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aria-controls="toc-Ruler-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruler subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles_of_the_Sovereign_of_the_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles_of_the_Sovereign_of_the_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Titles and styles of the Sovereign of the House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles_of_the_Sovereign_of_the_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles_of_other_members_of_the_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles_of_other_members_of_the_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Titles and styles of other members of the House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles_of_other_members_of_the_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1826–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1826–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1826–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Ministers_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1824–1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Ministers_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1824–1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>State Ministers of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1824–1919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Ministers_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1824–1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA_%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دوقية ساكسونيا كوبورغ وغوتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية ساكسونيا كوبورغ وغوتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Saxonia-Coburgu_y_Gotha" title="Casa de Saxonia-Coburgu y Gotha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casa de Saxonia-Coburgu y Gotha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen-Koburq-Qota" title="Saksen-Koburq-Qota – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saksen-Koburq-Qota" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Саксен-Кобург-Гота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саксен-Кобург-Гота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Саксония-Кобург и Гота – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саксония-Кобург и Гота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskokoburg_i_Gota_(dinastija)" title="Saskokoburg i Gota (dinastija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saskokoburg i Gota (dinastija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%B2nia-Coburg-Gotha" title="Saxònia-Coburg-Gotha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saxònia-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasko-kobursko-gothajsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Sasko-kobursko-gothajské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sasko-kobursko-gothajské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-Coburg_og_Gotha_(land)" title="Sachsen-Coburg og Gotha (land) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sachsen-Coburg og Gotha (land)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg_und_Gotha" title="Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi-Coburg_ja_Gotha" title="Saksi-Coburg ja Gotha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksi-Coburg ja Gotha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%93%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1" title="Σαξονία-Κοβούργο και Γότθα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαξονία-Κοβούργο και Γότθα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Sajonia-Coburgo_y_Gotha" title="Ducado de Sajonia-Coburgo y Gotha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Sajonia-Coburgo y Gotha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Saksio-Koburgo_kaj_Gotao" title="Duklando Saksio-Koburgo kaj Gotao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Saksio-Koburgo kaj Gotao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Saxe-Cobourg_et_Gotha" title="Duché de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B9cachd_Sagsainn-Coburg_agus_Gotha" title="Diùcachd Sagsainn-Coburg agus Gotha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diùcachd Sagsainn-Coburg agus Gotha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%91%EC%84%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EA%B3%A0%ED%83%80_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="작센코부르크고타 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="작센코부르크고타 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg-Gotha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassonia-Coburgo_e_Gotha" title="Sassonia-Coburgo e Gotha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sassonia-Coburgo e Gotha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94" title="דוכסות סקסוניה-קובורג-גותה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות סקסוניה-קובורג-גותה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1sz%E2%80%93Coburg%E2%80%93Gotha_Hercegs%C3%A9g" title="Szász–Coburg–Gotha Hercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szász–Coburg–Gotha Hercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Саксо-Кобург и Гота – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саксо-Кобург и Гота" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-Coburg_dan_Gotha" title="Sachsen-Coburg dan Gotha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sachsen-Coburg dan Gotha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Saksen-Coburg_en_Gotha" title="Hertogdom Saksen-Coburg en Gotha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Saksen-Coburg en Gotha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="ザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia-Coburg-Gotha" title="Saksonia-Coburg-Gotha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saksonia-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" title="Ducado de Saxe-Coburgo-Gota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado de Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksen-Koburg-Gota_dinastiyas%C4%B1" title="Saksen-Koburg-Gota dinastiyası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Saksen-Koburg-Gota dinastiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxa-Coburg_%C8%99i_Gotha" title="Saxa-Coburg și Gotha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saxa-Coburg și Gotha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Саксен-Кобург-Гота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саксен-Кобург-Гота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi-Coburg-Gotha" title="Saksi-Coburg-Gotha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksi-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2" title="ซัคเซิน-โคบวร์คและโกทา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัคเซิน-โคบวร์คและโกทา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonya-Coburg_ve_Gotha" title="Saksonya-Coburg ve Gotha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saksonya-Coburg ve Gotha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Саксен-Кобург-Готське герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саксен-Кобург-Готське герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sachsen-Coburg_v%C3%A0_Gotha" title="Công quốc Sachsen-Coburg và Gotha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Sachsen-Coburg và Gotha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huus_van_Saksen-Coburg_en_Gotha" title="Huus van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Huus van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1826–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_(1911-1920).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Flag of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/125px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/188px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/250px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_(1871).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (red) within the German Empire"><img alt="The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (red) within the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/250px-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/375px-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg/500px-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_in_the_German_Reich_%281871%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (red) within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a><br />(northern part)<br /><a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a> (southern part)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Thuringian" title="Central Thuringian">Central Thuringian</a> & <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1826–1844 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1844–1893 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1893–1900 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1900–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Charles Edward</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1826</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918">German Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Conventionsthaler" title="Conventionsthaler">Conventionsthaler</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1837)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_thaler" title="Saxon thaler">Saxon thaler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1837–57)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_vereinsthaler" title="Saxon vereinsthaler">Saxon <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vereinsthaler</i></span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841–76)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">German gold mark</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1914)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Papiermark" title="Papiermark">Papiermark</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–18)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Free State of Coburg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_State_of_Saxe-Gotha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free State of Saxe-Gotha (page does not exist)">Free State of Saxe-Gotha</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Free State of Gotha</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i>), or <b>Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</b> (German: <i lang="de">Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈzaksn̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkoːbʊʁk<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡoːtaː]</a></span>), was an <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_states" title="Thuringian states">Thuringia</a> ruled by a branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a>, consisting of territories in the present-day states of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lasted from 1826 to 1918. In <a href="/wiki/1918_in_Germany" title="1918 in Germany">November 1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, was forced to abdicate. In 1920, the northern part of the duchy (since 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Free State of Gotha</a>; culturally and <a href="/wiki/Thuringian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian">linguistically</a> <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a>) was merged with six other <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_states" title="Thuringian states">Thuringian free states</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Thuringia">Free State of Thuringia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> (until 1918 a grand duchy), <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a> (until 1918 duchies), <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a> (until 1918 principalities), as well as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">People's State of Reuss</a> (until 1918 the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Reuss-Gera" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuss-Greiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz</a>). The southern part of the duchy (since 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Free State of Coburg</a>; culturally and <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">linguistically</a> <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconian</a>), as southernmost of the Thuringian states, was the only one which, after a referendum, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</i> also refers to the family of the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, which played many varied roles in the dynastic and political history of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the early part of the 20th century, before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, it was the family of the sovereigns of the <a href="/wiki/UKGBI" class="mw-redirect" title="UKGBI">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In 1910, the Portuguese king was deposed, and the same thing occurred in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1918 and in Bulgaria in 1946. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a branch of the family still reigns in Belgium. The former <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> of Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon II</a> (reigned 1943–46), kept his surname while serving as the Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg/180px-Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg/270px-Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg/360px-Standard_of_the_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ducal standard of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy was born when the arbitration of the King of Saxony, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus</a>, produced the Treaty of Hildburghausen on 12 November 1826 for the <i>Gothaische Teilung</i> (Gothan Division), the extensive rearrangement of the <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>. After the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> line, the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Saxe-Hildburghausen</a> exchanged his Duchy for that of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a> line became Saxe-Hildburghausen and got from <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> the Saalfelder territories as well as the District of <a href="/wiki/Themar" title="Themar">Themar</a> and the places of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ritz" title="Föritz">Mupperg</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ritz" title="Föritz">Mogger</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ritz" title="Föritz">Liebau</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6ritz" title="Föritz">Oerlsdorf</a>. The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld received for that the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a>, Districts of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Bavaria" title="Königsberg, Bavaria">Königsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonnefeld" title="Sonnefeld">Sonnefeld</a> from Saxe-Hildburghausen, and the properties of <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Callenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Rodach" title="Bad Rodach">Gauerstadt</a> from Saxe-Meiningen. </p><p>By then, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lichtenberg" title="Principality of Lichtenberg">Principality of Lichtenberg</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Nahe_(Rhine)" title="Nahe (Rhine)">Nahe River</a>, had already been a part of the Duchy of Coburg for ten years. Ernest III, the sovereign of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, had received it in 1816 from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> for providing assistance to the Allies in their war against France. But, because of the great distance from Coburg and of the unrest caused by the <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a>, the Duke sold the Principality in 1834 to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg/400px-Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg/600px-Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg/800px-Thuringia_1910_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><b>The <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_states" title="Thuringian states">Thuringian states</a> and their capitals until 1918</b><br /><i>Free states 1918-1920; united as <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> since 1920</i><br /> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></b></i><br /> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ernestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernestines">Ernestines</a> → <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a>)</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9ACD32; color:black;"> </span> Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (<a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg">Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Meiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen">Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a>)</div> <i><b>Reussian principalities</b></i><br /> <i>(<a href="/wiki/House_of_Reuss" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Reuss">House of Reuss</a> → <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6gte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vögte">Vögte</a> (advocates) of <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Weida, Gera and Plauen</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF1493; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Principality of Reuss-Gera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC6B1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Principality of Reuss-Greiz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greiz" title="Greiz">Greiz</a>)</div> <i>United as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Reuss" title="People's State of Reuss">People's State of Reuss</a> (Gera) 1919-1920</i><br /> <i><b>Schwarzburgian principalities</b></i><br /> <i>(<a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">House of Schwarzburg</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD853F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#696969; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sondershausen" title="Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a>)</div> <b>Surrounding states and their capitals</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E90FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Region</a> of Erfurt (<a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87CEFA; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Province of Hesse-Nassau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kassel_(region)" title="Kassel (region)">Region of Kassel</a> (Kassel)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4682B4; color:black;"> </span> Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Saxony, Region of Merseburg (<a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66CDAA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>)</div> <i><b>Not in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D8BFD8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> (Vienna), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Ernest III as Duke Ernest I in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with only one vote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i>. The opportunity to unify the two duchies in 1826 was missed. After the <i>Staatsgrundgesetz</i> (<a href="/wiki/House_law" title="House law">House laws</a>) of 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were then a quasi-federal unitary state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later attempts to merge the duchies failed in 1867 because the <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> of Gotha did not want to assume the higher state debts of Coburg and in 1872 because of the questions about the administration of the whole union. </p><p>The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha received on 3 May 1852 a national constitution, which had taken substantial parts of the fundamental rights from the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">National Assembly</a> in Frankfurt. It also joined the German <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> in 1834, the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1866 and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. At the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, where it had a seat, it kept its agents but, since 1913, like most of the other <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_states" title="Thuringian states">Thuringian states</a>, it had to defer to the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen for the representation. </p><p>Ernest I died in 1844. His elder son and successor, Ernest II, ruled until his own death in 1893. Because he had died childless, the throne of the two duchies would have passed to his late brother <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>'s male descendants. But Prince Albert was the husband of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom and his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward, the Prince of Wales</a>, was already her <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>. Besides, he was prohibited by the Constitutions of both duchies from inheriting the throne if there were other eligible male heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he had already renounced his claim in favour of his next brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred</a>, Duke of Edinburgh. So Alfred became the next Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte-HSG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karte-HSG.png/220px-Karte-HSG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karte-HSG.png/330px-Karte-HSG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Karte-HSG.png/440px-Karte-HSG.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Republic of Saxe-Gotha then Free State of Saxe-Gotha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte-HSC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karte-HSC.png/220px-Karte-HSC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karte-HSC.png/330px-Karte-HSC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karte-HSC.png/440px-Karte-HSC.png 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Free State of Coburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte-HSC-Ex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte-HSC-Ex.png/220px-Karte-HSC-Ex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte-HSC-Ex.png/330px-Karte-HSC-Ex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karte-HSC-Ex.png/440px-Karte-HSC-Ex.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Enclave of the Free State of Saxe-Coburg, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Bavaria" title="Königsberg, Bavaria">Königsberg in Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtenberg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lichtenberg.png/220px-Lichtenberg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lichtenberg.png/330px-Lichtenberg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lichtenberg.png/440px-Lichtenberg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lichtenberg" title="Principality of Lichtenberg">Principality of Lichtenberg</a>, (1816–1834)</figcaption></figure> <p>Alfred's only son, also named <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a>, died in 1899, so when Duke Alfred died in 1900 he was succeeded by his nephew the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke of Albany</a>, the 16-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Leopold</a>, as Duke Alfred's next brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a> had renounced their own claims to the succession. Reigning as Duke Carl Eduard, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Charles Edward</a>, because of his age, began under the Regency of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_II,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Prince Ernst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a> until he came of age in 1905. The new Duke also continued to use his British title, the Duke of Albany. But, because he chose to side with the Germans against the British in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, he was stripped of his British titles in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918">November Revolution</a> ended the monarchy in 1918, the two duchies became two different and independent states, the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Coburg" title="Free State of Coburg">Free State of Coburg</a>, and the Republic of Gotha, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Gotha">Free State of Gotha</a>. Their leaders believed, however, that their new countries were not economically viable, so they began to search for possible mergers. Eventually, a referendum was held on 30 November 1919 and the decision was made. On 1 May 1920, the Free State of Gotha merged with the new State of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and the Free State of Coburg followed two months later, on 1 July 1920, by uniting with the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the German Empire, the Duchy had only one vote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i> and two votes (for the two Duchies of Coburg and Gotha) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Duchy had its own <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i>, elected every four years by male taxpayers over 25 years of age. Only males 30 years or older were eligible to stand for the elections. The Coburger assembly had 11 members and its twin in Gotha had 19. The assemblies met every year but, every two years, they would combine, alternatively in Gotha and Coburg, for the matters and questions that involve both Duchies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For both duchies, however, there was a Ministry of State in Gotha but Coburg and Gotha had their own subordinate and almost independent ministries. The Minister of State directed Gotha's Ducal ministry but, for both Duchies, he was responsible for the state affairs, the economical and commercials policies, the judiciary and the conduct of Imperial laws. In Coburg, for state matters as such as community services, police duties, support of the state church, and education, as well as management of assets and finances, and also, until 1891, court matters, the local authorities could not interfere with the decisions from Gotha. </p><p>The finances of both Duchies remained basically disconnected. But, in their management, a distinction was always made between the Crown revenue from the domains and the State revenue from taxes and duties. Every four years, a common budget, especially in the financial dealings with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, was made, even if it interfered with the local and national operations of the two Duchies. Grants from the state budgets of both Duchies were made in the ratio of 7 to 3 between Gotha and Coburg. </p><p>Because of its size and finances, the Duchy did not have ambassadors but it did have trade consuls. They were for trade with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, France, Great Britain, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Prussia, Russia, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had its own consul in Coburg from 1897 to 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Raven" title="Ernst Raven">Ernst Raven</a> was assigned to the position of consul in the state of Texas. He applied to the Confederate Government for a diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">exequatur</a> on 30 July 1861 and was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_the_Coburg_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Coburg Fortress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1867, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha had its own Army. But, on 26 June 1867, because of a treaty signed in 1866 with Prussia, its Army was added, for defending and recruiting purposes, to the 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment No. 95 of the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Division_(German_Empire)" title="22nd Division (German Empire)">22nd Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XI Corps (German Empire)">XIth Army Corps</a>. Three battalions of the 6th Thuringian were assigned to Gotha (No. 1), <a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen" title="Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> (No. 2) and Coburg (No. 3) but the Corps headquarters was in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Prussia, where military service was mandatory, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha filled its quota in the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">Imperial Army</a> with the draft.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capitals of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>. By 1914 the area and populations of the two duchies were:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Duchy </th> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th rowspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td align="center">sq mi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxe-Coburg </td> <td style="text-align:right;">562 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">217 </td> <td align="center">74,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxe-Gotha </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,415 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">546 </td> <td align="center">182,359 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,977</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>763</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>257,177</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Residenz" title="Residenz">residences</a> in Gotha and Coburg. Therefore, the whole ducal court, including the Court Theater, had to move twice a year: from Gotha to Coburg for the summer, from Coburg to Gotha for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Court Theater, two almost identical buildings had to be built in 1840 in Gotha (destroyed in the Second World War) and Coburg (now the <a href="/wiki/Landestheater_Coburg" title="Landestheater Coburg">Coburg State Theater</a>) and thereafter maintained at the same time. In addition to the residential castles, <i><a href="/wiki/Friedenstein_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedenstein Castle">Friedenstein</a></i> in Gotha and <i><a href="/wiki/Ehrenburg_Palace" title="Ehrenburg Palace">Ehrenburg</a></i> in Coburg, the Ducal family also used the <i>Schloss</i> <a href="/wiki/Reinhardsbrunn" title="Reinhardsbrunn">Reinhardsbrunn</a> in Gotha as well as the <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Rosenau,_Coburg" title="Schloss Rosenau, Coburg">Rosenau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callenberg_Castle" title="Callenberg Castle">Callenberg</a> castles in Coburg and the hunting lodge Greinburg Castle, <a href="/wiki/Grein,_Austria" title="Grein, Austria">Grein, Austria</a> (the latter two still today owned by the ducal branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coburg-Veste4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veste Coburg"><img alt="Veste Coburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coburg-Veste4.jpg/120px-Coburg-Veste4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coburg-Veste4.jpg/180px-Coburg-Veste4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coburg-Veste4.jpg/240px-Coburg-Veste4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4790" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ehrenburg Palace, Coburg"><img alt="Ehrenburg Palace, Coburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/120px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/180px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/240px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ehrenburg_Palace" title="Ehrenburg Palace">Ehrenburg Palace</a>, Coburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedenstein Palace, Gotha"><img alt="Friedenstein Palace, Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg/120px-Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg/180px-Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg/240px-Gotha_Schloss_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedenstein_Palace" title="Friedenstein Palace">Friedenstein Palace</a>, Gotha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reinhardsbrunn Castle, Gotha"><img alt="Reinhardsbrunn Castle, Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG/120px-Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG/180px-Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG/240px-Reinhardsbrunn_Schloss_Winter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reinhardsbrunn" title="Reinhardsbrunn">Reinhardsbrunn</a> Castle, Gotha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Callenberg Castle, Coburg"><img alt="Callenberg Castle, Coburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg/120px-Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg/180px-Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg/240px-Schloss_Callenberg_Luftbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Callenberg_Castle" title="Callenberg Castle">Callenberg Castle</a>, Coburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosenau Castle, Coburg"><img alt="Rosenau Castle, Coburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg/120px-CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg/180px-CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg/240px-CO_Schloss_Rosenau1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Rosenau,_Coburg" title="Schloss Rosenau, Coburg">Rosenau</a> Castle, Coburg</div> </li> </ul> <p>Only the Duchy of Gotha, along with nearby Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Altenburg and especially the Grand Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> – was able to be one of the sponsoring states of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>. Coburg did not have its own university. It did not have its court of law, either. Gotha had its own court of law while Coburg had to go to <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a> for the legal administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruler">Ruler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ruler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328,_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14328%2C_Kinder_des_Herzogs_v._Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The children of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1917: Princess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sibylla_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Sibylle</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Hubertus</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles_of_the_Sovereign_of_the_House">Titles and styles of the Sovereign of the House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Titles and styles of the Sovereign of the House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i>Staatsgrundgesetz</i> (<a href="/wiki/House_law" title="House law">House laws</a>) of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the full title of the Duke was:<sup id="cite_ref-Velde_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velde-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Wir, Ernst, Herzog zu Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, Jülich, Cleve und Berg, auch Engern und Westphalen, Landgraf in Thüringen, Markgraf zu Meißen, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf zu der Mark und Ravensberg, Herr zu Ravenstein und Tonna usw.</i> </p><p>Translation: We, Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich, Cleves and Berg</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Angria" title="Angria">Angria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a> in Thuringia, <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princely_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Count">Princely Count</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Henneberg" title="House of Henneberg">Henneberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Count of the Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Ravenstein,_Netherlands" title="Ravenstein, Netherlands">Ravenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonna,_Germany" title="Tonna, Germany">Tonna</a>, et cetera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles_of_other_members_of_the_House">Titles and styles of other members of the House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Titles and styles of other members of the House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Ducal and Princely titles may be restricted if the marriage conflicts with the requirements of the <i>Staatsgrundgesetz</i> or if a member of the House renounces his claims for himself and his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-Velde_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velde-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dukes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1826–1918)"><span id="Dukes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_.281826.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of Saxe-Coburg <br /> and Gotha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/220px-Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/330px-Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/440px-Shield_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic shield">Heraldic shield</a> of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b> (1784–1844) <b>reigned 1826–1844</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b> (1818–1893) <b>reigned 1844–1893</b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i> (1819–1861), Prince Consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1840–1861 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></i> of the United Kingdom (1841–1910), reigned as king 1901–1910;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh</a></b> (1844–1900), <b>reigned 1893–1900</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i> (1874–1899), predeceased father</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i> (1850–1942) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></i> (1883–1938) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i> (1914–1943)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></i> (1853–1884) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b> (1884–1954), <b>reigned 1900–1918</b>, abdicated 1918</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_Ministers_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1824–1919)"><span id="State_Ministers_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_.281824.E2.80.931919.29"></span>State Ministers of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1824–1919)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State Ministers of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1824–1919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1824–1840 Christoph Anton Ferdinand von Carlowitz</li> <li>1840–1840 Dietrich [Carl August] <i><a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a></i> von Stein (first time)</li> <li>1840–1846 Georg Ferdinand von Lepel</li> <li>1846–1849 Dietrich [Carl August] <i>Freiherr</i> von Stein (second time)</li> <li>1849–1888 Camillo <i>Freiherr</i> von Seebach</li> <li>1888–1891 Gisbert von Bonin</li> <li>1891–1900 Office Vacant</li> <li>1900–1905 [Philipp Hermann] Otto von Hentig</li> <li>1905–1914 Ernst [Friedrich Hermann] von Richter</li> <li>1914–1919 Hans Barthold von Bassewitz</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Coburg" title="Palais Coburg">Palais Coburg</a> in Vienna</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2012). <i>Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations</i>. Penguin Books. pp. 539–573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-2295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-2295-1"><bdi>978-0-1431-2295-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanished+Kingdoms%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+States+and+Nations&rft.pages=539-573&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-1431-2295-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterbottom2016" class="citation book cs1">Winterbottom, Derek (31 July 2016). <i>The Grand Old Duke of York: A Life of Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 1763 1827</i>. Pen and Sword. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF1KDAAAQBAJ&q=History+germany+1918+revolution%2C++Saxe-coburg+and+Gotha+joined+Thuringia&pg=PA181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4580-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-4580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Old+Duke+of+York%3A+A+Life+of+Prince+Frederick%2C+Duke+of+York+and+Albany+1763+1827&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-4580-0&rft.aulast=Winterbottom&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdmann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Erdmann, <i>Coburg, Bayern und das Reich 1918–1923</i>, p. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Hess, Ulrich. <i>Geschichte Thüringens 1866 bis 1914</i> [<i>History of Thuringen, 1866 to 1914</i>] (Vienna: <i>Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger</i>, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7400-0077-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7400-0077-5">3-7400-0077-5</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Dressel, <i>Die Entwicklung von Verfassung und Verwaltung in Sachsen-Coburg 1800–1826 im Vergleich</i>, p. 532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek, Georg</a>, <i>Die Lehre von den Staatenverbindungen</i> [<i>The Theory of the Unifications of States</i>] (Berlin: Verlag von O. Haering 1882), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dielehrevondens01jellgoog#page/n221/mode/2up">p. 208 ff.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Sander, Harold. "II.1.4 Prinz Albert", <i>Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001</i>, page 86: "<i>Der zukünftige König von England und der vorraussichtliche englische Thronfolger sind von der von Regierung im Herzogtum ausgeschlossen</i>" ["The future King of England and the presumptive British Heir to the Throne are excluded from the government in the Duchy"]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzroy, Almeric. Clerk of the Privy Council, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31255/page/4000">"The Titles Deprivation Act, 1917"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, 28 March 1919, Issue No 31255, page 4000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Janet and Joe Robinson, <i>Handbook of Imperial Germany</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: AuthorHouse, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qsz1mi1t_IC&q=Saxe-Coburg">page 87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Martin_(editor)" title="Frederick Martin (editor)">Martin, Frederick</a>, ed., <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman%27s_Yearbook" title="The Statesman's Yearbook">The Statesman's Yearbook</a>: A Statistical, Genealogical, and Historical Account of the States and Sovereigns of the Civiised World for the Year 1866</i> (London and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">MacMillan and Co.</a>, 1866) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QG4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173">page 173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Kestenbaum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/GR-consuls.html">“U.S. consul officials in Germany”</a>, <i>The Political Graveyard</i>, retrieved 10 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">58th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 234, <i>Journal of the Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, 1861–1865</i>, Volume 5 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ll/llcc/005/0400/04240422.gif">page 422</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Militar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/herzogtum_sachsen-coburg-gotha.htm"><i>Das Deutsche Schutzgebiete: Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha</i></a> [<i>The German Protectorates: The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</i>] (in German). 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Militar&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Schutzgebiete%3A+Herzogtum+Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de%2Fherzogtum_sachsen-coburg-gotha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Fredrick (ed.). <i>The Statesman's Yearbook 1866</i> (in German). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QG4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA174">174</a>. <q>... the finances of the duchy do not allow the maintenance of a large force, the troops required for actual service are drawn by conscription, in the form of ballot.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Yearbook+1866&rft.pages=174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Sander, Harold, “I.11 <i>Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i>”, <i>Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001</i>, page 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velde-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Velde_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Velde_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span> Velde, François, "House Laws of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha", posted 17 June 2008, <i>Heraldica: Topics: Royalty</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/HGSachsen-CG.htm">http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/HGSachsen-CG.htm</a>, retrieved 10 December 2013. The original source was: Paul Posener, <i>Die staatsverfassungen des Erdballs; unter Mitwirkung von Gelehrten und Staatsmännern</i> [<i>The State Constitutions of the World, With Participation of Scholars and Statesmen</i>]. (<a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>: Fichtner, 1909).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dressel, Carl-Christian H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0YMAQAAMAAJ&q=Die+Entwicklung+von+Verfassung+und+Verwaltung+in+Sachsen-Coburg+1800%E2%80%931826+im+Vergleich"><i>Die Entwicklung von Verfassung und Verwaltung in Sachsen-Coburg 1800–1826 im Vergleich</i></a>(<i>The Development and Comparison of the Constitution and Administration of Saxe-Coburg 1880 – 1826</i>) (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-12003-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-12003-1">978-3-428-12003-1</a>, Subscription required. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Erdmann, Jürgen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teLSugEACAAJ&q=Coburg,+Bayern+und+das+Reich+1918%E2%80%931923"><i>Coburg, Bayern und das Reich 1918–1923</i></a> (<i>Coburg, Bavaria and the Empire 1918–1923</i>), Coburg, Druckhaus und Vesteverlag A. Rossteutscher, 1969, (<i>Coburger Heimatkunde und Landesgeschichte Reihe 2, 22</i> (<i>Coburger Studies of State and Local History Series 2, Nr 22</i>), ZDB-ID 1151614-8) (simultaneously: <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>, Dissertation, 1969: <i>Coburg in den Anfangsjahren der Weimarer Republik 1918–1923</i> (<i>Coburg in the Beginning of the Weimar Republic Years 1918–1923</i>)) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Homann" title="Johann Homann">Homann, Johann B[aptist].</a>, <i>Die Herzogtümer Gotha, Coburg und Altenburg 1729. Historische Karte</i> (<i>The Duchies of Gotha, Coburg and Altenburg 1729. Historical Maps</i>), <i>Tabula Geographica Principatus Gotha, Coburg, Altenburg</i> (<i>Geographical Maps of the Principalities of Gotha, Coburg and Altenburg 1729</i>), Bad Langensalza, Verlag Rockstuhl, 1999 (reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-929000-78-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-929000-78-4">3-929000-78-4</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Niclas, Thomas, <i>Das Haus Sachsen-Coburg – Europas späte Dynastie</i> (<i>The House of Saxe-Coburg – Europe's Last Dynasty</i>), Stuttgart, <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-017243-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-017243-3">3-17-017243-3</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Sandner, Harold, <i>Das Haus von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001</i> (<i>The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826 to 2001</i>), Coburg, Neue Presse GmbH, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-008525-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-00-008525-4">3-00-008525-4</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duchy_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sachsen-coburg-gotha.de/">The Ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> – the official website of the house <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13494a.htm">The Catholic Encyclopedia: Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> – article about the Duchy, written in 1910, with details about the religious issues <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">"Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saxe-Coburg-Gotha&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ernestine_duchies_after_the_Division_of_Erfurt_(1572)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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<small>(1596–1638, 1640–1644, 1672–1806)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a> <small>(1603–1672, 1826–1918)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha" title="Saxe-Gotha">Saxe-Gotha</a> <small>(1640–1680)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> <small>(1681–1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Marksuhl" title="Saxe-Marksuhl">Saxe-Marksuhl</a> <small>(1662–1672)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Jena" title="Saxe-Jena">Saxe-Jena</a> <small>(1672–1690)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenberg" title="Saxe-Eisenberg">Saxe-Eisenberg</a> <small>(1680–1707)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Saxe-Hildburghausen</a> <small>(1680–1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-R%C3%B6mhild" title="Saxe-Römhild">Saxe-Römhild</a> <small>(1680–1710)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Saalfeld">Saxe-Saalfeld</a> <small>(1680–1735)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a> <small>(1681–1918)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <small>(1735–1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> <small>(1806–1918)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> <small>(1826–1918)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ernestine coat of arms"><img alt="The Ernestine coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Saxony.svg/60px-Arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Saxony.svg/90px-Arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arms_of_Saxony.svg/120px-Arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the North German Confederation">States of the North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_1866-1871.99.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the North German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/175px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/263px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/350px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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