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id="toc-Erfurt_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erfurt_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Erfurt during the Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erfurt_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Since 1815</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erfurt-Southeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erfurt-Southeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Erfurt-Southeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erfurt-Southeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture, sights and cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture, sights and cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture,_sights_and_cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residents_notable_in_cultural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residents_notable_in_cultural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Residents notable in cultural history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residents_notable_in_cultural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights_and_architectural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights_and_architectural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Sights and architectural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sights_and_architectural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches,_monasteries_and_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches,_monasteries_and_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Churches, monasteries and synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches,_monasteries_and_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_churches_and_monasteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_churches_and_monasteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1.1</span> <span>Catholic churches and monasteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_churches_and_monasteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_churches_and_monasteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_churches_and_monasteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1.2</span> <span>Protestant churches and monasteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_churches_and_monasteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1.3</span> <span>Former churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1.4</span> <span>Synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Secular architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Street_and_square_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_and_square_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2.1</span> <span>Street and square ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_and_square_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2.2</span> <span>Fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-_and_20th-century_architecture_in_the_outskirts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-_and_20th-century_architecture_in_the_outskirts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2.3</span> <span>19th- and 20th-century architecture in the outskirts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-_and_20th-century_architecture_in_the_outskirts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_industry_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_industry_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture, industry and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_industry_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>By rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>By road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_light_rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_light_rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>By light rail and bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_light_rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_airplane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_airplane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>By airplane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_airplane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_bike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_bike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>By bike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_bike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor_and_city_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_and_city_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mayor and city council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_and_city_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erfurt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%89%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ኤርፉርት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤርፉርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="إرفورت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرفورت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ارفورت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارفورت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ерфурт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерфурт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt_Erfurt" title="Kreisfreie Stadt Erfurt – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kreisfreie Stadt Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Ερφούρτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερφούρτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rfurt" title="Érfurt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Érfurt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurto" title="Erfurto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erfurto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ارفورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارفورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84" title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍆𐌿𐍂𐍄 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍆𐌿𐍂𐍄" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="에르푸르트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에르푸르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Էրֆուրտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրֆուրտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="अरफ़र्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरफ़र्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarobrod" title="Jarobrod – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jarobrod" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ארפורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארפורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ერფურტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერფურტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfordia" title="Erfordia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Erfordia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurte" title="Erfurte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erfurte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurtas" title="Erfurtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erfurtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ерфурт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерфурт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="एरफुर्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एरफुर्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ارفورت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارفورت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="エアフルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エアフルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="ارفرٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارفرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ارفورت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارفورت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ерфурт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ерфурт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurti" title="Erfurti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Erfurti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ئێرفورت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرفورت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ерфурт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерфурт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрфурт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эрфурт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="แอร์ฟวร์ท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอร์ฟวร์ท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ерфурт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерфурт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="爱尔福特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔福特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ערפורט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערפורט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%9B%85%E7%A6%8F" title="艾雅福 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾雅福" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erfurt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erfurt&params=50_58_41_N_11_01_44_E_type:city(214969)_region:DE-TH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°58′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°01′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.97806°N 11.02889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.97806; 11.02889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Erfurt" title="Special:EditPage/Erfurt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Erfurt%22">"Erfurt"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Erfurt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Erfurt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Erfurt%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Erfurt%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Erfurt%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Thuringia, Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Thuringia, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Erfurt </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke,_Erfurt_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg/268px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg/402px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg/536px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke%2C_Erfurt_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View over Erfurt</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg/132px-Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg/198px-Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg/264px-Dom_und_St._Serveri_Erfurt_20200909_0006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4578" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Erfurt Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Severus%27_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Severus' Church, Erfurt">St Severus' Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_(Erfurt)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg/132px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg/198px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg/264px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_%28Erfurt%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4763" data-file-height="3175" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG/132px-Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG/198px-Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG/264px-Erfurt_from_above_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmannskirche" title="Kaufmannskirche">Kaufmannskirche</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zitadelle_Petersberg_(Erfurt)_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg/132px-Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg/198px-Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg/264px-Zitadelle_Petersberg_%28Erfurt%29_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Erfurt"><img alt="Flag of Erfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg/100px-Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg/150px-Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg/200px-Flagge_der_kreisfreien_Stadt_Erfurt_laut_Hauptsatzung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Erfurt"><img alt="Coat of arms of Erfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/68px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/102px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/136px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Erfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Erfurt">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Erfurt within Thuringia</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_EF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Thuringia_EF.svg/250px-Thuringia_EF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Thuringia_EF.svg/375px-Thuringia_EF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Thuringia_EF.svg/500px-Thuringia_EF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="758" /></a></span> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erfurt is located in Germany"><img alt="Erfurt is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.176%;left:55.289%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Erfurt"><img alt="Erfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Erfurt </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erfurt is located in Thuringia"><img alt="Erfurt is located in Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/250px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/375px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thuringia_location_map.svg/500px-Thuringia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.071%;left:41.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Erfurt"><img alt="Erfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Erfurt </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Thuringia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erfurt&params=50_58_41_N_11_01_44_E_type:city(214969)_region:DE-TH"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°58′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°01′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.97806°N 11.02889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.97806; 11.02889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1120</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">742</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">53 districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2024–30) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Andreas Horn<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">269.17 km<sup>2</sup> (103.93 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">194 m (636 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">214,969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">800/km<sup>2</sup> (2,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">99084–99099</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0361</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Germany" title="Vehicle registration plates of Germany">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">EF</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/index.html">www<wbr />.erfurt<wbr />.de<wbr />/ef<wbr />/de<wbr />/index<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656">1656</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erfurt </b>(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɛʁfʊʁt]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/De-Erfurt.ogg\/De-Erfurt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Erfurt.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/De-Erfurt.ogg/De-Erfurt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Erfurt.ogg" title="File:De-Erfurt.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> and largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Central German</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, with a population of around 216,000. It lies in the wide valley of the <a href="/wiki/Gera_(river)" title="Gera (river)">River Gera</a>, in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Basin" title="Thuringian Basin">Thuringian Basin</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>, and in the middle of a line of the six largest Thuringian cities (<i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_St%C3%A4dtekette" class="extiw" title="de:Thüringer Städtekette">Thüringer Städtekette</a></i>), stretching from <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> in the west, via <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, Erfurt, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> in the east. Together with <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, it is one of the cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants lying closest to the geographic centre of Germany. Erfurt is 100 km (62 mi) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, 250 km (155 mi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 300 km (186 mi) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and 400 km (249 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. </p><p>Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gera_(river)" title="Gera (river)">Gera</a> is spanned by the <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Merchants' Bridge</a> (<i>Krämerbrücke</i>), one of the rare bridges with houses built on it. On the Erfurt Cathedral Hill is the ensemble of <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Erfurt Cathedral</a>—which houses <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">the world's largest free-swinging medieval bell</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and <a href="/wiki/St_Severus%27_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Severus' Church, Erfurt">St Severus' Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a> is one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erfurt's <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Europe, and together with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt_Mikveh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erfurt Mikveh (page does not exist)">Erfurt Mikveh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikwe_(Erfurt)" class="extiw" title="de:Mikwe (Erfurt)">de</a>]</span>, which was only rediscovered in 2007, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_House_(Erfurt)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone House (Erfurt) (page does not exist)">Stone House</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinernes_Haus_(Erfurt)" class="extiw" title="de:Steinernes Haus (Erfurt)">de</a>]</span>, forms the UNESCO World Heritage Site <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Medieval_Heritage_of_Erfurt" title="Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt">Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics. Its central location has made it a <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany (after Leipzig), as well as the public television children's channel <a href="/wiki/KiKa" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKa">KiKa</a>. The city is on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a>, a medieval trade and pilgrims' road network. <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Hauptbahnhof" title="Erfurt Hauptbahnhof">Erfurt Main Station</a> is the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Erfurt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Leipzig/Halle_high-speed_railway" title="Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway">Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle</a> high-speed lines with the <a href="/wiki/Halle%E2%80%93Bebra_railway" title="Halle–Bebra railway">Halle–Bebra railway</a>. </p><p>Erfurt was first mentioned in 742, as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> founded the diocese. Although the town did not belong to any of the Thuringian states politically, it quickly became the economic centre of the region and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Electorate of Mainz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1802. From 1949 until 1990 Erfurt was part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> was founded in 1379,<sup id="cite_ref-uni-erfurt.de_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni-erfurt.de-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the first university to be established within the geographic area which constitutes modern Germany. It closed in 1816 and was re-established in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) was its most famous student, studying there from 1501 before entering <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St Augustine's Monastery</a> in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other noted Erfurters include the medieval philosopher and mystic <a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a> (c. 1260–1328), the Baroque composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> (1653–1706) and the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Erfurt" title="Timeline of Erfurt">Timeline of Erfurt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the west of Erfurt in Frienstedt existed, in the AD era, a big <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> village, which was found during the construction of a highway. Where they also discovered the oldest Germanic word ever discovered in Central Germany written in <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runic script</a> was found on a comb from a sacrificial shaft the word: "kaba". From <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Times</a>, however, they found 200 coins dating back to the third century, plus 150 Roman ceramic fragments and more than 200 <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>. Also 11 inhumation graves of the Haßleben-Leuna group, which is an archeological cultural group.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchendorf (page does not exist)">Melchendorf</a> dig in the southern city part showed a settlement from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">neolithic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a> inhabited the Erfurt area in <i>c.</i> 480 and gave their name to Thuringia in <i>c.</i> 500.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schedel_erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schedel_erfurt.jpg/260px-Schedel_erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schedel_erfurt.jpg/390px-Schedel_erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Schedel_erfurt.jpg/520px-Schedel_erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Erfurt, woodcut from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i>, 1493</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/260px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/390px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/520px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a>, the oldest in Europe (1094)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG/260px-Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG/390px-Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG/520px-Collegium_Maius_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><i>Collegium maius</i> building of the old <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> (1392)</figcaption></figure> <p>The town is first mentioned in 742 under the name of "Erphesfurt": in that year, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Pope Zachary</a> to inform him that he had established three <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> in central Germany, one of them "in a place called Erphesfurt, which for a long time has been inhabited by pagan natives." All three dioceses (the other two were <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCraburg" title="Büraburg">Büraburg</a>) were confirmed by Zachary the next year, though in 755 Erfurt was brought into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mainz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz">diocese of Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the place was populous already is borne out by archeological evidence, which includes 23 graves and six horse burials from the sixth and seventh centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Erfurt was an important trading town because of its location, near a <a href="/wiki/Ford_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford (river)">ford</a> across the Gera river. Together with the other five Thuringian <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Gotha_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotha (town)">Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Tennstedt" title="Bad Tennstedt">Tennstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Langensalza</a> it was the centre of the German woad trade, which made those cities very wealthy. Erfurt was the junction of important trade routes: the <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> was one of the most used east–west roads between France and Russia (via <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Erfurt, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>) and another route in the north–south direction was the connection between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> ports (e. g. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>) and the potent upper Italian city-states like <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. </p><p>During the tenth and eleventh centuries both the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Electorate of Mainz</a> held some privileges in Erfurt. The German kings had an important monastery on Petersberg hill and the Archbishops of Mainz collected taxes from the people. Around 1100, some people became free citizens by paying the annual "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freizins</i></span>" (liberation tax), which marks a first step in becoming an independent city. During the 12th century, as a sign of more and more independence, the citizens built a city wall around Erfurt (in the area of today's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Juri-Gagarin-Ring</i></span>). After 1200, independence was fulfilled and a city council was founded in 1217; the town hall was built in 1275. In the following decades, the council bought a city-owned territory around Erfurt which consisted at its height of nearly 100 villages and castles and even another small town (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a>). Erfurt became an important regional power between the <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgraviate of Thuringia">Landgraviate of Thuringia</a> around, the Electorate of Mainz to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> to the east. Between 1306 and 1481, Erfurt was allied with the two other major Thuringian cities (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>) in the Thuringian City Alliance and the three cities joined the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> together in 1430. A peak in economic development was reached in the 15th century, when the city had a population of 20,000 making it one of the largest in Germany. Between 1432 and 1446, a second and higher city wall was established. In 1483, a first city fortress was built on Cyriaksburg hill in the southwestern part of the town. </p><p>In the year 1184, Erfurt was the location of a notable accident called the <i><a href="/wiki/Erfurter_Latrinensturz" class="mw-redirect" title="Erfurter Latrinensturz">Erfurter Latrinensturz</a></i> ('Erfurt latrine fall'). King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> held council in a building of the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Erfurt Cathedral</a> to negotiate peace between two of his vassals, Archbishop Konrad I of Mainz and Landgrave Ludwig III of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. The amassed weight of all the gathered men proved too heavy for the floor to bear, which collapsed. According to contemporary accounts, dozens of people fell to their death into the <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrine</a> pit below. Ludwig III, Konrad I and Henry VI survived the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community of Erfurt was founded in the 11th century. Together with the Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, it became one of the most influential in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a> is still extant and is a museum today, as is the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> at Gera river near <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krämerbrücke</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mikveh_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikveh-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1349, during the wave of <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_Jewish_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death Jewish persecutions">Black Death Jewish persecutions</a> across Europe, the Jews of Erfurt were rounded up, with <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">more than 100 killed</a> and the rest driven from the city. Before the persecution, a wealthy Jewish merchant buried his property in the basement of his house. In 1998, this treasure was found during construction works. The <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Treasure" title="Erfurt Treasure">Erfurt Treasure</a> with various gold and silver objects is shown in the exhibition in the synagogue today.<sup id="cite_ref-AID_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AID-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few years after 1349, the Jews moved back to Erfurt and founded a second community, which was disbanded by the city council in 1454.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their exceptional testimony to the life of a medieval Jewish community, the Jewish sites in Erfurt were inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1379,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> was founded. Together with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> it was one of the first city-owned universities in Germany, while they were usually owned by the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Landesherren</a></i></span></i>. Some buildings of this old university are extant or restored in the "Latin Quarter" in the northern city centre (like <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Collegium Maius</i></span>, student dorms "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Georgenburse</i></span>" and others, the hospital and the church of the university). The university quickly became a hotspot of German cultural life in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> with scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helius_Eobanus_Hessus" title="Helius Eobanus Hessus">Helius Eobanus Hessus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg/220px-Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg/330px-Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg/440px-Erfurt-1650-Merian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>Erfurt in 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg/220px-Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg/330px-Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg/440px-Luftbild_Statthalterei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmainzische_Statthalterei" class="extiw" title="de:Kurmainzische Statthalterei">Kurmainzische Statthalterei</a></i></span></i>, seat of the governors of Erfurt (at front)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_(German_States)_1645_10_Ducat_(Portugaloser).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg/220px-Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg/330px-Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg/440px-Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5802" data-file-height="2929" /></a><figcaption>Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1501 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) moved to Erfurt and began his studies at the university. After 1505, he lived at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a> as a friar. In 1507 he was ordained as a priest in Erfurt Cathedral. He moved permanently to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> in 1511. Erfurt was an early adopter of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1530, the city became one of the first in Europe to be officially bi-confessional with the <a href="/wiki/Hammelburg" title="Hammelburg">Hammelburg</a> Treaty. It kept that status through all the following centuries. The later 16th and the 17th century brought a slow economic decline of Erfurt. Trade shrank, the population was falling and the university lost its influence. The city's independence was endangered. In 1664, the city and surrounding area were brought under the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Electorate of Mainz</a> and the city lost its independence. The Electorate built a huge fortress on Petersberg hill between 1665 and 1726 to control the city and instituted a governor to rule Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1682 and 1683 Erfurt experienced the worst <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">plague</a> years in its history. In 1683 more than half of the population died because of the deadly disease.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Erfurt <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunts</a> are known to have taken place from 1526 to 1705. Trial records are incomplete. Twenty people were involved in witch trials and at least eight people died.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the late 18th century, Erfurt saw another cultural peak. Governor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Anton_Maria_von_Dalberg" title="Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg">Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg</a> had close relations with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, who often visited him at his court in Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erfurt_during_the_Napoleonic_Wars">Erfurt during the Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Erfurt during the Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Principality of Erfurt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg/220px-Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg/330px-Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Die_Napoleonsh%C3%B6he_im_Steiger_bei_Erfurt_von_NH_Dornheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Napoleonshöhe im Steiger bei Erfurt</i></span></i>, painted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Dornheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Dornheim (page does not exist)">Nikolaus Dornheim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Christian_Heinrich_Dornheim" class="extiw" title="de:Nikolaus Christian Heinrich Dornheim">de</a>]</span> in 1812. Inaugurated in March 1811 to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s birthday, this <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> with grotto, flowerbeds and fountain in the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stiegerwald</i></span></i> was burned in November 1813 and completely destroyed by Erfurters and their <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">besiegers</a> in 1814.</figcaption></figure> <p>Erfurt became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1802, to compensate for territories Prussia lost to France on the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bank_of_the_Rhine" title="Left Bank of the Rhine">Left Bank of the Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_documentArchive.de_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_documentArchive.de-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_Wikisource_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_Wikisource-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Capitulation of Erfurt</a>, the city, its 12,000 Prussian and Saxon defenders under <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William VI, Prince of Orange-Nassau</a>, 65 artillery pieces, and the <a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a> and Cyriaksburg Citadel <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitadelle_Cyriaksburg" class="extiw" title="de:Zitadelle Cyriaksburg">Cyriaksburg</a>, were handed over to the French on 16 October 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Petre_1907/1993_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petre_1907/1993-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the capitulation, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>, had about 16,000 troops near Erfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1998_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Blankenhain" title="Blankenhain">Blankenhain</a>, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> in 1806 as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Erfurt" title="Principality of Erfurt">Principality of Erfurt</a>, directly subordinate to Napoleon as an "imperial state domain" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">domaine réservé à l'empereur</i>), separate from the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, which the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a> states had joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erfurt was administered by a civilian and military Senate<sup id="cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fürstenkongress-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Finanz- und Domänenkammer Erfurt</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under a French governor, based in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmainzische_Statthalterei" class="extiw" title="de:Kurmainzische Statthalterei">Kurmainzische Statthalterei</a></i></span>, previously the seat of the city's governor under the Electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fürstenkongress-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon first visited the principality on 23 July 1807, inspecting the citadels and fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fürstenkongress-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a> was held with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> visiting the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their administration, the French introduced <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lighting</a> and a tax on foreign horses to pay for maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road surface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterskirche_(Erfurt)" class="extiw" title="de:Peterskirche (Erfurt)">Peterskirche</a></i></span> suffered under the French occupation, with its inventory being auctioned off to other local churches – including the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">bells</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Steeple" title="Steeple">tower</a> of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Corpus Christi</i></span> chapel (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fronleichnamskapelle</i></span></i>) – and the former monastery's library being donated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> (and then to the Boineburg Library when the university closed in 1816).<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the Cyriaksburg Citadel was damaged by the French, with the city-side walls being partially dismantled in the hunt for imagined treasures from the convent, workers being paid from the sale of the building materials.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811, to commemorate the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Prince Imperial</a>, a 70-foot (21-metre) ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Napoleonsäule</i></span></i>) of wood and plaster was erected on the <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Napoleonshöhe</i></span></i> – a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> topped by a <a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">winged victory</a> with shield, sword and lance and containing a <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Napoleon sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Eugen_D%C3%B6ll" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll">Friedrich Döll</a><sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – was erected in the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stiegerwald</i></span></i> woods, including a grotto with fountain and flower beds, using a large pond (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lavoratorium</i></span></i>) from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Peterskirche</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inaugurated with ceremony on 14 August 1811 after extravagant celebrations for Napoleon's birthday,<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were repeated in 1812 with a concert in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Predigerkirche_(Erfurt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predigerkirche (Erfurt)">Predigerkirche</a></i></span> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Louis Spohr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> forming after French defeat in Russia, on 24 February 1813 Napoleon ordered the Petersburg Citadel to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, visiting the city on 25 April to inspect the fortifications, in particular both Citadels.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July 1813, Napoleon put <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_d%27Alton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre d'Alton (page does not exist)">Alexandre d'Alton</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_d%27Alton" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre d'Alton">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">baron of the Empire</a>, in charge of the defences of Erfurt. However, when the French decreed that 1000 men would be conscripted into the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span>, the recruits were joined by other citizens in rioting on 19 July that led to 20 arrests, of whom 2 were <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">sentenced to death</a> by French <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result, the French ordered the closure of all inns and alehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a week of the Sixth Coalition's decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">victory at Leipzig</a> (16–19 October 1813), however, Erfurt was besieged by Prussian, Austrian and Russian troops under the command of Prussian Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Graf_Kleist_von_Nollendorf" title="Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf">von Kleist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a first capitulation signed by d'Alton on 20 December 1813 the French troops withdrew to the two fortresses of Petersberg and Cyriaksburg,<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing for the Coalition forces to march into Erfurt on 6 January 1814 to jubilant greetings;<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hühn_1839_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hühn_1839-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Napoleonsäule</i></span></i> ceremonial column was burned and destroyed as a symbol of the citizens' oppression under the French;<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Napoleonshöhe</i></span></i> was burned on 1 November 1813 and completely destroyed by Erfurters and their besiegers in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a call for volunteers 3 days later, 300 Erfurters joined the Coalition armies in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in May 1814, the French capitulated fully, with 1,700 French troops vacating the Petersberg and Cyriaksburg fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the two and a half months of siege, the mortality rate rose in the city greatly; 1,564 Erfurt citizens died in 1813, around a thousand more than the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hühn_1839_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hühn_1839-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, Erfurt was restored to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> on 21 June 1815, becoming the capital of one of the three districts (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i>) of the new <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, but some southern and eastern parts of Erfurter lands joined Blankenhain in being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> the following September.<sup id="cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringian</a> territory in the west, south and east, the city remained part of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a> until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1815">Since 1815</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 1815"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaffeetrichter2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kaffeetrichter2.JPG/220px-Kaffeetrichter2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kaffeetrichter2.JPG/330px-Kaffeetrichter2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kaffeetrichter2.JPG/440px-Kaffeetrichter2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Streetscape in the southern city extension (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> style)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/220px-Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/330px-Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/440px-Kieler_Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Housing projects in <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style from 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002,_Erfurt,_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0422-0203-002%2C_Erfurt%2C_Hotel_%22Erfurter_Hof%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Hotel "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erfurter Hof</i></span>", place of the first meeting of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a> German heads of government in 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">1848 Revolution</a>, many Germans desired to have a united national state. An attempt in this direction was the failed <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Union" title="Erfurt Union">Erfurt Union</a> of German states in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> reached Erfurt in the 1840s, when the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian Railway">Thuringian Railway</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> was built. During the following years, many factories in different sectors were founded. One of the biggest was the "Royal Gun Factory of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>" in 1862. After the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> in 1871, Erfurt moved from the southern border of Prussia to the centre of Germany, so the fortifications of the city were no longer needed. The demolition of the city fortifications in 1873 led to a construction boom in Erfurt, because it was now possible to build in the area formerly occupied by the city walls and beyond. Many public and private buildings emerged and the infrastructure (such as a tramway, hospitals, and schools) improved rapidly. The number of inhabitants grew from 40,000 around 1870 to 130,000 in 1914, and the city expanded in all directions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Program" title="Erfurt Program">Erfurt Program</a>" was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> during its congress at Erfurt in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the wars, the city kept growing. Housing shortages were fought with building programmes and social infrastructure was broadened according to the welfare policy in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> between 1929 and 1932 led to a disaster for Erfurt, nearly one out of three became unemployed. Conflicts between far-left and far-right-oriented milieus increased and many inhabitants supported the new Nazi government and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Others, especially some communist workers, put up resistance against the new administration. In 1938, the new synagogue was destroyed during the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span>. Jews lost their property and emigrated or were deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> (together with many communists). In 1914, the company <i><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></i> began the manufacture of crematoria later becoming the market leader in this industry. Under the Nazis, <i>JA Topf & Sons</i> supplied specially developed crematoria, ovens and associated plants to the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen">Mauthausen-Gusen</a> concentration camps. On 27 January 2011 a memorial and museum dedicated to the Holocaust victims was opened at the former company premises in Erfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Erfurt experienced more than 27 British and American air raids, about 1600 civilians died. Bombed as a target of the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign of World War II</a>, Erfurt suffered only limited damage and was captured on 12 April 1945, by the US <a href="/wiki/80th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="80th Infantry Division (United States)">80th Infantry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 July, American troops left the city, which then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">Soviet Zone of Occupation</a> and eventually of the German Democratic Republic (<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>). In 1948, Erfurt became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. In 1952, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i></span> in the GDR were dissolved in favour of centralization under the new socialist government. Erfurt then became the capital of a new "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_(Bezirk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erfurt (Bezirk)">Bezirk</a></i></span>" (district). In 1953, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hochschule" title="Hochschule">Hochschule</a></i></span> of education was founded, followed by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochschule</i></span> of medicine in 1954, the first academic institutions in Erfurt since the closing of the university in 1816.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 19 March 1970, the East and West German heads of government <a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> met in Erfurt, the first such meeting since the division of Germany. During the 1970s and 1980s, as the economic situation in GDR worsened, many old buildings in city centre decayed, while the government fought against the housing shortage by building large <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a></i></span> settlements in the periphery. The <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a> of 1989/1990 led to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDR_Street_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DDR_Street_signs.jpg/220px-DDR_Street_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DDR_Street_signs.jpg/330px-DDR_Street_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DDR_Street_signs.jpg/440px-DDR_Street_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>Socialist-era street signs removed from around the city of Erfurt after 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>With the re-formation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> in 1990, the city became the state capital. After reunification, a deep economic crisis occurred in Eastern Germany. Many factories closed and many people lost their jobs and moved to the former West Germany. At the same time, many buildings were redeveloped and the infrastructure improved massively. In 1994, the new university was opened, as was the Fachhochschule in 1991. Between 2005 and 2008, the economic situation improved as the unemployment rate decreased and new enterprises developed. In addition, the population began to increase once again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_school_massacre" title="Erfurt school massacre">school shooting</a> occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer20020428_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer20020428-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, organized crime has gained a foothold in Erfurt, with several mafia groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mafia" title="Armenian mafia">Armenian mafia</a> present in the city. Among other events, there has been a robbery and an arson attack targeting the gastronomy sector and in 2014 there was a shoot-out in an open street.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg/220px-Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg/330px-Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg/440px-Erfurt.Gera_Fluss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5720" data-file-height="3479" /></a><figcaption>Gera river in the city centre</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erfurt is situated in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian basin">Thuringian basin</a>, a fertile agricultural area between the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains 80 km (50 mi) to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest. Whereas the northern parts of the city area are flat, the southern ones consist of hilly landscape up to 430 m of elevation. In this part lies the municipal forest of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Steigerwald</i></span></i> with <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">beeches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">oaks</a> as main tree species. To the east and to the west are some non-forested hills so that the <a href="/wiki/Gera_(river)" title="Gera (river)">Gera</a> river valley within the town forms a basin. North of the city are some <a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">gravel pits</a> in operation, while others are abandoned, flooded and used as leisure areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erfurt has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i>) bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<i>Dfb</i>) according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-koppen_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koppen-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peel_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F) and lows of 12 °C (54 °F). Winters are relatively cold with average high temperatures of 2 °C (36 °F) and lows of −3 °C (27 °F). The city's topography creates a microclimate caused by the location inside a basin with sometimes <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is only 535 mm (21.1 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long.<sup id="cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI9120normals-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Erfurt (<a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Weimar_Airport" title="Erfurt–Weimar Airport">Erfurt–Weimar Airport</a>) weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Its highest temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_2" title="2022 European heatwaves">20 July 2022</a>.</li> <li>Its lowest temperature was −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) on 11 January 1982.</li> <li>Its greatest annual precipitation was 766.9 mm (30.19 in) in 2002.</li> <li>Its least annual precipitation was 295.6 mm (11.64 in) in 1982.</li> <li>The longest annual sunshine was 2,039.4 hours in 2022.</li> <li>The shortest annual sunshine was 1,341 hours in 1977.</li></ul> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Weimar_Airport" title="Erfurt–Weimar Airport">Erfurt–Weimar Airport</a>, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.4<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.7<br />(12.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.6<br />(−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.2<br />(−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6<br />(18.3) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.5<br />(−10.3) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(0.90) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(1.43) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.7<br />(2.31) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(1.80) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(1.28) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">534.7<br />(21.05) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(5.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.3 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">165.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2 </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.0 </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.7 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B274; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.4 </td> <td style="background: #727272; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #555555; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,706.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCEI9120normals-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> / SKlima.de<sup id="cite_ref-sklima_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sklima-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt-Ortsteile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Erfurt-Ortsteile.png/220px-Erfurt-Ortsteile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Erfurt-Ortsteile.png/330px-Erfurt-Ortsteile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Erfurt-Ortsteile.png/440px-Erfurt-Ortsteile.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Erfurt</figcaption></figure> <p>Erfurt abuts the districts of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda_(district)" title="Sömmerda (district)">Sömmerda</a> (municipalities <a href="/wiki/Witterda" title="Witterda">Witterda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elxleben" title="Elxleben">Elxleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walschleben" title="Walschleben">Walschleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riethnordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Riethnordhausen, Thuringia">Riethnordhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6da" title="Nöda">Nöda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alperstedt" title="Alperstedt">Alperstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Frudestedt" title="Großrudestedt">Großrudestedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udestedt" title="Udestedt">Udestedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleinm%C3%B6lsen" title="Kleinmölsen">Kleinmölsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fm%C3%B6lsen" title="Großmölsen">Großmölsen</a>) in the north, <a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a> (municipalities <a href="/wiki/Niederzimmern" title="Niederzimmern">Niederzimmern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nohra" title="Nohra">Nohra</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchenholzhausen" title="Mönchenholzhausen">Mönchenholzhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klettbach" title="Klettbach">Klettbach</a>) in the east, <a href="/wiki/Ilm-Kreis" title="Ilm-Kreis">Ilm-Kreis</a> (municipalities <a href="/wiki/Kirchheim,_Thuringia" title="Kirchheim, Thuringia">Kirchheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockhausen" title="Rockhausen">Rockhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amt_Wachsenburg" title="Amt Wachsenburg">Amt Wachsenburg</a>) in the south and <a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a> (municipalities <a href="/wiki/Nesse-Apfelst%C3%A4dt" title="Nesse-Apfelstädt">Nesse-Apfelstädt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottleben" title="Nottleben">Nottleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimmernsupra" title="Zimmernsupra">Zimmernsupra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bienst%C3%A4dt" title="Bienstädt">Bienstädt</a>) in the west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city itself is divided into 53 districts. The centre is formed by the district <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Altstadt</i></span></i> (old town) and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span> districts <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Andreasvorstadt</i></span></i> in the northwest, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannesvorstadt</i></span></i> in the northeast, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krämpfervorstadt</i></span></i> in the east, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Daberstedt</i></span></i> in the southeast, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Löbervorstadt</i></span></i> in the southwest and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brühlervorstadt</i></span></i> in the west. More former industrial districts are <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ilversgehofen</i></span></i> (incorporated in 1911), <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hohenwinden</i></span></i> and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sulzer Siedlung</i></span></i> in the north. Another group of districts is marked by <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a> settlements, constructed during the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> period: <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berliner Platz</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Moskauer Platz</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rieth</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Roter Berg</i></span></i> and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannesplatz</i></span></i> in the northern as well as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Melchendorf</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wiesenhügel</i></span></i> and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herrenberg</i></span></i> in the southern city parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eventually, there are many villages with an average population of approximately 1,000 which were incorporated during the 20th century; they have mostly retained a rural character to date, however:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Alach (incorporated 1994)</li> <li>Azmannsdorf (1994)</li> <li>Bindersleben (1950)</li> <li>Bischleben-Stedten (1950)</li> <li>Büßleben (1994)</li> <li>Dittelstedt (1994)</li> <li>Egstedt (1994)</li> <li>Ermstedt (1994)</li> <li>Frienstedt (1994)</li> <li>Gispersleben (1950)</li> <li>Gottstedt (1994)</li> <li>Hochheim (1938)</li> <li>Hochstedt (1994)</li> <li>Kerspleben (1994)</li> <li>Kühnhausen (1994)</li> <li>Linderbach (1994)</li> <li>Marbach (1950)</li> <li>Mittelhausen (1994)</li> <li>Möbisburg-Rhoda (1950)</li> <li>Molsdorf (1994)</li> <li>Niedernissa (1994)</li> <li>Rohda (1994)</li> <li>Salomonsborn (1994)</li> <li>Schaderode (1994)</li> <li>Schmira (1950)</li> <li>Schwerborn (1994)</li> <li>Stotternheim (1994)</li> <li>Tiefthal (1994)</li> <li>Töttelstädt (1994)</li> <li>Töttleben (1994)</li> <li>Urbich (1994)</li> <li>Vieselbach (1994)</li> <li>Wallichen (1994)</li> <li>Waltersleben (1994)</li> <li>Windischholzhausen (1994)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erfurt-Southeast">Erfurt-Southeast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Erfurt-Southeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herrenberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Herrenberg.JPG/220px-Herrenberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Herrenberg.JPG/330px-Herrenberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Herrenberg.JPG/440px-Herrenberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Herrenberg Street in Erfurt-Southeast</figcaption></figure> <p>Erfurt-Southeast (German: <i lang="de">Erfurt-Südost</i>) is the collective name for a series of prefabricated housing areas that emerged in the southeast of Erfurt in the last ten years of East Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After Erfurt-Nord, Erfurt-Südost is the second-largest prefabricated building area in the city. The problems associated with large housing estates are not as pronounced in the southeast as in the north, but they are still present. </p><p>The districts of Melchendorf, Herrenberg and Wiesenhügel belong to Erfurt-Südost, all of which were formed from the former local area of Melchendorf. The village of Melchendorf with around 1,000 inhabitants lies between the prefabricated building areas. In addition to the old village, the district of Melchendorf also includes the prefab housing areas of Drosselberg and Buchenberg as well as several four-story apartment blocks from the 1950s and 1960s on <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kranichfelder Straße</i></span>. Around 24,000 people still live in the large settlement, which was once designed for almost 40,000 inhabitants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_(small).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg/220px-Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg/330px-Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg/440px-Population_development_of_Erfurt_1493-2014_%28small%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>History of the population from 1493 to 2014.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1493</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1620</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1632</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−31.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1710</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,338</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1802</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">16,938</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1817</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,846</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+193.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,202</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+95.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">111,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">136,555</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">146,270</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">165,615</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">190,487</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">186,369</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">198,265</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">205,483</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">212,012</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">217,134</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">204,912</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">208,179</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,126</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,868</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">218,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>The largest groups of foreign residents, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Citation is from 2013 but population numbers are from 2022 (June 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine</td> <td>3,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria</td> <td>2,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>2,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>1,435 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam</td> <td>1,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>1,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania</td> <td>1,014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Afghanistan</td> <td>955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td>737 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around the year 1500, the city had 18,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The population then more or less stagnated until the 19th century. The population of Erfurt was 21,000 in 1820, and increased to 32,000 in 1847, the year of rail connection as industrialization began. In the following decades Erfurt grew up to 130,000 at the beginning of World War I and 190,000 inhabitants in 1950. A maximum was reached in 1988 with 220,000 persons. In 1991, after the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and when Erfurt became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> state, it had a population of about 205,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 200,000 in 2002 before rising again to 206,000 in 2011. The average growth of population between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.68 % p. a., whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Erfurt. It occurred after reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. Erfurt is also the 10th-largest city in Germany by area with area of 269.17 km<sup>2</sup> (103.93 sq mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The birth deficit was 200 in 2012, this is −1.0 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: −4.5; national average: −2.4). The net migration rate was +8.3 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: −0.8; national average: +4.6).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important regions of origin of Erfurt migrants are rural areas of Thuringia, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> as well as foreign countries like Poland, Russia, Syria, Afghanistan and Hungary. Erfurt is today one of the popular cities in former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> due to its universities and broadcasting companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other cities within the area of former East Germany, foreigners account only for a small share of Erfurt's population: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.0 % are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 5.9 % are migrants (according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_European_Union_census" title="2011 European Union census">2011 European Union census</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to the official atheism of the former <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> East German regime, most of the population is non-religious. 14.8 % are members of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Central_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Central Germany">Evangelical Church in Central Germany</a> and 6.8 % are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> (according to the 2011 EU census). The Jewish community consists of 500 members. Most of them migrated to Erfurt from Russia and Ukraine in the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture,_sights_and_cityscape"><span id="Culture.2C_sights_and_cityscape"></span>Culture, sights and cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture, sights and cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residents_notable_in_cultural_history">Residents notable in cultural history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Residents notable in cultural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Erfurt" title="List of people from Erfurt">List of people from Erfurt</a></div> <p>The theologian, philosopher and mystic <a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a> (c. 1260–1328) entered the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> monastery (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Predigerkloster</i></span>) in Erfurt when he was aged about 18 (around 1275). Eckhart was the Dominican <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> at Erfurt from 1294 until 1298, and Vicar of Thuringia from 1298 to 1302. After a year in Paris, he returned to Erfurt in 1303 and administered his duties as Provincial of Saxony from there until 1311.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) studied law and philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> from 1501. He lived in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St Augustine's Monastery</a> in Erfurt, as a friar from 1505 to 1511.<sup id="cite_ref-augustinerkloster.de_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustinerkloster.de-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> (1653–1706) served as organist at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Predigerkirche_(Erfurt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predigerkirche (Erfurt)">Predigerkirche</a></i></span> (Preachers Church) in Erfurt from June 1678 until August 1690. Pachelbel composed approximately seventy pieces for organ while in Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city is the birthplace of one of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>'s cousins, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Bach" title="Johann Bernhard Bach">Johann Bernhard Bach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Laurson_2017_o445_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurson_2017_o445-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Johann Sebastian Bach's father <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bach_Oxford_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bach_Oxford-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bach's parents were married in 1668 in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmannskirche" title="Kaufmannskirche">Kaufmannskirche</a></i></span> (Merchant's Church) that still exists on the main square of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M%C3%BCller_(composer)" title="Alexander Müller (composer)">Alexander Müller</a> (1808–1863), pianist, conductor and composer, was born in Erfurt. He later moved to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> where he served as leader of the General Music Society's subscription concerts series.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (1864–1920) was born in Erfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a sociologist, philosopher, lawyer, and political economist whose ideas have profoundly influenced modern social theory and social research.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1906 the composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wetz" title="Richard Wetz">Richard Wetz</a> (1875–1935) lived in Erfurt and became the leading person in the city's musical life. His major works were written here, including three symphonies, a Requiem and a Christmas Oratorio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The textile designer <a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a> (1907–1984) was born and died in Erfurt. She studied at the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> from 1926 to 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while there worked with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> on his innovative chair designs. Her former home and weaving workshop in Erfurt, the <i>Margaretha Reichardt Haus</i>, is now a museum, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Angermuseum" title="Angermuseum">Angermuseum</a> Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Famous contemporary musicians from Erfurt are <a href="/wiki/Clueso" title="Clueso">Clueso</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Pimps" title="Boogie Pimps">Boogie Pimps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Catterfeld" title="Yvonne Catterfeld">Yvonne Catterfeld</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erfurt has a great variety of museums: </p> <ul><li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtmuseum</i></span></i> (municipal museum) shows aspects of Erfurt's history with a focus on the Middle Ages, early modern history, Martin Luther and the university. Other parts of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtmuseum</i></span> are the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neue Mühle</i></span></i> (new mill), an old water mill still in operation, and the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Benaryspeicher</i></span></i> (Benary's magazine) with an exhibition of old printing machines.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alte Synagoge</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a>) is one of the oldest synagogue buildings in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-altsyn_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altsyn-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now a museum of local Jewish history. It houses facsimiles of medieval Hebrew manuscripts and the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Treasure" title="Erfurt Treasure">Erfurt Treasure</a>, a hoard of coins and goldsmiths' work that is assumed to have belonged to Jews who hid them in 1349 at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Black Death pogroms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erinnerungsort Topf & Söhne</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a> memorial) is on the site of the factory of the company which constructed crematoria for <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and other concentration camps. Its exhibitions explore the collaboration of a civilian company with the National Socialist regime in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_and_Education_Centre_Andreasstrasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse">Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse</a>, (Stasi Museum). On the site of the former Erfurt <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> prison, where over 5000 people were held. On 4 December 1989, the building was occupied by local residents. It was the first of many such takeovers of Stasi buildings in the former East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it has exhibitions on the history of East Germany and the activities of its regime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Angermuseum" title="Angermuseum">Angermuseum</a> is one of the main art museums of Erfurt, named after Anger Square, where it is located. It focuses on modern graphic arts, medieval sculpture and early modern artisanal handicraft.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kunsthalle Erfurt</i></span></i> (Erfurt City Art Gallery) has exhibitions of contemporary art, of local, national and international artists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a> Haus</i> is the home and workshop of the textile designer and former <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> student, Margaretha Reichardt (1907–1984).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Peterskirche</i></span></i> (Saint Peter's church) houses an exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">concrete art</a>, i.e. totally abstract art (not art made out of concrete).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Gartenbaumuseum</i></span></i> (German Horticulture Museum) is housed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyriaksburg_Citadel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyriaksburg Citadel (page does not exist)">Cyriaksburg Citadel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkundemuseum Erfurt">Naturkundemuseum</a></i></span> (Natural History Museum) is situated in a medieval woad warehouse and explores Thuringian flora and fauna, geology and ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde</i></span></i> (Museum of Folk Art and Cultural Anthropology) looks at the ordinary life of people in Thuringia in the past and shows exhibits of peasant and artisan traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Elektromuseum</i></span></i> (Museum of Electrical Engineering) shows the history of electric engines, which have featured prominently in Erfurt's economy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Molsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Molsdorf (page does not exist)">Schloss Molsdorf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Molsdorf" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Molsdorf">de</a>]</span> in the district of Molsdorf is a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> palace with an exhibition about the painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kn%C3%B6pfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Knöpfer (page does not exist)">Otto Knöpfer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kn%C3%B6pfer" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Knöpfer">de</a>]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadtmuseum"><img alt="Stadtmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg/178px-Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg/268px-Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg/357px-Erfurt_Stadtmuseum_Haus_zum_Stockfisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtmuseum</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Angermuseum"><img alt="Angermuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/200px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/300px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/400px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Angermuseum</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naturkundemuseum"><img alt="Naturkundemuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg/164px-Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg/245px-Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg/327px-Naturkundemuseum_Erfurt_Eingangtor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="2559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Naturkundemuseum</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defensionskaserne_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutsches Gartenbaumuseum"><img alt="Deutsches Gartenbaumuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defensionskaserne_3.jpg/200px-Defensionskaserne_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defensionskaserne_3.jpg/300px-Defensionskaserne_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Defensionskaserne_3.jpg/400px-Defensionskaserne_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Gartenbaumuseum</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt,_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde"><img alt="Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg/200px-Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg/300px-Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg/400px-Erfurt%2C_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Th%C3%BCringer_Volkskunde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4121" data-file-height="2824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="J.A. Topf & Söhne museum and holocaust memorial site"><img alt="J.A. Topf & Söhne museum and holocaust memorial site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Erinnerungsort_Topf_und_S%C3%B6hne_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J.A._Topf_%26_S%C3%B6hne" class="mw-redirect" title="J.A. Topf & Söhne">J.A. Topf & Söhne</a> museum and holocaust memorial site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse, former Stasi prison"><img alt="Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse, former Stasi prison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Stasi_Memorial_Andreasstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_and_Education_Centre_Andreasstrasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse">Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse</a>, former Stasi prison</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schloss Molsdorf"><img alt="Schloss Molsdorf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg/200px-Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg/300px-Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg/400px-Schloss_Molsdorf_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="2818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schloss Molsdorf</i></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2003, the modern opera house is home to <a href="/wiki/Theater_Erfurt" title="Theater Erfurt">Theater Erfurt</a> and its Philharmonic Orchestra. The "grand stage" section has 800 seats and the "studio stage" can hold 200 spectators. In September 2005, the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_the_Barbarians_(opera)" title="Waiting for the Barbarians (opera)">Waiting for the Barbarians</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> premiered in the opera house. The Erfurt Theatre has been a source of controversy. In 2005, a performance of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>'s opera <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nsel_und_Gretel_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hänsel und Gretel (opera)">Hänsel und Gretel</a></i></span></i> stirred up the local press since the performance contained suggestions of pedophilia and incest. The opera was advertised in the programme with the addition "for adults only".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 12 April 2008, a version of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s opera <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i></span></i> directed by Johann Kresnik opened at the Erfurt Theatre. The production stirred deep controversy by featuring nude performers in <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> masks dancing on the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> and a female singer with a painted on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> toothbrush moustache performing a straight arm <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> salute, along with sinister portrayals of American soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> impersonators. The director described the production as a populist critique of modern American society, aimed at showing up the disparities between rich and poor. The controversy prompted one local politician to call for locals to boycott the performances, but this was largely ignored and the première was sold out.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg/220px-Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg/330px-Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg/440px-Luftbild_Gunda_Niemann_Stirnemann_Halle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gunda-Niemann-Stirnemann Halle</i></span></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Messe_Erfurt" title="Messe Erfurt">Messe Erfurt</a> serves as home court for the <a href="/wiki/Oettinger_Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Oettinger Rockets">Oettinger Rockets</a>, a professional basketball team in Germany's first division, the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Basketball Bundesliga">Basketball Bundesliga</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable types of sport in Erfurt are athletics, ice skating, cycling (with the oldest velodrome in use in the world, opened in 1885), swimming, handball, volleyball, tennis and football. The city's football club <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/FC_Rot-Wei%C3%9F_Erfurt" title="FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt">FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt</a></i></span> is member of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/3._Fu%C3%9Fball-Liga" class="mw-redirect" title="3. Fußball-Liga">3. Fußball-Liga</a></i></span> and based in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Steigerwaldstadion" title="Steigerwaldstadion">Steigerwaldstadion</a></i></span> with a capacity of 20,000. The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gunda-Niemann-Stirnemann Halle</i></span></i> was the second <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_rink#Indoor_speed_skating_tracks" title="Speed skating rink">indoor speed skating arena</a> in Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG/220px-Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG/330px-Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG/440px-Br%C3%BChlervorstadt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Architecture from the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span></i> in Brühlervorstadt district</figcaption></figure> <p>Erfurt's cityscape features a medieval core of narrow, curved alleys in the centre surrounded by a belt of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span></i> architecture, created between 1873 and 1914. In 1873, the city's fortifications were demolished and it became possible to build houses in the area in front of the former city walls. In the following years, Erfurt saw a construction boom. In the northern area (districts Andreasvorstadt, Johannesvorstadt and Ilversgehofen) <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> for the factory workers were built whilst the eastern area (Krämpfervorstadt and Daberstedt) featured apartments for white-collar workers and clerks and the southwestern part (Löbervorstadt and Brühlervorstadt) with its beautiful valley landscape saw the construction of villas and mansions of rich factory owners and notables.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the interwar period, some settlements in <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style were realized, often as housing cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II and over the whole GDR period, housing shortages remained a problem even though the government started a big apartment construction programme. Between 1970 and 1990 large <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">Plattenbau</a></i></span> settlements with high-rise blocks on the northern (for 50,000 inhabitants) and southeastern (for 40,000 inhabitants) periphery were constructed. After reunification the renovation of old houses in city centre and the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gründerzeit</i></span></i> areas was a big issue. The federal government granted substantial subsidies, so that many houses could be restored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Compared to many other German cities, little of Erfurt was destroyed in World War II. This is one reason why the centre today offers a mixture of medieval, Baroque and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> as well as buildings from the last 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public green spaces are located along Gera river and in several parks like the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtpark</i></span></i>, the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nordpark</i></span></i> and the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Südpark</i></span></i>. The largest green area is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egapark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egapark (page does not exist)">Egapark</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egapark" class="extiw" title="de:Egapark">de</a>]</span>, a horticultural exhibition park and botanic garden established in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sights_and_architectural_heritage">Sights and architectural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sights and architectural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches,_monasteries_and_synagogues"><span id="Churches.2C_monasteries_and_synagogues"></span>Churches, monasteries and synagogues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Churches, monasteries and synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/330px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/495px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg/660px-Erfurter_Dom_von_Oben_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3288" /></a><figcaption>St Mary's Cathedral (left) and St Severus' Church (right) on Domberg hill</figcaption></figure> <p>The city centre has about 25 churches and monasteries, most of them in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style, some also in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style or a mixture of Romanesque and Gothic elements, and a few in later styles. The various steeples characterize the medieval centre and led to one of Erfurt's nicknames as the "Thuringian Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Catholic_churches_and_monasteries">Catholic churches and monasteries</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catholic churches and monasteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allerheiligenkirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Erfurt" title="All Saints' Church, Erfurt">All Saints' Church</a>) is a 14th-century Gothic church in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Marktstraße</i></span> (Market Street), which hosts a <a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">columbarium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dom St. Marien</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">St Mary's Cathedral</a>) perches above <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domplatz</i></span>, the Cathedral Square. It is the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> and one of the main sights of Erfurt. It combines Romanesque and Gothic elements and has the largest free-swinging medieval bell in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is named <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Gloriosa</a>. One of the works of art inside the cathedral is <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>'s 'The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine' painted around 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lorenzkirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Lawrence's Church, Erfurt">St Lawrence's Church</a>) is a small 14th-century Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span> Square.</li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Martinikirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Martin's Church, Erfurt">St Martin's Church</a>) was built in the 15th century in Gothic style and in 1755–58 converted to Baroque style. It was both a <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian</a> nunnery and a parish church of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brühl</i></span>, a medieval suburban zone.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neuwerkskirche" title="Neuwerkskirche">Neuwerkskirche</a> St. Crucis</i></span> ("church of the new facility", Holy Cross Church) is a 15th-century Gothic church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neuwerkstraße</i></span>, that was later converted to Baroque style. Until the 13th century, it was used by a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schottenkirche,_Erfurt" title="Schottenkirche, Erfurt">Schottenkirche</a> St. Nikolai und St. Jakobi</i></span> (Scots Monks' Church of St Nicholas and St James) is an 11th-century Romanesque monastery church with a Baroque façade, which was later used as a parish church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Severikirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Severus%27_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Severus' Church, Erfurt">St Severus' Church</a>) is the second-largest parish church after the cathedral and stands next to it on the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domberg</i></span> hill. It is in Gothic style and was built around 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ursulinenkirche</i></span>, St Ursula's Church, is a Gothic church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span> Square. It is attached to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ursulinenkloster</i></span>, St Ursula's Nunnery, founded in 1136.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wigbertikirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Wigbert%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Wigbert's Church, Erfurt">St Wigbert's Church</a>) is a 15th-century Gothic church near <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span> Square.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="All Saints' Church"><img alt="All Saints' Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/135px-Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/203px-Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/270px-Allerheiligenkirche_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">All Saints' Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Lawrence's Church"><img alt="St Lawrence's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg/120px-Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg/181px-Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg/241px-Erfurt_Lorenzkirche_vom_Anger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="3047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Lawrence's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinikirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Martin's Church"><img alt="St Martin's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Martinikirche.jpg/119px-Martinikirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Martinikirche.jpg/179px-Martinikirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Martinikirche.jpg/239px-Martinikirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Martin's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Cross Church"><img alt="Holy Cross Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg/135px-Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg/202px-Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg/270px-Erfurt_-_Neuwerkskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Cross Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schottenkirche"><img alt="Schottenkirche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/123px-Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/185px-Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg/247px-Schottenkirche_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schottenkirche</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt,_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Severus' Church"><img alt="St Severus' Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg/200px-Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg/300px-Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg/400px-Erfurt%2C_Severikirche_vom_Petersberg_gesehen-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Severus' Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_(RaBoe)_110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ursulines Church"><img alt="Ursulines Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg/200px-Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg/300px-Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg/400px-Landtagprojekt_Thueringen_Erfurt_2011_%28RaBoe%29_110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ursulines Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St Wigbert's Church"><img alt="St Wigbert's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG/135px-Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG/202px-Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG/269px-Wigbertikirche_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Wigbert's Church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Protestant_churches_and_monasteries">Protestant churches and monasteries</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Protestant churches and monasteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ägidienkirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Giles' Church, Erfurt">St Giles' Church</a>) is a 14th-century Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wenigemarkt</i></span> Square. It is the surviving one of formerly two bridge-head churches of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a></i></span> located on both ends of the bridge. As a result, the nave is on the first floor, while on ground level is a passage to the bridge. The steeple is open to the public and offers a good view over the city centre. Today, St Giles' Church is a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> parish church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Andreaskirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Andrew's Church, Erfurt">St Andrew's Church</a>) is a 14th-century Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Andreasstraße</i></span> (Andrew's Street). The old craftsmen's quarter around it is named <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Andreasviertel</i></span> after the church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Augustinerkloster</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St Augustine's Monastery</a>) dates from 1277. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> lived there as a monk between 1505 and 1511. The site has had a varied history and the restored complex has both modern and medieval buildings. Today it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> and as well as being a place of worship it is also a meeting and conference centre, and provides simple guest accommodation. In 2016, an application was made for it to be included in the already existing UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> "Luther sites in Central Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmannskirche" title="Kaufmannskirche">Kaufmannskirche</a> St. Gregor</i></span> (Merchant's Church of St Gregory) is a 14th-century Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span> square. It is one of the largest and most important original parish churches in Erfurt. The parents of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ambrosius_Bach" title="Johann Ambrosius Bach">Johann Ambrosius Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabeth_L%C3%A4mmerhirt" title="Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt">Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt</a>, married here in 1668.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Michaeliskirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Michael's Church, Erfurt">St Michael's Church</a>) is a 13th-century Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Michaelisstraße</i></span>. It became the church of the university in 1392. Erfurt's first <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> sermon was preached here in 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-Luthers_Stationen_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthers_Stationen-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church tower contains Erfurt's oldest bell "Katharina",<sup id="cite_ref-Luthers_Stationen_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthers_Stationen-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating from 1380.</li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Predigerkirche_(Erfurt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Predigerkirche (Erfurt)">Predigerkirche</a></i></span> (Dominican Church) is a Gothic monastery church of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Predigerstraße</i></span>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in the 16th century, it is the main Protestant church of Erfurt and furthermore one of the largest former churches of the mendicant orders in Germany. The theologian and mystic <a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a> (c. 1260–1328) entered Prediger Monastery around 1275. He was Prior from 1294 until 1298, and Vicar of Thuringia from 1298 to 1302. After a year in Paris, he returned to the monastery in 1303 and administered his duties as Provincial of Saxony from there until 1311.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baroque composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> (1653–1706) was organist at the church from 1678 until 1690.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reglerkirche" title="Reglerkirche">Reglerkirche St. Augustinus</a></i></span> (Regulated St Augustine's Church) is a 12th-century Romanesque-Gothic monastery church of the Augustinians at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bahnhofstraße</i></span> (Station Street). After the Reformation, it became a Protestant parish church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Giles' Church"><img alt="St Giles' Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg/80px-Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg/120px-Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg/160px-Erfurt_kosciol_sw_Idziego_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Giles' Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt,_Andreaskirche-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Andrew's Church"><img alt="St Andrew's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg/79px-Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg/119px-Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg/159px-Erfurt%2C_Andreaskirche-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Andrew's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Augustine's Church"><img alt="St Augustine's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/120px-Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/180px-Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/240px-Augustinerkirche_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Augustine's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt,_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Merchants' Church"><img alt="Merchants' Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG/120px-Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG/180px-Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG/240px-Erfurt%2C_Kaufmannskirche_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Merchants' Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Michael's Church"><img alt="St Michael's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg/120px-J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg/180px-J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg/240px-J24_082e_Michaeliskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Michael's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_Predigerkirche_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dominican Church"><img alt="Dominican Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG/120px-Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG/180px-Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG/240px-Erfurt_Predigerkirche_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dominican Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regulated St Augustine's Church"><img alt="Regulated St Augustine's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/90px-Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/135px-Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg/180px-Reglerkirche_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regulated St Augustine's Church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Former_churches">Former churches</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Former churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche,_Erfurt" title="Barfüßerkirche, Erfurt">Barfüßerkirche</a></i></span> is a 14th-century Gothic <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant</a> church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Barfüßerstraße</i></span>. The former <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> monastery became a Protestant parish church after the Reformation. In 1944, the church was severely damaged by allied bombing. Its high choir was restored, but the nave's ruins have been preserved as a war memorial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bartholomäuskirche</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Erfurt" title="St Bartholomew's Church, Erfurt">St Bartholomew's Church</a>) was a Gothic parish church at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span> Square. The church was demolished in 1715 and only the steeple remained. Today, the tower hosts a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> with 60 bells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Georgskirche</i></span></i> (St George's Church) was a parish church in <i>Michaelisstraße</i>. It was demolished in 1632 and only the church tower now remains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hospitalkirche</i></span></i> (Hospital Church) was the church of the former Great City Hospital at <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Juri-Gagarin-Ring</i></span></i>. It is a 14th-century Gothic building and is used today as a depot by the Museum für Thüringer Volkskunde (Museum of Thuringian Ethnology).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johanneskirche</i></span></i> (St John's Church) was a parish church at John's Street. It was demolished in 1819, but the steeple remained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kartäuserkirche St. Salvatorberg</i></span></i> (Carthusian Church, Mount St Saviour) was a monastery church at <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kartäuserstraße</i></span></i>. The Baroque church was closed in 1803 and afterwards used for many different purposes. Today, it is part of a housing complex.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nikolaikirche</i></span></i> (St Nicholas' Church) was a parish church in Augustine's Street. It was demolished in 1747 and only the steeple remained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Paulskirche</i></span></i> (St Paul's Church) was a parish church in Paul's Street. It was demolished before 1759. The steeple remains and is in use as the belfry of the Prediger Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Peterskirche</i></span></i> (St Peter's Church) was built in the 12th century in Romanesque style as a church of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monastery of St Peter and Paul on Petersberg hill, now the site of <a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a>. It was secularised in 1803 and used as a military store house. Today it houses an art gallery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the former Franciscan monastery's church"><img alt="Ruins of the former Franciscan monastery's church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg/404px-Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg/605px-Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg/807px-Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferkirche_Erfurt_2011-03-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the former Franciscan monastery's church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Bartholomew's steeple"><img alt="St Bartholomew's steeple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg/170px-Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg/256px-Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg/341px-Bartholom%C3%A4usturm_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Bartholomew's steeple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospital Church"><img alt="Hospital Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg/360px-Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg/540px-Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg/720px-Hospitalkirche_%22Zum_Heiligen_Geist%22_Erfurt_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hospital Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carthusian Church"><img alt="Carthusian Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg/180px-Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg/270px-Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg/359px-Westportal-Kartaeuserkirche-Erfurt-2015-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carthusian Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaiturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Nicholas' steeple"><img alt="St Nicholas' steeple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nicolaiturm.jpg/179px-Nicolaiturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nicolaiturm.jpg/268px-Nicolaiturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nicolaiturm.jpg/358px-Nicolaiturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Nicholas' steeple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulsturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's steeple"><img alt="St Paul's steeple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paulsturm.jpg/179px-Paulsturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paulsturm.jpg/268px-Paulsturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Paulsturm.jpg/358px-Paulsturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Paul's steeple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Peter's Church"><img alt="St Peter's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg/360px-Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg/540px-Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg/720px-Peterskirche_Erfurt_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Peter's Church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest parts of Erfurt's <i>Alte Synagoge</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a>) date to the 11th century. It was used until 1349 when the Jewish community was destroyed in a pogrom known as the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt Massacre</a>. The building had many other uses since then. It was conserved in the 1990s and in 2009 it became a museum of Jewish history.<sup id="cite_ref-altsyn_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altsyn-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rare <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a>, a ritual bath, dating from c.1250, was discovered by archeologists in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-mikveh_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikveh-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been accessible to visitors on guided tours since September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish heritage of Erfurt including the Old Synagogue and Mikveh became a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in September 2023 and is the second Jewish heritage in Germany that is listed on UNESCO.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As religious freedom was granted in the 19th century, some Jews returned to Erfurt. They built their synagogue on the banks of the Gera river and used it from 1840 until 1884. The neoclassical building is known as the <i>Kleine Synagoge</i> (Small Synagogue). Today it is used an events centre. It is also open to visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-kleinsyn_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleinsyn-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A larger synagogue, the <i>Große Synagoge</i> (Great Synagogue), was opened in 1884 because the community had become larger and wealthier. This moorish style building was destroyed during nationwide Nazi riots, known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span> on 9–10 November 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947 the land which the Great Synagogue had occupied was returned to the Jewish community and they built their current place of worship, the <i>Neue Synagoge</i> (New Synagogue) which opened in 1952. It was the only synagogue building erected under communist rule in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Synagogue"><img alt="Old Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Synagogue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Small Synagogue"><img alt="Small Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG/200px-Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG/300px-Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG/400px-Kleine_Synagoge_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small Synagogue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="New Synagogue"><img alt="New Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Synagogue</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secular_architecture">Secular architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secular architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the religious buildings there is a lot of historic secular architecture in Erfurt, mostly concentrated in the city centre, but some 19th- and 20th-century buildings are located on the outskirts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/220px-Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/330px-Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/440px-Michaelisstra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="3733" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Michaelisstraße</i></span> is known as the lithic chronicle of Erfurt.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Street_and_square_ensembles">Street and square ensembles</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Street and square ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a></i></span></i> (Merchants' bridge) is the most famous tourist attraction of Erfurt. This 15th-century bridge is completely covered with dwellings and unique in Europe north of the Alps. Today, there are some art handicraft and souvenir shops in the houses.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domplatz</i></span></i> (Cathedral Square) is the largest square in Erfurt and one of the largest historical market squares in Germany. The cathedral and St Severus' Church on its western side can be reached over the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domstufen</i></span></i>, a wide flight of stairs. On the north side lies the courthouse, a historic building from 1880. The eastern and southern side is fronted by early-modern patrician houses. On the square are the Minerva Fountain from 1784 and the Erthal Obelisk from 1777. The Domplatz is the main setting of the Erfurt Christmas Market in December and the location for "DomStufen-Festival", an open-air theatre festival in summer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fischmarkt</i></span></i> (Fish Market) is the central square of Erfurt's city centre. It is surrounded by renaissance-style patrician houses and the town hall, a neo-gothic building from 1882. In the middle of the square is a statue called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Römer</i></span></i> (Roman), a symbol of the city's independence, erected by the citizens in 1591.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wenigemarkt</i></span></i> (Minor Market) is a small square on the east side of the Gera river (opposite to the Fischmarkt on the west side), surrounded by early-modern patrician and merchants' houses. The fountain on this square with the sculpture "Scuffling Boys" was created in 1975. Today, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wenigemarkt</i></span> square also has various cafés and bars. Next to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wenigemarkt</i></span> in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Futterstraße</i></span> is the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaisersaal</i></span> building, a neoclassicistic event hall from 1831 (current building). The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a> took place here in 1808.</li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span></i> (originally the German term for "<a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village green</a>") is a protracted square<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the eastern city centre. All tram lines are linked here, so that it became the new city centre during the 20th century with many important buildings. On its northern side is the main post office, built in 1886 in neo-gothic style with its prominent clock tower. In the north-east there is the Martin Luther monument from 1889 in front of the Merchants' Church. Between the church and the Ursuline monastery lies the "Anger 1" department store from 1908. On the south side next to Station Street is the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Angermuseum</i></span>, the art history museum of Erfurt, inside a Baroque palace from 1711. The western part of Anger square is surrounded by large historicist business houses from the late 19th century. The west end of the square is marked by the Angerbrunnen fountain from 1890. The Jesuit College near <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schlösserstraße</i></span> was built in 1737 and used until the ban of the Jesuits in 1773.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> Square</i> is the southern gate to the city centre in front of the main station. Opposite to the station is the former hotel <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erfurter Hof</i></span></i>, where the first meeting of the East- and West-German heads of government took place in 1970. On the western side is the building of the old Erfurt station (1847–95) with a clock tower and the former offices of the Thuringian Railway Company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hirschgarten</i></span></i> (Deer Garden) is a small park in front of the Thuringian government seat in the western city centre. The minister-president's seat is the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurmainzische Statthalterei</i></span></i>, a Renaissance-Baroque palace from the 17th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Michaelisstraße</i></span></i> (Michael's Street) is known as "the lithic chronicle of Erfurt", because of its mostly medieval buildings. It is the main street of the Latin quarter around the old university and today one of the favourite nightlife districts of the Erfurters with various bars, restaurants and cafés. The central building of the old university, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Collegium Maius</i></span>, was built in 1515, destroyed by Allied bombs in 1945 and originally rebuilt in 1999.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Juri-Gagarin-Ring</i></span></i> is an inner-city circular road following the former inner city wall. The road was set out in the 1890s by closing a branch of the Gera river. The buildings along the street originate from all periods of the 20th century, including some GDR-era highrise residence buildings. An old building complex here is the former Great Hospital, established in the 14th century. Today, it hosts the museum of popular art and cultural anthropology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Andreasviertel</i></span></i> (St Andrew's Quarter) is a small quarter in the northern part of the city centre between <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domplatz</i></span> in the south-west and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Moritzwallstraße</i></span> in the north-east. It was the former craftsmen quarter with narrow alleys and old (16th/17th century) little houses. During the 20th century, there were plans to demolish the quarter because of its bad housing conditions. After 1990, the houses were redeveloped by private individuals so that it is one of the favourite neighbourhoods today. The largest building here is the former Municipal Corn Storage in Gothic style from 1466 with a floor area of 1,800 m<sup>2</sup> (19,375 sq ft).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II,_Germany2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krämerbrücke"><img alt="Krämerbrücke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg/200px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg/300px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg/400px-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke_Erfurt_II%2C_Germany2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke" title="Krämerbrücke">Krämerbrücke</a></i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010412-Montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christmas market at Domplatz"><img alt="Christmas market at Domplatz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/P1010412-Montage.jpg/200px-P1010412-Montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/P1010412-Montage.jpg/300px-P1010412-Montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/P1010412-Montage.jpg/400px-P1010412-Montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4236" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christmas market at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Domplatz</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fischmarkt"><img alt="Fischmarkt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg/200px-Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg/300px-Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg/400px-Haus_zum_Roten_Ochsen_Fischmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fischmarkt</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wenigemarkt"><img alt="Wenigemarkt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Wenigemarkt_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wenigemarkt</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Post office at Anger"><img alt="Post office at Anger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG/200px-Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG/300px-Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG/400px-Hauptpost_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post office at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anger</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Angermuseum"><img alt="Angermuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/200px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/300px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG/400px-Angermuseum_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Angermuseum</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hirschgarten"><img alt="Hirschgarten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg/200px-2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg/300px-2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg/400px-2011-05-19-erfurt-by-RalfR-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hirschgarten</i></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg/220px-Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg/330px-Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg/440px-Zitadelle_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1066 until 1873 the old town of Erfurt was encircled by a fortified wall. About 1168 this was extended to run around the western side of Petersberg hill, enclosing it within the city boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-walls_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walls-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/German_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German Unification">German Unification</a> in 1871, Erfurt became part of the newly created <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The threat to the city from its Saxon neighbours and from Bavaria was no longer present, so it was decided to dismantle the city walls. Only a few remnants remain today. A piece of inner wall can be found in a small park at the corner Juri-Gagarin-Ring and Johannesstraße and another piece at the flood ditch (<i>Flutgraben</i>) near Franckestraße. There is also a small restored part of the wall in the Brühler Garten, behind the Catholic orphanage. Only one of the wall's fortified towers was left standing, on Boyneburgufer, but this was destroyed in an air raid in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-walls_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walls-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a> is one of the largest and best preserved city fortresses in Europe, covering an area of 36 hectares in the north-west of the city centre. It was built from 1665 on Petersberg hill and was in military use until 1963. Since 1990, it has been significantly restored and is now open to the public as an historic site.<sup id="cite_ref-350jahre_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350jahre-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyriaksburg_Citadel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyriaksburg Citadel (page does not exist)">Cyriaksburg Citadel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitadelle_Cyriaksburg" class="extiw" title="de:Zitadelle Cyriaksburg">de</a>]</span> is a smaller citadel south-west of the city centre, dating from 1480. Today, it houses the German horticulture museum.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="19th-_and_20th-century_architecture_in_the_outskirts">19th- and 20th-century architecture in the outskirts</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 19th- and 20th-century architecture in the outskirts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Erfurt" title="Special:EditPage/Erfurt">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1873 and 1914, a belt of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></i></span></i> architecture emerged around the city centre. The mansion district in the south-west around <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Cyriakstraße</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Richard-Breslau-Straße</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hochheimer Straße</i></span> hosts some interesting <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gründerzeit</i></span></i> and <i>Art Nouveau</i> buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The "Mühlenviertel" ("mill quarter"), is an area of beautiful Art Nouveau apartment buildings, cobblestone streets and street trees just to the north of the old city, in the vicinity of Nord Park, bordered by the Gera river on its east side. The <a href="/wiki/Schmale_Gera" title="Schmale Gera">Schmale Gera</a> stream runs through the area. In the Middle Ages numerous small enterprises using the power of water mills occupied the area, hence the name "Mühlenviertel", with street names such as Waidmühlenweg (woad, or indigo, mill way), Storchmühlenweg (stork mill way) and Papiermühlenweg (paper mill way).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></i> style is represented by some housing cooperative projects in the east around <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flensburger Straße</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dortmunder Straße</i></span> and in the north around <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neuendorfstraße</i></span>. Lutherkirke Church in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Magdeburger Allee</i></span> (1927), is an <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The former malt factory "Wolff" at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Theo-Neubauer-Straße</i></span> in the east of Erfurt is a large industrial complex built between 1880 and 1939, and in use until 2000. A new use has not been found yet, but the area is sometimes used as a location in movie productions because of its atmosphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of Nazi architecture include the buildings of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landtag</i></span> (Thuringian parliament) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thüringenhalle</i></span> (an event hall) in the south at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arnstädter Straße</i></span>. While the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landtag</i></span> building (1930s) represents more the neo-Roman/fascist style, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Thüringenhalle</i></span> (1940s) is marked by some neo-Germanic <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heimatschutz</i></span></i> style elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Stalinist early-GDR style is manifested in the main building of the university at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nordhäuser Straße</i></span> (1953) and the later more international modern GDR style is represented by the horticultural exhibition centre "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Egapark</i></span>" at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gothaer Straße</i></span>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Plattenbau</i></span> housing complexes like Rieth or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannesplatz</i></span> and the redevelopment of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Löbertor</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krämpfertor</i></span> area along <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Juri-Gagarin-Ring</i></span> in the city centre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The current international glass and steel architecture is dominant among most larger new buildings like the Federal Labour Court of Germany (1999), the new opera house (2003), the new main station (2007), the university library, the Erfurt Messe (convention centre) and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gunda_Niemann-Stirnemann" title="Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann">Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann</a></i></span> ice rink.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gründerzeit tenements in Johannesvorstadt district"><img alt="Gründerzeit tenements in Johannesvorstadt district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/200px-Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/300px-Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG/400px-Ernst-Toller-Stra%C3%9Fe_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gründerzeit</i></span> tenements in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannesvorstadt</i></span> district</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cubistic fountain in a Bauhaus housing complex"><img alt="Cubistic fountain in a Bauhaus housing complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG/135px-Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG/202px-Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG/270px-Brunnen_Jacobsenviertel_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cubistic fountain in a Bauhaus housing complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco Luther's Church"><img alt="Art Deco Luther's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG/135px-Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG/202px-Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG/270px-Lutherkirche_Erfurt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Deco Luther's Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of the Thuringian parliament"><img alt="Entrance of the Thuringian parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg/200px-Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg/300px-Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg/400px-Th%C3%BCringerLandtag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of the Thuringian parliament</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobby of the university main building"><img alt="Lobby of the university main building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg/200px-Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg/300px-Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg/400px-Audimax-Foyer_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Erfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lobby of the university main building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="GDR architecture in Johannesplatz district"><img alt="GDR architecture in Johannesplatz district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG/135px-Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG/202px-Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG/270px-Statue_Johannesplatz_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">GDR architecture in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannesplatz</i></span> district</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inner yard of the Federal Labour Court"><img alt="Inner yard of the Federal Labour Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg/200px-2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg/300px-2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg/400px-2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inner yard of the Federal Labour Court</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During recent years, the economic situation of the city improved: the unemployment rate declined from 21% in 2005 to 9% in 2013. Nevertheless, some 14,000 households with 24,500 persons (12% of population) are dependent upon state social benefits (<a href="/wiki/Hartz_concept" title="Hartz concept">Hartz IV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture,_industry_and_services"><span id="Agriculture.2C_industry_and_services"></span>Agriculture, industry and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Agriculture, industry and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG/220px-Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG/330px-Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG/440px-Optima-Werk_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Former factory building, now reused for services</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg/220px-Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg/330px-Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg/440px-Anger_1_Erfurt_Kaufhaus_R%C3%B6mischer_Kaiser_686-vLh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><i>Anger 1</i>, a big department store in centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Farming has a great tradition in Erfurt: the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">woad</a> made the city rich during the Middle Ages. Today, horticulture and the production of flower seeds is still an important business in Erfurt. There is also growing of fruits (like apples, strawberries and sweet cherries), vegetables (e.g. cauliflowers, potatoes, cabbage and sugar beets) and grain on more than 60% of the municipal territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrialization in Erfurt started around 1850. Until World War I, many factories were founded in different sectors like engine building, shoes, guns, malt and later electro-technics, so that there was no industrial monoculture in the city. After 1945, the companies were nationalized by the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a> government, which led to the decline of some of them. After reunification, nearly all factories were closed, either because they failed to successfully adopt to a free market economy or because the German government sold them to west German businessmen who closed them to avoid competition to their own enterprises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in the early 1990s the federal government started to subsidize the foundation of new companies. It still took a long time before the economic situation stabilized around 2006. Since this time, unemployment has decreased and overall, new jobs were created. Today, there are many small and medium-sized companies in Erfurt with electro-technics, semiconductors and photovoltaics in focus. Engine production, food production, the <a href="/wiki/Braugold" title="Braugold">Braugold</a> brewery, and <a href="/wiki/Born_Feinkost" title="Born Feinkost">Born Feinkost</a>, a producer of Thuringian mustard, remain important industries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Erfurt is an <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberzentrum</i></span></i> (which means "supra-centre" according to <a href="/wiki/Central_place_theory" title="Central place theory">Central place theory</a>) in German regional planning. Such centres are always hubs of service businesses and public services like hospitals, universities, research, trade fairs, retail etc. Additionally, Erfurt is the capital of the federal state of Thuringia, so that there are many institutions of administration like all the Thuringian state ministries and some nationwide authorities. Typical for Erfurt are the logistic business with many distribution centres of big companies, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt_Trade_Fair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erfurt Trade Fair (page does not exist)">Erfurt Trade Fair</a> and the media sector with <a href="/wiki/KiKa" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKa">KiKa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a> as public broadcast stations. A growing industry is tourism, due to the various historical sights of Erfurt. There are 4,800 hotel beds and (in 2012) 450,000 overnight visitors spent a total of 700,000 nights in hotels. Nevertheless, most tourists are one-day visitors from Germany. The Christmas Market in December attracts some 2,000,000 visitors each year.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/220px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/330px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg/440px-Thuringia_Erfurt_Hbf_asv2020-07_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6958" data-file-height="3479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Hauptbahnhof" title="Erfurt Hauptbahnhof">Erfurt Hauptbahnhof</a>, Erfurt's main railway station.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_rail">By rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: By rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> railway network puts Erfurt 1<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 2 hours from <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, and 45 minutes from <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. In 2017, the ICE line to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> opened, making the trip to <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Hauptbahnhof" title="Erfurt Hauptbahnhof">Erfurt main station</a> only 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours. </p><p>There are regional trains from Erfurt to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Bad Langensalza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In freight transport there is an <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal</a> terminal in the district of Vieselbach <i>(<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Güterverkehrszentrum, GVZ</i></span>)</i> with connections to rail and the autobahn.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_road">By road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: By road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahnen</a> crossing each other nearby at <i>Erfurter Kreuz</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">Bundesautobahn 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_71" title="Bundesautobahn 71">Bundesautobahn 71</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sangerhausen" title="Sangerhausen">Sangerhausen</a>). Together with the east tangent both motorways form a circle road around the city and lead the interregional traffic around the centre. Whereas the A 4 was built in the 1930s, the A 71 came into being after the reunification in the 1990s and 2000s. In addition to both motorways there are two <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">Bundesstraßen</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_7" title="Bundesstraße 7">Bundesstraße 7</a> connects Erfurt parallel to A 4 with <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_4" title="Bundesstraße 4">Bundesstraße 4</a> is a connection between Erfurt and <a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> in the north. Its southern part to <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a> was annulled when A 71 was finished (in this section, the A 71 now effectively serves as B 4). Within the circle road, B 7 and B 4 are also annulled, so that the city government has to pay for maintenance instead of the German federal government. The access to the city is restricted as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Low-emission_zone" title="Low-emission zone">Umweltzone</a></i></span></i> since 2012 for some vehicles. Large parts of the inner city are a pedestrian area which can not be reached by car (except for residents).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_light_rail_and_bus">By light rail and bus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: By light rail and bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG/220px-Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG/330px-Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG/440px-Erfurt_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_Schl%C3%B6sserstr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Light rail tram near Anger square</figcaption></figure> <p>The Erfurt public transport system is marked by the area-wide <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Stadtbahn" title="Erfurt Stadtbahn">Erfurt Stadtbahn</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>) network, established as a tram system in 1883, upgraded to a light rail (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stadtbahn</i></span></i>) system in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continually expanded and upgraded through the 2000s. Today, there are six <i>Stadtbahn</i> lines running every ten minutes on every light rail route.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additionally, Erfurt operates a bus system, which connects the sparsely populated outer districts of the region to the city center. Both systems are organized by <i>SWE EVAG</i>, a transit company owned by the city administration. Trolleybuses were in service in Erfurt from 1948 until 1975, but are no longer in service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_airplane">By airplane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: By airplane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erfurt-Weimar_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Erfurt-Weimar Airport">Erfurt-Weimar Airport</a> lies 3 km (2 mi) west of the city centre. It is linked to the central train station via Stadtbahn (tram). It was significantly extended in the 1990s, with flights mostly to Mediterranean holiday destinations and to London during the peak Christmas market tourist season. Connections to longer haul flights are easily accessible via <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, which can be reached in 2 hours via a direct train from Frankfurt Airport to Erfurt, and from <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Halle_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig Halle Airport">Leipzig/Halle Airport</a>, which can be reached within half an hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_bike">By bike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: By bike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Erfurt" title="Special:EditPage/Erfurt">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Biking is becoming increasingly popular since construction of high quality cycle tracks began in the 1990s. There are cycle lanes for general commuting within Erfurt city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Long-distance trails, such as the <i>Gera track</i> and the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Radweg Thüringer Städtekette</i></span></i> (Thuringian cities trail), connect points of tourist interest. The former runs along the <a href="/wiki/Gera_(river)" title="Gera (river)">Gera</a> river valley from the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a> to the river <a href="/wiki/Unstrut" title="Unstrut">Unstrut</a>; the latter follows the medieval <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, Erfurt, <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rennsteig_Cycle_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Rennsteig Cycle Way">Rennsteig Cycle Way</a> was opened in 2000. This designated high-grade hiking and bike trail runs along the ridge of the Thuringian Central Uplands. The bike trail, about 200 km (124 mi) long, occasionally departs from the course of the historic Rennsteig hiking trail, which dates back to the 1300s, to avoid steep inclines. It is therefore about 30 km (19 mi) longer than the hiking trail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Rennsteig is connected to the <a href="/wiki/E3_European_long_distance_path" title="E3 European long distance path">E3 European long distance path</a>, which goes from the Atlantic coast of Spain to the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, and the <a href="/wiki/E6_European_long_distance_path" title="E6 European long distance path">E6 European long distance path</a>, running from Arctic Finland to Turkey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After reunification, the educational system was reorganized. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>, founded in 1379<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and closed in 1816, was refounded in 1994 with a focus on social sciences, modern languages, humanities and teacher training. Today there are approximately 6,000 students working within four faculties, the Max Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, and three academic research institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university has an international reputation and participates in international student exchange programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Fachhochschule Erfurt</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">university of applied sciences</a>, founded in 1991, which offers a combination of academic training and practical experience in subjects such as social work and social pedagogy, business studies, and engineering. There are nearly 5,000 students in six faculties, of which the faculty of landscaping and horticulture has a national reputation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_University_of_Applied_Sciences_Bad_Honnef_-_Bonn" class="mw-redirect" title="International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef - Bonn">International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef – Bonn (IUBH)</a>, is a privately run university with a focus on business and economics. It merged with the former Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The world renowned <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> design school was founded in 1919 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 20 km (12 mi) from Erfurt, 12 minutes by train. The buildings are now part of a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and are today used by the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus-Universit%C3%A4t_Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauhaus-Universität Weimar">Bauhaus-Universität Weimar</a>, which teaches design, arts, media and technology related subjects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Furthermore, there are eight <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasien</a></i></span></i>, six state-owned, one Catholic and one Protestant (Evangelisches Ratsgymnasium Erfurt). One of the state-owned schools is a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sportgymnasium</i></span></i>, an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics, swimming, ice skating or football. Another state-owned school, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Albert Schweitzer Gymnasium</i></span></i>, offers a focus in sciences as an elite boarding school in addition to the common curriculum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German national public television children's channel <i><a href="/wiki/KiKa" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKa">KiKa</a></i> is based in Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>MDR, <a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</a>, a radio and television company, has a broadcast centre and studios in Erfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Allgemeine" title="Thüringer Allgemeine">Thüringer Allgemeine</a> is a statewide newspaper that is headquartered in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_and_city_council">Mayor and city council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Mayor and city council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Manfred Ruge of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a>, who served from 1990 to 2006. From 2006 to 2024, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bausewein" title="Andreas Bausewein">Andreas Bausewein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) was mayor. Andreas Horn (CDU) was elected in 2024. The most recent mayoral election was held on 26 May 2024, with a runoff held on 9 June, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left">Andreas Horn </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>28,224 </td> <td>28.4 </td> <td>59,913 </td> <td>64.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bausewein" title="Andreas Bausewein">Andreas Bausewein</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>22,563 </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td>33,433 </td> <td>35.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_M%C3%B6ller" title="Stefan Möller">Stefan Möller</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>19,275 </td> <td>19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Matthias Bärwolff </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>12,742 </td> <td>12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Jana Rötsch </td> <td align="left">Better City Erfurt </td> <td>12,447 </td> <td>12.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">David Maicher </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>4,098 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>99,349 </th> <th>98.8 </th> <th>93,346 </th> <th>95.9 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,196 </th> <th>1.2 </th> <th>3,831 </th> <th>4.1 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>100,545 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>97,177 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>169,899 </th> <th>59.2 </th> <th>169,569 </th> <th>57.3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="right">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/rathaus/wahlen/ob/jahre/146914.html">1st round</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/rathaus/wahlen/ob/jahre/147885.html">2nd round</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Lead candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td align="left">Andreas Horn </td> <td>71,551 </td> <td>24.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td align="left">Stefan Möller </td> <td>58,911 </td> <td>20.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.5 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td align="left">Andreas Bausewein </td> <td>46,834 </td> <td>16.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td align="left">Matthias Bärwolff </td> <td>42,733 </td> <td>14.8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Better City Erfurt (M) </td> <td align="left">Jana Rötsch </td> <td>29,098 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td align="left">Laura Wahl </td> <td>21,721 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td align="left">Stefanie Hantke </td> <td>7,296 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FW) </td> <td align="left">Peter Stampf </td> <td>6,111 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a> (Piraten/ÖDP) </td> <td align="left">Peter Städter </td> <td>4,831 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>289,086 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total ballots </th> <th>100,530 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>50 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>169,887 </th> <th>59.2 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.8 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/rathaus/wahlen/kommunal/jahre/146915.html">Wahlen in Thüringen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Erfurt is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, Hungary (1971)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania (1972)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a>, Poland (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Germany (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Kansas" title="Shawnee, Kansas">Shawnee</a>, United States (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="San Miguel de Tucumán">San Miguel de Tucumán</a>, Argentina (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lovech" title="Lovech">Lovech</a>, Bulgaria (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, China (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati">Kati</a>, Mali (2011)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Erfurt" title="List of people from Erfurt">List of people from Erfurt</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As with the case of an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism#Examples_in_prehistory" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorhic</a> figurine excavated in Erfurt, some researchers including Olaf Höckmann<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated those were intentionally broken, since neolithic figurines in human figure were found in fragment in high ratio among excavations in central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 1631 and 1648, during the Thirty Years' War, Erfurt was occupied by Swedish forces,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of Queen Christina appears on the 1645 Erfurt 10 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">Ducat</a> (Portugaloser). There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2">Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht</a>, Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistik.thueringen.de/datenbank/TabAnzeige.asp?GGglied=1&GGTabelle=gem&tabelle=gg000102&startpage=99&datcsv=&richtung=&sortiere=&vorspalte=1&SZDT=&anzahlH=-2&fontgr=12&mkro=&AnzeigeAuswahl=&XLS=&auswahlNr=&felder=0&felder=1&felder=2&zeit=2022%7C%7Cs1&anzahlZellen=2193">"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden, erfüllenden Gemeinden und Verwaltungsgemeinschaften in Thüringen Gebietsstand: 31.12.2022"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%BCringer_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+der+Gemeinden%2C+erf%C3%BCllenden+Gemeinden+und+Verwaltungsgemeinschaften+in+Th%C3%BCringen+Gebietsstand%3A+31.12.2022&rft.pub=Th%C3%BCringer+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistik.thueringen.de%2Fdatenbank%2FTabAnzeige.asp%3FGGglied%3D1%26GGTabelle%3Dgem%26tabelle%3Dgg000102%26startpage%3D99%26datcsv%3D%26richtung%3D%26sortiere%3D%26vorspalte%3D1%26SZDT%3D%26anzahlH%3D-2%26fontgr%3D12%26mkro%3D%26AnzeigeAuswahl%3D%26XLS%3D%26auswahlNr%3D%26felder%3D0%26felder%3D1%26felder%3D2%26zeit%3D2022%257C%257Cs1%26anzahlZellen%3D2193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation book cs1">Mangold, Max (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/">"Erfurt"</a>. <i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i>. Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich: Duden Verlag. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7"><bdi>978-3-411-04066-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909015711/http://www.duden.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erfurt&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Mannheim%2C+Leipzig%2C+Wien%2C+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Duden+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04066-7&rft.aulast=Mangold&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erfurt Tourismus (2003) <i>Erfurt: Erlebnis Krämerbrücke</i> [parallel title: <i>Merchants' Bridge</i>]. Erfurt: Erfurt Stadtverwaltung</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/germany/erfurt-dom-cathedral.htm">Erfurt Cathedral</a>", <i>Sacred-Destinations.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/sehens-wissenswertes/sehenswertes/zitadelle-petersberg">Zitadelle Petersberg - Im neuen Glanz erleben</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130040243/https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/sehens-wissenswertes/sehenswertes/zitadelle-petersberg">Archived</a> 30 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Erfurt Tourismus & Marketing GmbH (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656">Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westholm, Gun (1994) <i>Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present</i>, Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uni-erfurt.de-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uni-erfurt.de_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091125/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/portrait/history-and-buildings/timeline/">"University of Erfurt. History. Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/portrait/history-and-buildings/timeline/">the original</a> on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Erfurt.+History.+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-erfurt.de%2Fen%2Funiversity-of-erfurt%2Fportrait%2Fhistory-and-buildings%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metaxas, Eric (2017) <i>Martin Luther: The Man Who Rediscovered God and Changed the World</i>, New York: Viking Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Christoph (10 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbsa.eu/der-mitteldeutsche-fundplatz-frienstedt/">"Der mitteldeutsche Fundplatz Frienstedt"</a>. <i>Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (ZBSA) — Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Menschliche Darstellungen in der bandkeramischen Kultur" [Human representations in the band ceramic culture]. <i>Jb. RGZM</i> (in German). <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jb.+RGZM&rft.atitle=Menschliche+Darstellungen+in+der+bandkeramischen+Kultur&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ckmann&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBánffy" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eszter_B%C3%A1nffy" title="Eszter Bánffy">Bánffy, Eszter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909060539/http://www.semioticon.com/virtuals/archaeology/banffycork.pdf">"Gestures from artefacts within domestic rituals in the Neolithic: different attitudes to certain types of cult objects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>semioticon.com</i>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semioticon.com/virtuals/archaeology/banffycork.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semioticon.com&rft.atitle=Gestures+from+artefacts+within+domestic+rituals+in+the+Neolithic%3A+different+attitudes+to+certain+types+of+cult+objects&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1nffy&rft.aufirst=Eszter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemioticon.com%2Fvirtuals%2Farchaeology%2Fbanffycork.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanffy2017" class="citation book cs1">Banffy, Eszter (13 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAGpDgAAQBAJ&q=prehistoric+erfurt&pg=PT908">"Neolithic Eastern and Central Europe"</a>. In Insoll, Timothy (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 711. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191663109" title="Special:BookSources/9780191663109"><bdi>9780191663109</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Eastern+and+Central+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Prehistoric+Figurines&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.isbn=9780191663109&rft.aulast=Banffy&rft.aufirst=Eszter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAGpDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprehistoric%2Berfurt%26pg%3DPT908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table of contents is available for "The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines" (2017) online.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060146/http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/FYHIP7H9LXV9YD8IL8EGLHBBKMQG41.pdf">"Table of Contents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/FYHIP7H9LXV9YD8IL8EGLHBBKMQG41.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+of+Contents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbvbr.bib-bvb.de%3A8991%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2FFYHIP7H9LXV9YD8IL8EGLHBBKMQG41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thuringia/History">"Thuringia - Medieval, Reformation, Unification | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stadtverwaltung Erfurt. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bonifatius+in+Mitteldeutschland&rft.btitle=Bonifatius%3A+Heidenopfer%2C+Christuskreuz%2C+Eichenkult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Stadtverwaltung+Erfurt&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Heinemeyer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Christoph G. (2004). "Im Machtbereich der Merowinger: Politische und gesellschaftliche Strukturen in Thüringen vom 6. bis 8. Jahrhundert". In Hardy Eidam; Marina Moritz; Gerd-Rainer Riedel; Kai-Uwe Schierz (eds.). <i>Bonifatius: Heidenopfer, Christuskreuz, Eichenkult</i> (in German). Stadtverwaltung Erfurt. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im+Machtbereich+der+Merowinger%3A+Politische+und+gesellschaftliche+Strukturen+in+Th%C3%BCringen+vom+6.+bis+8.+Jahrhundert&rft.btitle=Bonifatius%3A+Heidenopfer%2C+Christuskreuz%2C+Eichenkult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Stadtverwaltung+Erfurt&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Christoph+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004181057/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/ludowinger_landgrafen_von_thueringen/chronik_zu_erfurt.html">"Chronicle of Erfurt"</a>. <i>Web Archive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/ludowinger_landgrafen_von_thueringen/chronik_zu_erfurt.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Archive&rft.atitle=Chronicle+of+Erfurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogie-mittelalter.de%2Fludowinger_landgrafen_von_thueringen%2Fchronik_zu_erfurt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefortweekly.com/issues/issue-1/curio-1-the-erfurter-latrinensturz/">"Curio #1: The Erfurter Latrinensturz – The Fortweekly"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903042810/http://www.thefortweekly.com/issues/issue-1/curio-1-the-erfurter-latrinensturz/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curio+%231%3A+The+Erfurter+Latrinensturz+%E2%80%93+The+Fortweekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefortweekly.com%2Fissues%2Fissue-1%2Fcurio-1-the-erfurter-latrinensturz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikveh-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mikveh_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikveh_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archeologists Discover Medieval Jewish Bath in Erfurt, 12.04.2007, Deutsche Welle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2440473,00.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713002201/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2440473,00.html">Archived</a> 13 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AID-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AID_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStürzebecher2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stürzebecher, Maria (June–July 2014). "Zwei Schätze: Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur in Erfurt". <i>Archäologie in Deutschland</i> (in German) (3/2014). Darmstadt: WGB: <span class="nowrap">32–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-8522">0176-8522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+in+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Zwei+Sch%C3%A4tze%3A+Zeugnisse+j%C3%BCdischer+Kultur+in+Erfurt&rft.issue=3%2F2014&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2014-06%2F2014-07&rft.issn=0176-8522&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCrzebecher&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/middle-ages/jcommunity/index.html">"Jewish Community"</a>. <i>Jüdisches Leben</i>. 1 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C3%BCdisches+Leben&rft.atitle=Jewish+Community&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjuedisches-leben.erfurt.de%2Fjl%2Fen%2Fmiddle-ages%2Fjcommunity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656">"Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Convention</i>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920122841/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Convention&rft.atitle=Jewish-Medieval+Heritage+of+Erfurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731033906/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/portrait/history-and-buildings/">"History and Buildings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/portrait/history-and-buildings/">the original</a> on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Buildings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-erfurt.de%2Fen%2Funiversity-of-erfurt%2Fportrait%2Fhistory-and-buildings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuhaj2009a" class="citation book cs1">Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXSrLbIEDBMC"><i>Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601 – present</i></a> (6 ed.). Krause. pp. <span class="nowrap">490–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-0424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-0424-1"><bdi>978-1-4402-0424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Gold+Coins+1601+%E2%80%93+present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Krause&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-0424-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXSrLbIEDBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedbergFriedberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Friedberg, Arthur; Friedberg, Ira (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC"><i>Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a> (8 ed.). The Coin & Currency Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">688–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87184-308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87184-308-1"><bdi>978-0-87184-308-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Coins+of+the+World%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=The+Coin+%26+Currency+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87184-308-1&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Friedberg%2C+Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlnoMdZu40UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.coinupdate.com/kunker-auctions-preview-1573"><i>Kunker Rarities Auction</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123113043/http://news.coinupdate.com/kunker-auctions-preview-1573/">archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunker+Rarities+Auction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.coinupdate.com%2Fkunker-auctions-preview-1573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metaxas, Eric (2017) <i>Martin Luther: The Man Who Rediscovered God and Changed the World</i>, New York: Viking Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurson" class="citation web cs1">Laurson, Jens F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenslaurson/2017/01/05/a-very-brief-excursion-into-the-world-and-music-of-johann-pachelbel/">"A Very Brief Excursion Into The World And Music Of Johann Pachelbel"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Very+Brief+Excursion+Into+The+World+And+Music+Of+Johann+Pachelbel&rft.aulast=Laurson&rft.aufirst=Jens+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjenslaurson%2F2017%2F01%2F05%2Fa-very-brief-excursion-into-the-world-and-music-of-johann-pachelbel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2007" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, G.C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA143"><i>Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a>. Facts on File Library of World History. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2923-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2923-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2923-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Plague+and+Pestilence%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.series=Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2923-5&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzRwRmb09rgC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEw906pmz6EC&pg=PA153"><i>The Journal of Hellenic Studies</i></a>. Concil of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. 1916. p. 153<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Concil+of+the+Society+for+the+Promotion+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqEw906pmz6EC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikin2016" class="citation book cs1">Aikin, J.P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8WlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT131"><i>A Ruler's Consort in Early Modern Germany: Aemilia Juliana of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</i></a>. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Taylor & Francis. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-18684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-18684-7"><bdi>978-1-317-18684-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ruler%27s+Consort+in+Early+Modern+Germany%3A+Aemilia+Juliana+of+Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt&rft.series=Women+and+Gender+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-18684-7&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8WlDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_documentArchive.de-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_documentArchive.de_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/rdhs1803.html">"Hauptschluß der ausserordentlichen Reichsdeputation"</a> (in German). documentArchiv.de. 25 February 1803. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204205532/http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/rdhs1803.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hauptschlu%C3%9F+der+ausserordentlichen+Reichsdeputation&rft.pub=documentArchiv.de&rft.date=1803-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fnzjh%2Frdhs1803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_Wikisource-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reichsdeputationshauptschluss_Wikisource_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:Hauptschlu%C3%9F_der_au%C3%9Ferordentlichen_Reichsdeputation_vom_25._Februar_1803" class="extiw" title="de:s:Hauptschluß der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation vom 25. Februar 1803">Hauptschluß der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation vom 25. Februar 1803</a> at German Wikisource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petre_1907/1993-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petre_1907/1993_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Loraine_Petre1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Loraine_Petre" title="Francis Loraine Petre">Francis Loraine Petre</a> (1993) [First published 1907]. <i>Napoleon's Conquest of Prussia 1806</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Leventhal" title="Lionel Leventhal">Lionel Leventhal</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-145-2"><bdi>1-85367-145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Conquest+of+Prussia+1806&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Lionel+Leventhal&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85367-145-2&rft.au=Francis+Loraine+Petre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1998-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1998_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigby_Smith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Digby Smith</a> (1998). <i>The Napoleonic Wars Data Book</i>. Greenhill. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9"><bdi>1-85367-276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85367-276-9&rft.au=Digby+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1806–1814_40-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/geschichte/chronik/111885.html">"1806–1814: Erfurt unter französischer Besetzung"</a> [1806–1814: Erfurt under French occupation] (in German). Erfurt Stadtverwaltung [Erfurt city administration]. 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925043753/https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/geschichte/chronik/111885.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1806%E2%80%931814%3A+Erfurt+unter+franz%C3%B6sischer+Besetzung&rft.pub=Erfurt+Stadtverwaltung+%5BErfurt+city+administration%5D&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt.de%2Fef%2Fde%2Ferleben%2Fentdecken%2Fgeschichte%2Fchronik%2F111885.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fürstenkongress-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fürstenkongress_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080322/http://www.erfurter-fuerstenkongress-1808.de/historie.htm">"Kurzer historischer Überblick"</a> [Brief historical overview]. <i>Napoleon's Fürstenkongress Erfurt</i> (in German). Euratibor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurter-fuerstenkongress-1808.de/historie.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Napoleon%27s+F%C3%BCrstenkongress+Erfurt&rft.atitle=Kurzer+historischer+%C3%9Cberblick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurter-fuerstenkongress-1808.de%2Fhistorie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Robert_Walter_von_Coeckelberghe-Dützele1834" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhard Robert Walter von Coeckelberghe-Dützele (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upBXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Ruinen oder Taschenbuch zur Geschichte verfallener Ritterburgen und Schlößer (etc.)</i></a> [<i>Ruins, or: A pocketbook on the history of dilapidated knights' castles</i>] (in German). Mich. Lechner. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113191817/https://books.google.com/books?id=upBXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>. <q><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nach der unglücklichen Schlacht bei Jena und dem Rückzuge der Preußen, wurde sie durch Kapitulation den Franzosen übergeben, und erhielt anfangs eine ziemlich starke Besatzung; doch wurde sie in der Folge so von ihnen vernachläßigt, daß in einer gewissen Epoche der Marketender Sturm mit seiner Familie und ein alter Unteroffizier ihre ganze Garnison ausmachten. Damals war es, wo der Intendant Devismes und der Domainen-Direktor Gentil in der nach der Stadt zugekehrten Seite der Mauer einen Schatz suchen ließ, der noch aus den Zeiten des ehemaligen Benedektiner-Nonnenklosters hier versteckt seyn sollte, ohne zu bedenken, daß zufolge der oben angeführten, an der Mauer befindlichen Inschrift, kein Schatz von 1478 her in einer Mauer versteckt seyn konnte, die über 100 Jahre darnach erst erbaut worden war; aber die Habsucht eilte hier jeder nähern Untersuchung vor. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurde auch die alte Burgkapelle demoliert und aus den verkauften Baumaterialien die Arbeiter bezahlt, die beim Schatzgraben hilfreiche Hand geleistet hatten.</i></span></i> [After the unfortunate battle of Jena and the retreat of the Prussians, it was handed over by capitulation to the French, and was initially fairly strongly garrisoned; but was subsequently so neglected that at one time the whole garrison consisted of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sutler" class="extiw" title="wikt:sutler">sutler</a> Sturm with his family and an old sergeant. At that time, Intendant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Jean_Louis_de_Vismes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Jean Louis de Vismes (page does not exist)">de Vismes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Louis_de_Vismes" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Jean Louis de Vismes">fr</a>]</span> and Domain-Director Gentil searched in the city-side walls for treasure hidden since the times of the former Benedictine nunnery – without considering that an inscription located on the wall above showed that it had been built just over 100 years later, so no treasure could have been hidden there in 1478, but greed hastened this before any closer investigation. On that occasion the old chapel was demolished, and the workers who had helped dig for treasure were paid from the sale of the building materials.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruinen+oder+Taschenbuch+zur+Geschichte+verfallener+Ritterburgen+und+Schl%C3%B6%C3%9Fer+%28etc.%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Mich.+Lechner&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Gerhard+Robert+Walter+von+Coeckelberghe-D%C3%BCtzele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupBXAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denkmale_Erfurts-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denkmale_Erfurts_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thueringer-naturbrief.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=187&limit=1&limitstart=5">"Denkmale Erfurts 1806–1814"</a> [Monuments of Erfurt 1806–1814] (in German). Thüringer Naturbrief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925043753/https://www.thueringer-naturbrief.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=187&limit=1&limitstart=5">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denkmale+Erfurts+1806%E2%80%931814&rft.pub=Th%C3%BCringer+Naturbrief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thueringer-naturbrief.de%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D97%26Itemid%3D187%26limit%3D1%26limitstart%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Palmowski2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frank Palmowski (2015) [First published 2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnLrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Die Belagerung von Erfurt 1813–1814</i></a> [<i>The Siege of Erfurt 1813–1814</i>] (in German). Sutton Verlag. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-954-00604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-954-00604-5"><bdi>978-3-954-00604-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113191707/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnLrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Belagerung+von+Erfurt+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Sutton+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-954-00604-5&rft.au=Frank+Palmowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnLrCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillibald_Gutsche1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Willibald Gutsche, ed. (1989). <i>Geschichte der Stadt Erfurt</i> [<i>History of the city of Erfurt</i>] (in German) (2nd revised ed.). Weimar: Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7400-0095-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7400-0095-3"><bdi>3-7400-0095-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Stadt+Erfurt&rft.place=Weimar&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-7400-0095-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Wilhelm_von_Koch1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_von_Koch" title="Christoph Wilhelm von Koch">Christoph Wilhelm von Koch</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA303"><i>Histoire abrégée des traités de paix entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la paix de Westphalie, Volume 3</i></a> [<i>Abridged history of the peace treaties between the powers of Europe since the Peace of Westphalia, Volume 3</i>] (in French). Meline, Cans et Compagnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113191707/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>. <q><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le général Kleist assiégeait Erfurt. Par suite d'une capitulation signée le 20 décembre, le générale français d'Alton se retira dans les deux forts de Petersberg et Cyriacsbourg, et la ville fut remise aux Prussiens le 6 janvier 1814.</i></span></i> [General Kleist laid siege to Erfurt. As a result of a capitulation signed on 20 December, the French general d'Alton withdrew to the two forts of Petersberg and Cyriaksburg, and the town was handed over to the Prussians on 6 January 1814.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9e+des+trait%C3%A9s+de+paix+entre+les+puissances+de+l%27Europe+depuis+la+paix+de+Westphalie%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Meline%2C+Cans+et+Compagnie&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Christoph+Wilhelm+von+Koch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lw_AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erfurt_Chronik_1814–1850_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/geschichte/chronik/111888.html">"1814–1850: Erfurt im preußischen Staat"</a> [1814–1850: Erfurt in the Prussian state] (in German). Erfurt Stadtverwaltung [Erfurt city administration]. 22 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922074157/https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/geschichte/chronik/111888.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1814%E2%80%931850%3A+Erfurt+im+preu%C3%9Fischen+Staat&rft.pub=Erfurt+Stadtverwaltung+%5BErfurt+city+administration%5D&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt.de%2Fef%2Fde%2Ferleben%2Fentdecken%2Fgeschichte%2Fchronik%2F111888.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hühn_1839-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hühn_1839_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hühn_1839_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Friedrich_Hühn1839" class="citation cs2">Georg Friedrich Hühn (1839), <i>Kurzgefasste Nachricht von der Belagerung, Blokade und Einzug der Königlich Preußischen Truppen in Erfurt. Vom 21sten Oktober 1813 bis zum 8ten Januar 1814. In einem Briefe als ein Journal abgefasst, und an einen vertrauten Freund abgesendet. Bei Gelegenheit der 25jährigen Jubelfeier neu abgedruckt</i> [<i>Concise news of the siege, blockade and entry of the Royal Prussian troops into Erfurt. From 21 October 1813 to 8 January 1814. In a letter as a journal written and sent to a trusted friend. Reprinted on the occasion of the 25th jubilee</i>], Erfurt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurzgefasste+Nachricht+von+der+Belagerung%2C+Blokade+und+Einzug+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preu%C3%9Fischen+Truppen+in+Erfurt.+Vom+21sten+Oktober+1813+bis+zum+8ten+Januar+1814.+In+einem+Briefe+als+ein+Journal+abgefasst%2C+und+an+einen+vertrauten+Freund+abgesendet.+Bei+Gelegenheit+der+25j%C3%A4hrigen+Jubelfeier+neu+abgedruckt&rft.place=Erfurt&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Georg+Friedrich+H%C3%BChn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Palmowski2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frank Palmowski (2015) [First published 2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnLrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Die Belagerung von Erfurt 1813–1814</i></a> [<i>The Siege of Erfurt 1813–1814</i>] (in German). Sutton Verlag. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-954-00604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-954-00604-5"><bdi>978-3-954-00604-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>. <q><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Preußische Truppen marschieren in der Stadt ein. Auf dem Anger kommt es zu Jubelszenen. Der Napoleon-Obelisk wird zerstört.</i></span></i> [Prussian troops march into the city. On the Anger this leads to scenes of jubilation. The Napoleon obelisk is destroyed.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Belagerung+von+Erfurt+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Sutton+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-954-00604-5&rft.au=Frank+Palmowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnLrCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Erfurt-Germany">"Erfurt | Medieval City, Thuringia Capital | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Erfurt+%7C+Medieval+City%2C+Thuringia+Capital+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FErfurt-Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Erfurt-Union-Parliament">"Erfurt Union Parliament | German Confederation, Reforms, Nationalism | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Erfurt+Union+Parliament+%7C+German+Confederation%2C+Reforms%2C+Nationalism+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FErfurt-Union-Parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1891erfurt.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202135744/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1891erfurt.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks%3A+Modern+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F1891erfurt.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schüle, Annegret (2017) <i>J.A Topf & Söhne: ein Erfurter Familieunternehmen und der Holocaust</i>. Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i>, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer20020428-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Observer20020428_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2002" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, John (28 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/28/schools.education">"How teacher stopped the school slaughter"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103085715/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/28/schools.education">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+teacher+stopped+the+school+slaughter&rft.date=2002-04-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fapr%2F28%2Fschools.education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiß2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weiß, Felix (15 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgian-knot.com/2019/04/15/german-police-closing-in-on-armenian-mafia/">"German police closing in on Armenian mafia"</a>. <i>The Georgian Knot</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610113601/https://georgian-knot.com/2019/04/15/german-police-closing-in-on-armenian-mafia/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Georgian+Knot&rft.atitle=German+police+closing+in+on+Armenian+mafia&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft.aulast=Wei%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgian-knot.com%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Fgerman-police-closing-in-on-armenian-mafia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2018" class="citation news cs1">Baumgartner, Pete (9 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-backs-berlin-envoy-smbatian-mafia-ties-germany/29590378.html">"Armenia Backs Berlin Envoy Despite Reported Ties To Mafia In Germany"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814092023/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-backs-berlin-envoy-smbatian-mafia-ties-germany/29590378.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Armenia+Backs+Berlin+Envoy+Despite+Reported+Ties+To+Mafia+In+Germany&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Farmenia-backs-berlin-envoy-smbatian-mafia-ties-germany%2F29590378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattarov2015" class="citation web cs1">Sattarov, Orkhan (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.vestikavkaza.ru/articles/Germany-Armenian-mafia-controls-the-streets-of-Erfurt.html">"Germany: Armenian mafia controls the streets of Erfurt"</a>. <i>en.vestikavkaza.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918193603/https://en.vestikavkaza.ru/articles/Germany-Armenian-mafia-controls-the-streets-of-Erfurt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.vestikavkaza.ru&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Armenian+mafia+controls+the+streets+of+Erfurt&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.aulast=Sattarov&rft.aufirst=Orkhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.vestikavkaza.ru%2Farticles%2FGermany-Armenian-mafia-controls-the-streets-of-Erfurt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koppen-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koppen_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. 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Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021016/http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweizerbart.de%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2Fpaper_free%2F55034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1633–</span>1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1633-%3C%2Fspan%3E1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fhess-11-1633-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCEI9120normals-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCEI9120normals_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916130052/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Erfurt-Weimar_10554.csv">"Erfurt-Weimar Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Erfurt-Weimar_10554.csv">the original</a> on 16 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erfurt-Weimar+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FErfurt-Weimar_10554.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sklima-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sklima_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2">"Monatsauswertung"</a>. <i>sklima.de</i> (in German). SKlima<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sklima.de&rft.atitle=Monatsauswertung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsklima.de%2Fdatenbank_auswertung.php%3Ftab%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurt.de/mam/ef/service/mediathek/publikationen/2015/heft_87_bev%C3%B6lkerung_2013.pdf">"Erfurt: Population 2013. Page 21-23"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005233606/http://www.erfurt.de/mam/ef/service/mediathek/publikationen/2015/heft_87_bev%C3%B6lkerung_2013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erfurt%3A+Population+2013.+Page+21-23.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt.de%2Fmam%2Fef%2Fservice%2Fmediathek%2Fpublikationen%2F2015%2Fheft_87_bev%25C3%25B6lkerung_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tls.thueringen.de/startseite_hinweis.asp">Thüringer Landesamt für Statistik</a></i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/erfurt-tipps-fuer-thueringens-hauptstadt-fotostrecke-169496.html">"Erfurt in Thüringen. Alles so hübsch beieinander hier"</a> [Erfurt in Thuringia. Everything is so prettily put together here.]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)" title="Der Spiegel (website)">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). 4 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Erfurt+in+Th%C3%BCringen.+Alles+so+h%C3%BCbsch+beieinander+hier&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Ffotostrecke%2Ferfurt-tipps-fuer-thueringens-hauptstadt-fotostrecke-169496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de/predigerkloster">"Predigerkloster. Die Predigerkirche und das Predigerkloster als Heimat von Meister Eckhart"</a>. <i>meister-eckhart-erfurt.de</i>. Evangelische Predigergemeinde Erfurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171104/https://www.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de/predigerkloster">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=meister-eckhart-erfurt.de&rft.atitle=Predigerkloster.+Die+Predigerkirche+und+das+Predigerkloster+als+Heimat+von+Meister+Eckhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de%2Fpredigerkloster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-augustinerkloster.de-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-augustinerkloster.de_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205224722/http://www.augustinerkloster.de/en.html">"Augustinerkloster"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinerkloster.de/en.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustinerkloster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustinerkloster.de%2Fen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurson_2017_o445-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laurson_2017_o445_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurson2017" class="citation web cs1">Laurson, Jens F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Johann Ambrosius Bach (b Erfurt, 1645; d Eisenach, 1695)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+Bach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095439206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlazeski2018" class="citation web cs1">Blazeski, Goran (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/04/06/kramerbrucke-merchants-bridge-2/">"Krämerbrücke, the beautiful 600-year-old Merchant's Bridge, packed with half-timbered buildings | The Vintage News"</a>. <i>thevintagenews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Max+Weber+-+Sociology%2C+Bureaucracy%2C+Capitalism+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMax-Weber-German-sociologist%2FLater-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn2012" class="citation book cs1">Korn, Ingolf (2012). Margaretha Reichardt-Haus (ed.). <i>Bauhaus Reisebuch</i>. Dumont Buchverlag. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9411-6"><bdi>978-3-8321-9411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bauhaus+Reisebuch&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Dumont+Buchverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8321-9411-6&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=Ingolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letsgotravelling.com.au/dest-erfurt.html">"European Destinations: Erfurt, Germany"</a>. <i>www.letsgotravelling.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.letsgotravelling.com.au&rft.atitle=European+Destinations%3A+Erfurt%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.letsgotravelling.com.au%2Fdest-erfurt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altsyn-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altsyn_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altsyn_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Life in Erfurt. Old synagogue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/middle-ages/old_synagogue/index.html">Jewish Life in Erfurt. Old synagogue.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151947/http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/middle-ages/old_synagogue/index.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 31 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.de/kultur-und-natur/welterbe/welterbe-deutschland/neues-welterbe-2023">"Neues Welterbe würdigt jüdisch-mittelalterliche Monumente Erfurts"</a> [New world heritage site recognises the Jewish Middle Ages monuments of Erfurt]. <i>Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeantraveler.net/te-erfurt.php">the original</a> on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=europeantraveler.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeantraveler.net%2Fte-erfurt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783506786388_0732">"Kirchen in Erfurt: Allerheiligenkirche, Kolumbarium"</a>. <i>Erfurt.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erfurt.de&rft.atitle=Kirchen+in+Erfurt%3A+Allerheiligenkirche%2C+Kolumbarium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.30965%2F9783506786388_0732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outdooractive.com/en/church/erfurt/st-mary-s-cathedral-and-st-severi-s-church-erfurt/16537650/">"St Mary's Cathedral and St Severi's Church, Erfurt"</a>. <i>outdooractive.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128011832/https://www.outdooractive.com/en/poi/erfurt/st-mary-s-cathedral-and-st-severi-s-church-erfurt/16537650/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outdooractive.com&rft.atitle=St+Mary%27s+Cathedral+and+St+Severi%27s+Church%2C+Erfurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outdooractive.com%2Fen%2Fchurch%2Ferfurt%2Fst-mary-s-cathedral-and-st-severi-s-church-erfurt%2F16537650%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/en/all-about-erfurt/famous-individuals/lucas-cranach/">Erfurt Tourismus. Famous Individuals. Lucas Cranach</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413011339/http://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/en/all-about-erfurt/famous-individuals/lucas-cranach/">Archived</a> 13 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-laurentius-erfurt.de/orte-kirchen/st-martini/geschichte-st-martini/">"Geschichte St. Martini"</a>. <i>St. Laurentius Erfurt</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Laurentius+Erfurt&rft.atitle=Geschichte+St.+Martini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-laurentius-erfurt.de%2Forte-kirchen%2Fst-martini%2Fgeschichte-st-martini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-laurentius-erfurt.de/orte-kirchen/st-crucis/geschichte-st-crucis/">"St. Crucis, Neuwerkkirche, einzigartige Barockkirche"</a> [St. Crucis, Neuwerkkirche, unique baroque church]. <i>St Laurentius Erfurt</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Laurentius+Erfurt&rft.atitle=St.+Crucis%2C+Neuwerkkirche%2C+einzigartige+Barockkirche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-laurentius-erfurt.de%2Forte-kirchen%2Fst-crucis%2Fgeschichte-st-crucis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bildungshaus-st-ursula.de/kloster.html">Kloster St. Ursula. Geschichte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081134/http://www.bildungshaus-st-ursula.de/kloster.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-laurentius-erfurt.de/orte-kirchen/st-wigbert/geschichte-st-wigbert/">"St. Wigbert, ehemalige Kloster-,Hof- und Pfarrkirche, heute Kirchort"</a> [St. Wigbert, former monastery, court and parish church, today a parish]. <i>St Laurentius Erfurt</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Laurentius+Erfurt&rft.atitle=St.+Wigbert%2C+ehemalige+Kloster-%2CHof-+und+Pfarrkirche%2C+heute+Kirchort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-laurentius-erfurt.de%2Forte-kirchen%2Fst-wigbert%2Fgeschichte-st-wigbert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013636/http://www.welterbe-luther.de/en/extension-application/augustinian-monastery-erfurt">"UNESCO World Heritage. Augustinian Monastery, Erfurt extension application"</a>. <i>welterbe-luther.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welterbe-luther.de/en/extension-application/augustinian-monastery-erfurt">the original</a> on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=welterbe-luther.de&rft.atitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage.+Augustinian+Monastery%2C+Erfurt+extension+application&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welterbe-luther.de%2Fen%2Fextension-application%2Faugustinian-monastery-erfurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luthers_Stationen-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luthers_Stationen_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luthers_Stationen_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/sehens-wissenswertes/top-themen/luthers-stationen">"Martin Luther's Stationen in Erfurt"</a>. <i>erfurt-tourismus.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625100542/https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/sehens-wissenswertes/top-themen/luthers-stationen">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erfurt-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Stationen+in+Erfurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt-tourismus.de%2Fsehens-wissenswertes%2Ftop-themen%2Fluthers-stationen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225213659/http://www.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de/meister-eckhart-in-erfurt/bedeutung.html">"Bedeutung"</a>. <i>Meister Eckhart in Erfurt</i> (in German). Evangelische Predigergemeinde Erfurt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de/meister-eckhart-in-erfurt/bedeutung.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meister+Eckhart+in+Erfurt&rft.atitle=Bedeutung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meister-eckhart-erfurt.de%2Fmeister-eckhart-in-erfurt%2Fbedeutung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geo.viaregia.org/testbed/index.pl?rm=obj&objid=2237">geo.viaregia.org. Hospitalkirche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004456/http://geo.viaregia.org/testbed/index.pl?rm=obj&objid=2237">Archived</a> 16 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/sehenswertes/dom/108139.html">"Kirchen in Erfurt: Ehemalige Kartäuserkirche und -kloster"</a>. <i>Erfurt.de</i> (in German). Presseabteilung der Stadt Erfurt. 23 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erfurt.de&rft.atitle=Kirchen+in+Erfurt%3A+Ehemalige+Kart%C3%A4userkirche+und+-kloster&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt.de%2Fef%2Fde%2Ferleben%2Fsehenswertes%2Fdom%2F108139.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/middle-ages/mikveh/index.html">Jewish life in Erfurt. Mikveh.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025182823/http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/middle-ages/mikveh/index.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 4 June 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddigFenker2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reddig, Sophia; Fenker, Iven (17 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2023-09/unesco-nimmt-erfurter-bauten-in-liste-des-weltkulturerbes-auf">"Unesco nimmt Erfurter Bauten in Liste des Weltkulturerbes auf"</a>. <i>Die Zeit</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024014556/https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2023-09/unesco-nimmt-erfurter-bauten-in-liste-des-weltkulturerbes-auf?utm_referrer=https://">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Unesco+nimmt+Erfurter+Bauten+in+Liste+des+Weltkulturerbes+auf&rft.date=2023-09-17&rft.aulast=Reddig&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft.au=Fenker%2C+Iven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fkultur%2F2023-09%2Funesco-nimmt-erfurter-bauten-in-liste-des-weltkulturerbes-auf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656/">"Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918055534/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1656">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Jewish-Medieval+Heritage+of+Erfurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1656%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleinsyn-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleinsyn_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/19-century/small_synagogue/index.html">Jewish Life in Erfurt. Small synagogue.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212354/http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/19-century/small_synagogue/index.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 31 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/19-century/great_synagogue/index.html">Jewish Life in Erfurt. Great synagogue.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212706/http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/19-century/great_synagogue/index.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 31 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/present/new_synagogue/index.html">Jewish Life in Erfurt. New synagogue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031212356/http://juedisches-leben.erfurt.de/jl/en/present/new_synagogue/index.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/en/all-about-erfurt/places-of-interest/merchants-bridge">"Merchants' Bridge - Erfurt Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.erfurt-tourismus.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.erfurt-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Merchants%27+Bridge+-+Erfurt+Tourismus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt-tourismus.de%2Fen%2Fall-about-erfurt%2Fplaces-of-interest%2Fmerchants-bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/destination/germany/erfurt/merchant-s-bridge">"Merchant's Bridge"</a>. <i>www.radissonhotels.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radissonhotels.com&rft.atitle=Merchant%27s+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radissonhotels.com%2Fen-us%2Fdestination%2Fgermany%2Ferfurt%2Fmerchant-s-bridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walls-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walls_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walls_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stadtverwaltung Erfurt (4 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erfurt-web.de/Stadtbefestigung"><i>Stadtbefestigung einst und jetzt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026171154/http://www.erfurt-web.de/Stadtbefestigung">Archived</a> 26 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-350jahre-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350jahre_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verein der Freunde der Citadelle Petersberg zu Erfurt e.V. (2015). <i>350 Jahre Zitadelle Petersberg. Tagungsband: Wissenschaftliches Kolloquim zum 350. Jahrestages der Grundsteinlegung der Zitadelle Petersberg vom 29. Mai bis 31 Mai 2015. Universität Erfurt</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gartenbaumuseum.de/die-cyriaksburg.html"><i>Die Cyriaksburg: Sitz des Deutschen Gartenbaumuseums Erfurt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232259/https://www.gartenbaumuseum.de/die-cyriaksburg.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 23 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: Official Website of the city of Erfurt - "Architecture in Erfurt" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/service/aktulles/pm/2015/119202.html">https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/service/aktulles/pm/2015/119202.html</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler" class="citation cs2">Schindler, Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781616354244/ch004.xml">"Chapter 4: What Does the Crisis Tell Us about the German Labor Market?"</a>, <i>Germany In An Interconnected World Economy</i>, International Monetary Fund, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-424-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-424-4"><bdi>978-1-61635-424-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germany+In+An+Interconnected+World+Economy&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+What+Does+the+Crisis+Tell+Us+about+the+German+Labor+Market%3F&rft.isbn=978-1-61635-424-4&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.imf.org%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9781616354244%2Fch004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weihnachtsmarkt.erfurt.de/wm/en/index.html">"The official Erfurt Christmas Market Portal"</a>. <i>Erfurter Weihnachtsmarkt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erfurter+Weihnachtsmarkt&rft.atitle=The+official+Erfurt+Christmas+Market+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweihnachtsmarkt.erfurt.de%2Fwm%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/wirtschaft/gewerbestandorte/gebiete/108906.html">Gewerbegebiet: Güterverkehrszentrum Erfurt (GVZ)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225223429/https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/wirtschaft/gewerbestandorte/gebiete/108906.html">Archived</a> 2024-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadtwerke-erfurt.de/pb/site/swegruppe/node/140107/Lde/index.html">"Ausbau der Erfurter Straßenbahn zur Stadtbahn"</a> [Expansion of Erfurt tram to light rail] (in German). Essener Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft (EVAG). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161952/https://www.stadtwerke-erfurt.de/pb/site/swegruppe/node/140107/Lde/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausbau+der+Erfurter+Stra%C3%9Fenbahn+zur+Stadtbahn&rft.pub=Essener+Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft+%28EVAG%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtwerke-erfurt.de%2Fpb%2Fsite%2Fswegruppe%2Fnode%2F140107%2FLde%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328130639/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/faculties-institutes-services/">"Faculties, Institutes & Services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university-of-erfurt/faculties-institutes-services/">the original</a> on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculties%2C+Institutes+%26+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-erfurt.de%2Fen%2Funiversity-of-erfurt%2Ffaculties-institutes-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/international/incoming/">Universität Efurt. International Students</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102222701/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/international/incoming">Archived</a> 2 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bauhaus-2019.de/cms/website.php?id=/en/index.htm">Bauhaus 2019. The Bauhaus in Thuringia.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004431/https://www.bauhaus-2019.de/cms/website.php?id=%2Fen%2Findex.htm">Archived</a> 16 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 19 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/kontakt">Thüringer Allgemeine. Kontakt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140114001648/http://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/kontakt">Archived</a> 14 January 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/rathaus/sv/partner/index.html">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>erfurt.de</i> (in German). Erfurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004191803/https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/rathaus/sv/partner/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erfurt.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erfurt.de%2Fef%2Fde%2Frathaus%2Fsv%2Fpartner%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErfurt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Erfurt#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Erfurt">Bibliography of the history of Erfurt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" class="extiw" title="commons:Erfurt"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Erfurt</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Erfurt#Q1729" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/vgWhluwfPhmk3Q">Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt</a> UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadtpanoramen.de/en/erfurt/erfurt.html">Erfurt City Panoramas</a> – Panoramic Views and virtual Tours</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kraemerbruecke.de/index.php?lng=eng">Kraemerbruecke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102141313/http://www.cityofshawnee.org/SisterCities/erfurt.htm">Sister City (since 1993)</a> with <a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Kansas" title="Shawnee, Kansas">Shawnee, Kansas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myworldshots.com/Germany/Erfurt">World Shots. Germany. Erfurt.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930001525/http://www.myworldshots.com/Germany/Erfurt">Archived</a> 30 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Collection of photographs (English, Russian, Hebrew)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topfundsoehne.de/">Memorial and Museum Topf & Sons. </a> – Builders of the Auschwitz Oven</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/germany/erfurt/erfurt.html">Old maps of Erfurt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110225643/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/germany/erfurt/erfurt.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Erfurt25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Erfurt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Erfurt</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> – <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň <i>(Pilsen)</i></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">CZ</a>)</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany328" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template talk:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Thuringia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Thuringia_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Thuringia_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thuringia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Thuringia"><img alt="Flag of Thuringia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Free State of Thuringia</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburger_Land" title="Altenburger Land">Altenburger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)" title="Eichsfeld (district)">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha_(district)" title="Gotha (district)">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz_(district)" title="Greiz (district)">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen_(district)" title="Hildburghausen (district)">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-Kreis" title="Ilm-Kreis">Ilm-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userkreis" title="Kyffhäuserkreis">Kyffhäuserkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen_(district)" title="Nordhausen (district)">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Holzland-Kreis" title="Saale-Holzland-Kreis">Saale-Holzland-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saale-Orla-Kreis" title="Saale-Orla-Kreis">Saale-Orla-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld-Rudolstadt" title="Saalfeld-Rudolstadt">Saalfeld-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden-Meiningen" title="Schmalkalden-Meiningen">Schmalkalden-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda_(district)" title="Sömmerda (district)">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg_(district)" title="Sonneberg (district)">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis" title="Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis">Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburgkreis" title="Wartburgkreis">Wartburgkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimarer_Land" title="Weimarer Land">Weimarer Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Thuringia_by_population62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Template:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Template talk:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Thuringia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Thuringia_by_population62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities in Thuringia by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolda" title="Apolda">Apolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greiz" title="Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenau" title="Ilmenau">Ilmenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saalfeld" title="Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondershausen" title="Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonneberg" title="Sonneberg">Sonneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Langensalza" title="Bad Langensalza">Bad Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenberg,_Thuringia" title="Eisenberg, Thuringia">Eisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbad_Heiligenstadt" title="Heilbad Heiligenstadt">Heiligenstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildburghausen" title="Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinefelde-Worbis" title="Leinefelde-Worbis">Leinefelde-Worbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuselwitz" title="Meuselwitz">Meuselwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6%C3%9Fneck" title="Pößneck">Pößneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schm%C3%B6lln" title="Schmölln">Schmölln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltershausen" title="Waltershausen">Waltershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zella-Mehlis" title="Zella-Mehlis">Zella-Mehlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeulenroda-Triebes" title="Zeulenroda-Triebes">Zeulenroda-Triebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Template talk:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke_DDR_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bezirke DDR Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_East_German_Bezirke332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany#Division_into_Bezirke" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">Bezirke</a></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Germany"><img alt="Flag of East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League814" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck88" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg197" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)309" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1458" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015240-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83236143">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12042673m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12042673m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Erfurt (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129134&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000786220&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/42919">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555092305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/26649fc8-5247-491f-a0bb-d257f4942065">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006587">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046672">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&oldid=1274524043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erfurt&oldid=1274524043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Thuringia" title="Category:Cities in Thuringia">Cities in 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