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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cult and myths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cult_and_myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cult and myths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cult_and_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_Libera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_Libera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin of Libera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_Libera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libera_and_Proserpina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libera_and_Proserpina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Libera and Proserpina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libera_and_Proserpina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proserpina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proserpina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proserpina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proserpina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Myths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orpheus_and_Eurydice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orpheus_and_Eurydice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Orpheus and Eurydice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orpheus_and_Eurydice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_artwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_artwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In artwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_artwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proserpina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بروسربينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروسربينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прозерпина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Прозерпина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Празерпіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Празерпіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прозерпина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прозерпина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpina" title="Prozerpina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prozerpina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pros%C3%A8rpina" title="Prosèrpina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prosèrpina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruserpina" title="Pruserpina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pruserpina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Προσερπίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσερπίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpino" title="Prozerpino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prozerpino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="پروسرپینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروسرپینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine" title="Proserpine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proserpine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti)" title="Proserpine (Rossetti) – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Proserpine (Rossetti)" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%94%BC%EB%82%98" title="프로세르피나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로세르피나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpina" title="Prozerpina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prozerpina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpine" title="Proserpine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proserpine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3serp%C3%ADna" title="Próserpína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Próserpína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პროზერპინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროზერპინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpina" title="Prozerpina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prozerpina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بروسربينا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروسربينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%8A" title="プロセルピナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロセルピナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpina" title="Prozerpina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prozerpina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpin-a" title="Proserpin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proserpin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozerpina" title="Prozerpina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prozerpina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прозерпина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прозерпина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Просерпина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Просерпина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina_(jumalatar)" title="Proserpina (jumalatar) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proserpina (jumalatar)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прозерпіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прозерпіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proserpina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman goddess</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Proserpina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proserpina (disambiguation)">Proserpina (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Proserpine (disambiguation)">Proserpine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Proserpina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Queen of the Underworld, goddess of female and agricultural fertility, and springtime growth</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_Statue_of_Persephone,_2nd_Century_AD_(41410710410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg/220px-Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg/330px-Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg/440px-Marble_Statue_of_Persephone%2C_2nd_Century_AD_%2841410710410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Marble statue of Proserpina, 2nd century AD. She is depicted holding a torch lighting her way and a sheaf of grain symbolizing abundance.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a>, in winter (Roman name for underworld, and for its ruling deity, equivalent to Greek Hades)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">torch, sheaf, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Temples</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Hill</a> (with Liber and Ceres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a> (uncertain)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> (various traditions)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a> (various traditions)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Proserpina</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">proh-<span style="font-size:90%">SUR</span>-pih-nə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-collins_american_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins_american-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[proːˈsɛrpɪna]</a></span>) or <b>Proserpine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PROSS</span>-ər-pyne</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-collins_american_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins_american-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> whose iconography, functions and myths are virtually identical to those of Greek <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>. Proserpina replaced or was combined with the ancient Roman fertility goddess <a href="/wiki/Libera_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera (mythology)">Libera</a>, whose principal cult was housed in the Aventine temple of the grain-goddess <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, along with the wine god <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>. </p><p>Each of these three deities occupied their own <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a></i> at the temple. Their cults were served or supervised by a male <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Public_priesthoods_and_religious_law" title="Religion in ancient Rome">public priesthood</a>. Ceres was by far the senior of the three, one of the <a href="/wiki/Dii_consentes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dii consentes">dii consentes</a>, Rome's approximate equivalent to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>. She was identified with Greek <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and Liber was identified with <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. Libera is sometimes described as a female version of Liber Pater, concerned with female fertility. Otherwise she is given no clear identity or mythology by Roman sources, and no Greek equivalent. Nothing is known of her native iconography: her name translates as a feminine form of Liber, "the free one". Proserpina's name is a Latinisation of "Persephone", perhaps influenced by the Latin <i>proserpere</i> ("to emerge, to creep forth"), with reference to the growing of grain. </p><p>Proserpina was imported from southern Italy as part of an official religious strategy, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Punic war">second Punic war</a>, when antagonism between Rome's lower and upper social classes, crop failures and intermittent famine were thought to be signs of divine wrath, provoked by Roman impiety. The new cult was installed around 205 BC at Ceres' Aventine temple. Ethnically Greek priestesses were recruited to serve Ceres and Proserpina as "Mother and Maiden". This innovation might represent an attempt by Rome's ruling class to please the gods and the plebs; the latter shared strong cultural ties with Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Graeca">magna Graeca</a></i>. The reformed cult was based on the Greek, women-only <a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a>, and was promoted as <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">morally desirable</a> for respectable Roman women, both as followers and priestesses. It was almost certainly supervised by Rome's <i><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen</a> Cerealis</i>, a male priesthood usually reserved to plebeians. The new cult might have partly subsumed the Aventine temple's older, native cults to Ceres, Liber and Libera, but it also functioned alongside them. Liber played no part in the reformed cult. Ceres, Proserpina/Libera and Liber are known to have received cult in their own right, at their Aventine temple and elsewhere, though details are lacking. </p><p>The Roman cult of Mother and Maiden named Proserpina as queen of the underworld, spouse to Rome's king of the underworld, <a href="/wiki/Dis_pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dis pater">Dis pater</a>, and daughter to Ceres. The cult's functions, framework of myths and roles involved the agricultural cycle, seasonal death and rebirth, dutiful daughterhood and motherly care. They included secret initiations and nocturnal torchlit processions, and cult objects concealed from non-initiates. Proserpina's <a href="/wiki/Persephone#Abduction_myth" title="Persephone">forcible abduction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">god of the underworld</a>, her mother's search for her, and her eventual but temporary restoration to the world above are the subject of works in <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> and later art and literature. In particular, her seizure by the god of the Underworld – usually described as the Rape of Proserpina, or of Persephone – has offered dramatic subject matter for <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and later sculptors and painters. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proserpina (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Προσερπίνα</span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Προσερπίνη</span></span>) is an Italic modification of <i>Persephone</i> (through metathesis of the form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Πορσεφόνη</span></span>, <i>Porsephónē</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps influced by the Latin word <i>proserpere</i> meaning "to creep forth".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_and_myths">Cult and myths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cult and myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_Libera">Origin of Libera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of Libera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early Roman religion, Libera was the female equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Liber_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Pater">Liber Pater</a>, protector of <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> rights, god of wine, male fertility and liberty, equivalent to Greek <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. Libera was originally an <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> goddess, paired with Liber as an "etymological duality" at some time during Rome's Regal or very early Republican eras.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She enters Roman history as part of a so-called <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Triadic cult</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> and Liber, in a temple established around 493 BC on the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a> at state expense, promised by Rome's governing class to the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> (Rome's citizen-commoners), who had threatened secession. Collectively, these three deities were divine patrons and protectors of Rome's commoner-citizens, and guardians of Rome's senatorial records and written laws, housed at the temple soon after its foundation. Libera might have been offered cult on March 17 during Liber's festival, <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a>, or at some time during the seven days of <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a>, held in mid-to-late April; in the latter festival, she would have been subordinate to Ceres; the names of both Liber and Libera were a later addition to Ceres's festival. Otherwise, Libera's functional relationship to her Aventine cult partners is uncertain. She has no known native iconography or mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libera_and_Proserpina">Libera and Proserpina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Libera and Proserpina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libera was officially identified as Proserpina from 205 BC, when she and Ceres acquired a Romanised form of Greek mystery rite, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)#Middle_Republic" title="Ceres (mythology)">ritus graecia cereris</a></i>. This was part of Rome's religious recruitment of deities to serve as divine allies against Carthage, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. In the late Republican era, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> described Liber and Libera as Ceres' children. At around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> equated Libera with Greek <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older and newer forms of her names, cult, and rites, and their diverse associations, persisted well into the late Imperial era. <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a> (354–430 AD) wrote that Libera was a goddess of female fertility, just as Liber was a god of male fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proserpina">Proserpina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proserpina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proserpina was officially introduced to Rome as the daughter of Ceres in the newly Romanised cult of "Mother and Daughter". The cult's origins lay in southern Italy, which was politically allied to Rome but culturally a part of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. The cult was based on the women-only Greek <a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a>, which was a part public and part mystery cult to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and Persephone as "Mother and Maiden". It arrived in Rome along with its Greek priestesses, who were granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> so that they could pray to the gods "with a foreign and external knowledge, but with a domestic and civil intention".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> writes that Proserpina's heavenly name is Luna, and her earthly name is <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exclusively female initiates and priestesses of the new "<a href="/wiki/Ritus_graecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritus graecus">Greek-style</a>" mysteries of Ceres and Proserpina were expected to uphold Rome's traditional, <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>-dominated social hierarchy and <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">traditional morality</a>. Unmarried girls were expected to emulate the chastity of Proserpina, the maiden; married women were expected to seek to emulate Ceres, the devoted and fruitful Mother. Their rites were intended to secure a good harvest, and increase the fertility of those who partook in the mysteries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the Aventine triad's deities continued to receive cult in their own right. Liber's open, gender-mixed cult and festivals continued, though likely caught up in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">Bacchanalia</a> some twenty years on.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proserpina's individual cult, and her joint cult with Ceres became widespread throughout the Republic and Empire. A <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Proserpina" title="Temple of Proserpina">Temple of Proserpina</a> was located in a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Melite</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. The temple's ruins were quarried away between the 17th and 18th centuries; only a few fragments survive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myths">Myths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persephone#Abduction_myth" title="Persephone">Persephone § Abduction myth</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg/288px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg/432px-Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hans_von_Aachen_-_Raub_von_Proserpina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><i>The Rape of Proserpina</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen" title="Hans von Aachen">Hans von Aachen</a> (1587)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliveden-proserpina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cliveden-proserpina.jpg/220px-Cliveden-proserpina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cliveden-proserpina.jpg/330px-Cliveden-proserpina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cliveden-proserpina.jpg/440px-Cliveden-proserpina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Copy of <i>The Rape of Proserpina</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_de%27_Rossi" title="Vincenzo de' Rossi">Vincenzo de' Rossi</a>, on view near <a href="/wiki/Cliveden_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliveden House">Cliveden House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The best-known myth surrounding Proserpina is of her abduction by the god of the Underworld, her mother Ceres' frantic search for her, and her eventual but temporary restitution to the world above. In Latin literature, several versions are known, all similar in most respects to the myths of Greek Persephone's abduction by the King of the underworld, named variously in Latin sources as <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, and in Greek sources as Hades or Pluto. "Hades" can mean both the hidden Underworld and its king ('the hidden one'), who in early Greek versions of the myth is a dark, unsympathetic figure; Persephone is "Kore" ('the maiden'), taken against her will;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, her captor is known as Hades; they form a divine couple who rule the underworld together, and receive Eleusinian initiates into some form of better afterlife. Renamed Pluto, the king of the underworld is distanced from his violent abduction of his consort.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 27 BC <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a> presented his own version of the myth, in his <i>Georgics</i>. In the early 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> gives two poetic versions: one in Book 5 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> and another in Book 4 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti (Ovid)">Fasti</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early 5th century AD Latin version of the same myth is <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>'s <i>De raptu Proserpinae</i>; in most cases, these Latin works identify Proserpina's underworld abductor and later consort as <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIL_XIII_8177.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CIL_XIII_8177.jpg/220px-CIL_XIII_8177.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CIL_XIII_8177.jpg/330px-CIL_XIII_8177.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CIL_XIII_8177.jpg/440px-CIL_XIII_8177.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Votive_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive pillar">Votive pillar</a> reading <i>Diti Patri et Proserpin[ae] sacrum</i>, "Holy to <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a> and Proserpina", identifying Dīs Pater as Proserpina's husband</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Proserpine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(Rossetti_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proserpine (Rossetti painting)">Proserpine</a></i> (1873–1877) by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Claudian's version, the unprepossessing Dis yearns for the joys of married love and fatherhood, and threatens to make war on the other gods if he remains alone in <a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a>. The Fates (<a href="/wiki/Parcae" title="Parcae">Parcae</a>), who determine the destinies of all, arrange a future marriage for Dis, to prevent the outbreak of war. Jupiter orders <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> to bring love to Dis, in fulfillment of the prophecy. Ceres has already sought to conceal the innocent Proserpina by sending her to safety in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Ceres' earthly home and sanctuary; but Dis comes out from the volcano at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in his chariot, seizes Proserpina at the <a href="/wiki/Pergusa_Lake" title="Pergusa Lake">Pergusa Lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a>, and takes her down into the underworld. The poem ends at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proserpina's mother, Ceres, seeks her daughter across the world, but in vain. The sun sinks and darkness falls as Ceres walks the earth, stopping the growth of crops and creating a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> with each step. Jupiter sends <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> to order Dis to free Proserpina; but Proserpina has melted Dis' hard heart, and eats "several" of the <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> seeds he offers her;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those who have eaten the food of the dead cannot return to the world of the living. Pluto insists that she had willingly eaten his pomegranate seeds and in return she must stay with him for half the year. <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> asserts that Proserpina agrees to this, and is reluctant to ascend from the underworld and re-unite with her mother. When Ceres greets her daughter's return to the world of the living, the crops grow, flowers blossom, and in summer all growing crops flourish, to be harvested in Autumn. During the time that Proserpina resides with Pluto, the world goes through winter, when the earth gives no crops.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earth can only be fertile when she is above.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orpheus_and_Eurydice">Orpheus and Eurydice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orpheus and Eurydice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most extensive myth of Proserpina in Latin is <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>'s (4th century AD). It is closely connected with that of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a>. In Virgil's Georgics, Orpheus' beloved wife, Eurydice, died from a snake-bite; Proserpina allowed Orpheus into Hades without losing his life; charmed by his music, she allowed him to lead his wife back to the land of the living, as long as he did not look back during the journey. But Orpheus could not resist a backward glance, so Eurydice was forever lost to him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_artwork">In artwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In artwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proserpina's figure inspired many <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artistic</a> compositions, eminently in <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Proserpina" title="The Rape of Proserpina">The Rape of Proserpina</a></i>) in painting (D.G.Rossetti,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Circignani" title="Niccolò Circignani">Pomarancio</a>, J. Heintz,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">A. Dürer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_dell%27Abbate" title="Niccolò dell'Abbate">Dell'Abbate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Parrish</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and in literature (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe's</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Proserpina</i> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Swinburne's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Proserpine" title="Hymn to Proserpine">Hymn to Proserpine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Proserpine" title="The Garden of Proserpine">The Garden of Proserpine</a></i>). The statue of the Rape of Prosepina by Pluto that stands in the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Garten" title="Großer Garten">Great Garden</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany is also referred to as "Time Ravages Beauty". <a href="/wiki/Kate_McGarrigle" title="Kate McGarrigle">Kate McGarrigle</a>'s song about the legend was one of the last things she wrote prior to her death, and received its only performance at her last concert at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in December 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-collins_american-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_american_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_american_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/proserpina">"Proserpina"</a>. <i>American English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proserpina&rft.btitle=American+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fproserpina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Proserpina">"Proserpina"</a>. <i>logeion.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=logeion.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Proserpina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogeion.uchicago.edu%2FProserpina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Proserpina">"Proserpina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Proserpina&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DProserpina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pairing of Libera and Liber identifies both as aspects of an 'etymological duality' – cf Roman <a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (goddess)">Fauna</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Spaeth,_Barbette_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaeth, Barbette Stanley">Spaeth, Barbette Stanley</a>, <i>The Roman Goddess Ceres</i>, University of Texas Press, 1996, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T._P._Wiseman" title="T. P. Wiseman">T. P. Wiseman</a>, "Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica", <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Vol. 78 (1988), p 7, note 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wiseman, T. P. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0075435800014040/type/journal_article">"Satyrs in Rome? The Background to Horace's Ars Poetica"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>78</b>: 7 n54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301447">10.2307/301447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301447">301447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161849654">161849654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Satyrs+in+Rome%3F+The+Background+to+Horace%27s+Ars+Poetica&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=7+n54&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161849654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301447&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0075435800014040%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyginus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hyginus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lateinlex.de/?call=Puc&permalink=Hyg_fab_224"><i>Fabulae</i></a> (in Latin). 224. <q>Qui facti sunt ex mortalibus immortales ... Ariadnen Liber pater Liberam appellavit, Minois et Pasiphaes filiam;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulae&rft.pages=224&rft.au=Hyginus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flateinlex.de%2F%3Fcall%3DPuc%26permalink%3DHyg_fab_224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, p. 131, citing <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i> 2.62, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Civitate_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="De Civitate Dei">De Civitate Dei</a>, 4.11; both of whom most likely used the Late Republican polymath <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> as their source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13, citing Cicero, <i>pro Balbo</i>, 55. <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a> mistakes this introduction as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect its high profile and ubiquity during the later Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her cult.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Servius, <i>Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid</i> 6.118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, T. P., <i>Remus: a Roman myth</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona2008–2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cardona, David (2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8342123">"The known unknown: identification, provenancing, and relocation of pieces of decorative architecture from Roman public buildings and other private structures in Malta"</a>. <i>Malta Archaeological Review</i> (9): 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malta+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=The+known+unknown%3A+identification%2C+provenancing%2C+and+relocation+of+pieces+of+decorative+architecture+from+Roman+public+buildings+and+other+private+structures+in+Malta&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8342123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in Hesiod's <i>Theogony</i> and the "<a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Demeter</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayor2004" class="citation book cs1">Rayor, Diane (2004). <i>The Homeric Hymns</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homeric+Hymns&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rayor&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)</a> and, in Latin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyginus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>. <i>Fabulae</i>. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulae&rft.pages=146&rft.au=Hyginus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For treatment of Ovid's two versions, and comparison with his probable Greek sources, <i>see</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds1987" class="citation book cs1">Hinds, Stephen (1987). <i>The Metamorphosis of Persephone: Ovid and the self-conscious Muse</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metamorphosis+of+Persephone%3A+Ovid+and+the+self-conscious+Muse&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Raptu_Proserpinae/1*.html">"Book I"</a>. <i>The Rape of Proserpine</i>. Penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Proserpine&rft.pub=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.au=Claudian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FClaudian%2FDe_Raptu_Proserpinae%2F1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several" in Spaeth, <i>The Roman goddess Ceres</i>, pp. 130-131; Three in Ovid, <i>Fasti</i> 526, trans Frazer; seven in Ovid, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, 535-539, trans Humphries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0058%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">1.38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BG3tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgil2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilGeorgicsIV.htm#_Toc534524384">"English translation online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i>. Translated by Kline, A.S. Book 4, 453–527<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+translation+online&rft.btitle=Georgics&rft.pages=Book-4%2C+453-527&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Virgil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FLatin%2FVirgilGeorgicsIV.htm%23_Toc534524384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudius_Claudianus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Claudianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Claudianus">Claudius Claudianus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/rapt1.htm">"online"</a>. <i>De Raptu Proserpinae</i> – via Divus Angelus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=online&rft.btitle=De+Raptu+Proserpinae&rft.au=Claudius+Claudianus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divusangelus.it%2Fclaudianus%2Frapt1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thais.it/scultura/image/ALTE/SB_460.htm">"Bernini – Plutone e Proserpina"</a>. Thais.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernini+%E2%80%93+Plutone+e+Proserpina&rft.pub=Thais.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thais.it%2Fscultura%2Fimage%2FALTE%2FSB_460.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511104513/http://www.artmagick.com/pictures/picture.aspx?id=6195&name=proserpine">"Proserpine by Dante Gabriel Rossetti"</a>. artmagick.com. 2008-07-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artmagick.com/pictures/picture.aspx?id=6195&name=proserpine">the original</a> on 2013-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proserpine+by+Dante+Gabriel+Rossetti&rft.pub=artmagick.com&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artmagick.com%2Fpictures%2Fpicture.aspx%3Fid%3D6195%26name%3Dproserpine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020822005357/http://ocaiw.com/galenug288.jpg">"galenug288"</a>. OCAIW. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocaiw.com/galenug288.jpg">the original</a> on 2002-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=galenug288&rft.pub=OCAIW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocaiw.com%2Fgalenug288.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204164736/http://www.artehistoria.com/genios/cuadros/1186.htm">"Genios de la Pintura – Ficha Rapto de Proserpina"</a>. Artehistoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.com/genios/cuadros/1186.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genios+de+la+Pintura+%E2%80%93+Ficha+Rapto+de+Proserpina&rft.pub=Artehistoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.com%2Fgenios%2Fcuadros%2F1186.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310133433/http://www.artehistoria.com/genios/cuadros/4016.htm">"Genios de la Pintura – Ficha Rapto de Proserpina"</a>. Artehistoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artehistoria.com/genios/cuadros/4016.htm">the original</a> on 2007-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genios+de+la+Pintura+%E2%80%93+Ficha+Rapto+de+Proserpina&rft.pub=Artehistoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artehistoria.com%2Fgenios%2Fcuadros%2F4016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154755/http://webpages.ursinus.edu/classics/Myth/rape_of_proserpina.htm">"Rape of Proserpina"</a>. Webpages.ursinus.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.ursinus.edu/classics/Myth/rape_of_proserpina.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rape+of+Proserpina&rft.pub=Webpages.ursinus.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.ursinus.edu%2Fclassics%2FMyth%2Frape_of_proserpina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017091428/http://maxfieldparrish.info/maxfieldparrishworks1890to1909/proserpina-aka-sea-nymphs">"Proserpina, aka Sea Nymphs – Maxfield Parrish Gallery"</a>. Maxfieldparrish.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxfieldparrish.info/maxfieldparrishworks1890to1909/proserpina-aka-sea-nymphs">the original</a> on 2013-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proserpina%2C+aka+Sea+Nymphs+%E2%80%93+Maxfield+Parrish+Gallery&rft.pub=Maxfieldparrish.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxfieldparrish.info%2Fmaxfieldparrishworks1890to1909%2Fproserpina-aka-sea-nymphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Wolfgang_Goethe2006" class="citation web cs1">Johann Wolfgang Goethe (2006-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/goethe/proserpi/proserpi.xml">"Projekt Gutenberg-DE – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Kultur"</a>. Gutenberg.spiegel.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projekt+Gutenberg-DE+%E2%80%93+SPIEGEL+ONLINE+%E2%80%93+Nachrichten+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.pub=Gutenberg.spiegel.de&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.au=Johann+Wolfgang+Goethe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Fgoethe%2Fproserpi%2Fproserpi.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Proserpine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Proserpine">"Proserpine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">456–</span>457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proserpine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_natura_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="De natura deorum">De natura deorum</a></i> (in Latin). II, 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+natura+deorum&rft.pages=II%2C+66&rft.au=Marcus+Tullius+Cicero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... <i>Diti patri dedicata est, qui dives ut apud Graecos Plouton, quia et recidunt omnia in terras et oriuntur e terris, Cui Proserpinam (quod Graecorum nomen est, ea enim est quae Persefone Graece nominatur) — quam frugum semen esse volunt absconditamque quaeri a matre fingunt</i>.<br /> <span style="color:gray">[<span style="font-size:85%;"> </span>With<sup><span style="font-size:120%"><sup><span style="font-size:120%"> </span> </sup> </span> </sup> <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a> is connected Proserpina (whose name is of Greek origin, being that goddess the Greeks call Persephone) who symbolises the wheat seed and whose mother looked for her after her disappearance ...<span style="font-size:85%;"> </span>]</span> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_natura_deorum" class="mw-redirect" title="De natura deorum">De natura deorum</a></i> II, 66</cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValerius_Maximus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a>. "libri IX". <i>Factorum et dictorum memorabilium</i> (in Latin). II 4, 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=libri+IX&rft.btitle=Factorum+et+dictorum+memorabilium&rft.pages=II+4%2C+5&rft.au=Valerius+Maximus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Augustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a> of Hippo. <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">De Civitate Dei</a></i> [<i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">The City of God</a></i>] (in Latin). IV, 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Civitate+Dei&rft.pages=IV%2C+8&rft.au=Saint+Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudius_Claudianus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudius Claudianus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/rapt1.htm">"full text online"</a>. <i>De Raptu Proserpinae</i> (in Latin) – via DivusAngelus.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=full+text+online&rft.btitle=De+Raptu+Proserpinae&rft.au=Claudius+Claudianus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divusangelus.it%2Fclaudianus%2Frapt1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudiano,_Claudio2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudiano, Claudio</a> (2010). <i>Il rapimento di Proserpina</i> (in Italian). Translated by de Angelis, Milo. Enrico Casaccia Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+rapimento+di+Proserpina&rft.pub=Enrico+Casaccia+Pub.&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Claudiano%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ruskin1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> (1886). <i>Proserpina</i>. <q>Studies of wayside flowers while the air was yet pure among the alps and in the Scotland and England which my father knew</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proserpina&rft.date=1886&rft.au=John+Ruskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProserpina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miles, Gary B. (1980), <i>Virgil's Georgics: A New Interpretation</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03789-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03789-8">0-520-03789-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BG3tDwAAQBAJ">Google books</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proserpina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Proserpina" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Proserpina">Proserpina</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proserpina_(Roman_goddess)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Proserpina (Roman goddess)">Proserpina (Roman goddess)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>, <i>De raptu Proserpinae</i> ("The Rape of Proserpine"), three books in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Raptu_Proserpinae/1*.html">Latin</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Raptu_Proserpinae/1*.html">English</a>, Bill Thayer's edition of the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> text at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-mythology.com/pluto_prosperine/">"Proserpina" on the Mythology Guide</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622113947/http://prozerpina.net/">Proserpina</a></i>, Proserpina.net. <small>Accessed 27 January 2012</small></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dragonisland.it/downloads/varie/proserpina.pdf">Il Ratto di Proserpina</a></i> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000143">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Proserpina)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14515330#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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