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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues_of_the_healthcare_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_of_the_healthcare_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Issues of the healthcare system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_of_the_healthcare_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17.1</span> <span>History and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Health insurance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="تأمين صحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأمين صحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbi_s%C4%B1%C4%9Forta" title="Tibbi sığorta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibbi sığorta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="স্বাস্থ্য বীমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বাস্থ্য বীমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-li%C3%A2u_p%C3%B3-hi%C3%A1m" title="I-liâu pó-hiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="I-liâu pó-hiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Здравно осигуряване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Здравно осигуряване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygesikring" title="Sygesikring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sygesikring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krankenversicherung" title="Krankenversicherung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krankenversicherung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravikindlustus" title="Ravikindlustus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ravikindlustus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguro_m%C3%A9dico" title="Seguro médico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seguro médico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsanokosta_asekuro" title="Malsanokosta asekuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsanokosta asekuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بیمه سلامت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیمه سلامت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurance_maladie" title="Assurance maladie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assurance maladie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%EB%B3%B4%ED%97%98" title="건강보험 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건강보험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inshorar_lafiya" title="Inshorar lafiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Inshorar lafiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բժշկական ապահովագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկական ապահովագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वास्थ्य बीमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वास्थ्य बीमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanesoflego-asekuro" title="Sanesoflego-asekuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sanesoflego-asekuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuransi_kesehatan" title="Asuransi kesehatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asuransi kesehatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ביטוח בריאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטוח בריאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಿಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ವಿಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Медициналык камсыздандыруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Медициналык камсыздандыруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesel%C4%ABbas_apdro%C5%A1in%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Veselības apdrošināšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veselības apdrošināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveikatos_draudimas" title="Sveikatos draudimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sveikatos draudimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%A9szs%C3%A9gbiztos%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Egészségbiztosítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egészségbiztosítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आरोग्य विमा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आरोग्य विमा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurans_kesihatan" title="Insurans kesihatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Insurans kesihatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziektekostenverzekering" title="Ziektekostenverzekering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziektekostenverzekering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%BA" title="医療保険 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="医療保険" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helseforsikring" title="Helseforsikring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Helseforsikring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbiy_sug%60urta" title="Tibbiy sug`urta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibbiy sug`urta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubezpieczenie_zdrowotne" title="Ubezpieczenie zdrowotne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ubezpieczenie zdrowotne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguro_de_sa%C3%BAde" title="Seguro de saúde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seguro de saúde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asigurare_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate" title="Asigurare de sănătate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asigurare de sănătate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Медицинское страхование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медицинское страхование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurimi_sh%C3%ABndet%C3%ABsor" title="Sigurimi shëndetësor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sigurimi shëndetësor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Health insurance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravotn%C3%A9_poistenie" title="Zdravotné poistenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zdravotné poistenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravstveno_zavarovanje" title="Zdravstveno zavarovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zdravstveno zavarovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Здравствено осигурање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Здравствено осигурање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sairausvakuutus" title="Sairausvakuutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sairausvakuutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjukf%C3%B6rs%C3%A4kring" title="Sjukförsäkring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjukförsäkring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="உடனலக் காப்பீடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உடனலக் காப்பீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Медицина иминияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Медицина иминияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆరోగ్య బీమా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆరోగ్య బీమా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="การประกันสุขภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประกันสุขภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_sigortas%C4%B1" title="Sağlık sigortası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sağlık sigortası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Медичне страхування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медичне страхування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_hi%E1%BB%83m_y_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Bảo hiểm y tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảo hiểm y tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="געזונט פארזיכערונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזונט פארזיכערונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="醫療保險 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醫療保險" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="醫療保險 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="醫療保險" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of insurance</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Health insurance</b> or <b>medical insurance</b> (also known as <b>medical aid</b> in South Africa) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring <a href="/wiki/Medical_expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical expenses">medical expenses</a>. As with other types of insurance, risk is shared among many individuals. By estimating the overall risk of <a href="/wiki/Health_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Health risk">health risk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a> expenses over the risk pool, an insurer can develop a routine finance structure, such as a monthly premium or <a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">payroll tax</a>, to provide the money to pay for the health care benefits specified in the insurance agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Vuongetal2017b_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vuongetal2017b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefit is administered by a central organization, such as a government agency, private business, or <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> entity. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Insurance Association of America">Health Insurance Association of America</a>, health insurance is defined as "coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury. It includes insurance for losses from accident, medical expense, disability, or accidental death and dismemberment".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>A health insurance policy is a <a href="/wiki/Insurance_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance contract">insurance contract</a> between an insurance provider (e.g. an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his/her sponsor (that is an employer or a community organization). The contract can be renewable (annually, monthly) or lifelong in the case of private insurance. It can also be mandatory for all citizens in the case of national plans. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health insurance provider are specified in writing, in a member contract or "Evidence of Coverage" booklet for private insurance, or in a national <a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">health policy</a> for public insurance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_and_obligations">Funding and obligations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Funding and obligations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg/310px-Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg/465px-Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg/620px-Public_and_private_health_expenditure_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Health expenditure funding types</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of health insurance – tax payer-funded and private-funded.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A private-funded insurance plan example includes an employer-sponsored self-funded <a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974">ERISA</a> (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) plan. Typically, these companies promote themselves as having ties to major insurance providers. However, in the context of an ERISA plan, these insurance companies do not actively participate in insurance practices; instead, they handle administrative tasks. Consequently, ERISA plans are exempt from state regulations and fall under federal jurisdiction, overseen by the US Department of Labor (USDOL). Specific details about benefits or coverage can be found in the Summary Plan Description (SPD). Should there be a need for an appeal, the process typically involves initiating it through the insurance company and then reaching out to the Employer's Plan Fiduciary. If a resolution is still not achieved, the decision can be escalated to the USDOL for review to ensure compliance with ERISA regulations, and, if necessary, legal action can be taken by filing a lawsuit in federal court. Health insurance can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">medical savings accounts</a>. </p><p>The individual insured person's obligations may take several forms:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="anchor" id="premium"></span> </p> <ul><li>Premium: The amount the policy-holder or their sponsor (e.g. an employer) pays to the health plan to purchase health coverage. (US specific) According to the healthcare law, a premium is calculated using 5 specific factors regarding the insured person. These factors are age, location, tobacco use, individual vs. family enrollment, and which plan category the insured chooses.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Affordable Care Act, the government pays a tax credit to cover part of the premium for persons who purchase private insurance through the Insurance Marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:YT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:YT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Location: TS 4:03
Quotation: "One big advantage of buying insurance through these new marketplaces is that the federal government will provide most people with a tax credit to make insurance more affordable if you don't have any other options and your income is below a certain level"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">TS 4:03</span> </sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a>: The amount that the insured must pay <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-pocket expenses">out-of-pocket</a> before the health insurer pays its share. For example, policy-holders might have to pay a $7500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health insurer. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the insured person reaches the deductible and the insurance company starts to pay for care. Furthermore, most policies do not apply co-pays for doctor's visits or prescriptions against your deductible.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-payment">Co-payment</a>: The amount that the insured person must pay out of pocket before the health insurer pays for a particular visit or service. For example, an insured person might pay a $45 co-payment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A co-payment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinsurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Coinsurance">Coinsurance</a>: Instead of, or in addition to, paying a fixed amount up front (a co-payment), the co-insurance is a percentage of the total cost that an insured person may also pay. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery over and above a co-payment, while the insurance company pays the other 80%. If there is an upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder could end up owing very little, or a great deal, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain.</li> <li>Exclusions: Not all services are covered. Billed items like use-and-throw, taxes, etc. are excluded from admissible claim. The insured are generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pockets.</li> <li>Coverage limits: Some health insurance policies only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The insured person may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some insurance company schemes have annual or lifetime coverage maxima. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs.</li> <li>Out-of-pocket maximum: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the insured person's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and health insurance pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximum can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitated_reimbursement" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitated reimbursement">Capitation</a>: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer.</li> <li>In-Network Provider: (U.S. term) A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or co-payments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers.</li> <li>Out-of-Network Provider: A health care provider that has not contracted with the plan. If using an out-of-network provider, the patient may have to pay full cost of the benefits and services received from that provider. Even for emergency services, out-of-network providers may bill patients for some additional costs associated.</li> <li>Prior Authorization: A certification or authorization that an insurer provides prior to medical service occurring. Obtaining an authorization means that the insurer is obligated to pay for the service, assuming it matches what was authorized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (June 2021)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Health_insurance" title="Talk:Health insurance">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Many smaller, routine services do not require authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-Healthharbor_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healthharbor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formulary_(pharmacy)" title="Formulary (pharmacy)">Formulary</a>: the list of drugs that an insurance plan agrees to cover.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a>: A document that may be sent by an insurer to a patient explaining what was covered for a medical service, and how payment amount and patient responsibility amount were determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Healthharbor_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healthharbor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of emergency room billing, patients are notified within 30 days post service. Patients are rarely notified of the cost of emergency room services in-person due to patient conditions and other logistics until receipt of this letter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some health insurance plans. In the U.S., the patient usually pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the <a href="/wiki/Formulary_(pharmacy)" title="Formulary (pharmacy)">formulary</a> of the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:YT_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:YT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: TS 2:21">: TS 2:21 </span></sup> Such plans are routinely part of national health insurance programs. For example, in the province of Quebec, Canada, prescription drug insurance is universally required as part of the public health insurance plan, but may be purchased and administered either through private or group plans, or through the public plan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some, if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company does not pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png/300px-Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png/450px-Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png/600px-Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Health Expenditure per capita (in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP-adjusted</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>) among several OECD member nations. Data source: OECD's iLibrary<sup id="cite_ref-CHHealthExp_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHHealthExp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg/300px-Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg/450px-Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg/600px-Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Life Expectancy of the total population at birth among several OECD member nations. Data source: OECD's iLibrary<sup id="cite_ref-CHLifeExpectancy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHLifeExpectancy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Commonwealth Fund, in its annual survey, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", compares the performance of the health care systems in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and the U.S. Its 2007 study found that, although the U.S. system is the most expensive, it consistently under-performs compared to the other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One difference between the U.S. and the other countries in the study is that the U.S. is the only country without universal health insurance coverage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Commonwealth Fund completed its thirteenth annual health policy survey in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenetal2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenetal2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the survey "found significant differences in access, cost burdens, and problems with health insurance that are associated with insurance design".<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenetal2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenetal2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the countries surveyed, the results indicated that people in the United States had more out-of-pocket expenses, more disputes with insurance companies than other countries, and more insurance payments denied; paperwork was also higher although Germany had similarly high levels of paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenetal2010_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenetal2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Health care in Australia</a></div> <p>The Australian public health system is called <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a>, which provides free universal access to hospital treatment and subsidised out-of-hospital medical treatment. It is funded by a 2% tax levy on all taxpayers, an extra 1% levy on high income earners, as well as general revenue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The private health system is funded by a number of private health insurance organizations. The largest of these is <a href="/wiki/Medibank" title="Medibank">Medibank Private Limited</a>, which was, until 2014, a government-owned entity, when it was <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatized</a> and listed on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Stock Exchange">Australian Stock Exchange</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Australian health funds can be either 'for profit' including <a href="/wiki/Bupa" title="Bupa">Bupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nib_Health_Funds" title="Nib Health Funds">nib</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">'mutual'</a> including <a href="/wiki/Australian_Unity" title="Australian Unity">Australian Unity</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">'non-profit'</a> including <a href="/wiki/GMHBA_Limited" title="GMHBA Limited">GMHBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCF_Health_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="HCF Health Insurance">HCF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/HBF_Health_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Health Fund">HBF Health Insurance</a>. Some, such as Police Health, have membership restricted to particular groups, but the majority have open membership. Membership to most health funds is now also available through comparison websites. These comparison sites operate on a commission-basis by agreement with their participating health funds. The Private Health Insurance Ombudsman also operates a free website that allows consumers to search for and compare private health insurers' products, which includes information on price and level of cover.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most aspects of private health insurance in Australia are regulated by the <i>Private Health Insurance Act 2007</i>. Complaints and reporting of the private health industry is carried out by an independent government agency, the <a href="/wiki/Private_Health_Insurance_Ombudsman" title="Private Health Insurance Ombudsman">Private Health Insurance Ombudsman</a>. The ombudsman publishes an annual report that outlines the number and nature of complaints per health fund compared to their market share <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The private health system in Australia operates on a "community rating" basis, whereby premiums do not vary solely because of a person's previous medical history, the current state of health, or (generally speaking) their age (but see Lifetime Health Cover below). Balancing this are waiting periods, in particular for pre-existing conditions (usually referred to within the industry as PEA, which stands for "pre-existing ailment"). Funds are entitled to impose a waiting period of up to 12 months on benefits for any medical condition the signs and symptoms of which existed during the six months ending on the day the person first took out insurance. They are also entitled to impose a 12-month waiting period for benefits for treatment relating to an obstetric condition, and a 2-month waiting period for all other benefits when a person first takes out private insurance. Funds have the discretion to reduce or remove such waiting periods in individual cases. They are also free not to impose them, to begin with, but this would place such a fund at risk of "adverse selection", attracting a disproportionate number of members from other funds, or from the pool of intending members who might otherwise have joined other funds. It would also attract people with existing medical conditions, who might not otherwise have taken out insurance at all because of the denial of benefits for 12 months due to the PEA Rule. The benefits paid out for these conditions would create pressure on premiums for all the fund's members, causing some to drop their membership, which would lead to further rises in premiums, and a vicious cycle of higher premiums-leaving members would ensue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Australian government has introduced a number of incentives to encourage adults to take out private hospital insurance. These include: </p> <ul><li><b>Lifetime Health Cover</b>: If a person has not taken out private hospital cover by 1 July after their 31st birthday, then when (and if) they do so after this time, their premiums must include a loading of 2% per annum for each year they were without hospital cover. Thus, a person taking out private cover for the first time at age 40 will pay a 20 percent loading. The loading is removed after 10 years of continuous hospital cover. The loading applies only to premiums for hospital cover, not to ancillary (extras) cover.</li> <li><b>Medicare Levy Surcharge</b>: People whose taxable income is greater than a specified amount (in the 2011/12 financial year $80,000 for singles and $168,000 for couples<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and who do not have an adequate level of private hospital cover must pay a 1% surcharge on top of the standard 1.5% Medicare Levy. The rationale is that if the people in this income group are forced to pay more money one way or another, most would choose to purchase hospital insurance with it, with the possibility of a benefit if they need private hospital treatment – rather than pay it in the form of extra tax as well as having to meet their own private hospital costs. <ul><li>The Australian government announced in May 2008 that it proposes to increase the thresholds, to $100,000 for singles and $150,000 for families. These changes require legislative approval. A bill to change the law has been introduced but was not passed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amended version was passed on 16 October 2008. There have been criticisms that the changes will cause many people to drop their private health insurance, causing a further burden on the public hospital system, and a rise in premiums for those who stay with the private system. Other commentators believe the effect will be minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Private Health Insurance Rebate</b>: The government subsidises the premiums for all private health insurance cover, including hospital and ancillary (extras), by 10%, 20% or 30%, depending on age. The Rudd Government announced in May 2009 that as of July 2010, the Rebate would become means-tested, and offered on a sliding scale. While this move (which would have required legislation) was defeated in the Senate at the time, in early 2011 the Gillard Government announced plans to reintroduce the legislation after the Opposition loses the balance of power in the Senate. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">ALP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> have long been against the rebate, referring to it as "middle-class welfare".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Canada">Health care in Canada</a></div> <p>As per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>, health care is mainly a provincial government responsibility in Canada (the main exceptions being federal government responsibility for services provided to aboriginal peoples covered by treaties, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, the armed forces, and Members of Parliament). Consequently, each province administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers – it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a>, the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed "medically necessary services," defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care. If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces its payments to the provinces by the amount of the prohibited charges. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This public insurance is tax-funded out of general government revenues, although British Columbia and Ontario levy a mandatory premium with flat rates for individuals and families to generate additional revenues – in essence, a surtax. Private health insurance is allowed, but in six provincial governments only for services that the public health plans do not cover (for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans). Four provinces allow insurance for services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice, there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers.<sup id="cite_ref-OECDHealth_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECDHealth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.<sup id="cite_ref-CIHI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIHI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled, in <i><a href="/wiki/Chaoulli_v._Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoulli v. Quebec">Chaoulli v. Quebec</a></i>, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan violated the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in particular, the sections dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_of_the_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Security of the person">security</a>, if there were unacceptably long wait times for treatment, as was alleged in this case. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada, but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare reform in the People's Republic of China">Healthcare reform in the People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the People's Republic of China">Pharmaceutical industry in the People's Republic of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020 in Cyprus introduced the <a href="/wiki/General_Health_System_(Cyprus)" title="General Health System (Cyprus)">General Healthcare System</a> (GHS, also known as GESY) which is an independent insurance fund through which clinics, private doctors, pharmacists, laboratories, microbiological laboratories, and physiotherapists will be paid so that they can offer medical care to permanent residents of Cyprus who will be paying contributions to this fund.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to GESY, more than 12 local and international insurance companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bupa" title="Bupa">Bupa</a>, Aetna, <a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a>, <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Insurance_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="MetLife Insurance Co.">Metlife</a>) provide individual and group medical insurance plans. The plans are divided into two main categories plans providing coverage from inpatient expenses (i.e. hospitalization, operations) and plans covering inpatient and outpatient expenses (such as doctor visits, medications, physio-therapies).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care in France</a></div> <p>The national system of health insurance was instituted in 1945, just after the end of the Second World War. It was a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> representatives in the French parliament. The Conservative Gaullists were opposed to a state-run healthcare system, while the Communists were supportive of a complete <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of health care along a British <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a> model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The resulting programme is profession-based: all people working are required to pay a portion of their income to a not-for-profit health insurance fund, which mutualises the risk of illness, and which reimburses medical expenses at varying rates. Children and spouses of insured people are eligible for benefits, as well. Each fund is free to manage its own budget, and used to reimburse medical expenses at the rate it saw fit, however following a number of reforms in recent years, the majority of funds provide the same level of reimbursement and benefits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The government has two responsibilities in this system. </p> <ul><li>The first government responsibility is the fixing of the rate at which medical expenses should be negotiated, and it does so in two ways: The Ministry of Health directly negotiates prices of medicine with the manufacturers, based on the average price of sale observed in neighboring countries. A board of doctors and experts decides if the medicine provides a valuable enough medical benefit to be reimbursed (most medicine is reimbursed, including homeopathy). In parallel, the government fixes the reimbursement rate for medical services: this means that a doctor is free to charge the fee that he wishes for a consultation or an examination, but the social security system will only reimburse it at a pre-set rate. These tariffs are set annually through negotiation with doctors' representative organisations.</li> <li>The second government responsibility is oversight of the health-insurance funds, to ensure that they are correctly managing the sums they receive, and to ensure oversight of the public hospital network.</li></ul> <p>Today, this system is more or less intact. All citizens and legal foreign residents of France are covered by one of these mandatory programs, which continue to be funded by worker participation. However, since 1945, a number of major changes have been introduced. Firstly, the different health care funds (there are five: General, Independent, Agricultural, Student, Public Servants) now all reimburse at the same rate. Secondly, since 2000, the government now provides health care to those who are not covered by a mandatory regime (those who have never worked and who are not students, meaning the very rich or the very poor). This regime, unlike the worker-financed ones, is financed via general taxation and reimburses at a higher rate than the profession-based system for those who cannot afford to make up the difference. Finally, to counter the rise in health care costs, the government has installed two plans, (in 2004 and 2006), which require insured people to declare a referring doctor in order to be fully reimbursed for specialist visits, and which installed a mandatory co-pay of €1 for a doctor visit, €0.50 for each box of medicine prescribed, and a fee of €16–18 per day for hospital stays and for expensive procedures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An important element of the French insurance system is solidarity: the more ill a person becomes, the less the person pays. This means that for people with serious or chronic illnesses, the insurance system reimburses them 100% of expenses, and waives their co-pay charges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, for fees that the mandatory system does not cover, there is a large range of private complementary insurance plans available. The market for these programs is very competitive, and often subsidised by the employer, which means that premiums are usually modest. 85% of French people benefit from complementary private health insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare in Germany</a></div> <p>Germany has the world's oldest national <a href="/wiki/Social_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Social health insurance">social health insurance</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-Bump_2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bump_2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with origins dating back to <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s Sickness Insurance Law of 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Leichter_1979_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leichter_1979-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hennock_2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennock_2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with 10% of blue-collar workers in 1885, mandatory insurance has expanded; in 2009, insurance was made mandatory on all citizens, with private health insurance for the self-employed or above an income threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-allaboutberlin.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaboutberlin.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Busse_882–897_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busse_882–897-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, 85% of the population is covered by the compulsory Statutory Health Insurance (SHI)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung</i> or <i>GKV</i>), with the remainder covered by <a href="/wiki/Private_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private insurance">private insurance</a> (<i>Private Krankenversicherung</i> or <i>PKV</i>). Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOSIS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOSIS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While public health insurance contributions are based on the individual's income, private health insurance contributions are based on the individual's age and health condition.<sup id="cite_ref-allaboutberlin.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaboutberlin.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GK_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reimbursement is on a <a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">fee-for-service</a> basis, but the number of physicians allowed to accept Statutory Health Insurance in a given locale is regulated by the government and professional societies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Co-payments were introduced in the 1980s in an attempt to prevent over utilization. The average length of hospital stay in Germany has decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the United States (5 to 6 days).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the difference is that the chief consideration for hospital reimbursement is the number of hospital days as opposed to procedures or diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germans are offered three kinds of social security insurance dealing with the physical status of a person and which are co-financed by employer and employee: health insurance, accident insurance, and long-term care insurance. Long-term care insurance (<i>Gesetzliche Pflegeversicherung</i>) emerged in 1994 and is mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-Busse_882–897_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busse_882–897-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident insurance</a> (gesetzliche Unfallversicherung) is covered by the employer and basically covers all risks for commuting to work and at the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Health System in Greece covers both out and in-patient treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The out-patient treatment is carried out by social administrative structures as following: </p> <ul><li>EOPPY (National Organization for the Provision of Health Services): contracted private healthcare providers</li> <li>PEDY (National Primary Healthcare Network) units: public healthcare</li> <li>State hospitals, rural and regional medical units, health centers of the ESY (National Health System)</li> <li>Private health professionals: Medical professionals and services not contracted with EOPYY.</li></ul> <p>The in-patient treatment is carried out by: </p> <ul><li>State hospitals of the National Health System (ESY).</li> <li>Private Clinics contracted with the National Health Carrier (EOPYY)</li> <li>Private hospitals and clinics that are not contracted with the National Health Carrier.</li></ul> <p>In Greece anyone can cover the hospitalization expenses using a private insurance policy, that can be bought by any of the local or multinational insurance companies that operate in the region (e.g. Metlife, Interamerican, Aetna, IMG).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare in India</a></div> <p>In India, provision of healthcare services and their efficiency varies state-wise. Public health services are prominent in most of the regions with the national government playing an important role in funding, framing and implementing policies and operating public health insurances. </p><p>The vast majority of Indians are covered by either a comprehensive public health insurance scheme run by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Authority" title="National Health Authority">National Health Authority</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Ayushman_Bharat_Yojana" title="Ayushman Bharat Yojana">Ayushman Bharat Yojana</a> or a private health insurance scheme providing comprehensive coverage and that is tightly regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India">Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_system_in_Japan" title="Health care system in Japan">Health care system in Japan</a></div> <p>There are three major types of insurance programs available in Japan: Employee Health Insurance (健康保険 Kenkō-Hoken), National Health Insurance (国民健康保険 Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken), and the Late-stage Elderly Medical System (後期高齢医療制度 Kouki-Kourei-Iryouseido).<sup id="cite_ref-kit.ac.jp_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kit.ac.jp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although private health insurance is available, all Japanese citizens, permanent residents, and non-Japanese with a visa lasting one year or longer are required to be enrolled in either National Health Insurance or Employee Health Insurance. National Health Insurance is designed for those who are not eligible for any employment-based health insurance program. The Late-stage Elderly Medical System is designed for people who are age 75 and older.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i>[[Health insurance#Japan#{{{section}}}|<span title="This section also says below that those older than 70, or 65 if they have a disability, are eligible. Both sources are behind paywalls. (May 2021)">contradictory</span>]]</i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National Health Insurance is organised on a household basis. Once a household has applied, the entire family is covered. Applicants receive a health insurance card, which must be used when receiving treatment at a hospital. There is a required monthly premium, but co-payments are standardized so payers are only expected to cover ten to thirty percent of the cost, depending on age.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If out-of-pocket costs exceed pre-determined limits, payers may apply for a rebate from the National Health Insurance program.<sup id="cite_ref-kit.ac.jp_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kit.ac.jp-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employee Health Insurance covers diseases, injuries, and death regardless of whether an incident occurred at a workplace. Employee Health Insurance covers a maximum of 180 days of medical care per year for work-related diseases or injuries and 180 days per year for other diseases or injuries. Employers and employees must contribute evenly to be covered by Employee Health Insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Late-stage Elderly Medical System began in 1983 following the Health Care for the Aged Law of 1982. It allowed many health insurance systems to offer financial assistance to elderly people. There is a medical coverage fee. To be eligible, those insured must be either: older than 70, or older than 65 with a recognized disability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i>[[Health insurance#Japan#{{{section}}}|<span title="This section also says above that only those 75 and older are eligible. Both sources are behind paywalls. (May 2021)">contradictory</span>]]</i>]</sup> The Late-stage Elderly Medical System includes preventive and standard medical care.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg/299px-Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg.png" decoding="async" width="299" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg/449px-Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg/598px-Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>healthcare expenditure in Japan by age group</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issues_of_the_healthcare_system">Issues of the healthcare system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issues of the healthcare system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to Japan's <a href="/wiki/Population_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Population aging">aging population</a>, the Late-stage Elderly Medical System represents one third of the country's total healthcare cost. When retiring employees shift from Employee Health Insurance to the Late-stage Elderly Medical System, the national cost of health insurance is expected to increase since individual healthcare costs tend to increase with age.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the Netherlands">Health care in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>In 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force in the Netherlands. This new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance by using a combination of regulation and insurance <a href="/wiki/Equalization_pool" title="Equalization pool">equalization pool</a>. Moral hazard is avoided by mandating that insurance companies provide at least one policy that meets a government set minimum standard level of coverage, and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this coverage from an insurance company of their choice. All insurance companies receive funds from the equalization pool to help cover the cost of this government-mandated coverage. This pool is run by a regulator which collects salary-based contributions from employers, which make up about 50% of all health care funding, and funding from the government to cover people who cannot afford health care, which makes up an additional 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-government1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-government1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public, for which companies compete on price, though the variation between the various competing insurers is only about 5%. However, insurance companies are free to sell additional policies to provide coverage beyond the national minimum. These policies do not receive funding from the equalization pool but cover additional treatments, such as dental procedures and physiotherapy, which are not paid for by the mandatory policy.<sup id="cite_ref-government1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-government1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding from the equalization pool is distributed to insurance companies for each person they insure under the required policy. However, high-risk individuals get more from the pool, and low-income persons and children under 18 have their insurance paid for entirely. Because of this, insurance companies no longer find insuring high-risk individuals an unappealing proposition, avoiding the potential problem of adverse selection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Insurance companies are not allowed to have co-payments, caps, or deductibles, or deny coverage to any person applying for a policy, or charge anything other than their nationally set and published standard premiums. Therefore, every person buying insurance will pay the same price as everyone else buying the same policy, and every person will get at least the minimum level of coverage. This applies to all people permanently living and working in the Netherlands. International students that move to the Netherlands for study purposes have to take out compulsory Dutch health insurance if they also decide to work (zero-hour contracts included) or do a paid internship during their stay. In that case, they'll need to take out the compulsory basic package of Dutch health insurance. Additional insurance is optional, depending on the student's personal needs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in New Zealand">Health care in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Since 1974, New Zealand has had a system of universal no-fault health insurance for personal injuries through the <a href="/wiki/Accident_Compensation_Corporation" title="Accident Compensation Corporation">Accident Compensation Corporation</a> (ACC). The ACC scheme covers most of the costs of related to treatment of injuries acquired in New Zealand (including overseas visitors) regardless of how the injury occurred, and also covers lost income (at 80 percent of the employee's pre-injury income) and costs related to long-term rehabilitation, such as home and vehicle modifications for those seriously injured. Funding from the scheme comes from a combination of levies on employers' payroll (for work injuries), levies on an employee's taxable income (for non-work injuries to salary earners), levies on vehicle licensing fees and petrol (for motor vehicle accidents), and funds from the general taxation pool (for non-work injuries to children, senior citizens, unemployed people, overseas visitors, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare in Rwanda</a></div> <p>Rwanda is one of a handful of <a href="/wiki/Low_income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low income countries">low income countries</a> that has implemented community-based health insurance schemes in order to reduce the financial barriers that prevent poor people from seeking and receiving needed health services. This scheme has helped reach 90% of the country's population with health care coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Healthcare in Singapore</a></div> <p>Singaporeans have one of the longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy at birth</a> in the world. During this long life, encountering uncertain situations requiring hospitalization are inevitable. Health insurance or medical insurance cover high healthcare costs during hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Health insurance for Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore#MediShield_Life" title="Healthcare in Singapore">MediShield Life</a>, is a universal health insurance covering all Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents. MediShield Life covers hospitalization costs for a stay in ward B2 or C in a Public hospital. For the hospitalization in a Private hospital, or in ward A or B1 in Public hospital, MediShield Life coverage is pegged to B2 or C ward prices and insured is required to pay the remaining bill amount. This remaining bill amount can be paid using <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore#MediSave" title="Healthcare in Singapore">MediSave</a> but limits are applied on the MediSave usage. MediShield Life does not cover overseas medical expenses and the treatment of serious pre-existing illnesses for which one has been receiving treatment during the 12 months before the start of the MediShield Life coverage. MediShield Life also does not cover treatment of congenital anomalies (medical conditions that are present at birth), cosmetic surgery, pregnancy-related charges and mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the MediShield Life benefits are capped for B2 or C ward hospitalization in public hospitals, Integrated Shield plans provide coverage for the hospitalization in private hospitals, or ward A or B1 in public hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrated Shield insurance plans cover large hospitalization bills for Private hospitals or, ward A or B1.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, insured is still required to pay a portion of the bill amount. This is in accordance with Singapore's healthcare philosophy which promotes personal responsibility with getting individuals to share the cost of healthcare. With this philosophy, deductible, co-insurance and peroration are applied on most of the Health Insurance plans in Singapore. Such health insurance plans provide an option to purchase a health insurance rider to cover these charges.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Health insurance for Foreigners in Singapore</b> </p><p>Unlike Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents, Foreigners are not automatically covered by the MediShield Life. Foreigners can purchase the health insurance plans from several life insurers in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Korea" title="Healthcare in South Korea">Healthcare in South Korea</a></div> <p>South Korea's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy at birth</a> was 82.7 years in 2017, higher than the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> average of 80.8. Men's life expectancy was 79.7 years, higher than the OECD average of 78.1 years, and women's life expectancy was 85.7 years, higher than the average of 83.4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health care in South Korea is provided by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="National Health Insurance">National Health Insurance</a> (NHI), which is mandatory. Anyone residing in South Korea, regardless of nationality or occupation, can purchase this insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Health insurance in Switzerland">Health insurance in Switzerland</a></div> <p>Healthcare in Switzerland is <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regulated by the Swiss Federal Law on Health Insurance. Health insurance is compulsory for all persons residing in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country).<sup id="cite_ref-FOPHHealthFAQ_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOPHHealthFAQ-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOPHHealthYQOA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOPHHealthYQOA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore the same throughout the country and avoids double standards in healthcare. Insurers are required to offer this basic insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. They are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans.<sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The universal compulsory coverage provides for treatment in case of illness or accident and pregnancy. Health insurance covers the costs of medical treatment, medication and hospitalization of the insured. However, the insured person pays part of the costs up to a maximum, which can vary based on the individually chosen plan, premiums are then adjusted accordingly. The whole healthcare system is geared towards to the general goals of enhancing general public health and reducing costs while encouraging individual responsibility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Swiss healthcare system is a combination of public, subsidized private and totally private systems. Insurance premiums vary from insurance company to company, the excess level individually chosen (<i>franchise</i>), the place of residence of the insured person and the degree of supplementary benefit coverage chosen (complementary medicine, routine dental care, semi-private or private ward hospitalization, etc.).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The insured person has full freedom of choice among the approximately 60 recognized healthcare providers competent to treat their condition (in their region) on the understanding that the costs are covered by the insurance up to the level of the official tariff. There is freedom of choice when selecting an insurance company to which one pays a premium, usually on a monthly basis. The insured person pays the insurance premium for the basic plan up to 8% of their personal income. If a premium is higher than this, the government gives the insured person a cash subsidy to pay for any additional premium. </p><p>The compulsory insurance can be supplemented by private "complementary" insurance policies that allow for coverage of some of the treatment categories not covered by the basic insurance or to improve the standard of room and service in case of hospitalization. This can include complementary medicine, routine dental treatment and private ward hospitalization, which are not covered by the compulsory insurance. </p><p>As far as the compulsory health insurance is concerned, the insurance companies cannot set any conditions relating to age, sex or state of health for coverage. Although the level of premium can vary from one company to another, they must be identical within the same company for all insured persons of the same age group and region, regardless of sex or state of health. This does not apply to complementary insurance, where premiums are risk-based. </p><p>Switzerland has an <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> of about 3.6 out of 1,000. The general <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in 2012 was for men 80.5 years compared to 84.7 years for women.<sup id="cite_ref-CHMortality_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHMortality-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the world's best figures.<sup id="cite_ref-WEFHCR_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEFHCR-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>'s National Health Service (NHS) is a <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly funded healthcare">publicly funded healthcare</a> system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. It is not strictly an insurance system because (a) there are no premiums collected, (b) costs are not charged at the patient level and (c) costs are not pre-paid from a pool. However, it does achieve the main aim of insurance which is to spread <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risk</a> arising from ill-health. The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007–8)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are met directly from general taxation. The NHS provides the majority of health care in the UK, including <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">in-patient care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-term_care" title="Long-term care">long-term health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>. </p><p>Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. There are many treatments that the private sector does not provide. For example, health insurance on <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> is generally not covered or covered with restricting clauses. Typical exclusions for <a href="/wiki/Bupa" title="Bupa">Bupa</a> schemes (and many other insurers) include: </p> <blockquote> <p>aging, menopause and puberty; AIDS/HIV; allergies or allergic disorders; birth control, conception, sexual problems and sex changes; chronic conditions; complications from excluded or restricted conditions/ treatment; convalescence, rehabilitation and general nursing care ; cosmetic, reconstructive or weight loss treatment; deafness; dental/oral treatment (such as fillings, gum disease, jaw shrinkage, etc.); dialysis; drugs and dressings for out-patient or take-home use† ; experimental drugs and treatment; eyesight; HRT and bone densitometry; learning difficulties, behavioural and developmental problems; overseas treatment and repatriation; physical aids and devices; pre-existing or special conditions; pregnancy and childbirth; screening and preventive treatment; sleep problems and disorders; speech disorders; temporary relief of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> († = except in exceptional circumstances) </p> </blockquote> <p>There are a number of other companies in the United Kingdom which include, among others, <a href="/wiki/Chubb_Limited" title="Chubb Limited">Chubb Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/AXA" class="mw-redirect" title="AXA">AXA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bupa" title="Bupa">Bupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groupama_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupama Healthcare">Groupama Healthcare</a>, WPA and <a href="/wiki/VitalityHealth" class="mw-redirect" title="VitalityHealth">VitalityHealth</a>. Similar exclusions apply, depending on the policy which is purchased. </p><p>In 2009, the main representative body of British Medical physicians, the British Medical Association, adopted a policy statement expressing concerns about developments in the health insurance market in the UK. In its Annual Representative Meeting which had been agreed earlier by the Consultants Policy Group (i.e. Senior physicians) stating that the BMA was "extremely concerned that the policies of some private healthcare insurance companies are preventing or restricting patients exercising choice about (i) the consultants who treat them; (ii) the hospital at which they are treated; (iii) making top up payments to cover any gap between the funding provided by their insurance company and the cost of their chosen private treatment." It went in to "call on the BMA to publicise these concerns so that patients are fully informed when making choices about private healthcare insurance."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of insurance companies deciding which consultant a patient may see as opposed to GPs or patients is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Open_Referral" title="Open Referral">Open Referral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NHS offers patients a choice of hospitals and consultants and does not charge for its services. </p><p>The private sector has been used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_2007_survey_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA_2007_survey-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOSIS_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOSIS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly one in three patients receiving NHS hospital treatment is privately insured and could have the cost paid for by their insurer. Some private schemes provide cash payments to patients who opt for NHS treatment, to deter use of private facilities. A report, by private health analysts Laing and Buisson, in November 2012, estimated that more than 250,000 operations were performed on patients with private medical insurance each year at a cost of £359 million. In addition, £609 million was spent on emergency medical or surgical treatment. Private medical insurance does not normally cover emergency treatment but subsequent recovery could be paid for if the patient were moved into a private patient unit.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">Health care in the United States</a></div> <p><b>Short Term Health Insurance</b> </p><p>On the 1st of August, 2018 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">DHHS</a> issued a final rule which made federal changes to <a href="/wiki/Short-term_health_insurance" title="Short-term health insurance">Short-Term, Limited-Duration Health Insurance (STLDI)</a> which lengthened the maximum contract term to 364 days and renewal for up to 36 months.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new rule, in combination with the expiration of the penalty for the <a href="/wiki/Individual_mandate" title="Individual mandate">Individual Mandate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been the subject of independent analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States health care system relies heavily on private health insurance, which is the primary source of coverage for most Americans. As of 2018, 68.9% of American adults had private health insurance, according to <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">The Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ) found that in 2011, private insurance was billed for 12.2 million U.S. inpatient hospital stays and incurred approximately $112.5 billion in aggregate inpatient hospital costs (29% of the total national aggregate costs).<sup id="cite_ref-hcup-us.ahrq.gov_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcup-us.ahrq.gov-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public programs provide the primary source of coverage for most senior citizens and for low-income children and families who meet certain eligibility requirements. The primary public programs are <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> program for seniors and certain disabled individuals; and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, funded jointly by the federal government and states but administered at the state level, which covers certain very low income children and their families. Together, Medicare and Medicaid accounted for approximately 63 percent of the national inpatient hospital costs in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-hcup-us.ahrq.gov_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcup-us.ahrq.gov-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SCHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHIP">SCHIP</a> is a federal-state partnership that serves certain children and families who do not qualify for Medicaid but who cannot afford private coverage. Other public programs include military health benefits provided through <a href="/wiki/TRICARE" class="mw-redirect" title="TRICARE">TRICARE</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration" title="Veterans Health Administration">Veterans Health Administration</a> and benefits provided through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a>. Some states have additional programs for low-income individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s and early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Health_advocacy" title="Health advocacy">health advocacy</a> companies began to appear to help patients deal with the complexities of the healthcare system. The complexity of the healthcare system has resulted in a variety of problems for the American public. A study found that 62 percent of persons declaring bankruptcy in 2007 had unpaid medical expenses of $1000 or more, and in 92% of these cases the <a href="/wiki/Medical_debt" title="Medical debt">medical debts</a> exceeded $5000. Nearly 80 percent who filed for bankruptcy had health insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Medicare and Medicaid programs were estimated to soon account for 50 percent of all national health spending.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors and many others fueled interest in an overhaul of the health care system in the United States. In 2010 President Obama signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>. This Act includes an 'individual mandate' that every American must have medical insurance (or pay a fine). Health policy experts such as <a href="/wiki/David_Cutler" title="David Cutler">David Cutler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Gruber_(economist)" title="Jonathan Gruber (economist)">Jonathan Gruber</a>, as well as the American medical insurance lobby group <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Health_Insurance_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Health Insurance Plans">America's Health Insurance Plans</a>, argued this provision was required in order to provide "guaranteed issue" and a "community rating," which address unpopular features of America's health insurance system such as premium weightings, exclusions for pre-existing conditions, and the pre-screening of insurance applicants. During 26–28 March, the Supreme Court heard arguments regarding the validity of the Act. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was determined to be constitutional on 28 June 2012. The Supreme Court determined that Congress had the authority to apply the individual mandate within its taxing powers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_and_evolution">History and evolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States#History" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance in the United States § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Managed_care" title="Managed care">Managed care</a></div> <p>In the late 19th century, "accident insurance" began to be available, which operated much like modern disability insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This payment model continued until the start of the 20th century in some jurisdictions (like California), where all laws regulating health insurance actually referred to disability insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accident insurance was first offered in the United States by the Franklin Health Assurance Company of Massachusetts. This firm, founded in 1850, offered insurance against injuries arising from railroad and steamboat accidents. Sixty organizations were offering accident insurance in the U.S. by 1866, but the industry consolidated rapidly soon thereafter. While there were earlier experiments, the origins of sickness coverage in the U.S. effectively date from 1890. The first employer-sponsored group disability policy was issued in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-HIAA_Fundamentals_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIAA_Fundamentals-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the development of medical expense insurance, patients were expected to pay health care costs <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-pocket expenses">out of their own pockets</a>, under what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Fee-for-service" title="Fee-for-service">fee-for-service</a> business model. During the middle-to-late 20th century, traditional disability insurance evolved into modern health insurance programs. One major obstacle to this development was that early forms of comprehensive health insurance were enjoined by courts for violating the traditional ban on corporate practice of the <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">professions</a> by for-profit corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State legislatures had to intervene and expressly legalize health insurance as an exception to that traditional rule. Today, most comprehensive private health insurance programs cover the cost of routine, preventive, and emergency health care procedures. They also cover or partially cover the cost of certain prescription and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a>. Insurance companies determine what drugs are covered based on price, availability, and therapeutic equivalents. The list of drugs that an insurance program agrees to cover is called a <a href="/wiki/Formulary_(pharmacy)" title="Formulary (pharmacy)">formulary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some prescriptions drugs may require a <a href="/wiki/Prior_authorization" title="Prior authorization">prior authorization</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before an insurance program agrees to cover its cost. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_(1987_to_2008).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_%281987_to_2008%29.JPG/300px-U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_%281987_to_2008%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_%281987_to_2008%29.JPG/450px-U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_%281987_to_2008%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_%281987_to_2008%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The numbers of Americans lacking health insurance and the uninsured rate from 1987 to 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Hospital and medical expense policies were introduced during the first half of the 20th century. During the 1920s, individual hospitals began offering services to individuals on a pre-paid basis, eventually leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cross_Blue_Shield_Association" title="Blue Cross Blue Shield Association">Blue Cross</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-HIAA_Fundamentals_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIAA_Fundamentals-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predecessors of today's <a href="/wiki/Health_Maintenance_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Maintenance Organization">Health Maintenance Organizations</a> (HMOs) originated beginning in 1929, through the 1930s and on during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act">Employee Retirement Income Security Act</a> of 1974 (ERISA) regulated the operation of a health benefit plan if an employer chooses to establish one, which is not required. The <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act">Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act</a> of 1985 (COBRA) gives an ex-employee the right to continue coverage under an employer-sponsored group health benefit plan. </p><p>Through the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Managed_care" title="Managed care">managed care</a> insurance schemes including <a href="/wiki/Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">health maintenance organizations (HMO)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preferred_provider_organization" title="Preferred provider organization">preferred provider organizations</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Point_of_service_plan" title="Point of service plan">point of service plans</a> grew from about 25% US employees with employer-sponsored coverage to the vast majority.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With managed care, insurers use various techniques to address costs and improve quality, including negotiation of prices ("in-network" providers), <a href="/wiki/Utilization_management" title="Utilization management">utilization management</a>, and requirements for quality assurance such as being accredited by accreditation schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission" title="Joint Commission">Joint Commission</a> and the American Accreditation Healthcare Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employers and employees may have some choice in the details of plans, including <a href="/wiki/Health_savings_account" title="Health savings account">health savings accounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">deductible</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">coinsurance</a>. As of 2015, a trend has emerged for employers to offer <a href="/wiki/High-deductible_health_plan" title="High-deductible health plan">high-deductible plans</a>, called consumer-driven healthcare plans which place more costs on employees, while employees benefit by paying lower monthly premiums. Additionally, having a high-deductible plan allows employees to open a health savings account, which allows them to contribute pre-tax savings towards future medical needs. Some employers will offer multiple plans to their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare in Russia</a></div> <p>The private health insurance market, known in Russian as "voluntary health insurance" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">добровольное медицинское страхование, ДМС</span>) to distinguish it from state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Medical_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Medical Insurance">Mandatory Medical Insurance</a>, has experienced sustained levels of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-metrossii_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrossii-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced in October 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare in Taiwan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing#Health_care_demand" title="Ageing">Ageing#Health care demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_834_Enrollment_Implementation_Format" title="ANSI 834 Enrollment Implementation Format">ANSI 834 Enrollment Implementation Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_capital" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Health administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Advocate" title="Health Advocate">Health Advocate</a> (a US-based patient advocacy company)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a> – cross-national comparisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Costa_Rica" title="Healthcare in Costa Rica">Healthcare in Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Innovations" title="Health Insurance Innovations">Health Insurance Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_crisis" title="Health crisis">Health crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_marketplace" title="Health insurance marketplace">Health insurance marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_mandate" title="Health insurance mandate">Health insurance mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">Hospital accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_healthcare_accreditation" title="International healthcare accreditation">International healthcare accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyman%27s_model" title="Nyman's model">Nyman's model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAYGO" title="PAYGO">PAYGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Philosophy of healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_analytics" title="Prescription analytics">Prescription analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProtectSeniors.Org" class="mw-redirect" title="ProtectSeniors.Org">ProtectSeniors.Org</a> (a US lobbying group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">Quality-adjusted life year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-funded_health_care" title="Self-funded health care">Self-funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">Single-payer healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_Uninsured_Patient_Discount_Act_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hospital Uninsured Patient Discount Act (Illinois)">The Hospital Uninsured Patient Discount Act (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfunded_mandate" title="Unfunded mandate">Unfunded mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vuongetal2017b-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vuongetal2017b_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved on 26 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedconsumers.com/zorgverzekering/">"Goedkope zorgverzekering (VGZ) met royale dekking!"</a>. <i>UnitedConsumers</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnitedConsumers&rft.atitle=Goedkope+zorgverzekering+%28VGZ%29+met+royale+dekking%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedconsumers.com%2Fzorgverzekering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECDHealth-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECDHealth_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevelopment,_Organisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and2004" class="citation book cs1">Development, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUM39nDp2s4C&q=employer+provided+private+health+insurance+in+canada"><i>Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> Health Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-00668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-00668-3"><bdi>978-92-64-00668-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Health+Insurance+in+OECD+Countries&rft.pub=OECD+Health+Project&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-92-64-00668-3&rft.au=Development%2C+Organisation+for+Economic+Co-Operation+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUM39nDp2s4C%26q%3Demployer%2Bprovided%2Bprivate%2Bhealth%2Binsurance%2Bin%2Bcanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHI-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIHI_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214090847/http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_876_E&cw_topic=876&cw_rel=AR_31_E"><i>National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975–2007</i></a>. Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55465-167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55465-167-2"><bdi>978-1-55465-167-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=PG_876_E&cw_topic=876&cw_rel=AR_31_E">the original</a> on 14 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Health+Expenditure+Trends%2C+1975%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Health+Information&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55465-167-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecure.cihi.ca%2Fcihiweb%2FdispPage.jsp%3Fcw_page%3DPG_876_E%26cw_topic%3D876%26cw_rel%3DAR_31_E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadorn,_D.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hadorn, D. (2 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180658">"The Chaoulli challenge: getting a grip on waiting lists"</a>. <i>Canadian Medical Association Journal</i>. <b>173</b> (3): 271–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.050812">10.1503/cmaj.050812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180658">1180658</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16076823">16076823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Chaoulli+challenge%3A+getting+a+grip+on+waiting+lists&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-73&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180658%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16076823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.050812&rft.au=Hadorn%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John S. Ambler, "The French Welfare State: surviving social and ideological change," New York University Press, 30 September 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0626-8">978-0-8147-0626-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bump_2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bump_2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBump2010" class="citation web cs1">Bump, Jesse B. (19 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406073800/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/23e4426f-cc44-4d98-ae81-ffa71c38e073-jesse.pdf">"The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/Program_for_Appropriate_Technology_in_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Program for Appropriate Technology in Health">PATH</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/23e4426f-cc44-4d98-ae81-ffa71c38e073-jesse.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck's first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to minimum benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered by public and private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+long+road+to+universal+health+coverage.+A+century+of+lessons+for+development+strategy&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=PATH&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Jesse+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockefellerfoundation.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F23e4426f-cc44-4d98-ae81-ffa71c38e073-jesse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrinJames2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf">"Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Social Security Review</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 45–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-246x.2005.00209.x">10.1111/j.1468-246x.2005.00209.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154659524">154659524</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.<sup>6</sup> It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Security+Review&rft.atitle=Social+health+insurance%3A+Key+factors+affecting+the+transition+towards+universal+coverage&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-64&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-246x.2005.00209.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154659524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carrin&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=James%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealth_financing%2Fdocuments%2Fshi_key_factors.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBärnighausenSauerborn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515153622/http://www.ministerial-leadership.org/sites/default/files/resources_and_tools/10">"One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries?"</a>. <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>54</b> (10): 1559–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2801%2900137-X">10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12061488">12061488</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ministerial-leadership.org/sites/default/files/resources_and_tools/10%20german%20health%20insu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>As Germany has the world's oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=One+hundred+and+eighteen+years+of+the+German+health+insurance+system%3A+are+there+any+lessons+for+middle-+and+low+income+countries%3F&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1559-87&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2801%2900137-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12061488&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4rnighausen&rft.aufirst=Till&rft.au=Sauerborn%2C+Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministerial-leadership.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources_and_tools%2F10%2520german%2520health%2520insu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leichter_1979-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leichter_1979_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeichter1979" class="citation book cs1">Leichter, Howard M. (1979). <i>A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfI6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA121">121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22648-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22648-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Sickness Insurance Law (1883). Eligibility. The Sickness Insurance Law came into effect in December 1884. It provided for compulsory participation by all industrial wage earners (i.e., manual laborers) in factories, ironworks, mines, shipbuilding yards, and similar workplaces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comparative+approach+to+policy+analysis%3A+health+care+policy+in+four+nations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22plainlinks%22%3E121%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22648-6&rft.aulast=Leichter&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hennock_2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hennock_2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennock2007" class="citation book cs1">Hennock, Ernest Peter (2007). <i>The origin of the welfare state in England and Germany, 1850–1914: social policies compared</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bill+of+Health&rft.atitle=Short-Term+Limited+Duration+Insurance+Can+Now+Be+Less+Short-Term&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu%2F2018%2F10%2F11%2Fshort-term-limited-duration-insurance-can-now-be-less-short-term%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey" class="citation news cs1">Levey, Noam N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-insurance-opposition-20180530-story.html">"Trump's new insurance rules are panned by nearly every healthcare group that submitted formal comments"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+new+insurance+rules+are+panned+by+nearly+every+healthcare+group+that+submitted+formal+comments&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Noam+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-pol-trump-insurance-opposition-20180530-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/health-insurance.htm">"FastStats"</a>. <i>cdc.gov</i>. 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdc.gov&rft.atitle=FastStats&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Ffastats%2Fhealth-insurance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hcup-us.ahrq.gov-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hcup-us.ahrq.gov_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hcup-us.ahrq.gov_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Torio CM, Andrews RM. National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #160. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314171958/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb160.jsp">Archived</a> 14 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Census Bureau, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthinstypes.html">"CPS Health Insurance Definitions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505171936/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthinstypes.html">Archived</a> 5 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimmelsteinThorneWarrenWoolhandler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Himmelstein, D. U.; Thorne, D.; Warren, E.; Woolhandler, S. (2009). "Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study". <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>122</b> (8): 741–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2009.04.012">10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.04.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19501347">19501347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25720725">25720725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+Bankruptcy+in+the+United+States%2C+2007%3A+Results+of+a+National+Study&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=741-46&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25720725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19501347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2009.04.012&rft.aulast=Himmelstein&rft.aufirst=D.+U.&rft.au=Thorne%2C+D.&rft.au=Warren%2C+E.&rft.au=Woolhandler%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2809%2900404-5/fulltext">full text</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siska, A, et al, Health Spending Projections Through 2018: Recession Effects Add Uncertainty to The Outlook Health Affairs, March/April 2009; 28(2): w346-w357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf">"SCOTUS ACA Ruling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCOTUS+ACA+Ruling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F11pdf%2F11-393c3a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.howstuffworks.com/health-insurance1.htm">Howstuffworks: How Health Insurance Works</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717201207/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576408_8/Health_Insurance.html#s49">"Encarta: Health Insurance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576408_8/Health_Insurance.html#s49">the original</a> on 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encarta%3A+Health+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761576408_8%2FHealth_Insurance.html%23s49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See California Insurance Code Section 106 (defining disability insurance). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/ins/100-124.5.html">Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/California_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="California Legislature">California Legislature</a> added subdivision (b), which defines "health insurance" as "an individual or group disability insurance policy that provides coverage for hospital, medical, or surgical benefits."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HIAA_Fundamentals-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HIAA_Fundamentals_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HIAA_Fundamentals_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fundamentals of Health Insurance: Part A, Health Insurance Association of America, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879143-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-879143-36-4">1-879143-36-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9780641880035365011">People ex rel. State Board of Medical Examiners v. Pacific Health Corp.</a></i>, 12 Cal.2d 156 (1938).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/prior-authorization/">"Prior Authorization - HealthCare.gov Glossary"</a>. <i>HealthCare.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HealthCare.gov&rft.atitle=Prior+Authorization+-+HealthCare.gov+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcare.gov%2Fglossary%2Fprior-authorization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas P. O'Hare, "Individual Medical Expense Insurance," The American College, 2000, p. 7, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57996-025-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57996-025-1">1-57996-025-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Managed Care: Integrating the Delivery and Financing of Health Care – Part A, Health Insurance Association of America, 1995, p. 9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879143-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-879143-26-7">1-879143-26-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kff.org/insurance/7672/index.cfm">"Employer Health Insurance: 2007,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011035950/http://www.kff.org/insurance/7672/index.cfm">Archived</a> October 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a>, September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf">Health Care in America: Trends in Utilization</a>. National Center for Health Statistics (2003). CDC.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straz, Matt. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245381">What Employers Need to Know About the Hottest Trends in Health Insurance</a>". <i>Entrepreneur Magazine</i>. 27 April 2015. Web. 2 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metrossii-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metrossii_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metlife.ru/ru/individual/support-centre/poleznaja-informacija/dms-v-rossii.html">"ДМС в России – добровольное медицинское страхование – MetLife"</a>. <i>MetLife</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424173925/https://www.metlife.ru/ru/individual/support-centre/poleznaja-informacija/dms-v-rossii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MetLife&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%9C%D0%A1+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%E2%80%93+MetLife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metlife.ru%2Fru%2Findividual%2Fsupport-centre%2Fpoleznaja-informacija%2Fdms-v-rossii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/lifestyle/articles/2011/10/24/pla">"За медуслуги платят более половины российских горожан"</a>. Vedomosti. 24 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424181141/https://www.vedomosti.ru/lifestyle/articles/2011/10/24/pla">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedomosti.ru%2Flifestyle%2Farticles%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Fpla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+insurance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_insurance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insurance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br />insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Employment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Employment" title="Template talk:Employment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Employment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Employment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Academic tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">Full-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">Part-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">Side job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">Skilled worker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">Laborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms" title="List of executive search firms">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call" class="mw-redirect" title="On-call">On-call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate" title="List of sovereign states by employment rate">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><i>U.S.A.:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> See also templates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor">Organized labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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