group Name","natgeo.fastfacts.details":"Details","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.captivity.title":"Average Life Span In Captivity","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.avg.desc":"${low} to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.high.desc":"Up to ${high} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.median.desc":"${median} years","natgeo.fastfacts.lifespan.wild.title":"Average Life Span In The Wild","natgeo.fastfacts.scientific":"Scientific Name","natgeo.fastfacts.size":"Size","natgeo.fastfacts.type":"Type","natgeo.fastfacts.weight":"Weight","natgeo.home.title":"home (en)","natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Instagram","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.alt":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.homelink.target":"National Geographic logo - Home","natgeo.leadslide.downarrow.aria":"Scroll to next slide","natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Linkedin","natgeo.logo.alt":"National Geographic Logo","natgeo.logo.alt.kids":"National Geographic Kids Logo","natgeo.logo.title.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.mediaspotlight.description":"Media Spotlight pagetype description.","natgeo.mediaspotlight.title":"Nat Geo Photo of the Day","natgeo.meta.description.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.description":"Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.","natgeo.meta.title.branding.kids":"National Geographic Kids","natgeo.meta.title.branding":"National Geographic","natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Reddit","natgeo.search.aria.nav":"Search Pages","natgeo.search.aria.next":"Next Page","natgeo.search.aria.pageLink":"Page ${page}","natgeo.search.aria.previous":"Previous Page","natgeo.search.enter":"Enter","natgeo.search.next":"Next","natgeo.search.noResults.found.kids":"Sorry, we couldn't find any results for that search. Try one of these pages!","natgeo.search.noResults.found":"No results found.","natgeo.search.popularSearches":"Popular Searches","natgeo.search.previous":"Previous","natgeo.search.suggested.didYouMean":"Did you mean","natgeo.search.suggested.searchInstead":"Search instead for","natgeo.search.suggested.showingFor":"Showing results for","natgeo.signin.copy":"Sign in with your email","natgeo.signin.title":"Sign In to National Geographic","natgeo.snapchatShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Snapchat","natgeo.sponsorBanner.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Banner","natgeo.sponsorNote.ariaLabel":"Sponsor Note","natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Tiktok","natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Twitter","natgeo.video.nowPlaying":"Now Playing","natgeo.video.readMore":"Read More","natgeo.video.upNext":"Up Next","natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel":"National Geographic Youtube","or":"or","paywall.already.subscriber":"Already a Subscriber?","paywall.link.subscription":"subscription is linked","paywall.family.link.subscription":"Link your subscription","paywall.family.subscribers":"Already a Nat Geo Premium Subscriber?","paywall.magazine.subscribers":"Already signed in? Check that your","paywall.meter.collapse":"Collapse subscribe message","paywall.meter.expand":"Expand subscribe message","paywall.signin":"Sign In","promoTile.videoStory":"Video Story","Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.":"Error: Please enter a valid e-mail address.","Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.":"Please select at least one newsletter and click Sign Up.","Read Description":"Read Description","Scientific Name":"Scientific Name","Sign Up":"Sign Up","Size":"Size","Sponsor Content":"Sponsor Content","Table":"Table","trips":"trips","Type":"Type","UCN red list status":"UCN red list status","Video":"Video","video.title":"Video Player","Weight":"Weight","Close Fast Facts Modal":"Close Fast Facts Modal","Close Search Modal":"Close Search Modal","Close User Modal":"Close User Modal","Close":"Close"}},"flags":{"ftr":true,"hdr":true,"prxy":false,"mktg":true},"tms":{"enabled":true,"env":"dev","tag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","tagNS":"Boostrapper","emitEvent":"tms:ready","loadScript":false,"loadAsync":true,"frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"oneIdEnv":"prod","userAB":"0","featureGating":{"ensighten":{"enabled":true,"ns":"Boostrapper","scriptTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/prod/Bootstrap.js","frameTag":"https://dcf.espn.com/TWDC-DTCI/embed_privacy_prod/Bootstrap.js"},"adConfig":{"enabled":true,"insertedAdLimit":null,"insertedAdSpacing":900,"pzn":{"mode":"ltd","extra":true},"refreshInterval":30},"contentExclusions":{"disable":false},"sponsoredContent":{"enabled":true},"uvpUpgrade":{"enabled":false},"intrctvSlctrs":{"fullPage":{"key":"fullPage","value":"div:not(#natgeo)"},"markup":[{"key":"class=\"leaflet-container ","value":"div#map"}],"spredfast":{"key":"spredfast","value":"iframe"}},"intrctvAllowedSrcs":{"facebook":{"src":["//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js","//facebook.com/plugins/","//facebook.com/video/embed?video_id=","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.facebook.com/plugins/","//www.facebook.com/video/embed?video_id="]},"fullPage":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"game":{"src":["//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//www.nationalgeographic.com/","//cdn1.edgedatg.com/"]},"iHeartRadio":{"src":["//iheart.com/podcast/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//www.iheart.com/podcast/"]},"instagram":{"src":["//instagram.com/p/","//instagram.com/embed.js","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js","//www.instagram.com/embed.js"]},"markup":{"href":["//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"],"src":["//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/","//api.tiles.mapbox.com/mapbox-gl-js/","//assets.documentcloud.org/viewer/loader.js","//d3js.org/d3","//fonts.ngeo.com/","//images.nationalgeographic.com/","//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//nationalgeographic.com/","//news.nationalgeographic.com/","//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/","//platform.vine.co/static/scripts/embed.js","//s3.amazonaws.com/ng-plastic-prod","//www.nationalgeographic.com/"]},"soundCloud":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//soundcloud.com/","//w.soundcloud.com/"]},"source":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"spredfast":{"href":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"],"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/"]},"twitter":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//platform.twitter.com/","//twitter.com/","//www.twitter.com/"]},"vimeo":{"src":["//interactives.natgeofe.com/","//player.vimeo.com/","//vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=","//www.vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id="]}}},"debug":{"on":false},"baseURL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com","webpack":{}},"ads":{},"analytics":{},"routing":{"location":{"pathname":"/newsletters/signup","port":"","hash":"","path":"/newsletters/signup","host":"","protocol":"","params":"","query":{}},"params":{"pageType":"newslettersignup"}},"page":{"key":"","title":"","type":"newslettersignup","meta":{"description":"Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox","ogMetadata":{"type":"website","sclDsc":"Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox","sclTtl":"Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters","sctn":{},"twtHndl":"@NatGeo"},"title":"Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters","section":"","subSection":"","section3":"","section4":"","pageName":"natgeo:newslettersignup"},"content":{"footer":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-marketing-inline-email-footer-frame1","placement":"footer","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}},{"placement":"footer","logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"id":"natgeo-footer","cmsType":"FooterFrame","mods":[{"mnu":[{"title":"Legal","links":[{"url":"https://disneytermsofuse.com/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Terms of Use"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/","isExternal":null,"title":"Privacy Policy"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/current-privacy-policy/your-us-state-privacy-rights/","isExternal":null,"title":"Your US State Privacy Rights"},{"url":"https://disneyprivacycenter.com/kids-privacy-policy/english/","isExternal":null,"title":"Children's Online Privacy Policy"},{"url":"http://preferences-mgr.trustarc.com/?pid=disney01&aid=natgeo01&type=natgeo","isExternal":null,"title":"Interest-Based Ads"},{"url":"http://www.nielsen.com/digitalprivacy","isExternal":null,"title":"About Nielsen Measurement"},{"url":"https://privacy.thewaltdisneycompany.com/en/dnssmpi/","isExternal":null,"title":"Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information","style":"ot-sdk-show-settings"}]},{"title":"Our Sites","links":[{"url":"/","isExternal":null,"title":"Nat Geo Home"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/?cmpid=int_org=ngp::int_mc=website::int_src=ngp::int_cmp=exp_hp::int_add=ngpexp201904-book-footer","isExternal":null,"title":"Book a Trip"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomaps.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Buy Maps"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","isExternal":null,"title":"Inspire Your Kids"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/events/","isExternal":null,"title":"Visit the D.C. Museum"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","isExternal":null,"title":"Watch TV"},{"url":"/impact","isExternal":null,"title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","isExternal":null,"title":"Support Our Mission"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/masthead","isExternal":null,"title":"Masthead"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/","isExternal":null,"title":"Press Room"},{"url":"https://www.disneyadsales.com/our-brands/national-geographic/","isExternal":null,"title":"Advertise With Us"}]},{"title":"Join Us","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","isExternal":false,"title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Customer Service"},{"url":"/renew","isExternal":false,"title":"Renew Subscription"},{"url":"https://ngmservice.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/topic/careers","isExternal":false,"title":"Work at Nat Geo"},{"url":"/newsletters/signup?gblftr","isExternal":true,"title":"Sign Up for Our Newsletters","target":"_blank"},{"url":"https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/53299/donate/1?user_id=wb8em7wclp2gec8f8rj9f6lp88q9dftd","isExternal":true,"title":"Contribute to Protect the Planet","target":"_blank"}]}]},{"edtnSltr":{"rgns":[{"title":"Europe","countries":[{"title":"Bulgaria","flag":{"icon":"flag__bulgaria","alt":"bu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/bg","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.bg/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Croatia","flag":{"icon":"flag__croatia","alt":"cr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.adriamedia.hr/izdanja/national-geographic-hrvatska","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Czech Republic","flag":{"icon":"flag__czech-republic","alt":"cz"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.national-geographic.cz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Denmark","flag":{"icon":"flag__denmark","alt":"de"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/dk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Estonia","flag":{"icon":"flag__estonia","alt":"es"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ee","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Finland","flag":{"icon":"flag__finland","alt":"fi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/fi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"France","flag":{"icon":"flag__france","alt":"fr"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.fr"},{"title":"Georgia","flag":{"icon":"flag__georgia","alt":"ge"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.ge","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Germany","flag":{"icon":"flag__germany","alt":"ge"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.de"},{"title":"Greece","flag":{"icon":"flag__greece","alt":"gr"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/gr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hungary","flag":{"icon":"flag__hungary","alt":"hu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ng.hu","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Israel","flag":{"icon":"flag__israel","alt":"is"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/il","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Italy","flag":{"icon":"flag__italy","alt":"it"},"links":"http://www.nationalgeographic.it"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","flag":{"icon":"flag__kazakhstan","alt":"ka"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.kz","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Lithuania","flag":{"icon":"flag__lithuania","alt":"li"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.lt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Netherlands","flag":{"icon":"flag__netherlands","alt":"ne"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.nl"},{"title":"Norway","flag":{"icon":"flag__norway","alt":"no"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/no","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Poland","flag":{"icon":"flag__poland","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.national-geographic.pl","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Portugal","flag":{"icon":"flag__portugal","alt":"po"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.sapo.pt","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Romania","flag":{"icon":"flag__romania","alt":"ro"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ro","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeo.ro/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Russia","flag":{"icon":"flag__russia","alt":"ru"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ru","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nat-geo.ru/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Serbia","flag":{"icon":"flag__serbia","alt":"se"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/rs","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Slovenia","flag":{"icon":"flag__slovenia","alt":"sl"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/si","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.si/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Spain","flag":{"icon":"flag__spain","alt":"sp"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Sweden","flag":{"icon":"flag__sweden","alt":"sw"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/se","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Turkey","flag":{"icon":"flag__turkey","alt":"tu"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/tr","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.tr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"United Kingdom","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-kingdom","alt":"uk"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/"}]},{"title":"The Americas","countries":[{"title":"Brazil","flag":{"icon":"flag__brazil","alt":"br"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographicbrasil.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Canada","flag":{"icon":"flag__canada","alt":"ca"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ca","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mexico","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mx"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.ngenespanol.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Latin America (Spanish)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":"https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/"},{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"}]},{"title":"Asia, Australia & Oceania","countries":[{"title":"Australia","flag":{"icon":"flag__australia","alt":"au"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Mainland China","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ch"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeo.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngchina.com.cn/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Hong Kong","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ho"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/hk","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"India","flag":{"icon":"flag__india","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/in","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.amarchitrakatha.com/in/magazines/national-geographic/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Indonesia","flag":{"icon":"flag__indonesia","alt":"in"},"links":[{"url":"https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Japan","flag":{"icon":"flag__japan","alt":"ja"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngcjapan.com/tv/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.jp","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Korea","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-korea","alt":"ko"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngckorea.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.co.kr/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Pan-Regional Asia (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/asia","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Taiwan","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"ta"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.fng.tw/ngc/","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"https://www.natgeomedia.com/","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Thailand","flag":{"icon":"flag__thailand","alt":"th"},"links":[{"url":"http://www.ngthai.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]},{"title":"Middle East & Africa","countries":[{"title":"Farsi","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"fa"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/farsi","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Persian","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"pe"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/persian","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"South Africa","flag":{"icon":"flag__south-africa","alt":"so"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/za","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (English)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ae","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"}]},{"title":"Middle East (Arabic)","flag":{"icon":null,"alt":"mi"},"links":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/me","isExternal":false,"title":"Channel","target":"_self"},{"url":"http://www.ngalarabiya.com","isExternal":false,"title":"Magazine","target":"_self"}]}]}],"crnt":{"title":"United States","flag":{"icon":"flag__united-states","alt":"us"},"links":"/"},"key":"edtnSltr"},"shrURLs":{"key":"shrURLs","fb":"https://www.facebook.com/natgeo","fbLabel":"natgeo.facebookShare.ariaLabel","fbIcon":"facebook__v2","fbButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"facebook","content_title":""},"twitter":"https://twitter.com/natgeo/","twitterLabel":"natgeo.twitterShare.ariaLabel","twitterIcon":"x__v2","twitterButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"twitter","content_title":""},"instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/","instagramLabel":"natgeo.instagramShare.ariaLabel","instagramIcon":"instagram__v2","instagramButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"instagram","content_title":""},"tiktok":"https://www.tiktok.com/@natgeo?lang=en","tiktokLabel":"natgeo.tiktokShare.ariaLabel","tiktokButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"tiktok"},"youtube":"https://www.youtube.com/@NatGeo","youtubeLabel":"natgeo.youtubeShare.ariaLabel","youtubeButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"youtube"},"linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-geographic","linkedinLabel":"natgeo.linkedinShare.ariaLabel","linkedinIcon":"linkedin__v2","linkedinButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"linkedin"},"reddit":"https://www.reddit.com/r/nationalgeographic/s/7yv1etDW6q","redditLabel":"natgeo.redditShare.ariaLabel","redditButtonTracking":{"event_name":"share","share_method":"reddit"}}}]},{"placement":"footer","id":"frame10","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":null,"logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.4364261168384878,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/4da26b5c-18ee-413f-96dd-4cf3fb4a68a0/2fl-white.png"}}},"cprt":{"key":"cprt","txt":["Copyright 漏 1996-2015 National Geographic Society","Copyright 漏 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved"]}}],"cmsType":"CopyrightFrame"}]},"header":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-global-header-frame1","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"header"}},{"placement":"header","id":"natgeo-nav","mods":[{"logoObj":{"key":"logoObj","alt":"National Geographic Logo - Home","href":"/","title":"National Geographic","logo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":3.404255319148936,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/e76f5368-6797-4794-b7f6-8d757c79ea5c/ng-logo-2fl.png"}},"mobileLogo":{"image":{"crps":[{"nm":"raw","aspRto":0.7,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}],"rt":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png","src":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/1852daf6-1c8d-4428-8ee2-d9a82bd0401c/ng-border.png"}}},"usr":{"key":"usr","links":[{"url":"#oneid-profile","title":"Account Settings"},{"url":"https://w1.buysub.com/servlet/ECareGateway?cds_mag_code=NGM&cds_page_id=226717&cds_misc_1=NGM","title":"Manage Your Subscription"},{"url":"/subscribe/link-subscription","title":"Link Your Subscription"},{"url":"https://help.nationalgeographic.com/s/","title":"Help","target":"_blank"},{"url":"#oneid-logout","title":"Log Out"}],"lnk":{"url":"#oneid-login"}},"srch":{"title":null,"icon":null,"href":"/search","key":"srch","shw":true},"rnw":{"key":"rnw","shw":true,"title":"Newsletters","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup"},"sbcrb":{"key":"sbcrb","shw":true,"title":"Subscribe","url":"/subscribe"},"mnu":{"undefined":{"title":"","links":[{"url":"/subscribe","title":"Subscribe"},{"url":"/renew","title":"Renew"}]},"prmMnu":{"key":"prmMnu","title":"Topics","links":[{"url":"/animals","title":"Animals"},{"url":"/environment","title":"Environment"},{"url":"/history","title":"History & Culture"},{"url":"/science","title":"Science"},{"url":"/travel","title":"Travel"}]},"secMnu":{"key":"secMnu","title":"Sites","links":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/tv/","title":"Watch TV!"},{"url":"/magazine","title":"Read The Magazine"},{"url":"/family","title":"Visit Nat Geo Family"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/","title":"Book A Trip"},{"url":"https://kids.nationalgeographic.com","title":"Inspire your Kids"},{"url":"/podcasts/overheard","title":"Listen to Podcasts"},{"url":"https://www.shopdisney.com/franchises/national-geographic/","title":"Shop Nat Geo"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/events/","title":"Attend a Live Event"},{"url":"/impact/","title":"Learn About Our Impact"},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/","title":"Support Our Mission"}]},"key":"mnu"},"cmsType":"NavModule"}],"cmsType":"NavFrame"},{"id":"e17aa8d2-d11b-4156-88f1-93b2a532cac9","className":"stickyFrame stickyFrame--bottom","placement":"header","chldOptns":{"bannerPlacement":"footer"}}]},"newslettersignup":{"frms":[{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-frame1","mods":[{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-frame1-module1","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"cmsType":"NewsletterSignUpTile","id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-frame1-module1-tile1","cta":{"text":"Sign Up","url":"#","target":"_self"},"placeholder":"Email Address","title":"Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters","success":{"description":"<p>Watch your inbox for amazing new content and offers.<p>","header":"Thanks for signing up!","footer":"To go back to National Geographic, please <a href='/'> click here </a>"},"mrktngMeta":{"cpgnCd":"20210217_global_newsletter_signup_page"}}]},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1","cmsType":"StackModule","align":"left","edgs":[{"id":"bf189644-11c7-47c0-92bf-2dc0bacd7dfb","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Let Nat Geo curate emails for you. Get our top stories and images from around the world. Also get special offers and other updates from National Geographic and the Walt Disney Family of Companies.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"}],"title":"Nat Geo Top Picks","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/856904af-a6b6-498b-b7cb-c4ba015846b1/spotlight_1W6A6248_HR_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"National_Geographic_L_WDIGFamilySites","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t8","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Don鈥檛 miss our award-winning photography, videos, photo tips, behind the scenes action, and stories from the field.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"}],"title":"Photography","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fe4c402e-5c20-4932-80d2-3876bdad7abf/culture_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Photography_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t1","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get stories that inspire you and your family to explore, learn, and find more ways to have fun together.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"}],"title":"Family","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/230e7369-58ac-404b-a5a2-73c6c2a887de/nationalgeographic_1740210_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Family_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t7","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the stories that affect your life and your health鈥攆rom the latest medical breakthroughs, to environmental health concerns, to finding calm in a chaotic world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"}],"title":"Health","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/65fd8331-1323-4d18-a085-56e814524e67/NationalGeographic_456871_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Coronavirus_Update_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t2","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and explore the past and our place in the modern world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"}],"title":"History","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bd0ca794-0597-4cc1-b1bb-e2ac4ea9793d/nationalgeographic_631501_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_History_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t4","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and gain a deeper appreciation of the immense universe and our fragile planet.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"}],"title":"Science","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/43767514-e029-4629-af4d-21efa6f72b8b/science_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Science_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t9","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Deep dive into the culture, wildlife, and attractions of unique destinations.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"}],"title":"The Compass","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2231278b-4a8c-429b-9c8f-3abb4f667eff/compass_nlsignup-1_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Compass_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t6","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get travel news and tips plus helpful info on destinations and gear for dreamers and doers alike.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}],"title":"Travel","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8894768c-fa3d-4f9f-95b5-9b43e5ce58c8/9927286_uploadsmember1469524yourshot-1469524-9927286jpg_7r3uw3et4gsdw44eyr3qrhtow7p3eflutfvvbpyjwjhzlmh4iziq_1900x1267_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Travel_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}]}],"orientation":"vertical"}],"meta":{"dsc":"Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox","ttl":"Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters","sclDsc":"Get the latest from National Geographic in your inbox","sclTtl":"Sign Up for National Geographic Newsletters"},"Cards":[{"id":"bf189644-11c7-47c0-92bf-2dc0bacd7dfb","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Let Nat Geo curate emails for you. Get our top stories and images from around the world. Also get special offers and other updates from National Geographic and the Walt Disney Family of Companies.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"}],"title":"Nat Geo Top Picks","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/856904af-a6b6-498b-b7cb-c4ba015846b1/spotlight_1W6A6248_HR_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"National_Geographic_L_WDIGFamilySites","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t8","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Don鈥檛 miss our award-winning photography, videos, photo tips, behind the scenes action, and stories from the field.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"}],"title":"Photography","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fe4c402e-5c20-4932-80d2-3876bdad7abf/culture_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Photography_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t1","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get stories that inspire you and your family to explore, learn, and find more ways to have fun together.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"}],"title":"Family","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/230e7369-58ac-404b-a5a2-73c6c2a887de/nationalgeographic_1740210_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Family_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t7","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the stories that affect your life and your health鈥攆rom the latest medical breakthroughs, to environmental health concerns, to finding calm in a chaotic world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"}],"title":"Health","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/65fd8331-1323-4d18-a085-56e814524e67/NationalGeographic_456871_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Coronavirus_Update_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t2","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and explore the past and our place in the modern world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"}],"title":"History","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bd0ca794-0597-4cc1-b1bb-e2ac4ea9793d/nationalgeographic_631501_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_History_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t4","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and gain a deeper appreciation of the immense universe and our fragile planet.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"}],"title":"Science","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/43767514-e029-4629-af4d-21efa6f72b8b/science_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Science_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t9","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Deep dive into the culture, wildlife, and attractions of unique destinations.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"}],"title":"The Compass","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2231278b-4a8c-429b-9c8f-3abb4f667eff/compass_nlsignup-1_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Compass_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t6","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get travel news and tips plus helpful info on destinations and gear for dreamers and doers alike.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}],"title":"Travel","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8894768c-fa3d-4f9f-95b5-9b43e5ce58c8/9927286_uploadsmember1469524yourshot-1469524-9927286jpg_7r3uw3et4gsdw44eyr3qrhtow7p3eflutfvvbpyjwjhzlmh4iziq_1900x1267_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Travel_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}],"config":{"logoIcon":"ng-border","numLines":3,"type":"default","cards":[{"id":"bf189644-11c7-47c0-92bf-2dc0bacd7dfb","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Let Nat Geo curate emails for you. Get our top stories and images from around the world. Also get special offers and other updates from National Geographic and the Walt Disney Family of Companies.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"}],"title":"Nat Geo Top Picks","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/856904af-a6b6-498b-b7cb-c4ba015846b1/spotlight_1W6A6248_HR_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"National_Geographic_L_WDIGFamilySites","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/lob.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t8","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Don鈥檛 miss our award-winning photography, videos, photo tips, behind the scenes action, and stories from the field.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"}],"title":"Photography","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/fe4c402e-5c20-4932-80d2-3876bdad7abf/culture_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Photography_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/07162024/photography.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t1","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get stories that inspire you and your family to explore, learn, and find more ways to have fun together.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"}],"title":"Family","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/230e7369-58ac-404b-a5a2-73c6c2a887de/nationalgeographic_1740210_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Family_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/family.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t7","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the stories that affect your life and your health鈥攆rom the latest medical breakthroughs, to environmental health concerns, to finding calm in a chaotic world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"}],"title":"Health","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/65fd8331-1323-4d18-a085-56e814524e67/NationalGeographic_456871_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Coronavirus_Update_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/health.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t2","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and explore the past and our place in the modern world.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"}],"title":"History","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/bd0ca794-0597-4cc1-b1bb-e2ac4ea9793d/nationalgeographic_631501_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_History_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/history.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t4","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get the big story of the day, and gain a deeper appreciation of the immense universe and our fragile planet.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"}],"title":"Science","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/43767514-e029-4629-af4d-21efa6f72b8b/science_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Science_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/11102023/science.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t9","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Deep dive into the culture, wildlife, and attractions of unique destinations.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"}],"title":"The Compass","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/2231278b-4a8c-429b-9c8f-3abb4f667eff/compass_nlsignup-1_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Compass_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/compass.html"},{"id":"natgeo-newsletter-signup-f1-m1-t6","cmsType":"PromoTile","isEntitled":false,"description":"Get travel news and tips plus helpful info on destinations and gear for dreamers and doers alike.","ctas":[{"text":"See a Sample","url":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}],"title":"Travel","image":{"nm":"16x9","aspRto":1.7777777777777777,"url":"https://i.natgeofe.com/n/8894768c-fa3d-4f9f-95b5-9b43e5ce58c8/9927286_uploadsmember1469524yourshot-1469524-9927286jpg_7r3uw3et4gsdw44eyr3qrhtow7p3eflutfvvbpyjwjhzlmh4iziq_1900x1267_16x9.jpg"},"newsletterId":"Nat_Geo_Travel_Newsletter_N","href":"https://assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/static/newsletters/05222024/travel.html"}]}}},"ads":{"kvps":[{"name":"pgtyp","value":"newslettersignup"},{"name":"ed","value":"us"},{"name":"lang","value":"en"}]},"analytics":{"page_type":"newslettersignup","page_url":"www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/signup","userab_cookie":"0"}},"request":{"headers":{},"httpVersion":"1.1","method":"GET","url":"/newsletters/signup","vary":{"cached":true,"device":"pc","host":"www.nationalgeographic.com","path":"/newsletters/signup","forwarded-proto":"https","country":"hk","edition":"natgeo-en-us","edition-view":"natgeo-en-us","loggedin":"false","userab":"0"}},"viewport":{"width":1260,"height":0},"user":{}};</script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/_manifest.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/natgeo-b6cb5abe.js" defer></script><script src="//assets-cdn.nationalgeographic.com/natgeo/f76c83dbe629-release-11-19-2024.2/client/natgeo/newslettersignup-c22e53e7.js" defer></script> </body> </html>