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acid).</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: poly(lactic acid)."> <meta name="keywords" content="poly(lactic acid)."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="poly(lactic acid)."> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 760</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: poly(lactic acid).</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">760</span> Poly(Lactic Acid) Based Flexible Films</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fathilah%20binti%20Ali">Fathilah binti Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jamarosliza%20Jamaluddin"> Jamarosliza Jamaluddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arun%20Kumar%20Upadhyay"> Arun Kumar Upadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer which has good mechanical properties, however, its brittleness limits its usage especially in packaging materials. Therefore, in this work, PLA based polyurethane films were prepared by synthesizing with different types of isocyanates; methylene diisocyanate (MDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanates (HDI). For this purpose, PLA based polyurethane must have good strength and flexibility. Therefore, polycaprolactone which has better flexibility were prepared with PLA. An effective way to endow polylactic acid with toughness is through chain-extension reaction of the polylactic acid pre-polymer with polycaprolactone used as chain extender. Polyurethane prepared from MDI showed brittle behaviour, while, polyurethane prepared from HDI showed flexibility at same concentrations.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biodegradable%20polymer" title="Biodegradable polymer">Biodegradable polymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flexible" title=" flexible"> flexible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=poly%28lactic%20acid%29" title=" poly(lactic acid)"> poly(lactic acid)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polyurethane." title=" polyurethane."> polyurethane.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/polylactic-acid-based-flexible-films" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999147.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">759</span> MRI Compatible Fresnel Zone Plates made of Polylactic Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Daniel%20Tarraz%C3%B3-Serrano">Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sergio%20P%C3%A9rez-L%C3%B3pez"> Sergio Pérez-López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sergio%20Casti%C3%B1eira-Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"> Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pilar%20Candelas"> Pilar Candelas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Constanza%20Rubio"> Constanza Rubio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zone Plates (ZPs) are used in many areas of physics where planar fabrication is advantageous in comparison with conventional curved lenses. There are several types of ZPs, such as the well-known Fresnel ZPs or the more recent Fractal ZPs and Fibonacci ZPs. The material selection of the lens plays a very important role in the beam modulation control. This work presents a comparison between two Fresnel ZP made from different materials in the ultrasound domain: Polylactic Acid (PLA) and brass. PLA is the most common material used in commercial 3D-printers due to its high design flexibility and low cost. Numerical simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental results are shown, and they prove that the focusing capabilities of brass ZPs and PLA ZPs are similar. For this reason, PLA is proposed as a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) compatible material with great potential for therapeutic ultrasound focusing applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fresnel%20zone%20plate" title="Fresnel zone plate">Fresnel zone plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20polylactic%20acid" title=" magnetic resonance imaging polylactic acid"> magnetic resonance imaging polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ultrasound%20focusing." title=" ultrasound focusing."> ultrasound focusing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/mri-compatible-fresnel-zone-plates-made-of-polylactic-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">817</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">758</span> Biodegradability Evaluation of Polylactic Acid Composite with Natural Fiber (Sisal)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20B%C3%A1rbara%20Cattozatto%20Fortunato">A. Bárbara Cattozatto Fortunato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20de%20Lucca%20Soave"> D. de Lucca Soave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Pinheiro%20de%20Mello"> E. Pinheiro de Mello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Piasentini%20Oliva"> M. Piasentini Oliva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20Tavares%20de%20Moraes"> V. Tavares de Moraes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Wolf%20Lebr%C3%A3o"> G. Wolf Lebrão</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Fernandes%20Parra"> D. Fernandes Parra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Marraccini%20Giampietri%20Lebr%C3%A3o"> S. Marraccini Giampietri Lebrão</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Due to increasing environmental pressure for biodegradable products, especially in polymeric materials, in order to meet the demands of the biological cycles of the circular economy, new materials have been developed as a sustainability strategy. This study proposes a composite material developed from the biodegradable polymer PLA Ecovio® (polylactic acid - PLA) with natural sisal fibers, where the soybean ester was used as a plasticizer, which can aid in adhesion between the materials and fibers, making the most attractive final composite from an environmental point of view. The composites were obtained by extrusion. The materials tests were produced and submitted to biodegradation tests. Through the biodegradation tests, it can be seen that the biodegradable polymer composition with 5% sisal fiber presented about 12.4% more biodegradability compared to the polymer without fiber addition. It has also been found that the plasticizer was not a compatible with fibers and the polymer. Finally, fibers help to anticipate the decomposition process of the material when subjected to conditions of a landfill. Therefore, its intrinsic properties are not affected during its use, only the biodegradation process begins after its exposure to landfill conditions.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biocomposites" title="Biocomposites">Biocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sisal" title=" sisal"> sisal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polylactic%20acid" title=" polylactic acid"> polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PLA." title=" PLA. "> PLA. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/biodegradability-evaluation-of-polylactic-acid-composite-with-natural-fiber-sisal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">850</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">757</span> Determination of Material Properties for Biodegradable Polylactic Acid Plastic Used in 3D Printers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Juraj%20Beniak">Juraj Beniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr%20%C5%A0oo%C5%A1"> Ľubomír Šooš</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Peter%20Kri%C5%BEan"> Peter Križan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Milo%C5%A1%20Mat%C3%BA%C5%A1"> Miloš Matúš</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within Rapid Prototyping technologies are used many types of materials. Many of them are recyclable but there are still as plastic like, so practically they do not degrade in the landfill. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the special plastic materials, which are biodegradable and available for 3D printing within Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. The question is, if the mechanical properties of produced models are comparable to similar technical plastic materials which are usual for prototype production. Presented paper shows the experiments results for tensile strength measurements for specimens prepared with different 3D printer settings and model orientation. Paper contains also the comparison of tensile strength values with values measured on specimens produced by conventional technologies as injection moulding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biodegradable%20plastic" title=" biodegradable plastic"> biodegradable plastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fused%20deposition%0D%0Amodeling" title=" fused deposition modeling"> fused deposition modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PLA%20plastic" title=" PLA plastic"> PLA plastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=rapid%20prototyping." title=" rapid prototyping."> rapid prototyping.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/determination-of-material-properties-for-biodegradable-polylactic-acid-plastic-used-in-3d-printers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1944</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">756</span> Preparation and Properties of Biopolymer from L-Lactide (LL) and ε-Caprolactone (CL)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Buasri">A. Buasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Chaiyut"> N. Chaiyut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Iamma"> K. Iamma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Kongcharoen"> K. Kongcharoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Cheunsakulpong"> K. Cheunsakulpong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Biopolymers have gained much attention as ecofriendly alternatives to petrochemical-based plastics because they are biodegradable and can be produced from renewable feedstocks. One class of biopolyester with many potential environmentally friendly applications is polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The PLA/PCL biodegradable copolyesters were synthesized by bulk ring-opening copolymerization of successively added Llactide (LL) and ε-caprolactone (CL) in the presence of toluene, using 1-hexanol as initiator and stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. Reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst were evaluated to obtain optimum reaction conditions. The results showed that the %conversion increased with increases in reaction temperature and reaction time, but after a critical amount of catalyst was reached the %conversion decreased. The yield of PLA/PCL biopolymer achieved 98.02% at the reaction temperature 160 °C, amount of catalyst 0.3 mol% and reaction time of 48 h. In addition, the thermal properties of the product were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">Biopolymer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polylactic%20Acid%20%28PLA%29" title=" Polylactic Acid (PLA)"> Polylactic Acid (PLA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polycaprolactone%20%28PCL%29" title=" Polycaprolactone (PCL)"> Polycaprolactone (PCL)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L-Lactide%20%28LL%29" title=" L-Lactide (LL)"> L-Lactide (LL)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=%CE%B5-Caprolactone%20%28CL%29" title=" ε-Caprolactone (CL)"> ε-Caprolactone (CL)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/preparation-and-properties-of-biopolymer-from-l-lactide-ll-and-e-caprolactone-cl" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4500</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">755</span> Processing, Morphological, Thermal and Absorption Behavior of PLA/Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Esmat%20Jalalvandi">Esmat Jalalvandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rohah%20Abd.%20Majid"> Rohah Abd. Majid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Taravat%20Ghanbari"> Taravat Ghanbari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermoplastic starch, polylactic acid glycerol and maleic anhydride (MA) were compounded with natural montmorillonite (MMT) through a twin screw extruder to investigate the effects of different loading of MMT on structure, thermal and absorption behavior of the nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that sample with MMT loading 4phr exhibited exfoliated structure while sample that contained MMT 8 phr exhibited intercalated structure. FESEM images showed big lump when MMT loading was at 8 phr. The thermal properties were characterized by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results showed that MMT increased melting temperature and crystallization temperature of matrix but reduction in glass transition temperature was observed Meanwhile the addition of MMT has improved the water barrier property. The nanosize MMT particle is also able to block a tortuous pathway for water to enter the starch chain, thus reducing the water uptake and improved the physical barrier of nanocomposite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nanocomposite" title=" Nanocomposite"> Nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polylactic%20acid" title=" Polylactic acid"> Polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Starch." title=" Starch."> Starch.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/processing-morphological-thermal-and-absorption-behavior-of-plathermoplastic-starchmontmorillonite-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">754</span> Preparation of Polylactic Acid Graft Polyvinyl Acetate Compatibilizers for 50/50 Starch/PLLA Blending</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Buchatip">S. Buchatip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Petchsuk"> A. Petchsuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polylactic acid-g-polyvinyl acetate (PLLA-g-PVAc) was used as a compatibilizer for 50/50 starch/PLLA blend. PLLA-g- PVAc with different mol% of PVAc contents were prepared by grafting PVAc onto PLLA backbone via free radical polymerization in solution process. Various conditions such as type and the amount of initiator, monomer concentration, polymerization time and temperature were studied. Results showed that the highest mol% of PVAc grafting (16 mol%) was achieved by conducting graft copolymerization in toluene at 110°C for 10 h using DCP as an initiator. Chemical structure of the PVAc grafted PLLA was confirmed by 1H NMR. Blending of modified starch and PLLA in the presence compatibilizer with different amounts and mol% PVAc was acquired using internal mixer at 160°C for 15 min. Effects of PVAc content and the amount of compatibilizer on mechanical properties of polymer blend were studied. Results revealed that tensile strength and tensile modulus of polymer blend with higher PVAc grafting content compatibilizer showed better properties than that of lower PVAc grafting content compatibilizer. The amount of compatibilizer was found optimized in the range of 0.5-1.0 Wt% depending on the mol% PVAc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=starch" title="starch">starch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PLLA" title=" PLLA"> PLLA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=compatibilizer" title=" compatibilizer"> compatibilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=free%20radical%0Apolymerization" title=" free radical polymerization"> free radical polymerization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=blending" title=" blending"> blending</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/preparation-of-polylactic-acid-graft-polyvinyl-acetate-compatibilizers-for-5050-starchplla-blending" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">753</span> Effect of Starch and Plasticizer Types and Fiber Content on Properties of Polylactic Acid/Thermoplastic Starch Blend</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rangrong%20Yoksan">Rangrong Yoksan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amporn%20Sane"> Amporn Sane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nattaporn%20Khanoonkon"> Nattaporn Khanoonkon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chanakorn%20Yokesahachart"> Chanakorn Yokesahachart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Narumol%20Noivoil"> Narumol Noivoil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Khanh%20Minh%20Dang"> Khanh Minh Dang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most commercially available bio-based and biodegradable plastic at present. PLA has been used in plastic related industries including single-used containers, disposable and environmentally friendly packaging owing to its renewability, compostability, biodegradability, and safety. Although PLA demonstrates reasonably good optical, physical, mechanical and barrier properties comparable to the existing petroleum-based plastics, its brittleness and mold shrinkage as well as its price are the points to be concerned for the production of rigid and semi-rigid packaging. Blending PLA with other bio-based polymers including thermoplastic starch (TPS) is an alternative not only to achieve a complete bio-based plastic, but also to reduce the brittleness, shrinkage during molding and production cost of the PLA-based products. TPS is a material produced mainly from starch which is cheap, renewable, biodegradable, compostable, and nontoxic. It is commonly prepared by a plasticization of starch under applying heat and shear force. Although glycerol has been reported as one of the most plasticizers used for preparing TPS, its migration caused the surface stickiness of the TPS products. In some cases, mixed plasticizers or natural fibers have been applied to impede the retrogradation of starch or reduce the migration of glycerol. The introduction of fibers into TPS-based materials could reinforce the polymer matrix as well. Therefore, the objective of the present research is to study the effect of starch type (i.e. native starch and phosphate starch), plasticizer type (i.e. glycerol and xylitol with a weight ratio of glycerol to xylitol of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) and fiber content (i.e. in the range of 1-25 %wt) on properties of PLA/TPS blend and composite. PLA/TPS blends and composites were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and then converted into dumbbell-shaped specimens using an injection molding machine. The PLA/TPS blends prepared by using phosphate starch showed higher tensile strength and stiffness than the blends prepared by using native one. In contrast, the blends from native starch exhibited higher extensibility and heat distortion temperature (HDT) than those from the modified starch. Increasing xylitol content resulted in enhanced tensile strength, stiffness and water resistance, but decreased extensibility and HDT of the PLA/TPS blend. Tensile properties and hydrophobicity of the blend could be improved by incorporating silane treated-jute fibers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polylactic%20acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thermoplastic%20starch" title=" Thermoplastic starch"> Thermoplastic starch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jute%20fiber" title=" Jute fiber"> Jute fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Composite" title=" Composite"> Composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Blend." title=" Blend."> Blend.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/effect-of-starch-and-plasticizer-types-and-fiber-content-on-properties-of-polylactic-acidthermoplastic-starch-blend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002740.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2571</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">752</span> Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition in Mene maculata in The Sea of Maluku</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Semuel%20Unwakoly">Semuel Unwakoly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Reinner%20Puppela"> Reinner Puppela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Maresthy%20Rumalean"> Maresthy Rumalean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Healthy%20Kainama"> Healthy Kainama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Fish is a kind of food that contains many nutritions, one of those is the long chain of unsaturated fatty acids as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and essential amino acid in enough amount for the necessity of our body. Like pelagic fish that found in the sea of Maluku. This research was done to identify fatty acids and amino acids composition in Moonfish (<em>M. maculata</em>) using transesterification reaction steps and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The result showed that fatty acids composition in Moonfish (<em>M. maculata</em>) contained tridecanoic acid (2.84%); palmitoleic acid (2.65%); palmitic acid (35.24%); oleic acid (6.2%); stearic acid (14.20%); and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (1.29%) and 12 amino acids composition that consist of 7 essential amino acids, were leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, and histidine, and also 5 non-essential amino acid, were tyrosine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, and arginine.Thus, these fishes can be used by the people to complete the necessity of essential fatty acid and amino acid.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Moonfish%20%28M.%20maculata%29" title="Moonfish (M. maculata)">Moonfish (M. maculata)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fatty%20acid" title=" fatty acid"> fatty acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=amino%20acid" title=" amino acid"> amino acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GC-MS" title=" GC-MS"> GC-MS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=HPLC." title=" HPLC."> HPLC.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/fatty-acid-and-amino-acid-composition-in-mene-maculata-in-the-sea-of-maluku" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">909</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">751</span> Effect of Curing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Based Green Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sehijpal%20Singh%20Khangura">Sehijpal Singh Khangura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jai%20Inder%20Preet%20Singh"> Jai Inder Preet Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vikas%20Dhawan"> Vikas Dhawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global warming, growing awareness of the environment, waste management issues, dwindling fossil resources, and rising oil prices resulted to increase the research in the materials that are friendly to our health and environment. Due to these reasons, green products are increasingly being promoted for sustainable development. In this work, fully biodegradable green composites have been developed using jute fibers as reinforcement and poly lactic acid as matrix material by film stacking technique. The effect of curing temperature during development of composites ranging from 160 °C, 170 °C, 180 °C and 190 °C was investigated for various mechanical properties. Results obtained from various tests indicate that impact strength decreases with an increase in curing temperature, but tensile and flexural strength increases till 180 °C, thereafter both the properties decrease. This study gives an optimum curing temperature for the development of jute/PLA composites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Natural%20fibers" title="Natural fibers">Natural fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polymer%20matrix%20composites" title=" polymer matrix composites"> polymer matrix composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=jute" title=" jute"> jute</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=compression%20molding" title=" compression molding"> compression molding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biodegradation." title=" biodegradation."> biodegradation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/effect-of-curing-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-of-jute-fiber-reinforced-polylactic-acid-based-green-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1058</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">750</span> Effect of Boric Acid on a-Hydroxy Acids Compounds in Thin Layer Chromatography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Elham%20Moniri">Elham Moniri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Homayon%20Ahmad%20Panahi"> Homayon Ahmad Panahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmad%20Izadi"> Ahmad Izadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohamad%20Mehdi%20Parvin"> Mohamad Mehdi Parvin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Atyeh%20Rahimi"> Atyeh Rahimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this investigation Salicylic acid, Sulfosalicylic acid and Acetyl salicylic acid were chosen as a sample for thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel plates. Bicarbonate buffer at different pH containing different amounts of boric acid was applied as mobile phase. Specific interaction of these substances with boric acid has effect on Rf in thin layer chromatography. Regular and similar trend was observed in variations of Rf for mentioned compounds in TLC by altering of percentages of boric acid in mobile phase in pH range of 8-10. Also effect of organic solvent, mixture of water/ organic solvent and organic solvent containing boric acid as mobile phase was studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thin%20layer%20chromatography%20%28TLC%29" title="Thin layer chromatography (TLC)">Thin layer chromatography (TLC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aspirin" title=" Aspirin"> Aspirin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Salicylic%20acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sulfosalycylic%20acid" title=" Sulfosalycylic acid"> Sulfosalycylic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Boric%20acid." title=" Boric acid."> Boric acid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/effect-of-boric-acid-on-a-hydroxy-acids-compounds-in-thin-layer-chromatography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">749</span> High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Benzoic Acid as Indices for Glue Sniffer Urine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdul%20Rahim%20Yacob">Abdul Rahim Yacob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohamad%20Raizul%20Zinalibdin"> Mohamad Raizul Zinalibdin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A simple method for the simultaneous determination of hippuric acid and benzoic acid in urine using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was described. Chromatography was performed on a Nova-Pak C18 (3.9 x 150 mm) column with a mobile phase of mixed solution methanol: water: acetic acid (20:80:0.2) and UV detection at 254 nm. The calibration curve was linear within concentration range at 0.125 to 6.0 mg/ml of hippuric acid and benzoic acid. The recovery, accuracy and coefficient variance of hippuric acid were 104.54%, 0.2% and 0.2% respectively and for benzoic acid were 98.48%, 1.25% and 0.60% respectively. The detection limit of this method was 0.01ng/l for hippuric acid and 0.06ng/l for benzoic acid. This method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples from the suspected of toluene abuser or glue sniffer among secondary school students at Johor Bahru. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Glue%20sniffer" title="Glue sniffer">Glue sniffer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=High%20Performance%20LiquidChromatography" title=" High Performance LiquidChromatography"> High Performance LiquidChromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hippuric%20Acid" title=" Hippuric Acid"> Hippuric Acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Toluene" title=" Toluene"> Toluene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Urine." title=" Urine."> Urine.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-determination-of-urinary-hippuric-acid-and-benzoic-acid-as-indices-for-glue-sniffer-urine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7928.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">748</span> Mathematical Simulation of Acid Concentration Effects during Acid Nitric Leaching of Cobalt from a Mixed Cobalt-Copper Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ek%20Ngoy">Ek Ngoy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A%20F%20Mulaba-Bafubiandi"> A F Mulaba-Bafubiandi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cobalt was acid nitric leached from a mixed cobaltcopper oxide with variable acid concentration. Resulting experimental data were used to analyze effects of increase in acid concentration, based on a shrinking core model of the process. The mathematical simulation demonstrated that the time rate of the dissolution mechanism is an increasing function of acid concentration. It was also shown that the magnitude of the acid concentration effect is time dependent and the increase in acid concentration is more effective at earlier stage of the dissolution than at later stage. The remaining process parameters are comprehensively affected by acid concentration and their interaction is synergetic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acid%20effect" title="Acid effect">Acid effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cobalt" title=" Cobalt"> Cobalt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cobalt-copper%20oxide" title=" Cobalt-copper oxide"> Cobalt-copper oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Leaching" title=" Leaching"> Leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Simulation" title=" Simulation"> Simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/mathematical-simulation-of-acid-concentration-effects-during-acid-nitric-leaching-of-cobalt-from-a-mixed-cobalt-copper-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8030.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1845</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">747</span> Protein Delivery from Polymeric Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Spada">G. Spada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Gavini"> E. Gavini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Giunchedi"> P. Giunchedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of two loading methods of proteins onto polymeric nanocarriers: adsorption and encapsulation methods. Preliminary studies of protein loading were done using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as model protein. Nanocarriers were prepared starting from polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymer; production methods used are two different variants of emulsion evaporation method. Nanoparticles obtained were analyzed in terms of dimensions by Dynamic Light Scattering and Loading Efficiency of BSA by Bradford Assay. Loaded nanoparticles were then submitted to in-vitro protein dissolution test in order to study the effect of the delivery system on the release rate of the protein. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Drug%20delivery" title="Drug delivery">Drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PLGA" title=" PLGA"> PLGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=proteinadsorption" title=" proteinadsorption"> proteinadsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=protein%20encapsulation." title=" protein encapsulation."> protein encapsulation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/protein-delivery-from-polymeric-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">746</span> Evaluation of SSR Markers Associated with High Oleic Acid in Sunflower </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Atitaya%20Singchai">Atitaya Singchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nooduan%20Muangsan"> Nooduan Muangsan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thitiporn%20Machikowa"> Thitiporn Machikowa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Sunflower oil with high oleic acid content is most desirable because of its high oxidative stability. Screening sunflower of high oleic acid using conventional method is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, the use of molecular markers as a screening tool is promising. The objective of this research was to evaluate SSR primers for high oleic acid content in sunflower. Two sunflower lines, 5A and PI 649855 were used as the representative of low and high oleic acid sunflowers, respectively, and thirty seven SSR markers were used to identify oleic acid content trait. The results revealing 10 SSR primers showed polymorphic between high and low oleic acid lines and thus were informative. With these primers, therefore, it is possible to identify the genetic markers associated with high oleic acid trait in sunflower genotypes. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">Microsatellite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Helianthus%20annuus%20L." title=" Helianthus annuus L."> Helianthus annuus L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fatty%20acid%20composition" title=" fatty acid composition"> fatty acid composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=molecular%20markers." title=" molecular markers."> molecular markers.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/evaluation-of-ssr-markers-associated-with-high-oleic-acid-in-sunflower" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2581</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">745</span> The Effects of Alkalization to the Mechanical Properties of the Ijuk Fiber Reinforced PLA Biocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mochamad%20Chalid">Mochamad Chalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Imam%20Prabowo"> Imam Prabowo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Today, the pollution due to non-degradable material such as plastics, has led to studies about the development of environmental-friendly material. Because of biodegradability obtained from natural sources, polylactid acid (PLA) and ijuk fiber are interesting to modify into a composite. This material is also expected to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. Surface modification of ijuk fiber through alkalinization with 0.25 M NaOH solution for 30 minutes was aimed to enhance its compatibility to PLA, in order to improve properties of the composite such as the mechanical properties. Alkalinization of the ijuk fibers annihilates some surface components such as lignin, wax and hemicelloluse, so the pore on the surface clearly appeared, decreasing of the density and diameter of the ijuk fibers. The change of the ijuk fiber properties leads to increase the mechanical properties of PLA composites reinforced the ijuk fibers through strengthening of the mechanical interlocking with the PLA matrix. An addition to enhance the distribution of the fibers in the PLA matrix, the stirring during DCM solvent evaporation from the mixture of the ijuk fibers and the dissolved-PLA can reduce amount of the trapped-voids and fibers pull-out phenomena, which can decrease the mechanical properties of the composite.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polylactic%20acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arenga%20pinnata" title=" Arenga pinnata"> Arenga pinnata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=alkalinization" title=" alkalinization"> alkalinization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=compatibility" title=" compatibility"> compatibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=adhesion" title=" adhesion"> adhesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=volume%0D%0Afraction" title=" volume fraction"> volume fraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=distributiom." title=" distributiom."> distributiom.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/the-effects-of-alkalization-to-the-mechanical-properties-of-the-ijuk-fiber-reinforced-pla-biocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2801</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">744</span> Preparation and Physical Characterization of Nanocomposites of PLA / Layered Silicates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Restrepo">I. Restrepo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Solorzano"> S. Solorzano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This work was focused in to study the compatibility, dispersion and exfoliation of modified nanoclays in biodegradable polymers and evaluate its effect on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties on the biodegradable matrix used. The formulations have been developed with polylactic acid (PLA) and organically modified montmorillonite-type commercial nanoclays (Cloisite 15, Cloisite 20, and Cloisite 30B) in the presence of a plasticizer agent, specifically Polyethylene Glycol of low molecular weight. Different compositions were evaluated, in order to identify the influence of each nanoclayin the polymeric matrix. The mixtures were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (DRX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Tensile Test. These tests have allowed understanding the behavior of each of the mixtures developed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biopolymers" title="Biopolymers">Biopolymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nanoclays" title=" Nanoclays"> Nanoclays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polylacticacid%20%28PLA%29" title=" polylacticacid (PLA)"> polylacticacid (PLA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polymer%20blends." title=" polymer blends."> polymer blends.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/preparation-and-physical-characterization-of-nanocomposites-of-pla-layered-silicates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2689</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">743</span> The Catalytic Properties of PtSn/Al2O3 for Acetic Acid Hydrogenation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mingchuan%20Zhou">Mingchuan Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Haitao%20Zhang"> Haitao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hongfang%20Ma"> Hongfang Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Weiyong%20Ying"> Weiyong Ying</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Alumina supported platinum and tin catalysts with different loadings of Pt and Sn were prepared and characterized by low temperature N<sub>2</sub> adsorption/desorption, H<sub>2</sub>-temperature programed reduction and CO pulse chemisorption. Pt and Sn below 1% loading were suitable for acetic acid hydrogenation. The best performance over 0.75Pt1Sn/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> can reach 87.55% conversion of acetic acid and 47.39% selectivity of ethanol. The operating conditions of acetic acid hydrogenation over 1Pt1Sn/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were investigated. High reaction temperature can enhance the conversion of acetic acid, but it decreased total selectivity of ethanol and acetyl acetate. High pressure and low weight hourly space velocity were beneficial to both conversion of acetic acid and selectivity to ethanol.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acetic%20acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydrogenation" title=" hydrogenation"> hydrogenation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PtSn" title=" PtSn"> PtSn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=operating%20condition." title=" operating condition. "> operating condition. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/the-catalytic-properties-of-ptsnal2o3-for-acetic-acid-hydrogenation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">742</span> A Comparison of Dilute Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acid Pretreatments in Biofuel Production from Corncobs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jirakarn%20Nantapipat">Jirakarn Nantapipat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Apanee%20Luengnaruemitchai"> Apanee Luengnaruemitchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sujitra%20Wongkasemjit"> Sujitra Wongkasemjit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biofuels, like biobutanol, have been recognized for being renewable and sustainable fuels which can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass. To convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel, pretreatment process is an important step to remove hemicelluloses and lignin to improve enzymatic hydrolysis. Dilute acid pretreatment has been successful developed for pretreatment of corncobs and the optimum conditions of dilute sulfuric and phosphoric acid pretreatment were obtained at 120 °C for 5 min with 15:1 liquid to solid ratio and 140 °C for 10 min with 10:1 liquid to solid ratio, respectively. The result shows that both of acid pretreatments gave the content of total sugar approximately 34–35 g/l. In case of inhibitor content (furfural), phosphoric acid pretreatment gives higher than sulfuric acid pretreatment. Characterizations of corncobs after pretreatment indicate that both of acid pretreatments can improve enzymatic accessibility and the better results present in corncobs pretreated with sulfuric acid in term of surface area, crystallinity, and composition analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Corncobs" title="Corncobs">Corncobs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pretreatment" title=" Pretreatment"> Pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sulfuric%20acid" title=" Sulfuric acid"> Sulfuric acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Phosphoric%0Aacid." title=" Phosphoric acid."> Phosphoric acid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/a-comparison-of-dilute-sulfuric-and-phosphoric-acid-pretreatments-in-biofuel-production-from-corncobs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3433</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">741</span> Optimization of Diluted Organic Acid Pretreatment on Rice Straw Using Response Surface Methodology </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rotchanaphan%20Hengaroonprasan">Rotchanaphan Hengaroonprasan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Malinee%20Sriariyanun"> Malinee Sriariyanun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Prapakorn%20Tantayotai"> Prapakorn Tantayotai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supacharee%20Roddecha"> Supacharee Roddecha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kraipat%20Cheenkachorn"> Kraipat Cheenkachorn </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Lignocellolusic material is a substance that is resistant to be degraded by microorganisms or hydrolysis enzymes. To be used as materials for biofuel production, it needs pretreatment process to improve efficiency of hydrolysis. In this work, chemical pretreatments on rice straw using three diluted organic acids, including acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, were optimized. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effect of three pretreatment parameters, acid concentration, treatment time, and reaction temperature, on pretreatment efficiency were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that dilute oxalic acid pretreatment led to the highest enhancement of enzymatic saccharification by commercial cellulase and yielded sugar up to 10.67 mg/ml when using 5.04% oxalic acid at 137.11 oC for 30.01 min. Compared to other acid pretreatment by acetic acid, citric acid, and hydrochloric acid, the maximum sugar yields are 7.07, 6.30, and 8.53 mg/ml, respectively. Here, it was demonstrated that organic acids can be used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials to enhance of hydrolysis process, which could be integrated to other applications for various biorefinery processes. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lignocellolusic%20biomass" title="Lignocellolusic biomass">Lignocellolusic biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pretreatment" title=" pretreatment"> pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=organic%20acid%0D%0Aresponse%20surface%20methodology" title=" organic acid response surface methodology"> organic acid response surface methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biorefinery." title=" biorefinery."> biorefinery.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/optimization-of-diluted-organic-acid-pretreatment-on-rice-straw-using-response-surface-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">740</span> Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasses for Lactic Acid Production by acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation using Lactobacillus sp</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Woranart%20Jonglertjunya">Woranart Jonglertjunya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nattawadee%20Pranrawang"> Nattawadee Pranrawang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nuanyai%20Phookongka"> Nuanyai Phookongka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thanasak%20Sridangtip"> Thanasak Sridangtip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Watthana%20Sawedrungreang">Watthana Sawedrungreang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chularat%20Krongtaew"> Chularat Krongtaew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Sugarcane bagasses are one of the most extensively used agricultural residues. Using acid hydrolysis and fermentation, conversion of sugarcane bagasses to lactic acid was technically and economically feasible. This research was concerned with the solubility of lignin in ammonium hydroxide, acid hydrolysis and lactic acid fermentation by Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei. The lignin extraction results for different ammonium hydroxide concentrations showed that 10 % (v/v) NH4OH was favorable to lignin dissolution. Acid hydrolysis can be enhanced with increasing acid concentration and reaction temperature. The optimum glucose and xylose concentrations occurred at 121 ○C for 1 hour hydrolysis time in 10% sulphuric acid solution were 32 and 11 g/l, respectively. In order to investigate the significance of medium composition on lactic acid production, experiments were undertaken whereby a culture of Lactococcus lactis was grown under various glucose, peptone, yeast extract and xylose concentrations. The optimum medium was composed of 5 g/l glucose, 2.5 g/l xylose, 10 g/l peptone and 5 g/l yeast extract. Lactococcus lactis represents the most efficient for lactic acid production amongst those considered. The lactic acid fermentation by Lactococcus lactis after 72 hours gave the highest yield of 1.4 (g lactic acid per g reducing sugar).</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sugarcane%20bagasses" title="sugarcane bagasses">sugarcane bagasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=acid%20hydrolysis" title=" acid hydrolysis"> acid hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lactic%20acid" title=" lactic acid"> lactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/utilization-of-sugarcane-bagasses-for-lactic-acid-production-by-acid-hydrolysis-and-fermentation-using-lactobacillus-sp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">739</span> Hydrolytic Properties of Ellagic Acid in Commercial Pomegranate Juices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sibel%20Uzuner">Sibel Uzuner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jale%20Acar"> Jale Acar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pomegranate and pomegranate juices (PJs) have taken great attention for their health benefits in the last years. As there is an increasing concern about potential health benefits of ellagic acid, it is of great interest to evaluate alterations in ellagic acid concentration of commercial PJs. The purpose of this study is to analyze total phenolic, free and total ellagic acid content of six commercial PJs sold in Turkish markets using HPLC. The results showed that some commercial PJs had markedly high total phenolic and ellagic acid content. Total phenolic substances of commercial PJs range from 796.71 to 4608.91 mg GAE/l. Free amount of ellagic acid in commercial PJs range from 27.64 to 111.78 mg/l. Samples are hydrolyzed with concentrated HCl at 93oC for 2 and 24 hour and influences of temperature and time parameters on hydrolization were investigated. Thermal processing for pasteurization increased ellagic acid via ellagitannins hydrolysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ellagic%20acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ellagitannin" title=" ellagitannin"> ellagitannin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pomegranate%20juice" title=" pomegranate juice"> pomegranate juice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=total%0Aphenolic%20compounds" title=" total phenolic compounds"> total phenolic compounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/hydrolytic-properties-of-ellagic-acid-in-commercial-pomegranate-juices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">738</span> Inhibitory Effect of Lactic Acid and Nisin on Bacterial Spoilage of Chilled Shrimp</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20R.%20Shirazinejad">A. R. Shirazinejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Noryati"> I. Noryati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Rosma"> A. Rosma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Darah"> I. Darah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lactic acid alone and its combined application with nisin were evaluated for reducing population of naturally occurring microorganisms on chilled shrimp. Fresh shrimps were dipped in 0, 1.0% and 2.0% (v/v) lactic acid alone and their combined application with 0.04 (g/L/kg) nisin solution for 10 min. Total plate counts of aerobic bacteria (TPCs), Psychrotrophic counts, population of Pseudomonas spp., H2S producing bacteria and Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on shrimps were determined during storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that total plate counts were 2.91 and 2.63 log CFU/g higher on untreated shrimps after 7 and 14 days of storage, respectively, than on shrimps treated with 2.0% lactic acid combined with 0.04 (g/L/kg) nisin. Both concentrations of lactic acid indicated significant reduction on Pseudomonas counts during storage, while 2.0% lactic acid combined with nisin indicated the highest reduction. In addition, H2S producing bacteria were more sensitive to high concentration of lactic acid combined with nisin during storage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lactic%20acid" title=" lactic acid"> lactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nisin" title=" nisin"> nisin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=spoilage%20bacteria" title=" spoilage bacteria"> spoilage bacteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/inhibitory-effect-of-lactic-acid-and-nisin-on-bacterial-spoilage-of-chilled-shrimp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">737</span> Analysis of the Supramolecular Complex of Kinetin with Glycyrrhizic Acid Using the Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Y.%20Matmuratov">B. Y. Matmuratov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20D.%20Madrakhimova.%20R.%20S.%20Esanov.%20A.%20D.%20Matchanov"> S. D. Madrakhimova. R. S. Esanov. A. D. Matchanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Supramolecular complexes of glycyrrhizic acid with kinetin in various molar ratios were obtained, physico-chemical parameters and spectral properties of the resulting complexes were studied (UV, IR, mass spectrometry.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Monoammonium%20salt%20of%20glycyrrhizic%20acid" title="Monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid">Monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=glycyrrhizic%20acid" title=" glycyrrhizic acid"> glycyrrhizic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supramolecular%20complex" title=" supramolecular complex"> supramolecular complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=isomolar%20series" title=" isomolar series"> isomolar series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IR%20spectroscopy." title=" IR spectroscopy."> IR spectroscopy.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/analysis-of-the-supramolecular-complex-of-kinetin-with-glycyrrhizic-acid-using-the-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">736</span> Solid-State Bioconversion of Pineapple Residues into Kojic Acid by Aspergillus flavus: A Prospective Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Nurashikin">S. Nurashikin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Z.%20Rusley"> E. Z. Rusley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Husaini"> A. Husaini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Kojic acid is an organic acid that is widely used as an ingredient for dermatological products, precursor for flavor enhancer and also as anti-inflammatory drug. The present study was undertaken to test the feasibility of pineapple residues as substrate for kojic acid production by <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> Link 44-1 via solid-state fermentation. The effect of initial moisture content, pH and incubation time on kojic acid fermentation was investigated. The best initial moisture content for kojic acid production from pineapple residues was observed at 70% (v/w) whereas initial culture pH 2.5 was identified to give high production of kojic acid. The optimal range of incubation time was identified between 8 and 14 days of incubation which corresponded to highest range of kojic acid produced. The results from this study pronounce the promising usability of pineapple residues as alternative substrate for kojic acid production by <em>A. flavus</em> Link 44-1.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aspergillus%20flavus" title="Aspergillus flavus">Aspergillus flavus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=kojic%20acid" title=" kojic acid"> kojic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=pineapple%20residues" title=" pineapple residues"> pineapple residues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solid%20state%20fermentation." title=" solid state fermentation. "> solid state fermentation. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/solid-state-bioconversion-of-pineapple-residues-into-kojic-acid-by-aspergillus-flavus-a-prospective-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2689</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">735</span> Growth Behaviors, Thermostable Direct Hemolysin Secretion and Fatty Acid Profiles of Acid-adapted and Non-adapted Vibrio parahaemolyticus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ming-Lun%20Chiang">Ming-Lun Chiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chieh%20Wu"> Chieh Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ming-Ju%20Chen"> Ming-Ju Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Three strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (690, BCRC 13023 and BCRC 13025) implicated in food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan were subjected to acid adaptation at pH 5.5 for 90 min. The growth behaviors of acid-adapted and non-adapted V. parahaemolyticus in the media supplemented with various nitrogen and carbon sources were investigated. The effects of acid adaptation on the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) secretion and fatty acid profiles of V. parahaemolyticus were also examined. Results showed that acid-adapted and non-adapted V. parahaemolyticus 690, BCRC 13023 and BCRC 13025 grew similarly in TSB-3% NaCl and basal media supplemented with various carbon and nitrogen sources during incubation period. Higher TDH secretion was noted with V. parahaemolyticus 690 among the three strains. However, acid-adapted strains produced less amounts of TDH than non-adapted strains when they were grown in TSB-3% NaCl. Additionally, acid adaptation increased the ratio of SFA/USFA in cells of V. parahaemolyticus strains.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vibrio%20parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=acid%20adaptation" title=" acid adaptation"> acid adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=thermostable%20direct%20hemolysin" title=" thermostable direct hemolysin"> thermostable direct hemolysin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fatty%20acid%20profile." title=" fatty acid profile."> fatty acid profile.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/growth-behaviors-thermostable-direct-hemolysin-secretion-and-fatty-acid-profiles-of-acid-adapted-and-non-adapted-vibrio-parahaemolyticus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">734</span> Biocompatible Ionic Liquids in Liquid – Liquid Extraction of Lactic Acid: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Konstantza%20Tonova">Konstantza Tonova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ivan%20Svinyarov"> Ivan Svinyarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Milen%20G.%20Bogdanov"> Milen G. Bogdanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Ionic liquids consisting of a phosphonium cationic moiety and a saccharinate anion are synthesized and compared with their precursors, phosphonium chlorides, in reference to their extraction efficiency towards L-lactic acid. On the base of measurements of the acid and the water partitioning in the equilibrium biphasic systems, the molar ratios between acid, water and ionic liquid are estimated which allows to deduce the lactic acid extractive pathway. The effect of a salting-out addition that strengthens hydrophobicity in both phases is studied in view to reveal the best biphasic system with respect to IL low toxicity and high extraction efficiency.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Biphasic%20system" title="Biphasic system">Biphasic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Extraction" title=" Extraction"> Extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ionic%20liquids" title=" Ionic liquids"> Ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lactic%0D%0Aacid." title=" Lactic acid."> Lactic acid.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/biocompatible-ionic-liquids-in-liquid-liquid-extraction-of-lactic-acid-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2715</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">733</span> Growth Effects of Caffeic Acid and Thioglycolic Acid Modified Chitosans in U937 Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aytekin%20A.O.">Aytekin A.O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Morimura%20S."> Morimura S.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chitosan is a biopolymer composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine. Solubility and viscosity pose problems in some applications. These problems can be overcome with unique modifications. In this study, firstly, chitosan was modified by caffeic acid and thioglycolic acid, separately. Then, growing effects of these modified polymers was observed in U937 cell line. Caffeic acid is a phenolic compound and its modifications act carcinogenic inhibitors in drugs. Thiolated chitosans are commonly being used for drugdelivery systems in various routes, because of enhancing mucoadhesiveness property. U937 cell line was used model cell for leukaemia. Modifications were achieved by 1 – 15 % binding range. Increasing binding ratios showed higher radical-scavenging activity and reducing cell growth, in compared to native chitosan. Caffeic acid modifications showed higher radical-scavenging activity than thiolated chitosans at the same concentrations. Caffeic acid and thioglycolic acid modifications inhibited growth of U937, effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=U937%20cell" title=" U937 cell"> U937 cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=caffeic%20acid" title=" caffeic acid"> caffeic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=thioglycolic%20acid" title=" thioglycolic acid"> thioglycolic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/growth-effects-of-caffeic-acid-and-thioglycolic-acid-modified-chitosans-in-u937-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/1199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1870</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">732</span> Effect of Acid Adaptation on the Survival of Three Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains under Simulated Gastric Condition and their Protein Expression Profiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ming-Lun%20Chiang">Ming-Lun Chiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hsi-Chia%20Chen"> Hsi-Chia Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chieh%20Wu"> Chieh Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yu-Ting%20Tseng"> Yu-Ting Tseng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ming-Ju%20Chen"> Ming-Ju Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, three strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (690, BCRC 13023 and BCRC 13025) were subjected to acid adaptation at pH 5.5 for 90 min. The survival of acid-adapted and non-adapted V. parahaemolyticus strains under simulated gastric condition and their protein expression profiles were investigated. Results showed that acid adaptation increased the survival of the test V. parahaemolyticus strains after exposure to simulated gastric juice (pH 3). Additionally, acid adaptation also affected the protein expression in these V. parahaemolyticus strains. Nine proteins, identified as atpA, atpB, DnaK, GroEL, OmpU, enolase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase, were induced by acid adaptation in two or three of the test strains. These acid-adaptive proteins may play important regulatory roles in the acid tolerance response (ATR) of V. parahaemolyticus. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acid%20adaptation" title="Acid adaptation">Acid adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=protein%20expression" title=" protein expression"> protein expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=simulated%20gastric%0Ajuice" title=" simulated gastric juice"> simulated gastric juice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vibrio%20parahaemolyticus" title=" Vibrio parahaemolyticus"> Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/effect-of-acid-adaptation-on-the-survival-of-three-vibrio-parahaemolyticus-strains-under-simulated-gastric-condition-and-their-protein-expression-profiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1588</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">731</span> Screening and Identification of Microorganisms – Potential Producers of Arachidonic Acid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20V.%20Goncharova">A. V. Goncharova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20A.%20Karpenyuk"> T. A. Karpenyuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20S.%20Tsurkan"> Y. S. Tsurkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20U.%20Beisembaeva"> R. U. Beisembaeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20M.%20Kalbaeva"> A. M. Kalbaeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20D.%20Mukasheva"> T. D. Mukasheva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20V.%20Ignatova"> L. V. Ignatova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Microorganisms isolated from water and soil of Kazakhstan to identify potential high-effective producers of the arachidonic acid, exhibiting a wide range of physiological activity and having practical applications were screened. Based on the results of two independent tests (the test on the sensitivity of the growth processes of microorganisms to acetylsalicylic acid - an irreversible inhibitor of PGH-synthase involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and its derivatives, the test for inhibition of peroxidase activity of membrane-bounding fraction of PGH - synthase by acetylsalicylic acid) were selected microbial cultures which are potential highproducer of arachidonic acid. They are characterized by a stable strong growth in the laboratory conditions. Identification of microorganism cultures based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular genetic characteristics was performed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Arachidonic%20acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=aspirin-sensitive%20culture" title=" aspirin-sensitive culture"> aspirin-sensitive culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=producers" title=" producers"> producers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=screening." title=" screening."> screening.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/screening-and-identification-of-microorganisms-potential-producers-of-arachidonic-acid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16490/xml" target="_blank" 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